Chapter 20 Study Guide
Pgs 686-716
Important information:
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Since the economy was growing very fast the public administration expanded at all levels
as well.
Began to have police and firefighting forces
Financed schools, libraries, and parks = taxation
Department of agriculture- 1862
Department of the Interior- 1849- largest and most important, other than the post office
Protection of the nation’s “infant industries”
Tariffs, the north didn’t mind having the protective policies but in the south and the west
or the agricultural regions they did not like the high tariffs since they saw it as unfair to
them as farmers.
Election paraphernalia (banners, hats, flags, ect) became major for both parties
Democratic donkey or Republican elephant
‘spoils” of office, though payoffs (back then was not seen as unethical)
“boodle” (money as a bribe), was used as political machines to control cities as well as
personal favors
Patronage positions, jobs for loyal supporters (part of “spoils” of the winner) it was just
one of the many things that politicians did to keep loyal people
Circuit Courts of Appeals Act of 1891, congress granted the U.S Supreme court the right
to review all cases at will
Patrons of Husbandry led by Oliver H. Kelly
“thieves in the night”- railroads and banks
1873, Illinois legislature passes a Warehouse Act establishing maximum raters for storing
grains.
Munn v. Illinois
“Equal Rights to All, Special Privileges to None”
Colored Farmers’ Alliance
Northern Farmers’ Alliance, in the Great Plains states.
“the free and unlimited coinage of silver”
“national insurrection”
The Uprising of 1877 prompted the creation of the National Guard and armories in
working-class neighborhoods.
Progress and Poverty
Milwaukee People’s Party
Women wanted a special department to investigate equal rights of women
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Edward Bellamy consider the development of a national party (formed by the farmers’
Alliance at a meeting in Ocala, Florida) “the largest opportunity yet presented”
“subtreasuries” – local warehouses for farmers
“pepper and salt”- black and white candidates on the same slate.
Railroads helped usher the depression of 1893 around the country (most went bankrupt)
The depression caused many families to “ride the rails” or go “on the tramp”
Vagrancy laws caused many people to go to prison since they were sleeping in parks at
night.
In 1892, there was a wage cut though the Coeur d’Alene district
When miners rejected the wage cut and went on strike, the owners brought in
strikebreakers to work. But then the strikers blew up a railcar and scared them away
“Aristocrats of labor”
The Pullman palace Car company
Applied Christianity (1886)
Young Women’s Christian Association (WYCA)
o The “Y’ sponsored services for Christians
The Girls’ Friendly Societies
Phyllis Wheatley Home
“Silver Democrats”
o “battle of standards”
Erdman Act
Gold Standard Act
“nadir” and era of widespread repression and violence
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
The name “Jim Crow” was used to characterize all African Americans
o Also used to refer to segregation
o Separate but equal
Cumming v. Richmond County board of Education
Wilmington massacre
National Association of Colored women
The Columbian Exposition
o “timekeepers of progress”
Chicago World’s Fair
“White Man’s Burden”
Women’s Union Missionary Society of Americans for Heathen Lands
Students on college campuses started to going missionaries, Student volunteers for
foreign Missions
Josiah Strong said “Commerce follows the missionary”
The U.S started to view the Caribbean as an “American lake”
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James G. Blaine, secretary of state under presidents Garfield and Harrison, wanted to
work out a Good Neighbor policy
The Great White Fleet, 90 small ships for America
The American China Development Company was created in 1896 to accelerate railroad
investment.
A secret society known as the Harmonious righteous Fists (or “Boxers”) was against
foreign plans
Southerners and American still wanted Cuba and since they were not going to be able to
buy it, there was much conflict with Spain
Cuba Libre
Anti-Imperialist Leagues
Important people:
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Democrat, William Marcy Tweed of New York
Tammany Hall
Michael “Hinky Dink” Kenna of Chicago
Thomas A. Jenckes of Rhode island
George H Pendleton (sponsor of reform legislation)
Henry George(economist and land reformer)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leonora M. Barry (women general investigator)
Mary E. Lease
Frances E. Willard (most famous woman) – “make the whole world homelike”
Samuel Gompers, head of the American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Jacob Sechler Coxey, Populist – “petition in boots”
U.S Attorney General Richard C. Olney, former lawyer for the railroads wanted to stop
Coxey
Carnegie and his chairman Henry C. Frink
George M. Pullman – “sleeping cars”
Eugene V. Debs, American Railway Union (ARU)
James Whitcomb Riley, poet
Washington Gladden, Congregationalist minister
Methodist minister Charles M. Sheldon of Topeka, wrote In his Steps (1896)
Fannie Barrier Williams
William Jennings Bryan, Democratic candidate
Georgian Tom Watson, vice presidential candidate
William McKinley, Republican campaign “a full dinner pail”
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Ida B. Wells, antilynching, A Red Record
Thomas E. Watson
Frederick Ward Putman
William Henry Seward, Secretary of State
Battles:
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A “Splendid Little War” in Cuba
American was against Spain
American, under president McKinley, acted towards Spain’s colonies in the Philippines
Elections/ Presidents:
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Hayes
Cleveland
Theodore Roosevelt
Election of 1896
Inventions/Ideas:
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World’s Fair
Ocean liner by International Navigation Company
Terms:
 Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) – 1887, law that expanded federal power over
business by prohibiting pooling and discriminatory rates by railroads and establishing the
first federal regulatory agency. (5 members appointed by president)
 Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act- a law of 1883 that reformed the spoils system by
prohibiting government workers from making political contributions and creating the
Civil Service commission to oversee their appointment on the basis of merit rather than
politics.
 Populist movement- A major third party of the 1890s formed on the basis of the southern
Farmers’ Alliance and other reform organizations
 Grange- the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, a national organization of
farm owners formed after the Civil War.
 Granger laws- State laws enacted in the Midwest in the 1870s that regulated rates charged
by railroads, grain elevator operators, and other middlemen.
 Farmers’ Alliance- Abroad mass movement in the rural south and West during the later
nineteenth century, encompassing several organizations and demanding economic and
political reforms.
 Southern Farmers’ Alliance- The largest of several organizations that formed in the postReconstruction south to advance the interests of beleaguered small farmers.
 Great Uprising- Unsuccessful railroads strike of 1877 to protest wage cuts and the use of
federal troops against strikers; the first nationwide work stoppage in American history.
 Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) - Women’s organization whose
members visited schools to educate children about the evils of alcohol, addressed
prisoners, and blanketed men’s meeting with literature.
 National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) - the organization formed in
1890 that coordinated the ultimately successful campaign to achieve women’s right to
vote.
 Coxey’s Army- A protest march of unemployed workers, led by Populist businessman
Jacob Coxey, Demanding inflation and a public works program during the depression of
the 1890s
 Protective association- organizations formed by mine owners in response to the formation
of labor unions.
 Sherman Silver Purchase Act- 1890 act which directed the Treasury to increase the
amount of currency coined form silver mined in the West and also permitted the U.S
government to print paper currency backed by the silver.
 Free silver- Philosophy that the government should expand the money supply by
purchasing and coining all the silver offered to it.
 Dingley Tariff of 1897- act which raised import duties to an all-time high
 Nativism- Favoring the interest and culture of native-born inhabitants over those of
immigrants.
 Jim Crow laws- Segregation laws that became widespread in the South during the 1890s
 Segregation- A system of racial control that separated the races, initially by custom but
increasingly by law during and after Reconstruction.
 Plessy v. Ferguson- Supreme Court decision holding that Louisiana’s railroad
segregation law did not violate the Constitution as long as the railroads or the state
provided equal accommodations.
 Grandfather clauses- Rules that required potential voters to demonstrate that their
grandfathers had been eligible to vote; used in some southern states after 1890 to limit
the black electorate.
 Poll taxes- Taxes imposed on voters as a requirement for voting.
Time Line:
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1867- the Grange was founded
1874- the Granger laws started to regulate the rates that railroads were charging for
shipping
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1877- election of Hayes and the great uprising of 1877
1879- Progress and Property by Henry George was published
1881- assassination of James A. Garfield, election of Arthur
1882- Chinese Exclusion Act
1883- Pendleton Act was passed
1884- election of Cleveland
1888- Colored Farmer’s Alliance began and election of Harrison
1889- National Farmers Alliance
1890- Sherman Silver Purchase Act and NWSA
1891-People’s party
1892- Homestead strike, lynching
1893- World’s Columbian Exhibition opens in Chicago
1894- “Coxey’s Army”
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson, election of McKinley
1897- Dingley tariff
1898- Hawai’i is annexed, Spanish-American war
1899- Open door policy
1900- Gold Standard Act
Summary:
Industry continued to take off but ended up putting the country in depression. The hard
times of the depression caused many changes and some associations to form. The depression
was not the only cause of this but women were starting to speak up for their rights and made
organizations to stand together. Court cases sprang up that showed the courts real opinion
and that didn’t always make sense with the laws. Money and taxes were a big debate that
caused changes in the economy and laws.
The change in society was mainly the laws having to do with segregation. Signs were
allowed to be put up that separated the people by color, these signs said things like “White
people only” or for “Colored” people. Some cases in court helped keep segregation in place.
Strikes and lynching’s were major events in the towns. Most lynching’s were not fair to
the people it happened to but the strikes happened for fair wages and work conditions.