SIXTH
EDITION
STANDARD
AIRCRAFT
HANDBOOK
FOR MECHANICS AND TECHNICIANS
LARRY REITHMAIER
Other Books by Larry Reithmaier
MACH 1 and Beyond—The Illustrated Guide to
High Speed Flight
Aviation and Space Dictionary
Aircraft Repair Manual
Private Pilot's Guide
Instrument Pilot's Guide
Standard Aircraft
Handbook for Mechanics
and Technicians
6th Edition
Related McGraw-Hill Aviation Titles
Advanced Aircraft Systems—David A. Lombardo
Aircraft Systems—David A. Lombardo
Airplane Maintenance and Repair: A Manual for Owners,
Builders, Technicians, and Pilots—Douglas S. Carmody
Kitplane Construction, Second Edition—Ronald J. Wanttaja
EDITED BY LARRY REITHMAIER
McGraw-Hill
New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland
Boga*
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
Sydney Tokyo Toronto
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Standard aircraft handbook for mechanics and technicians
/ edited by Larry Reithmaier.—6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07134836-0
1. Airplanes—Maintenance and repair—Handbooks,
manuals, etc.
2. Airplanes—Design and construction—Handbooks,
manuals, etc.
I. Reithmaier, L. W. (Lawrence W.). date.
TL671.28.S694 1999
629.1347—dc21
9929590
Contents
CIP
McGraw-Hill
A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies
Copyright © 1999, 1991, 1986, 1980, 1958, 1952 by The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United
States of America. Except as permitted under the United States
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data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission
of the publisher.
90
DOC/DOC
0
4 ISBN 0-07134836-0
The sponsoring editor for this book was Shelley Ingram Carr, the
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Information contained in this
work has been obtained by
The
McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. ("McGrawHill") from sources believed
to be reliable. However,
neither McGraw-Hill nor its
authors
guarantee
the
accuracy or completeness of
any information published
herein and neither McGrawHill nor its authors shall be
responsible for any errors,
omissions,
or
damages
arising out of use of this
information. This work is
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with
the
understanding that McGrawHill and its authors are
supplying information but are
not attempting to render
engineering
or
other
professional services. If such
services are required, the
assistance of an appropriate
professional
should
be
sought.
Ac
kn
owl
edg
me
nts
Pre
fac
e
1
Intr
oductio
n
Fus
ela
ge
Str
uct
ure
Loc
atio
n
Nu
mb
erin
g
Sys
tem
s
Wi
ng
Str
uct
ure
Empennage or Tail Assembly
2
Tools and Their Proper Use
Safety Considerations General-Purpose Hand Tools MetalCutting Tools Layout and Measuring Tools Taps and Dies
Shop Equipment
3
Materials and Fabricating
Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Characteristics of Aluminum Alloys
Handling Aluminum
Forming Aluminum Alloys
Blanking
Bending
Press-Brake Forming
Stretch Forming
Hydro Press Forming
Roll Forming
Flexible-Die Forming
Machining
Drilling
Turret Lathes and Screw Machines
Milling
Routing
Forging
Casting
Chemical Milling
Making Straight-Line Bends
Vlll
ix 1
3456
7 8
14 20
25 27
33
33 37 42 43 44 44 45 46 47
47 48 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 53
53
6 147 151 152 153 156 156 161
VI Standard Aircraft Handbook
Making Layouts
Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Working with Titanium Ferrous
Aircraft Metals
4
5
6
7
8
Drilling and Countersinking
Rivet Hole Preparation
Drilling Operations
Countersinking
Shaving Flush Head Fasteners
Reamers
Riveting
Solid-Shank Rivets
Riveting Practice
Hand Riveting Rivet
Squeezers Rivet
Removal Blind Rivets
Pin (Hi-Shear) Rivets
Bolts and Threaded Fasteners
Aircraft Bolts
Close-Tolerance Bolts
Classification of Threads
Aircraft Nuts
Aircraft Washers
Installation of Nuts and Bolts
Cotter Pin Safetying
Installation: Bolts, Washers, Nuts, and Cotter
Pins
Miscellaneous Threaded Fasteners
Dzus Fasteners
Hi-Lok and Hi-Lok/Hi-Tique Fasteners
Installation of Hi-Lok and Hi-Lok/Hi-Tique
Fasteners
Aircraft Plumbing
Fluid Lines Flexible
Hose Plumbing
Connections Installing
Rigid Tubing
Control Cables
Cable Assembly
Turnbuckles
Cable Tension Adjustment
6
0
6
2
6
5
6
7
7
1
77
7
7
8
3
8
8
9
4
9
5
99
9
9
10
3
11
4
11
5
11
7
11
8
12
5
137
13
8
13
9
13
9
14
1
14
169
169 170 174 180
185
185 189 192
C
ontent
s9
Electri
cal
Wirin
g and
Install
ation
Ma
teri
al
Sel
ect
ion
Te
rm
ina
ls
Wi
re
Gr
ou
ps
an
d
Bu
ndl
es
Bo
ndi
ng
an
d
Gr
ou
ndi
ng
10
Aircraft Drawings
Orthographic Projection
Working Drawings
Title Block
Other Data
Sectional Views
The Lines on a Drawing
Rivet Symbols Used on Drawings (Blueprints)
11
12
13
Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
or Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI)
Visual Inspection NDT Beyond Visual EddyCurrent (ET) NDT Magneto-Optic EddyCurrent Imaging
Corrosion Detection and Control
Types of Corrosion Direct Chemical
Attack Electrochemical Attack
Effects of Corrosion Corrosion
Control Inspection Requirements
Nondestructive Inspection (NDI)
Visual Inspection Other NDI Methods
Corrosion-Removal Techniques
Surface Damage by Corrosion
Standard Parts
Standard Parts Identification Standard
Parts Illustrations Additional Standard
Parts (Patented)
Appendix
Glossary
Index
7
Vll
195
19
5
19
8
20
3
20
7
211
211
212
214
214
214
215
215
219
21
9
22
0
22
2
22
4
229
230
230
230
231
233
233
234
234
235
236
237
239
239
24
0
26
279 283 289
Preface
Acknowledgments
Extensive use was made of data, information, illustrations, and
photographs supplied by:
Lockheed Corporation
Rockwell International, NAAO
Federal Aviation Administration
Hi-Shear Corporation
Snap-On Tools
L.S. Starrett
The Aluminum Association
U.S. Industrial Tool & Supply*
Lufkin Rule
;
Townsend Textron (Boots, Chary fasteners)
Aeroquip
Centurion NDT Inc.
PRI Research and Development Corp.
LPS Laboratories Inc.
Parts suppliers catalogs
The Standard Aircraft Handbook for Mechanics and Technicians is
presented in shop terms for the mechanics and technicians engaged
in building, maintaining, overhauling, and repairing all-metal
aircraft. It is also useful for the student mechanic, who must acquire
the basic mechanical skills fundamental to every technical specialty.
Although this handbook is "tool-box size," it is a relatively
complete guide to all basic shop practices, such as the use of basic
tools, drilling, riveting, sheet-metal forming, use of threaded
fasteners and installation of plumbing, cables and electrical wiring.
Additional practical information is presented on aerospace materials
and standard parts. Chapters on non-destructive testing (NDT) and
corrosion detection and control provide a guide to advanced
technology inspection and detection equipment, techniques, and
procedures.
The information presented in this handbook was obtained from
techniques and procedures developed by various aircraft and
equipment manufacturers and are in general compliance with
manufacturing specifications.
This handbook is not intended to replace, substitute for, or
supersede any FAA regulations, shop and quality-control standards
of an aircraft manufacturer, repair station, or the manufacturer's
maintenance manuals.
CRAFTSMANSHIP
There is no substitute for craftsmanship! Regardless of the
amount of engineering, planning, or design that might go into an
aircraft, the ultimate quality of that aircraft depends upon those who
build and maintain it.
