Name:______________________________
Date:______________________ Period:___
Midterm Review: Study Guide # 1
TOPICS: Scientific Method, Microscope, & Cell Structure/Function
Please read before studying:
1. Locate your guided notes and any other associated sheets for ALL the topics listed above. This
should be easy to locate in your notebook!
2. Next, scan the objectives for the topic you are about to study in order to get a sense of what
you should be focusing your time and energy on.
3. Start mastering each objective by answering the associated review questions right on this sheet.
4. After you have finished, use this sheet as a study tool to quiz yourself. Quiz yourself by trying to
answer all the questions aloud. This will probably take you a few times to feel comfortable. You are
finished studying when and only when you can answer 100% of the objectives correctly without
having to look back at your notes for help.
Topic # 1 – Scientific Method
 I am able to describe All 7 steps of the scientific method:
 Purpose – the reason you are performing the experiment
 Hypothesis – an educated guess to what the outcome of the experiment will
be written in “If…then” statement
 Materials – list of tools needed to perform the experiment
 Procedure – the steps of an experiment (sequential list)
 Data – facts, figures, observations
 Conclusion – a written summary of the results

Communication – sharing results through a lab report, oral presentation, poster
 I am able to define independent variable and dependent variable:
 Independent variable – what the scientist “changes”
 Dependent variable - what the scientist “measures”
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Name:______________________________
Date:______________________ Period:___
 I am able to identify the independent variable and dependent variable if given an experimental
scenario:
 Sasha wants to find out the amount of water she should give her tomato plants in order to
grow the biggest tomatoes. She has three plants. She waters plant #1, once a day. She
waters plant # 2 twice a day. And she waters plant # 3 three times a day. After 2 weeks
she measures the diameter of the tomatoes.
 What is the independent variable? Amount of watering
 What is the dependent variable? Diameter size of tomatoes
Topic # 2 – Microscope
 I am able to calculate total magnification:
 What is the equation for calculating total magnification?
Total magnification = eyepiece magnification x objective magnification
 What is the total magnification under
 Low power = 10 x 4 = 40x
 High Power = 10 x 40 = 400x
 Medium power = 10 x 10 = 100x
 I am able to describe how to properly use the microscope:
 How should you carry a microscope? By the arm and hand under the base
 What adjustment knob should NEVER be used under HIGH POWER? Why?
Coarse adjustment knob because you don’t want to crack the slide
 How can you adjust the light shining on the slide? Diaphragm
Topic # 3 – Cell Structure & Function
 I am able to state the function of the following cell parts and state in which cell (PLANT, ANIMAL,
or BOTH) each is found:
Organelle
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Nucleus
Chromatin (DNA)
Cytoplasm
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Ribsomes
Function
Plant? Animal? Both?
Regulates what enters and exits the
Both
cell; “gatekeeper”
Support & protection;
tough outer fence
Control center of cell; “brain”
Genetic material; has instructions
for making proteins
Jelly-like fluid that holds all of the
organelles in place
Maze of membranes that transport
protein material
Makes proteins; “Factory Workers”
Plant
Both
Both
Both
Both
Both
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Name:______________________________
Golgi Body
Vesicle
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Lysosome
Date:______________________ Period:___
Packages, tags, and ships proteins;
“Post Office”
Sacs that transport proteins
through cell; “factory cars”
Storage area for water and food
Both
Both
Plant- Big,Stores Water
Animal-small,stores food
Provides usable energy for the cell;
“Power house”
Captures sunlight and turns it into
food (big sugar) for the cell
Digests old cell parts, waste, etc.
“Pacman” “Garbage collectors”
Both
Plant
Both
 I am able to identify each cell organelle on a diagram of a PLANT or ANIMAL cell:
Starting at Nucleolus and working clockwise:
 Nucleolus, Chloroplast, Cell Wall, Cell Membrane, Rough ER, Mitochondria,
Cytoplasm, Ribosomes, Vacuole, Golgibody, Smooth ER, Nuclear Membrane,
Chromatin
 I am able to state the path a protein takes in the cell:
 What is the path a protein takes?
Nucleus to ribosome to ER to Golgi to Vesicle to
either Storage (vacuole) or Out of Cell (Cell Membrane)
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Name:______________________________
Date:______________________ Period:___
 I am able to label the parts of a prokaryotic (bacteria) cell:
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Flagella
DNA
 I am able to list the similarities and differences between prokaryotic (bacteria) and eukaryotic
(plant/animal) cells;
 Similarities: Genetic material + ribosomes
 Differences: Prokaryote- no nucleus, no organelles
 I am able to state the legacy of each scientist who contributed to the cell theory.
 Hooke – coined the term “cell”
 Leeuwenhoek – viewed single celled organisms in pond water; “animalcules”
 Schleiden – all plants are made of cells
 Schwann – all animals are made of cells
 Virchow – all cells come from pre-existing cells
 I am able to state the 3 parts of the cell theory:
 What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
All living things come from cells.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things.
All cells come from cells.
 LAB PRACTICAL: I am able to identify the organelles of a cheek cell, plant cell, or bacteria cell
that are visible under a microscope.
 Draw a high power sketch of a cheek cell, elodea cell, and bacteria cell. Use your Cell
Observation Lab.
Cheek cell 400x
Elodea Cell 400x
Bacteria Cell 400x
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Name:______________________________
Date:______________________ Period:___
 CRITICALLY THINK! – Try making connections between the topics you have learned about so far. A
good student doesn’t just learn the facts and memorize, but can APPLY their knowledge and make
connections between topics. Try some of these questions to jump start your critical thinking
abilities. Be on the lookout because many questions on the exam will test how your critical thinking is
progressing, especially the essays!
 We have argued in class that living things are not just made of cells but are a product of
all the proteins produced by these cells. Think back to other units. Can you list and
describe the function of at least 2 proteins that are needed by the cell itself or other
parts of the body? (HINT: Enzymes are considered proteins.)
 DNA helicase – enzyme that unzips DNA during replication
 DNA polymerase – enzyme needed to add in nucleotides during replication
 RNA Polymerase – adds in RNA nucleotides during transcription
 Genetic Disorders normally arise due to faulty proteins body needs:
 Hemophiliacs lack clotting protein in blood






Tay Sach patients lack protein to dissolve fat in brain
Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by faulty hemoglobin protein
Cystic Fibrosis patients lack protein in the lungs that acts as salt
chute
Proteins found on the surface of Red Blood Cells give blood types A, B, and
AB
Proteins found in the surface of the cell membrane are important during
cellular transport. Recall protein pumps and channel proteins during discussion
of cell transport.
You are the head director of a pharmaceutical company. A research team at your company
has just developed a new drug called “DIE-OFF” which they believe has the potential to
kill cancerous cells. Using your knowledge of the scientific method, how would you direct
your team to test their hypothesis? (HINT: Design an experiment with an independent
and dependent variable.)
 VALID EXPERIMENTAL SETUP - Set up 4 petri dishes of the same cancerous
cell line. For example, use cancerous liver cells. Leave one dish of cancerous
cells untouched. This is the control. Now, give different amounts of “DIEOFF” to each of the remaining three dishes. After 1 week, count the number
of cancerous cells left in the dish to determine how well the drug worked.
 Independent Variable – Different amounts of the drug “DIE-OFF”


Dependent Variable – number of cells left after a set amount of time
Control – Dish in which cells receive NO treatment
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