Appendix_I - American Psychological Association

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Appendix I
Supplemental Material: References of Articles Included in Meta-Analysis
Alexander, D. A., & Klein, S. (2001). Ambulance personnel and critical incidents: Impact of
accident and emergency work on mental health and emotional well-being. British Journal
of Psychiatry, 178, 76-81.
Atwater, L. E., Dionne, S. D., Avolio, B., Camobreco, J. F., & Lau, A. W. (1999). A longitudinal
study of the leadership development process: Individual differences predicting leader
effectiveness. Human Relations, 52, 1543-1562.
Banks, J.K., & Gannon, L.R. (2004). The influence of hardiness on the relationship between
stressors and psychosomatic symptomatology. American Journal of Community
Psychology, 16, 25-37.
Barling, J. (1986). Interrole conflict and marital functioning amongst employed fathers. Journal
of Occupational Behaviour, 7, 1-8.
Bartone, P. T., Roland, R. R., Picano, J. J., & Williams, T. J. (2008). Psychological hardiness
predicts success in U.S. army special forces candidates. International Journal of
Selection and Assessment, 16, 78-81.
Benishek, L. A., & Lopez, F. G. (1997). Critical evaluation of hardiness theory: Gender
differences, perception of life events, and neuroticism. Work & Stress, 11, 33-45.
Ben-Zur, H., Duvdevany, I., & Lury, L. (2005). Associations of social support and hardiness
with mental health among mothers of adult children with intellectual disability. Journal
of Intellectual Disability Research, 49, 54-62.
Bergeron, D., & Tylka, T. L. (2007). Support for the uniqueness of body dissatisfaction from
drive for muscularity among men. Body Image, 4, 288-295.
Bernard, L. C., & Belinsky, D. (1993). Hardiness, stress, and maladjustment: Effects on selfreported retrospective health problems and prospective health center visits. Journal of
Social Behavior & Personality, 8, 97-110.
Bernas, K. H., & Major, D. A. (2000). Contributors to stress resistance: Testing a model of
women's work–family conflict. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 170-178.
Berwick, K. R. (1992). Stress among student affairs administrators: The relationship of personal
characteristics and organizational variables to work-related stress. Journal of College
Student Development, 33, 11-19.
Betz, N. E., Wohlgemuth, E., Serling, D., Harshbarger, J., & al, e. (1995). Evaluation of a
measure of self-esteem based on the concept of unconditional self-regard. Journal of
Counseling & Development, 74, 76-83.
Blaney, N. T., Goodkin, K., Morgan, R. O., Feaster, D., & al, e. (1991). A stress-moderator
model of distress in early HIV-1 infection: Concurrent analysis of life events, hardiness
and social support. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 35, 297-305.
Britt, T. W., Adler, A. B., & Bartone, P. T. (2001). Deriving benefits from stressful events: The
role of engagement in meaningful work and hardiness. Journal of Occupational Health
Psychology, 6, 53-63.
Brookings, J. B., & Bolton, B. (1997). A longitudinal, structural equation analysis of stress,
hardiness, social support, depression, and illness. Multivariate Experimental Clinical
Research, 11, 109-120.
Brummett, B. R., Wade, J. C., Ponterotto, J. G., Thombs, B., & Lewis, C. (2007). Psychosocial
well-being and a multicultural personality disposition. Journal of Counseling &
Development, 85, 73-81.
Campbell, J., Swank, P., & Vincent, K. R. (1991). The role of hardiness in the resolution of grief.
Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 23, 53-65.
Chan, D. W. (2000). Dimensionality of hardiness and its role in the stress-distress relationship
among Chinese adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 147161.
Chan, D. W. (2003). Hardiness and its role in the stress-burnout relationship among prospective
Chinese teachers in Hong Kong. Teaching and Teacher Education, 19, 381-395.
Clark, L. M., & Hartman, M. (1996). Effects of hardiness and appraisal on the psychological
distress and physical health of caregivers to elderly relatives. Research on Aging, 18,
379-401.
Clarke, D. E. (1995). Vulnerability to stress as a function of age, sex, locus of control, hardiness
and type A personality. Social Behavior and Personality, 23, 285-286.
Cole, M. S., Bruch, H., & Vogel, B. (2006). Emotion as mediators of the relations between
perceived supervisor support and psychological hardiness on employee cynicism. Journal
of Organizational Behavior, 27, 463-484.
Compton, W. C., Seeman, J., & Norris, R. C. (1991). Predicting hardiness: A search for the
parameters of deep cognitive structures. Medical Psychotherapy: An International
Journal, 4, 121-129.
Connor, K. M, & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The ConnorDavidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82.
Contrada, R. J. (1989). Type A behavior, personality hardiness, and cardiovascular responses to
stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 895-903.
Dillon, K. M., & Totten, M. C. (1989). Psychological factors, immunocompetence, and health of
breast-feeding mothers and their infants. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 150, 155-162.
Dolbier, C. L., Smith, S. E., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2007). Relationships of protective factors to
stress and symptoms of illness. American Journal of Health Behavior, 31, 423-433.
Dolbier, C. L., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2000). The development and validation of the sense of
support scale. Behavioral Medicine, 25, 169-179.
Duquette, A., Kerouac, S., Sandhu, B. K., Ducharme, F., & al, e. (1995). Psychosocial
determinants of burnout in geriatric nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 32,
443-456.
Eid, J., Johnsen, B. H., Saus, E., & Risberg, J. (2004). Stress and coping in a week-long disabled
submarine exercise. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 75, 616-621.
Eid, J., & Morgan, C. A. (2006). Dissociation, hardiness, and performance in military cadets
participating in survival training. Military Medicine, 171, 436-442.
Epstein, S., & Katz, L. (1992). Coping ability, stress, productive load, and symptoms. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 813-825.
Evans, D. R., Pellizzari, J. R., Culbert, B. J., & Metzen, M. E. (1993). Personality, marital, and
occupational factors associated with quality of life. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49,
477-485.
Farber, E. W., Schwartz, J. A. J., Schaper, P. E., Moonen, D. J., & McDaniel, J. S. (2000).
Resilience factors associated with adaptation to HIV disease. Psychosomatics: Journal of
Consultation Liaison Psychiatry, 41, 140-146.
Feinauer, L., Hilton, H. G., & Callahan, E. H. (2003). Hardiness as a moderator of shame
associated with childhood sexual abuse. American Journal of Family Therapy, 31, 65-78.
Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Hirschberger, G. (2001). An existentialist view on mortality
salience effects: Personal hardiness, death-thought accessibility, and cultural worldview
defence. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 437-453.
Florian, V., Mikulincer, M., & Taubman, O. (1995). Does hardiness contribute to mental health
during a stressful real-life situation? The roles of appraisal and coping. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 687-695.
Foster, M. D., & Dion, K. L. (2003). Dispositional hardiness and women's well-being relating to
gender discrimination: The role of minimization. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27,
197-208.
Foster, M. D., & Dion, K. L. (2004). The role of hardiness in moderating the relationship
between Global/Specific attributions and actions against discrimination. Sex Roles, 51,
161-169.
Fowler, K. L. (2006). The relations between personality characteristics, work environment, and
the professional well-being of music therapists. Journal of Music Therapy, 43, 174-197.
Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Kao, T., & Bharitya, V. R. (1999). Disaster-related bereavement:
Acute symptoms and subsequent depression. Aviation, Space, and Environmental
Medicine, 70, 902-909.
Funk, S. C., & Houston, B. K. (1987). A critical analysis of the hardiness scale's validity and
utility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 572-578.
Fusilier, M., & Manning, M. R. (2005). Psychosocial predictors of health status revisited.
Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 347-358.
Ganellen, R. J., & Blaney, P. H. (1984). Hardiness and social support as moderators of the
effects of life stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 156-163.
Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Morris, R. J. (2000). Personality, stress and mental health:
Evidence of relationships in a sample of Iranian managers. Personality and Individual
Differences, 28, 647-657.
Ghorbani, N., & Watson, P. J. (2005). Hardiness scales in Iranian managers: Evidence of
incremental validity in relationships with the five factor model and with organizational
and psychological adjustment. Psychological Reports, 96, 775-781.
Gill, M. J., & Harris, S. L. (1994). Hardiness and social support as predictors of psychological
discomfort in mothers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental
Disorders, 21, 407-416.
Golby, J., & Sheard, M. (2004). Mental toughness and hardiness at different levels of rugby
league. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 933-942.
Goss, J. D. (1994). Hardiness and mood disturbances in swimmers while overtraining. Journal of
Sport & Exercise Psychology, 16, 135-149.
Gramzow, R. H., Sedikides, C., Panter, A. T., & Insko, C. A. (2000). Aspects of self-regulation
and self-structure as predictors of perceived emotional distress. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 26, 188-205.
Hamama-Raz, Y., & Solomon, Z. (2006). Psychological adjustment of melanoma survivors: The
contribution of hardiness, attachment, and cognitive appraisal. Journal of Individual
Differences, 27, 172-182.
Hannah, T. E. (1988). Hardiness and health behavior: The role of health concern as a moderator
variable. Behavioral Medicine, 14, 59-63.
Harris, S. M. (2004). The effect of health value and ethnicity on the relationship between
hardiness and health behaviors. Journal of Personality, 72, 379-411.
Heckman, C. J., & Clay, D. L. (2005). Hardiness, history of abuse and women's health. Journal
of Health Psychology, 10, 767-777.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress.
American Psychologist, 44, 513–524.
Horner, K. L. (1998). Individuality in vulnerability: Influences on physical health. Journal of
Health Psychology, 3, 71-85.
Hull, J. G., Van Treuren, R. R., & Virnelli, S. (1987). Hardiness and health: A critique and
alternative approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 518-530.
Jantzer, A. M., Hoover, J. H., & Narloch, R. (2006). The relationship between school-aged
bullying and trust, shyness and quality of friendships in young adulthood: A preliminary
research note. School Psychology International, 27, 146-156.
Judkins, S., & Rind, R. (2005). Hardiness, job satisfaction, and stress among home health nurses.
Home Health Care Management & Practice, 17, 113-118.
Kashubeck, S. (1994). Adult children of alcoholics and psychological distress. Journal of
Counseling & Development, 72, 538-543.
Kashubeck, S., & Christensen, S. A. (1992). Differences in distress among adult children of
alcoholics. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 39, 356-362.
Kelley, B. C., Eklund, R. C., & Ritter-Taylor, M. (1999). Stress and burnout among collegiate
tennis coaches. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 21, 113-130.
Klag, S., & Bradley, G. (2004). The role of hardiness in stress and illness: An exploration of the
effect of negative affectivity and gender. British Journal of Health Psychology, 9, 137161.
Klibert, J. J., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., & Saito, M. (2005). Adaptive and maladaptive aspects
of self-oriented versus socially prescribed perfectionism. Journal of College Student
Development, 46, 141-156.
Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Courington, S. (1981). Personality and constitution as mediators
in the stress - illness relationship. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 22, 368-378.
Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Kahn, S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 168-177.
Kobasa, S. C., Maddi, S. R., & Zola, M. A. (1983). Type A and hardiness. Journal of Behavioral
Medicine, 6, 41-51.
Kobasa, S. C., & Puccetti, M. C. (1983). Personality and social resources in stress resistance.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 839-850.
Korotkov, D., & Hannah, E. (1994). Extraversion and emotionality as proposed superordinate
stress moderators: A prospective analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 16,
787-792.
Kravetz, S., Drory, Y., & Florian, V. (1993). Hardiness and sense of coherence and their relation
to negative affect. European Journal of Personality, 7, 233-244.
Lambert, V. A., Lambert, C. E., Petrini, M., Li, X. M., & Zhang, Y. J. (2007). Workplace and
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Nursing & Health Sciences, 9, 120-126.
Lang, A., Goulet, C., & Amsel, R. (2003). Lang and Goulet hardiness scale: Development and
testing on bereaved parents following the death of their fetus/infant. Death Studies, 27,
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Nursing Scholarship, 22, 159-162.
Leak, G. K., & Williams, D. E. (1989). Relationship between social interest, alienation, and
psychological hardiness. Individual Psychology: Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research &
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Lee, H. J. (1991). Relationship of hardiness and current life events to perceived health in rural
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Lerner, Y., Kertes, J., & Zilber, N. (2005). Immigrants from the former soviet union, 5 years
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Lindberg, M. A. (2002). The role of suggestions and personality characteristics in producing
illness reports and desires for suing the responsible party. Journal of Psychology:
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Lopez, O., Haigh, C., & Burney, S. (2004). Relationship between hardiness and perceived stress
in two generations of Latin American migrants. Australian Psychologist, 39, 238-243.
Luszczynska, A., & Cieslak, R. (2005). Protective, promotive, and buffering effects of perceived
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of employed mothers: A short term, longitudinal study. Journal of Organizational
Behavior, 9, 241-250.
Maddi, S. R. (1999). The personality construct of hardiness: I. effects on experiencing, coping,
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Maddi, S. R., Brow, M., Khoshaba, D. M., & Vaitkus, M. (2006). Relationship of hardiness and
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Maddi, S. R., Harvey, R. H., Khoshaba, D. M., Lu, J. L., Persico, M., & Brow, M. (2006). The
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Maddi, S. R., & Hightower, M. (1999). Hardiness and optimism as expressed in coping patterns.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 51, 95-105.
Maddi, S. R., Khoshaba, D. M., Persico, M., Lu, J., Harvey, R., & Bleecker, F. (2002). The
personality construct of hardiness: II. relationships with comprehensive test of
personality and psychopathology. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 72-85.
Maddi, S. R., Wadhwa, P., & Haier, R. J. (1996). Relationship of hardiness to alcohol and drug
use in adolescents. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 22, 247-257.
Magnani, L. E. (1990). Hardiness, self-perceived health, and activity among independently
functioning older adults. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice, 4, 171-184.
Martin, J. J., Kelley, B., & Eklund, R. C. (1999). A model of stress and burnout in male high
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Mathews, L. L., & Servaty-Seib, H. (2007). Hardiness and grief in a sample of bereaved college
students. Death Studies, 31, 183-204.
Mathis, M., & Lecci, L. (1999). Hardiness and college adjustment: Identifying students in need
of services. Journal of College Student Development, 40, 305-309.
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Mayseless, O. (2004). Home leaving to military service: Attachment concerns, transfer of
attachment functions from parents to peers, and adjustment. Journal of Adolescent
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McCalister, K. T., Dolbier, C. L., Webster, J. A., Mallon, M. W., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2006).
Hardiness and support at work as predictors of work stress and job satisfaction. American
Journal of Health Promotion, 20, 183-191.
McCranie, E. W., Lambert, V. A., & Lambert, C. E. (1987). Work stress, hardiness, and burnout
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McNeil, K., Kozma, A., Stones, M. J., & Hannah, E. (1986). Measurement of psychological
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Michielsen, H. J., Croon, M. A., Willemsen, T. M., De Vries, J., & Van Heck, G. L. (2007).
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its determinants. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the
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Michielsen, H. J., De Vries, J., & Van Heck, G. L. (2003). In search of personality and
temperament predictors of chronic fatigue: A prospective study. Personality and
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Morrissey, C., & Hannah, T. E. (1987). Measurement of psychological hardiness in adolescents.
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Nagy, S., & Nix, C. L. (1989). Relations between preventive health behavior and hardiness.
Psychological Reports, 65, 339-345.
Neria, Y., Guttmann-Steinmetz, S., Koenen, K., Levinovsky, L., Zakin, G., & Dekel, R. (2001).
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Nicholls, A. R., Polman, R. C. J., Levy, A. R., Backhouse, S. H. (2008). Mental toughness,
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