1860
1850
1859
1931
1952
Pres
Post
1787
1868
1970
Post
1492
1600
1600’s
1600’s-
1700’s
1775
1787
1780’s-
1800
1800’s
25. 5—The Historical Evidence
26. America’s Discovery
27.
America’s First Colonies
28.
America’s First Governments
29.
30.
31.
32.
The Founding of Education in America
The American Revolution and the Acts of the Continental Congress
Establishing a Stronger Government
Under the Constitution: The Practices of Executive, Legislature, and
Judiciary
Post
Post
1749
33. Foreign Observers
34.
72.
73.
Summary
11—Establishing the American Philosophy of Government
Baron Charles Secondat de Montesquieu
1764-1769 74. Sir William Blackstone
1690 75. John Locke
? 76. Richard Hooker
1739-1740 77. David Hume
1625, 1672 78. Hugo Grotius and Baron Samuel de Puffendorf
1790’s
79. The Law of Nature
Pre 80. The Primary Influence
Post
1892
1824
1811
1844
1838
1799
1799
1815
1889
1885
1846
75
75
76
78
80
85
110
113
8. 4—The Judicial Evidence 49
9. Church of Holy Trinity v. United States (1892) – U.S. Supreme Court 49
52 10. Updegraph v. The Commonwealth (1824) – Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania
11. The People v. Ruggles (1811) – Supreme Court of New York
12. Vidal v. Girard’s Executors (1844) – U.S. Supreme Court
54
56
13. Commonwealth v. Abner Kneeland (1838) – Supreme Court of
Massachusetts
14. John M’Creery’s Lessee v. Allender (1799) – Supreme Court of
58
62
Maryland
15. Runkel v. Winemiller (1799) – Supreme Court of Maryland
16. The Commonwealth v. Sharpless (1815) – Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania
17. Davis v. Beason (1889) – U.S. Supreme Court
18. Murphy v. Ramsey (1885) – U.S. Supreme Court
19. City of Charleston v. S.A. Benjamin (1846) – Supreme Court of South
Carolina
62
63
64
66
67
20. Lindenmuller v. The People (1860) – Supreme Court of New York
21. Shover v. State (1850) – Supreme Court of Arkansas
22. Commonwealth v. Nesbit (1859) – Supreme Court of Pennsylvania
23. U.S. v. Macintosh (1931) – U.S. Supreme Court
24. Zorach v. Clauson (1952) – U.S. Supreme Court
35. 6—The Religious Nature of the Founding Fathers
1. 1—Religion and the Courts
2. An Overview of the First Amendment
3. An Overview of the Fourteenth Amendment
4. The Effect of the Coupling
5. Summary
17
19
19
19
70
71
71
73
73
123
13
119
122
213
214
216
218
219
221
222
223
225

1963
1968
1971
1971
1973
1973
1980
1983
1984
1987
1989
1990
1992
1993
1993
1995
Post
Post
Pre
Post
1800’s-
1900’s
1700’s
1800’s
1860
1868
1900’s
1948
1962
1963
1970
1980
1985
1989
1992
1900’s
1985
Post
Post
Post
1900’s
1972
1994
1965
1971
1975
1985
1970
6. 2—Religion and the Constitution 21
7. 3—The Misleading Metaphor
36. 7—Safeguarding Original Intent
37. The State v. Smith Clark (1860) – Supreme Court of New Jersey
38. U.S. v. Kirby (1868) – U.S. Supreme Court
39. 8—Rewriting Original Intent
40. McCollum v. the Board of Education (1948)
41. Engel v. Vitale (1962)
42. School District of Abington Township v. Schempp (1963)
43. Walz v. Tax Commission of the City of New York (1970)
44. Stone v. Graham (1980)
45. Wallace Jaffree (1985)
46. Allegheny County v. Pittsburgh ACLU (1989)
47. Lee v. Weisman (1992)
48. 9—Ignoring Original Intent
49. Wallace v. Jaffree (1985)
50. Abington v. Schempp (1963)
51. Epperson v. Arkansas (1968)
52. Board of Education of Central School District v. Allen (1968)
53. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
54. Levitt v. Committee for Public Education (1973)
55. Committee for Public Education v. Nyquist (1973)
56. Stone v. Graham (1980)
57. Marsh v. Chambers (1983)
58. Lynch v. Donnelly (1984)
59. Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)
60. Allegheny v. ACLU (1989)
61. Westside v. Mergens (1990)
62. Lee v. Weisman (1992)
63. Lamb’s Chapel v. Center Moriches Union Free School Dist. (1993)
64. Zobrest v. Catalina Foothills School District (1993)
65. Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of University of Virginia (1995)
66. 10—The Court's Selective Use of History
67. The Fourteenth Amendment
68. The Efforts of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson in Virginia
69. The Role of Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the Formation of the First Amendment and the Bill of Rights
70. Jefferson, Madison, and Religion
71. Omission of Fact
81. 12—A Changing Standard—Toward a New Constitution?
82. 13—-A Constitution in a State of Flux
83. On Personal Appearance
84. On Student-Led Prayers
85. On Children
86. On Profanity
87. On Lewdness and Indecency
88. On Blasphemy
89. On Deterring No Religious Belief
206
211
227
233
233
234
234
235
235
236
236
192
192
192
192
193
193
193
193
194
194
194
194
195
195
195
197
197
201
203
43
147
148
149
151
151
155
160
165
170
175
180
183
191
191
191

1989
Post
Post
Post
Post
Post
Post
Post
Post
Post
Post
Post
Post
90. On Atheism and Non-Religion
91. 14—Identifying the Spirit of the Constitution
92. 15—Maintaining Constitutional Integrity
93. 16—Revisionism: A Willing Accomplice
94. The Use of Patent Untruths
95. The Use of Overly Broad Generalization
96. The Use of Omission
97. The Use of Insinuations and Innuendos
98. Impugning Morality
99.
The Use of “Faction”
100. The Use of “Psychohistory” and “Psychobabble”
101. A Failure to Account for Etymology
102. A Lack of Primary Source References
237
241
253
269
269
270
273
277
287
297
299
302
306