NAME _____________________________________PALEONTOLOGY LECTURE TEST # 1 – 2011
1. The production of amino acids must take place in an ? environment. A.aerobic B.anaerobic
2. In the ? the coelom forms by splitting the mesodermal tissue. A.pseudocoelomates
B.enterocoelomates C.schizocoelomates D.all of these form by splitting the mesodermal tissue
3. A ? zone represents the interval of common occurrences of all or a specified portion of the taxa.
A.concurrent range B.taxon range C.acme D.oppel
4. Which of the following would be an example of a stochastic process resulting in extinction?
A.competition between species B.predation C.glacial events D.bolide impact E.all of the above are stochastic processes
5. The bones in the La Brea Tar Pits in California were preserved A.by cellular permineralization B.by recrystallization C.by durapartic preservation D.by replacement E.by carbonization
6. Ozone is a form of A.nitrogen B.carbon dioxide C.oxygen D.argon E.hydrogen
7. The ? are characterized by the presence of a cloaca and an osculum; choanocytes produce water currents and trap food. A.Cnidaria B.Protozoa C.Porifera D.Archaeocyatha
E.Bryozoa
8. The “Synthetic Theory” especially utilized ? studies in evolutionary theory. A.paleontological
B.embryological C.genetic D.morphologic E.ontogenetic
9. ? have a calcareous skeleton that consists of horizontal laminae and vertical pillars; they were important Paleozoic reef-forming fossils. A.Demospongea B.Calcarea C.Hexactinellida
D.Stromatoporoida E.Chaetetida
10. Septaria and melikaria are A.spicules B.pseudofossils C.acoelomates D.Foraminifera
E.calcareous sponges
11. ? classifies organisms on the basis of their “shared derived characters”. A.evolutionary systematics
B.phenetics C.cladistics D.all of these classify organisms on the basis of their “shared derived characters”
12. ? formulated an evolutionary theory involving the inheritance of acquired characteristics. A.Haeckel
B.Malthus C.Wallace and Darwin D.Lamarck E.Dobzhansky, Mayr, Simpson and J. Huxley
13. Peripatric speciation occurs in A.geographically isolated populations B.large populations of a species across continental areas C.it depends upon the type of peripatric speciation
14. ? have elliptical to circular shields. A.coccoliths B.asteroliths C.both of these groups have elliptical to circular shields

15. A radiometric date of 4.5 Ka would be ? years old. A.450 B.4,500 C.45,000 D.4,500,000
E.45,000,000
16. The “endosymbiotic theory” explains the evolution of A.prokaryotes B.eukaryotes C. this theory may explain the evolution of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
17. Water vapor and carbon dioxide may have been produced within the early Earth atmosphere through
A.Earth differentiation B.volcanism C.impact by comets D.all of the above may have produced water vapor and carbon dioxide
18. Systematic “polarity” may be established by A.embryology B.stratigraphy C.anatomical progression D.outgroup comparison E.all of these may be used to establish “polarity”
19. ? are the fundamental stratigraphic units used in mapping. A.groups B.members C.formations
D.supergroups
20. Which macrofossil group is especially used for Permian-Mesozoic biostratigraphy?
A.dinoflagellates B.acritarchs C.radiolarians D.calcareous nannoplankton E.ammonites
21. Which of the following molecules is most important in the definition of life? A.carbon B.oxygen
C.nitrogen D.hydrogen E.silicon
22. Ontogeny is the ? of an organism. A.life history B.evolutionary history C.ontogeny involves the life history and evolutionary history of organisms
23. There are no widespread deposits of placer uraninite in rocks ? than 2.3 Ga. A.older B.younger
24. The most advanced sponge type is of ? morphology. A.asconoid B.leuconoid C.syconoid
D.rhagonoid
25. The longer the time averaging of the fossil assemblage, the ? it will resemble the “ancient fossil community? A.less B.more
26. Determining evolutionary patterns and rates at the species level is relatively ? to accomplish. A.easy
B.difficult
27. During an initial adaptive radiation, there are ? differences between the species involved in the radiation. A.few B.many
28. In prokaryotes, the DNA is A.loosely-organized in the cell B.contained within a nuclear membrane
29. ? are built from amino acids. A.proteins B.DNA C.RNA D.all of these are built from amino acids
30. ? feed on other consumers by predation. A.herbivores B.parasites C.scavengers D.symbionts
E.carnivores

31. The ? are the so-called “sunflower fossils”; they may belong to the Chlorophyta.
A.pyrrhophytes B.receptaculitids C.bacillariophytes D.haptophytes E.protozoans
32. ? are characterized by the presence of vacuoles and mitochondria. A.prokaryotes B.eukaryotes
C.both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are characterized by the presence of vacuoles and mitochondria
33. The ? are “glass sponges”. A.Demospongea B.Calcarea C.Hexactinellida
D.Sclerospongiae E.Chaetetida
34. The earliest life forms primarily relied upon A.RNA B.DNA C.both RNA and DNA were probably utlized by the earliest life forms
35. Palynology includes study of A.pollen B.dinoflagellates C.acritarchs D.coccoliths E.palynology studies may include all of these
36. When seawater temperature increases, the ratio of calcium to magnesium A.decreases B.increases
C.it stays the same
37. During the early Precambrian there ? large continents. A.were B.were no
38. Cherts of the Pilbara Group have produced filamentous fossils pertaining to A.methanogens
B.sulfur-metabolizing bacteria C.sulfate-reducing bacteria D.cyanobacteria E.protists
39. “Animals” belong to the A.Protista B.Metazoa C.Metaphyta D.Fungi E.all of these are
“animals”
40. Paleobathymetry may be determined by A.oxygen isotopes B.sulfur isotopes C.ichnology
D.calcium/magnesium ratios E.sedimentation rates
41. The Simpson and Jaccard Coefficients are often used in determination of A.plate tectonic divergence B.rates of evolution C.faunal correlation D.paleobiogreography E.extinction events
42. Some adult amphibians have larva-like forms. This describes the concept of A.the Red Queen
Hypothesis B.Cope’s Law C.Peramorphosis D.Adaptive Radiation E.Paedomorphosis
43. There ? freshwater diatoms. A.are B.are no
44. Zooxanthellae are A.filter-feeding sponges B.benthonic foraminiferans C.radiolarians
D.symbiotic algae E.poriferans
45. ? involves the classification of organisms. A.taphonomy B.embryology C.taxonomy D.ichnology
E.paleoecology

46. Vicariance Biogeography is due to the ? of the ranges of organisms. A.fragmentation B.coalescence
C.vicariance biogeography may be due to fragmentation or the coalescence of the ranges of organisms
47. There ? freshwater sponges. A.are B.are no
48. The fundamental unit of taxonomy is the A.genus B.order C.class D.family E.species
49. The ? fauna consisted of quilted “pancake animals”. A.Ediacara B.Tommotian C.Burgess
Shale D.all of these consist of quilted “pancake animals”
50. Potassium-argon dates ? obtained from Cretaceous rocks in north-central Texas. A.are commonly
B.are not
51. Protozoans are A.prokaryotes B.eukarotes
52. If the original author’s name is placed in parentheses, the A.species is valid B.species is invalid
C.species has been transferred to another genus D.author’s citation was incorrect E.author’s priority has been debated
53. The ? Fauna consists of fossils consisting of sclerites of calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate. A.Ediacara B.Tommotian C.Burgess Shale D.all of these consist of calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate fossils
54. Dinoflagellates are A.pyrrhophytes B.receptaculitids C.bacillariophytes D.haptophytes
E.protozoans
55. In order to make a good index fossil, the fossil should occur over a ? stratigraphic interval and have a
? stratigraphic range. A.narrow, narrow B.broad, broad C.narrow, broad D.broad, narrow
56. A calcareous hyaline wall structure is indicative of some A.diatoms B.foraminiferans
C.dinoflagellates D.radiolarians E.calcareous nannoplankton
57. Konservat-Lagerstätten refers to a type of A.geologic dating technique B.plate tectonic boundary
C.fossil preservation D.limiting factor E.taxonomic category
58. The ? is often included within the “Monera”. A.Fungi B.Animalia C.Plantae D.Protista
E.Archaebacteria
59. ? is where two closely-related organisms undergo a similar evolutionary change through time.
A.parallel evolution B.convergent evolution C.this defines both parallel and convergent evolution
60. ? are deuterostomes. A.bryozoans B.brachiopods C.molluscs D.annelids E.chordates
61. The ? stage of succession has the most biodiversity. A.climax B.mature C.pioneer

62. A ? is a specialized trait unique to one group. A.synapomorphy B.sympleisomorphy
C.autapomorphy D.all of these are specialized traits unique to one group
63. Hystricospheres have ? cysts. A.proximate B.chorate
64. In ? growth, some parts grow faster or slower than others. A.isometric B.allometric C.this is true for both isometric and allometric growth
65. “Global” unconformities are believed to be due to A.plate tectonics B.marine transgressions
C.marine regressions D.Milankovitch Cycles E.extinction events
66. ? wrote the “Essay on the Principle of Population”. A.Haeckel B.Malthus C.Wallace and Darwin
D.Lamarck E.Dobzhansky, Mayr, Simpson and J. Huxley
67. ? diatoms have a raphe. A.centric B.pennate C.both centric and pennate diatoms have a raphe
68. A ? is the impression of skeletal (or skin) remains in a rock. A.mold B.cast C.this could describe a mold or cast
69. Natural selection and sexual selection ? to the same phenomenon. A.refer B.do not refer
70. The Metazoan Diversification was probably due to the A.development of continental shelf habitats B.increase in oxygen C.development of the “food chain” D.evolution of skeletal material E.all of these may have resulted in the Metazoan Diversification
71. Which of the following is calcium carbonate? A.chitin B.scleroprotein C.opal D.aragonite E.all of these are calcium carbonate
72. Macroevolution involves A.natural selection between individuals B.higher taxonomic categories
C.it depends upon the type of macroevolution
73. The ? are the plants of an ecosystem. A.fauna B.flora C.both fauna and flora include plants of an ecosystem
74. Almost all modern sponges belong to the A.Demospongea B.Calcarea C.Hexactinellida
D.Sclerospongiae E.Chaetetida
75. Which of the following have the greatest percentage of endemic species? A.faunal subprovince
B.faunal province C.faunal region D.faunal realm
76. The ? are sponges. A.Cnidaria B.Protozoa C.Porifera D.Archaeocyatha E.Bryozoa
77. Adaptative Radiations may occur because of A.the evolution of new structures B.mass extinctions
C.both of these may lead to adaptive radiations

78. A ? is a body of sediment or rocks with distinctive characteristics. A.biozone B.formation C.taxon
D.facies E.ecosystem
79. The epifauna live A.within the substrate B.on the substrate C.it depends upon the type of epifauna
80. Vail Curves are related to A.evolutionary rates B.extinction rates C.sealevel fluctuations D.rate of seafloor spreading E.passive plate margins
81. The Eocene Messel fossils were preserved A.in permafrost B.by mummification C.in an oil seep
D.in an anaerobic lake environment E.in amber
82. Index fossils are utilized to establish A.biozones B.biofacies
83. The ocean during the early Precambrian is believed to have been ? than today. A.colder B.hotter
84. Oxygen in aquatic ecosystems is measured in parts per A.hundred (percentage) B.thousand
C.million D.billion
85. ? form the lowest trophic levels. A.autotrophs B.heterotrophs C.both autotrophs and heterotrophs may form the lowest trophic levels
86. With colder temperatures, the amount of Oxygen-18 in seawater A.decreases B.increases
C.Oxygen-18 remains the same
87. In prokaryotes meiosis is A.absent B.present C.it depends upon the type of prokaryote
88. Temperate ecosystems typically have ? biodiversity than tropical ecosystems. A.less B.more
C.they have the same biodiversity
89. Methanogens and sulfur-metabolizing bacteria are A.Eubacteria B.Protista C.Fungi D.Metazoa
E.Archaebacteria
90. Carbon dioxide in seawater ? from the ocean surface to about 1000 meters. A.decreases B.increases
C.carbon dioxide content remains the same throughout the uppermost 1000 meters
91. ? are characterized by sexual reproduction. A.prokaryotes B.eukaryotes C.both prokaryotes and eukaryotes are characterized by sexual reproduction
92. Average salinity measures about 35 parts per A.hundred B.thousand C.million D.billion
93. The ? is the chronostratigraphic equivalent of a “period”. A.eonathem B.erathem C.system
D.series E.stage
94. Grypania and “acritarchs” probably represent A.prokaryotes B.eukaryotes
95. The aphotic zone is ? the euphotic zone. A.above B.below C.this is the same zone

96. A ? taxonomic group is valid. A.paraphyletic B.polyphyletic C.monophyletic D.all of these taxonomic groups are valid
97. ? Law states that “evolution cannot be reversed”. A.Darwin’s B.Wallace’s C.Huxley’s
D.Haeckel’s E.Dollo’s
98. Conversion of skeletal material from aragonite to calcite would involve fossilization A.by cellular permineralization B.by recrystallization C.by durapartic preservation D.by replacement E.by carbonization
99. Stromatolites are/were produced by A.methanogens B.sulfur-metabolizing bacteria C.sulfatereducing bacteria D.cyanobacteria E.all of the above produce stromatolites
100. ? is the process by which a single species divides into two lineages that become reproductively isolated from one another. A.mosaic evolution B.anagenesis C.phenetics D.cladogenesis
E.punctuated equilibrium
101. ? foraminiferan shells are coiled in several planes. A.planispiral B.conispiral
C.streptospiral
102. ? species are formulated on the basis of their morphology. A.Linnaean Species B.Biogeographic-
Genetic Species C.both of these are based upon morphology
103. Which of the following is not true concerning preferred conditions for fossilization? A.hard parts typically present B.rapid burial of organisms C.plants often preserved in acidic anaerobic environments D.usually low-energy depositional environments E.most common in organisms at higher trophic levels
104. Morphology is controlled by A.growth B.phylogeny C.adaptation D.all of these control morphology
105. The “Synthetic Theory” was formulated by A.Haeckel B.Malthus C.Wallace and Darwin
D.Lamarck E.Dobzhansky, Mayr, Simpson and J. Huxley
106. The frozen “clathrate” deposits on the seafloor, which may lead to “global warming”, are composed of A.nitrogen B.carbon dioxide C.oxygen D.sulfur dioxide E.methane
107. The ? is a single specimen that serves as the “name-bearer” of the species. A.synonym B.taxon
C.taxa D.paratype E.holotype
108. It is believed that increased seafloor spreading will lead to ? seas. A.aragonite B.calcite
C.seafloor spreading has nothing to do with the production of calcite or aragonite
109. “Sister groups” ? share a common ancestor. A.must B.do not have to

110. During the earliest portion of the Vendian Period climate was A.cold B.warm
111. ? foraminifera are often studied in axial section; they are important index fossils in the Late
Paleozoic. A.Allogrommina B.Textulariina C.Fusulinina D.Miliolina E.Rotaliina
112. There ? freshwater radiolarians. A.are B.are no
113. The ? consisted of a double-walled structure with an intervallum in between, and with a central cavity. A.diatoms B.foraminiferans C.dinoflagellates D.radiolarians
E.archaeocyathans
114. The development from the embryo to the adult of a species passes through the evolutionary stages of its ancestors. This is termed ? Law. A.Dollo’s B.Cope’s C.Haeckel’s D.Darwin’s
E.Wallace’s
115. Preservation of the outlines of fossil fish, ichthyosaurs and fossil plants would involve fossilization
A.by cellular permineralization B.by recrystallization C.by durapartic preservation D.by replacement E.by carbonization
116. ? includes all aspects of the passage of organisms from the biosphere to the lithosphere. A.ecology
B.paleoecology C.biostratigraphy D.taxonomy E.taphonomy
117. Coprolites represent fossilized A.bones B.teeth C.dung D.microfossils E.pollens
118. A euryhaline organism ? changes in salinity. A.tolerates B.does not tolerate
119. Which of the following is the lowest taxonomic category; i.e., it would include the fewest species.
A.Order B.Phylum C.Class D.Domain E.Family
120. The “Red Queen Hypothesis” concerns A.background extinctions B.mass extinctions
C.continuous improvement of adaptations D.punctuated equilibrium E.phyletic gradualism
121. When dead plant tissue is buried in coal swamps, it is believed that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere ? and temperature ?. A.decreases, decreases B.increases, increases C.decreases, increases D.increases, decreases
122. The earliest life forms were probably A.Eubacteria B.Protista C.Fungi D.Metazoa
E.Archaebacteria
123. The Spumellariina are A.diatoms B.foraminiferans C.dinoflagellates D.radiolarians
E.calcareous nannoplankton
124. This test number is “B”; please answer “B” for question # 124.