Proposal For Trail Assessment and
Planning Services
Arcadia Project
Grand Traverse Regional Land Conservancy
Submitted By:
International Mountain Bicycling Association
Trail Solutions Program
Scott Linnenburger
May 13, 2005
Introduction
The IMBA Trail Solutions team specializes in the planning, design, and construction of recreation trails
that are low maintenance, sustainable, and that meet the experiential demands of all manner of trail users.
IMBA Trail Solutions is honored to present this proposal for a Trail Plan and to be part of the team
working toward the Arcadia Project’s potential as a model for sustainable recreation, agriculture, and land
conservation.
IMBA believes a well-designed trail:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Protects the environment;
Requires little maintenance;
Meets the needs of its users; and
Minimizes conflict between different user groups.
If any one of these four values is overemphasized at the expense of another, the trail could cause
irreparable damage to the resource, provide an unsafe or negative experience for visitors, or deplete a
maintenance budget.
Building on this credo, IMBA Trail Solutions will focus on four key concepts that result in a trail system
that highlights the Arcadia property and provides steady year-round recreation. First, the trail system
must be sustainable, having minimal impact on the landscape for generations to come. Second, it must
provide a large and diverse visitor base with an optimized recreational experience. Third, the trails must
be creatively planned to enhance the internal connectivity of property’s different ecosystems and land
uses. Fourth, the trail system must be planned to draw a steady flow of visitors and leave them with a
very positive experience, a better understanding of the landscape, and an inherent desire to return.
Developing a successful trail system is highly dependent on a cooperative relationship between the Grand
Traverse Regional Land Conservancy, IMBA’s Trail Specialist, the Michigan Mountain Bicycling
Association, and the property’s visitors. This is not only the optimal way to bring great ideas to the
forefront, but a vital first step in creating a stewardship attitude with visitors of the area. As a non-profit
organization with a mission to create, enhance, and preserve trail opportunities, IMBA keenly understands
the ever-increasing role of users of the trails in achieving quality management of the land’s resources and
the need to create a broader constituency of support for the preservation of open space. IMBA Trail
Solutions believes that one of the best strategies to achieve this goal is by putting the public on beautiful
trails that passively interpret the landscape for the trail user and create a feeling of being very close to that
land.
The final product of the field reconnaissance and cooperative brainstorming will be the Trails Plan. IMBA
Trail Solutions professionals have been recognized around the world for expertise in designing and
constructing trails as well as building a trails community.
Experience
History
Initiated in late 2002, Trail Solutions has quickly been recognized as one of the country’s premier trail
contractors. From an initial staff of two Trail Specialists, the Trail Solutions team now employs two fulltime and three part-time Trail Specialists and a full time Coordinator for the team’s trail design and
construction projects. In the last three years, Trail Solutions has designed over 250 miles and constructed
over 50 miles of shared use trail.
All Trail Solutions staff members spent at least two years prior to their current positions working for the
Subaru/IMBA Trail Care Crew, and collectively have undertaken trail assessment, design, construction,
or maintenance on over 500 trails in all 50 states and over a dozen foreign countries. This has allowed
our staff to build an incredible knowledge base pertaining to trail design and construction in almost all
physiographic regions, trail user matrices, and land management mandates.
Trail Solutions is an active member of the Professional Trailbuilders Association (PTBA), the only group
of professional trail contractors in the country. Trail Solutions staff also sits on the Board of PTBA and
has provided three-day trailbuilding seminars at the 2003 and 2004 Annual PTBA Conference. Trail
Solutions staff also participate in the National Trails Training Partnership and Federal Interagency Trails
Council, public-private partnerships to improve the status of trails in the United States.
Trail Solutions have been invited to be a part of these groups because of our track record with innovative
partnerships and our reputation for designing and building environmentally sustainable trails that require
little maintenance over time. To that end, IMBA was contracted by the Federal Highway
Administration’s Recreational Trails Program to produce the second edition of IMBA’s trailbuilding
manual, now called “Trail Solutions.” All of the manual’s material was provided by IMBA Trail
Solutions and Trail Care Crew staff.
Relevant Projects
Attached to the proposal is a more complete list of Trail Solutions projects, specifications, and references
from the last three years. Relevant to the needs of GTRLC are the following projects:
Little Creek Mountain
Trail Solutions is currently under contract with the Bureau of Land Management in southwestern Utah to
provide trail planning services on a 20,000-acre mesa outside St. George, UT. The need for a managed,
well thought out trail system on this mesa arose because of widespread archaeological poaching (the mesa
includes thousands of rock art sites, at least three Anasazi villages, and numerous other high-density
cultural sites). The BLM felt there was a need for increased recreational opportunity in the area and that a
very popular trail system, routed near but not on top of the cultural resources would provide a passive
deterrent for the poaching. Trail Solutions has developed plans for a four-phase trails development that
will equally serve mountain biking, hiking, equestrian, and off-highway vehicle interests, complete with
six trailhead locations, dispersed campground locations, and signage planning. When complete, this will
be around a 75-mile shared-use trail system.
Santos Trail System- Marjorie Harris Cross-Florida Greenway
Trail Solutions has contracted with the Florida Office of Greenways and Trails to assess the 35-mile
Santos trail system near Ocala, Florida. A spider web of socially developed trails, the system tended to
cause disorientation and some of the very technical terrain that is present on the property posed a danger
to inexperienced trail users. Trail Solutions planned the recreation of the system into a five-loop set of
trails that are designed to accommodate recreational, intermediate, and advanced level trail users in terms
of length of the loops and technical challenge that is present.
Staunton State Park, Colorado
Trail Solutions is currently working with Colorado State Parks to develop a four-season trail system for
Colorado’s newest State Park acquisition, a former set of four ranches. The 3,600-acre property’s main
amenity will be its trail system and State Parks’ goal is to create a revenue-producing park (based only on
parking/trail use fees, camping, and related amenities) that draws a steady stream of visitors during each
season with its trail system and backcountry feel. Trail Solutions’ goal is to create a trail system that
provides at least two full days of potential use for mountain bikers, hikers, equestrians, Nordic skiers
while highlighting the National Park-caliber aesthetic resources of this property.
Northern Kettle Moraine State Forest, WI
Trail Solutions contracted with Wisconsin DNR to design 15 miles of mountain bike trails within the
Northern Kettle Moraine State Forest. WI DNR felt the best management decision on this land was to
keep trail uses separate. With the Ice Age Trail, the cross-WI equestrian/snowmobile trail, and 15 miles
of existing hiking/Nordic ski trail on 400 acres of property, and the request that trail intersections be kept
to a minimum, this project proved very challenging. Trail Solutions was able to create a four-loop system
in one trails area with only four intersections of the existing trail system.
Black Canyon Trail, Arizona
In a partnership with Arizona BLM, Trail Solutions assessed the southern half of the 70-mile Black
Canyon trail corridor to make sustainability and management recommendations on this historic cattle and
sheep driveway. With many volunteers and potential stewards in the outer-Phoenix area, but no access to
the canyon, Trail Solutions brought the hiking, mountain biking, equestrian, wildlife viewing, and
motorized recreation communities together around the idea of a Black Canyon Trail System that
connected the communities along I-17 with this incredible piece of public land. The trail plan now calls
for dozens of miles of loop trails originating from new trailheads in the towns of New River, Black
Canyon City, connections to the Black Canyon Trail, and eventually a 200 mile shared-use trail system
that connects Phoenix and Prescott, Arizona.
Wissahickon Park, Philadelphia, PA
Working with the Friends of Wissahickon and the Fairmount Park Commission, Trail Solutions has
conducted a full sustainability and maintenance assessment on the 1,800-acre urban park’s historic 55mile trail system, conducted meetings with over 20 stakeholder groups, and is currently developing a plan
for the rehabilitation of that entire system. Integrating the trail system with the needs for both
environmental restoration and management of the native ecosytems still functioning in the park create a
matrix of goals that will provide maximum protection as well as maximum exposure of this urban
treasure.
Design Process
Trail Solutions staff regularly design all trails “on the ground” as sometimes very small variations in trail
alignment are the key to the trail’s sustainability, the visitor’s experience on that trail, and the impression
left from a visit. The staff is also heavily dependent on accurate data to assist in this process. Our staff
works with Trimble hand-held gps units loaded with ArcGIS software to aid in the trail design process. In
almost every trail design situation, the optimal season for trail design takes place before full leaf-out when
understory visibility and satellite reception is maximized. For this project, we would recommend marking
the trail alignments in the field this summer with flagging tape and/or wire stakes and gathering the gps
information in the coming fall (it can take twice as long to design and three times as long to design and
gps a new trail when leaves are present) to control costs. Following the gps data collection, Trail
Solutions can produce and ArcGIS 9.0-compatible map delineating the proposed trail system overlain on
property boundary, ecosystem, and land use management information for GTRLC to employ in
stewardship decision-making.
Trail Solutions is available to lead public meetings, educational classes on trail construction and
maintenance, and to work with GTRLC on environmental education planning related to the trail system
and the Conservancy’s goals.
Key Trail Concepts
Concept One- Minimize Environmental Impact
A successful trail system will cause minimal impact to the surrounding environment. The trail system on
the Arcadia property will be planned to minimize impacts to aquatic, wildlife and geologic resources, as
well as protecting the stunning viewsheds and natural aesthetics.
Water has the potential to do far more trail damage than any particular user. It is vital to minimize
water’s impact by creating rolling contour trails that are constructed across slopes rather than down a
slope’s fall line. This type of construction allows water to retain sheet flow when encountering trails
rather than focusing its potential erosive power in a channelized manner. Special care will be taken to
minimize stream and wetland crossings, and when crossings are necessary, they will be constructed to
minimize sediment load to the aquatic ecosystems.
The trail system will not adversely impact the biological and geological resources present on the property.
Trail Solutions will work closely with GTRLC staff to determine whether areas exist where human
activity is detrimental, either in total or seasonally, and account for those constraints in the trail system
design. The trails will not require surfacing that may introduce non-native materials and potentially
change soil geochemistry and floral assemblage. These natural surface trails will be relatively narrow
(less than four feet wide in most cases) and will not create canopy breaks in order to minimize habitat
fragmentation potential. The trails will be designed to be minimally obtrusive to the natural landscape.
Concept Two- Maximize Visitor Experience
Every visitor has an optimal trail experience in mind. Trail Solutions has planned trail systems all over
the world to be highly desirable to visitors, whether they are mountain bikers, hikers, equestrians, bird
watchers, skiers, or off-highway vehicle enthusiasts. Our staff has spent considerable time canvassing
trail user groups to determine the experiences they would like to be provided and worked to develop
stacked loop trail systems that meet the varied desires of different user groups. The system will be
planned to handle a high volume of trail users by efficiently dispersing them through the network based
on the experience being sought and retain the feeling of solitude.
Shared-use trails are the best way to meet the demands of a large and varied visitor base. However,
precautions must be taken to provide the desired experience while also minimizing the potential for user
conflicts. Sightlines, speed considerations, length of trail, aspect, water crossings, and turning platforms
must be planned with the potential trail user matrix in mind. High volume trails near facilities will need to
be wider, shorter in length, less difficult, and contain long sightlines. Trails that access the further reaches
of the park and draw less traffic will be narrower, longer, more challenging, and can safely have shorter
sightlines and more natural obstacles. In some cases, the ideal visitor experience is dependent on a singleuse trail. For example, a wildlife-viewing trail will best function with very few trail users and
strategically located viewing areas.
Concept Three- Enhance Physical and Emotional Connectivity
Concurrent trail and facility planning is vital to the success of a trail-based destination. Connectivity
provides users with a feeling of cohesion and naturalness that is vital to turning visitors into supporters
and citizen stewards. A well-planned trail system disperses users throughout the property. This allows the
GTRLC to satisfy visitors’ experience needs even when there is a large number of people on the trails.
Planning for this cohesion from the beginning will increase the effective size of the property and draw a
larger visitorship. Keeping visitors away from sensitive resources or unsightly views creates an
experience that idealizes the land and creates a sense of place, respect, and emotional tie to the property
that can turn into volunteer and financial support for similar endeavors.
Action Steps
Trail Solutions will send a Trail Specialist to the Arcadia site for three-week assessment and planning
engagement. Trail Solutions will work with the staff and stakeholders, complete a field survey of the
property on both the existing trails and portions of the property without trails.
The deliverable product will be the property’s Trail Plan. This plan will contain:
1. Routes and specifications of trails that correspond to a general construction corridor;
2. A general trails development plan outlining primary, secondary, and tertiary steps, timelines, and
estimated costs for construction;
3. Recommendations for visitor management and signage (trail kiosk, intersection, and waymarking)
that provides direction and interpretation;
4. Recommendations for facilities and management that enhance the Conservancy’s status as a trails
destination provider and incredible steward of great land.
Cost Structure
IMBA’s Trail Specialists are billed at an hourly consulting rate of $60/hour plus expenses. The estimated
costs for the field assessment, survey, and trail plan development are as follows:
Field Reconnaissance/Staff Interaction
120 hours
Trails Plan
40 hours
Expenses (including airfare, ground transportation, per diem and supplies)
$7,200
$2,400
$2,500
Total Project Cost
$12,100
Trail Solutions can schedule time to complete this project between July 5 and July 31, but are currently
fully engaged before and after this period. Certainly, expense costs can be minimized if on-site lodging is
available and ground transportation is not required. If additional information or clarification is needed,
please do not hesitate to contact Scott Linnenburger at (303) 545-9011 or via email, scott@imba.com.
Trail Construction Experience
Lead Contractor
Location:
Year Constructed:
Specifications:
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Tamarack Mountain Resort, McCall, ID
2003 - 2005
18 miles construction, 12-48” tread width, 48-60” clearing width
Mountain bike, hike, Nordic ski
Sweco trail dozer, Bobcat mini skid steer, hand construction
Jamie Seifert
Tamarack Resort
PO Box 840
Donnelly, ID 83615
(208) 325-1055
JSeifert@tamarackidaho.com
$200,000
Trek Bicycle Corporation, WI
2004, 2005
6.0 miles construction, 24-36” tread width, 36-48” clearing width
Mountain bike
Ditchwitch SK 500, mini excavator, hand construction
Chris Pieck
PO Box 183
Waterloo, WI 53594
800-313-8735 Ext. 2903
Chris_Pieck@trekbikes.com
$30,000
Rosaryville State Park & Black Hills Regional Park, Maryland
2003 - 2005
3.5 miles construction (7 miles when completed) , 24-36” tread width, 60” clearing
width
Mountain bike, hike, equestrian
Ditchwitch SK 500, hand labor clearing and finishing
Austin Steo
Mid-Atlantic Off Road Enthusiasts
PO BOX 2662
Fairfax, VA 22031
(301) 847-1023
a1s1p1@aol.com
$30,000
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Wakefield Park, VA
2005
3 miles reconstruction (6.5 miles when complete) , 24-36” tread width, 60” clearing
width
Mountain bike, hike
Ditchwitch SK 500, Sweco trail dozer, hand clearing and finishing
Bill Hellwig
Audrey Moore Recreation Center
8100 Braddock Road
Annandale, Virginia
(703) 321-7081
Bill.Hellwig@fairfaxcounty.gov
$15,000
Lake Lafayette Trail, Tallahassee, FL
2004
1.5 miles construction, 24-36” tread width, 48-60” clearing width
Mountain bike, hike
Toro mini skid steer, hand construction
Dwayne Huffman
Tallahassee Parks and Recreation Department
912 Myers Park Drive
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
(850) 891- 3866
HuffmanD@talgov.com
$10,000
Evans Creek Canyon Trail, Rancho San Rafael Park, NV
2003
1.25 miles construction, 36-48” tread width, 60” clearing width
Mountain bike, hike, equestrian
Sweco trail dozer, hand construction
Patti Bakker
Truckee Meadows Trail Association
P.O. Box 265
Reno, NV 89504
(775) 786-9955
pbakker@sbcglobal.net
$15,000
Trail Contracting Team
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Sumter National Forest/Long Cane Horse Trail
2004
10 miles new construction
Mountain Bike, hike, equestrian
Sweco trail dozer, Dingo mini skid steer
Bill Victor, Long Cane Trails, LLC
149 Chota Dr.
Clarks Hill, SC 29821
(803) 278-6177
wmvic32@aol.com
$9,500 (Trail Solutions portion of contract)
Blue Ridge Parkway/Chestnut Ridge Trail
2004
1 mile new construction, 1.5 miles rehabilitation, 48” tread width
Hike, equestrian
Sweco trail dozer,
Woody Keen, Trail Dynamics, LLC
P.O. Box 664
Cedar Mountain, NC 28718
(828) 862-5613
woody@traildynamics.com
$7,500 (Trail Solutions portion of contract)
Sumter National Forest/Oconee State Park, SC
2004
1 mile new construction, 1.5 miles rehabilitation, 48” tread width
Mountain Bike, hike, equestrian
Sweco trail dozer, Dingo mini skid steer
Woody Keen, Trail Dynamics, LLC
PO Box 664
Cedar Mountain, NC 28718
(828) 862-5613
woody@traildynamics.com
$9,000 (Trail Solutions portion of contract)
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Bartram Trail, GA
2003
8 miles new construction, 36’48” tread width, 60” clearing width
Mountain bike, hike
Sweco trail dozer, Toro and Ibex mini skid steers
Bill Victor
Long Cane Trails, LLC
149 Chota Dr.
Clarks Hill, SC 29821
(803) 278-6177
wmvic32@aol.com
$7,000 (Trail Solutions portion of contract
Lick Fork Recreation Area, SC
2003
2 miles new construction, 36” tread width, 48” clearing width
Mountain bike, hike
Toro mini skid steer
Bill Victor
Long Cane Trails, LLC
149 Chota Dr.
Clarks Hill, SC 29821
(803) 278-6177
wmvic32@aol.com
$2,500 (Trail Solutions portion of contract)
Airstrip, Mine Mountain, Shoals Trail, Dupont State Forest, NC
2003
2.25 miles reconstruction, 36” tread width, 60” clearing width
Mountain bike, hike, equestrian
Ditchwitch, Toro, Ibex mini skid steers, Ditchwitch mini excavator
Woody Keen
Friends of Dupont State Forest
PO Box 664
Cedar Mountain, NC 28718
(828) 862-5613
trailboss@dupontforest.com
$25,000 (Trail Solutions portion of donated services)
Trail Planning, Design, and Maintenance Assessment
Location:
Staunton State Park, CO
Year Completed:
2004- 2005
Project Description: Trail corridor planning for a 35-mile trail system in Colorado’s most recent State
Park purchase
Contact:
Dave Giger, Region Manager
1313 Sherman St. Rm. 618
Denver, CO 80203
(303) 866-3203
david.giger@state.co.us
Contract Value:
$22,000
Location:
Wissahickon Park, Philadelphia, PA
Year Completed:
2004- 2005
Project Description: Sustainability assessment and redesign of a 54-mile trail system within the largest
city park in Philadelphia in an historic valley
Contact:
Tom Pelikan, Executive Director,
Friends of Wissahickon
8708 Germantown Ave.
Philadelphia, PA 19118
(215) 247-0417
tom_pelikan@verizon.net
Contract Value:
$16,000
Location:
Little Creek Mesa, UT
Year Completed:
2004
Project Description: Trail Planning, Design and Environmental Assessment of a 40-mile shared-use
trail system on a large mesa south of St. George, Utah, created, in part, to protect
the area from vandalism (cultural resource poaching) via recreation development
Contact:
Cimarron Chacon
BLM UT- St. George Field Office
345 East Riverside Drive
St. George, Utah 84790
(435) 688-3200
Cimarron_Chacon@ut.blm.gov
Contract Value:
$75,000
Location:
Santos Trails, Marjorie Harris Carr Cross-Florida Greenway
, FL
Year Completed:
2004
Project Description: Maintenance and Redesign Assessment of 35-mile trail system near Ocala, FL with
recommendations for trail reconstruction/reclamation, comprehensive signage,
risk/emergency management planning, and freeride development.
Contact:
Mickey Thomason
Florida Office of Greenways and Trails
(352) 236-7143
Mickey.Thomason@dep.state.fl.us
Contract Value:
$9,000
Location:
Year Completed:
Project Description:
Contact:
Silver Mountain Resort, Idaho
2004
Assessment of ski area terrain for mountain bike/hike trail system
Scott Evans
610 Bunker Ave.
Kellogg, ID 83837
(208) 783-1111 ext. 204
scotte@silvermt.com
$11,000
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Location:
Black Canyon Trail, AZ
Year Completed:
2004
Project Description: Assessment of 60-mile trail corridor from north of Phoenix to near
Prescott, AZ with planning and design of trailheads, nodes of stacked
loop trails along the corridor, and recommendations on shared use
matrix and volunteer recruitment
Contact:
Dan Hanson
BLM - Phoenix Field Office
21605 N. 7th Avenue
Phoenix, AZ 85027-2099
(623) 580-5500
Rich_Hanson@blm.gov
Contract Value:
$23,000
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Kettle Moraine State Forest- Northern Unit, WI
2004
Design of 15 miles of singletrack trails within the Greenbush and
New Fane Recreation Areas
Jerry Leiterman
Superintendent KMSF-NU
N1765 Highway G
Campbellsport WI 53010
(262) 626-2116
Jerome.Leiterman@dnr.state.wi.us
$11,500
Location:
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Cheyenne Mountain State Park, CO
2003
Trail design assistance for Arrowhead Trails on a new 13-mile
shared-use trail system
Rick Dudley
CMSP Superintendent
4255 Stinton Road
Colorado Springs, CO 80907
(719) 633-4110
rich.Dudley@state.co.us
$7,500
Maine Winter Sports Center, Presque Isle, ME
2004
Planning and design of 10-mile shared-use trail system
Max Saenger, Chief Operating Officer
Loring Commerce Centre
154 Development Drive, Suite E
Limestone, ME 04750
(207) 328-0991
max@mainewsc.org
$7,000
Hunter’s Creek Park, NY
2003
Sustainability/maintenances assessment and trail planning for 35-mile shared-use
trail system in a county park outside Buffalo.
John Sundquist
Western New York Mountain Bike Association
279 Oakwood Ave.
East Aurora, NY 14052
(716) 655-5130,
jas@trailmap.us
$5,000
Kettle Moraine State Forest- Southern Unit, WI
2003
Planning and design of 6-mile, Emma Carlin trail connector trail
Ray Hajewsky
Trails Manager KMSF-SU
S91 W39091 Hwy. 59
Eagle, WI 53119
Contract Value:
(414) 594-6200
$4,300
Trails Education & Training
Location:
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Western Trailbuilders Association Conference, Reno, NV
2003, 2004
Conducted three-day advanced trailbuilding seminars focusing on
Mountain biking trails techniques
Gerry Wilbour, WTBA President, Northwest Trails owner
(360) 739-1123
Northwesttrails@hotmail.com
$4,000
Palmer Park, Anchorage, AK
2003
Assessment and planning for sustainable trails in 2000-acre park
Near Anchorage, AK
Kevin Keeler, National Park Service Rivers, Trails, and Conservation
(907) 644-3589
kkeeler@gci.net
$4,000
Multiple Parks, Australia
2003
15 trailbuilding seminars to city, territory, and commonwealth land
Managers and trails advocates on the ecological, social, and
Economic benefits of sustainable, shared-use trail systems
Tony Scott, Mountain Bike Australia
Anthony.scott@anu.edu.au
$5,250
Multiple Parks, Ireland
2003
12 trailbuilding seminars to city, county, and federal land
Managers and trails advocates on the ecological, social, and
Economic benefits of sustainable, shared-use trail systems
Claire Barnstable, Countryside Access & Activities Network
(028) 9038-3848
$2,500
Trail Construction Equipment
Type:
Sweco 450 Trail Dozer (owned)
Operator/Experience: Rich Edwards/250 hours, Joey Klein/200 hours
Training:
Tony Boone, Arrowhead Trails
Type:
Mini skid steer (rented)
Operator/Experience: Rich Edwards/500 hours, Mark Schmidt/50 hours
Training:
self-trained
Type:
Mini excavator (rented)
Operator/Experience: Judd deVall/100 hours, Rich Edwards/100 hours,
Mark Schmidt/30 hours
Training:
self-trained