Latin II notebook
Ch 27 packet
Reflexive pronoun: “reflects”/ refers to subject “___self/ ___selves”
1st & 2nd person reflexives look exactly like the personal pronoun
3rd person reflexive is ___, sui, sibi, se, se
suus vs. eius/eorum/earum- suus belongs to the subject, eius belongs to someone else
some verbs, like noceo, credo, faveo, appropinquo, use dative objects instead of accusative
27ex
Ch 28/29
q-words: see vocab
pronoun: replaces a noun
relative pronoun- qui: who, which that
chart p4
antecedent: word that the pronoun replaces, “falls before” occurs in the text prior to the pronoun
pronoun will agree gender & number with the noun it replaces, case determined by use in sentence
30 & 31 notes
Review-characteristics of verbs
conjugation: 1. writing a verb out in all its forms [subjects, tense, endings]; 2. a group of Latin verbs written out with their endings in the same way
identify conjugation: look at vowel before –re in the infinitive; a=1. ē=2, e=3 [3io has –io in 1st listing]; i=4
principal parts: verb’s dictionary listings [use them to make everything else]
o
1st= 1st person, sing., present tense; “I _______”; ends in -o or –m
o
2nd= infinitive [see below]
o
3rd= 1st person, sing., perfect tense; “I ___ed”; ends in –i; [drop –i for perfect stem]; makes perfect, pluperfect, & future perfect tenses
o
4th = perfect passive participle [PPP]; “having been __ed”; ½ decl. adjective
tense: when a verb happens
person: perspective of the narrator/ doer of verb [1st, 2nd , 3rd ]
number: singular or plural
*mood –indicative (normal), imperative (commands), and subjunctive (to be learned 2nd semester & 3rd year)
*voice –active or passive
* active: subject & doer of verb are same “X verbs Y”
* passive: subject & doer of verb are not same “Y is verbed by X” [always form of ‘be’ & __ed]
31-present infinitives [there are 7 different kinds of infinitives, you will know 5 by the end of this year]
present active infinitive (PrAI): “the infinitive” ; 2nd principal part of most verbs; translation “to ______”;
makes present, imperfect, future tenses, identifies conjugation
*present passive infinitive (PrPI): 2nd principal part of deponent verbs [you’ll study these later this year];
* form: 1. need 2nd principal part; identify conjugation of verb
2. if 1st, 2nd, or 4th conj., change last -e to -i ex: amare→amari
if 3rd/ 3io conj., change –ere to –i
ex: scribere→scribi
*translate: “to be ___ed” [unless deponent]
30 -Passives
ablative of agent: prepositional phrase using a/ ab; “by ___”; indicates PERSON –doer of passive verb
ablative of means: ablative noun; “by ___”; indicates NON-PERSON –doer of passive verb
Subject pronouns, Active & Passive Verb endings
English pronouns
Latin pronouns
Active endings
Passive endings
sing
pl
sing
pl
sing
pl
sing
pl
I
we
1st
ego
nos
1st
-o, -m
-mus
1st
-r
-mur
2nd you
you
2nd tu
vos
2nd -s
-tis
2nd -ris
-mini
3rd
they
3rd
ei, eae, ea
3rd
-nt
3rd
-ntur
1st
he, she, it
is, ea, id
Present passives
translate: “am/is/are [being] ___ed”
formation

add –r to 1st dictionary listing

if 1st or 2nd conj.: inf. –re + passive ends

if 4th conj.: inf.: –re + passive ends; note: -iuntur
-t
-tur

if 3rd or 3io conj.: inf. –re, change e→i, + passive ends; note: -eris, -untur, -iuntur
examples- see p. ___

shortcuts if changing active to passive, not making from scratch: add –r to 1st pr.pt; add –ur to –t & -nt; change -mus to -mur
Imperfect passives
translate: “was/ were [being] __ed; kept being ___ed; began/ used to be ___ed”
formation: inf. –re + ba +passive ends

note: if 3io or 4th conj., need –ie- before –ba-
Future Passives
translate: “will/ shall be ___ed; am/is/are going to be __ed”
formation

if 1st or 2nd conj.: inf. –re + passive ends
future Passive endings
1st
sing
pl
-bor
-bimur
nd
-beris
-bimini
3rd
-bitur
-buntur
2

if 3rd, 3io, or 4th conj.: inf. –ere + passive ends; note: 3io & 4th need –i- before ends
Passive endings
1st
sing
pl
-ar
-ēmur
2nd -ēris
3
rd
-etur

-ēmini
-entur
required long marks
30/31 ex
_______________________________________________
Ch 32 & 33
Perfect passive participle (PPP) -33
* Participle: adjective form of a verb
* 4th principle part of most verbs
*not –urus [like futurus] this is an FAP (later)
*3rd pr. pt of deponent verbs (later)
* a verb cannot become passive unless it has a PPP
* has us, a, um [1st/2nd decl adj] endings
* translate: literal- “[having been] _____ed”
* translate: non-literal as a clause – start words “who, which, that, because, since, when, after”; turn participle into perfect/ pluperfect
passive verb [see below]
Perfect System Passive verbs -32
Perfect System: perfect, pluperfect, & future perfect tenses
Perfect Passive
 translate: “was/were ____ed”; “has/have been ____ed”
 form: PPP & present forms of sum – sum sumus
es
estis
est sunt
 2 words
 PPP will change to agree gender & number with the subject
M
Sing. us
Pl. i
Pluperfect Passive
 translate: “had been ____ed”
 form: PPP & imperfect forms of sum –eram
eras
erat


active & passive forms will use same form of sum
2 words, PPP changes
Future Perfect Passive
eramus
eratis
erant
F
a
ae
N
um
a


translate: “will/ shall have been ____ed”; “am/is/are going to have been _____ed”
form: PPP & future forms of sum –ero
erimus
eris
eritis
erit
erunt


active & passive forms will use same form of sum, EXCEPT erint(act.)/ erunt(pass.)
2 words, PPP changes
ablative of agent: prepositional phrase using a/ ab; “by ___”; indicates PERSON –doer of passive verb
ablative of means: ablative noun; “by ___”; indicates NON-PERSON –doer of passive verb
Ch 34: Comparative & Superlative Adjectives –see other handout
Ch 35 -Adverbs
adverb: describes a verb, adjective, or other adverb [often defines time or manner]
Many Latin adverbs are simple vocabulary [mox, iam, hodie, tandem, etc]; however, you can make “__ly” adverbs from adjectives, including
comparative & superlative forms
Making a positive [–ly] adverb from an adjective:
1. translate “__ly”
2. find declension of adjective [1st/2nd has dictionary endings -us/-er, –a, -um; 3rd is anything else]
3. if 1st/2nd, change –us to –e [add –e to –er adj.]
ex. rectus→ recte; miser→misere
rd
4. if 3 ,
a. if endings are X, -is, -e→ add –iter to stem [get stem from 2nd dict. listing] ex: celer→celeriter
b. if endings are –ns, -ntis→ add –er to stem ex: prudens→prudenter
5. see p. 75 for irregulars
Making a comparative [-ly] adverb:
6. translate “more/ rather ___ly”; “-er” is sometimes ok [later]
7. add –ius to stem [equivalent to making neuter nominusative singular adjective] ex: miserius
Making a superlative [-ly] adverb:
8. translate “very/ too __ly” “-est” is sometimes ok [quickest]
9. 2 steps
a. make the adjective superlative [see Ch 34 notes]
b. make the superlative into an adverb→ change –us to –e ex: miserrime
Comparison structures
1. Comparison sentences using “quam: than”
" X verbs __er than Y"
nominative noun X
verb
comparative adj/ adv
2. Comparison sentences using ablative of comparison
" X verbs __er than Y"
nominative noun X
verb
comparative adj/ adv
3. Superlative + omnium
"X verbs ___est of all
nominative noun X
verb
4. Quam + superlative
" X verbs as ___ as possible"
nominative noun X
verb
quam [than]
ablative noun Y[than Y]
superlative adj/adv
quam
nominative noun Y
omnium [of all]
superlative adj/ adv
5. plus + genitive noun
"more ____"
Ablative of degree of difference
multo: much
paulo: a little
Marcus est multo maior Sexto. "Marcus is much bigger than Sextus"
Marcus est paulo maior quam Sextus. " Marcus is a little bigger than Sextus"
Ch 36&37
Dates -see other handout
Deponent verbs
* look passive [see Ch 30-32 forms; p___]; translate active
* 3 dict listings: pres, 1st sing [-r]; inf. [-i]; PPP & sum -perf stem
*see p. ___ for list of common deponent vocabulary
* commands: sing. make the inf. end in e/ ere; pl. use 2nd pl present form [-mini]
ex.
Ch 38 & 39
Locative case: describes location
* cities, small islands, domus, rus
* can look like any case except nominative; case determines translation; no Latin preposition
acc: to ___; abl/gen/dat: in, at, from [abl. only]
* context clues help- especially verbs [stationary vs. movement]
Time phrases
1. adverbs [iam, mox, hodie, etc.]
2. with prepositions [post, ante]
3. accusative of time [duration] - "throughout....; for...." [multos annos]
4. ablative of time [when & within which] - "in...; within...; during...; at..." [aestate, nocte, brevi tempore, dates]
Education
Age
0-7
Teacher
parents
Studied
manners, customs, religion, [basic read/write]
7-12
magister ludi
or litterator
reading, writing, math
12-16
grammaticus
literature/ grammar- history, science, religion, etc as they came up in lit.
16+
rhetor
rhetoric- art/ skill of public speaking [lawyer/ politician]

girls could go to a litterator, but were most often educated at home by their mother, or a paedagogus [basic read/ write/math,
household chores/duties]
 paedagogus: tutor for home-schooling; also accompanied children to school [Eucleides]
other options: apprentice in a trade/ get a job, military, internship in politics/ government/ law,
travel- especially to study literature or philosophy in Greece
Ch 40 & 41
participle:
PPP review
Present Active participles
translation: "___ing"
form: inf. -re, + ns [Nom. sing. only]
+ nt+ 3rd decl endings [everything else]
* if 3io or 4th conj, need -ie- before ns/nt
ex
irregulars: iens, euntis [eo]; ferens, volens, nolens, potens
deponents: if 1st, 2nd, 4th conj, -ri= -re [drop -ri and form as above]
if 3rd, 3io, change -i to -ere, then form as above
ex
Semi-deponent verbs
* always an active translation
active forms in present, imperfect, future tenses; imperative, present infinitive, PAP, [FAP]
passive forms in perfect, pluperfect, future perfect tenses; perfect infinitive, PPP, [FPP]
* 3 principal parts: present 1s, inf, PPP + sum
infinitive rev- present active & passive
Perfect Tense Infinitives
Perfect Active Inf. [PfAI]
translate "to have _____ed"
form: perfect stem [3rd pr. pt. -i] +isse
ex
Perfect Passive Infinitive [PfPI]
Tr: to have been ___ed
Form: PPP[um] & esse [2 words]
ex
Ch 42 & 43
Mood: whether a verb is indicative [normal], imperative [direct command], or subjunctive
Subjunctive verbs: used for dependent clauses, some indirect discourse, to describe purpose, circumstance,
cause, hypothetical/ potential, wishes, exhortation/ polite commands
Imperfect active & passive subjunctive
translate like normal: active - ______ed, was/were/ kept ___ing; began/ used to ____
passive- was/were [being] ____ed; kept being ___ed; began/ used to be ___ed
form: present active infinitive + m
s
t
mus
tis
nt
or
r
ris
tur
mur
mini
ntur
* if verb is deponent, make inf. "look" active
ex
Cum Clauses: describes cause, time, circumstances
structure: cum.... subj. verb
often at start of sentence, often separated by commas
cum: when, since/ because, after, although
* careful! cum + abl. noun= with
Pluperfect Active Subjunctive
translate normal: had ___ed
form: perfect active infinitive + m
[perf. stem + isse]
s
t
ex.
mus
tis
nt
Pluperfect Passive Subjunctive
translate normal: had been __ed
form: PPP +
essem
essemus
[4th pr. pt]
esses
essetis
[3rd pr. pt dep.] esset
essent
[imperfect subjunctive forms of sum]
PPP changes gender & number to agree with subject
ex.
Indirect Questions: talking about a question
Direct question: What is that? Quid est?
Indirect question: I know what that is. scio quid sit.
structure: knowing/ asking verb....question word....subjunctive verb
know/ ask verbs: rogo, scio, ignoro, nescio, miror, interrogo, (posco), quaero, cognosco, disco, ...
question words: quando, quid, quantus, qui, quomodo, quam ob causam, quis, qualis, unde, ubi, cur, quo,
quocum, quotus, quota hora, ...
Ch 44&45
participle
PPP
PAP
Future Active participle [FAP]
* if 4th pr pt is -urus, is FAP, not PPP
[ex: futurus, iturus]
tr: about to ___; going to ___; on the verge of ___ing
form: PPP ∧ -us, a, um
-urex: amatus  amaturus
[FYI: FAP + pres/ impf forms of sum = "am/is/are/ was were going to ___]
Ablative Absolute [ab2]
* independent clause, often at start of sentence and/ or set off by commas, containing 2 or more ablative
words, not a prep. phrase
*usually noun & participle, though sometimes 2 nouns, or noun & adj.
start translation words: with [ALWAYS CORRECT]; when, after, since/ because, while [with PAP only]
abl noun subject; participle verb
with PPP: [literal] "with noun (having been) __ed"
[non-lit.] "when/because/ after noun was/were/have/has/had been __ed" (past tense passive transl.)
with PAP [lit.] "with noun ___ing"
[non] "when/ while/ because noun is/are/was/ were __ing (active, ongoing transl.)
with FAP [lit] "with noun about to ___"
*rare [non] "when, because, after noun was/were about to ___ [future-ish transl]
without participle: "with noun A as nounB" "with noun A being noun/adj B"
Ch 46&47
Present Active (PrAI)
usually ends in -re
‘the infinitive’
2nd principal part of most verbs
“to___, to be___ing”
identifies conjugation
Present Passive (PrPI)
2nd principal part of deponent verbs
1, 2, &4 conj: PrAI, last e→i
3, 3io: PrAI, -ere, +i
“to be __ed”
Perfect Active (PfAI)
perfect stem, -i, +isse
“to have ___ed”
Perfect Passive (PfPI)
PPP(um) + esse
“to have been___ed”
Future Active (FAI)
FAP(um) + esse
“to be about/going to ___”
Indirect statement: talking about another statement
direct: Miss Farris is cool.
indirect: Nick says Miss Farris is cool.
Clues:
"head" verb + accusative noun/ pronoun
+ infinitive
Head verbs: scire, audire, videre, loqui, dicere, respondere, nescire, ignorare, cognoscere, cogitare, putare
sentire, etc...
Translate: ...main sentence with head verb... ["that"] accusative subject...infinitiveverb
Main Verb
pres
pres
pres
Infinitive
pres
perfect
future
Inf. transl
pres
past "___ed"
future
past
past
past
present
perfect
future
past "was __ing" or "___ed"
[plu]perfect "__ed" or "had __ed"
"was/ were about to ___"
*infinitive that uses a participle will agree with the accusative noun/ pronoun in indirect statement
*se vs forms of is
*accusative endings/ pronouns list:
48&49
forms of malo & fio -see textbook
gladiators/ arena events