United Nations Development Programme United Nations Development Programme Country: Zimbabwe Project Document Project Title: Health Systems Strengthening Cross-Cutting Interventions UNDAF Outcome(s): Outcome 1: Reduction of the spread of infection, improvement in the quality of life of those infected and mitigation of the impact of HIV and AIDS Expected CP Outcome(s): Strengthened management and coordination of HIV/AIDS national response Expected Output(s): Enhanced capacity of the health system to deliver effective scaled-up treatment for HIV, Malaria and TB Implementing Partner: Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MoHCW) and Health Services Board (HSB) Responsible Parties: Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MoHCW) and Health Services Board (HSB Brief Description This project document is prepared to reflect the details of the new grant agreement with the Global Fund to implement the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) – HSS Grant Round 8. UNDP Zimbabwe has been requested to become the Principal Recipient of the Round 8 GFATM grants and will manage the HSS grant The overall goal of the HSS component is to achieve a strengthened and more effective health delivery system. The objectives of the programme are to i) reverse the current trend of high outward migration; ensuring the numbers entering the system from the clinical training schools are larger than the numbers leaving the sector; ii) motivate and retain trained community health workers (CHW) and strengthen their involvement in community programmes for HIV and AIDS, TB and malaria; iii) ensure an effective and integrated HMIS system, backed by improved communications and IT servicing capacity. The project under UNDP Zimbabwe will aim to strengthen the national capacity to effectively and efficiently manage the general health systems in Zimbabwe. As Principal Recipient of the GFATM grant, UNDP Zimbabwe will be legally responsible for the grant implementation; and responsible for the financial and programmatic management of the grant financed activities. Moreover, the project will also be responsible for the procurement of drugs and commodities for the country. Programme Period: October 2011 1 November 2009 – 31 Key Result Area (Strategic Plan): ______________ Atlas Award ID: Proposal ID: 00058661 Project ID: 00072973 Start date: End Date 1 November 2009 31 October 2011 PAC Meeting Date Management Arrangements 14 Dec 2009 DIM Total AWP budget: 34, 271,524 USD Total resources required Total allocated resources: Regular Other: o Global Fund o Government _________ Unfunded budget: In-kind Contributions 34,271,524 34,271,524 34,271,524 USD USD USD 34,271,524 USD _________ Agreed by Implementing Partner __________________ Hon. Dr. Henry Madzorera Minister of Health & Child Welfare Agreed by UNDP Lare Sisay Deputy Resident Representative ___________________ Situation Analysis A decade of high inflation, severe economic decline, and rising poverty has culminated in an acute, ongoing humanitarian crisis in Zimbabwe. These factors have increasingly fuelled the departure of skilled health staff and deterioration of infrastructure which have seriously comprised efforts by the Government of Zimbabwe and its international partners to provide universal access to basic health services in Zimbabwe and combat HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria. Zimbabwe has an exemplary pre-service and in-service track record, making health care workers trained within the system highly desirable. Low salaries have been identified as the most common reason for the current Human Resource crisis in Zimbabwe. Several efforts by MoHCW to stop the departure of skilled and qualified staff are in place. In 2007, the Global Fund and European Commission-funded Vital Health Systems Support Programme (VHSSP) provided salaries and incentives to a few critical health workers in the districts supported by these two programmes. This has had a positive impact on ensuring critical health workers are available in these districts. Following this experience, at the beginning of 2009, the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MoHCW), the Health Service Board (HSB), and funding partners recognized the need to have a harmonized national approach to retention payment of health workers. This was to ensure that critical health workers were maintained within the public health system, and donor funded schemes did not entice health workers into districts where they provided salary incentives away from other districts, but helped reduce the general attrition rates of critical health workers. The programme aims to primarily fund the national health retention scheme which currently supports approximately 14,000 skilled workers. In addition, the Programme will seek to strengthen community health systems for effective delivery through training provisions to community health workers and the scale up in community programmes for the 3 pandemics. Lastly, the Programme will support the integration of M&E systems for HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria into a strengthened and effective National Health Information Management System (NHMIS), and the communication and information technology support required. Due to the complex country context, In November 2008, the Global Fund Board invoked the Additional Safeguard Policy (ASP) for all current and future grants in Zimbabwe. Under ASP policy the Global Fund Secretariat as a risk mitigation strategy requested UNDP Zimbabwe to assume Principal Recipient (PR) responsibilities of the Round 5 and Round 8 grants for the three diseases. Strategy In line with the ZUNDAF outcomes, CPAP and national priority concerns, this project primarily serves to strengthen the national capacity within the country for improved health service delivery. UNDP efforts under the CPAP focuses interventions on strengthening the capacity of national institutions to deliver on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and provide basic social services to the most vulnerable groups, particularly those affected by the HIV and AIDS pandemic and the humanitarian challenges. The CPAP takes into account the strong linkages between poverty, HIV and AIDS and gender and supports the Government of Zimbabwe in prioritising three of the MDGs (Goals 1, 3 and 6) whose achievement will underpin the realization of all the other goals. The Global Fund project finances programmes to address the HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria epidemics therefore will directly support priority MDG 6 (Combat HIV and AIDS, Malaria and Other Diseases) in line with the CPAP (Outcome 5 – Effective Management and coordination of the HIV and AIDS national response in the context of the three ones, including advocacy and resource mobilization) and national concerns. Directly linked to the ZUNDAF outcome 5, this project seeks to support the improved access to and utilization of preventive and curative health services in improving and sustaining the availability of essential drugs and commodities in health facilities. UNDP Zimbabwe as the PR of the HSS grant will seek to reduce the overall risk for the oversight of grant funds, improve the flow of funds into the country and strengthen the national capacity within the country for improved health services. This arrangement is time-bound and as PR, UNDP Zimbabwe will provide the necessary capacity building support to one or more local entities with the view that they will eventually be re-phased in as PR(s). UNDP Country Office will be responsible for grant implementation; financial accountability; M&E and all procurement and distribution of health and non-health products. Under these PR obligations, UNDP Zimbabwe will seek to reduce the overall risk for the oversight of Global Fund grants, improvement of the flow of funds into the country and strengthening capacity of national implementing partners for improved health services. 3 Under the Additional Safeguard Policy, the Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) will continue to perform its oversight role. UNDP will coordinate with the CCM to assure that the purposes of the project are achieved. Under this oversight leadership role the CCM will continuously monitor the implementation of activities financed by the Global Fund grant including approving major changes in implementation plans as necessary. The CCM completed the selection of 20 new CCM members in April 2009 and the selection of the new office bearers was carried out in June 2009 and the new vice chair and chair were elected. UNDP will work closely with the CCM to ensure efficient programme implementation and timely adherence to Global Fund policies. UNDP will continue to provide regular updates to the CCM at the CCM meetings and CCM subcommittee meetings Management Arrangements The project will be executed by UNDP in line with UNDP’s DIM (Direct Implementation Modality) procedures and guidelines. Global Fund Project Management Unit (PMU) To coordinate the implementation of the project and for the overall management, the UNDP Country Office will establish the Project Management Unit (PMU) that besides coordinating the implementation of the Grant will provide general guidance on Global Fund policies and procedures to all SRs participating in the implementation of the Grant. An interim team in UNDP will manage the programme during the PMU recruitment process. The PMU presented below will comprise both international and national personnel that will assist the Global Fund Project Coordinator with the delivery of the project activities. The Project Coordinator will oversee the implementation of all Global Fund grants in addition to providing support to the implementation of the capacity development plan. Furthermore, the Project Coordinator will ensure facilitation of knowledge building and sharing within the UNDP Global Fund unit. Finally, the position will also focus on partnership strengthening and coordination. S/he will report to the Deputy Resident Representative. The Senior Global Fund Project Advisor – a national post - will work fully in collaboration with the Project Coordinator. This Senior Project Advisor provides support on the oversight of the Global Fund projects, and 4 provides strategic direction for the development and provision of support services in the implementation of projects. The Senior Project Adviser will also provide technical leadership to the implementation of the grants, in collaboration with all partners, to ensure that the implemented projects will contribute to the broader national strategy. Reporting to the Global Fund Project Coordinator will be the following five international posts: The Capacity Development Specialist ensures design and implementation of capacity development activities by providing policy and strategic guidance and leadership, in addition to project planning, implementation and monitoring and reporting on programs. This position will be supported by a Capacity Development Advisor, a national post. The Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist ensures the implementation and effective management of monitoring and evaluation policies and strategies, in addition to the sound facilitation of knowledge building and sharing in the area of monitoring and evaluation. This position will be supported by three M&E officers for each disease component; all three are national posts. The Operations Manager ensures the provision of policy support of, and adherence to, the UNDP Global Fund Unit on UNDP Rules, Regulations and policies. The Position provides financial resources management and supervises the PMU Finance Team, as well ensuring efficient Procurement and Supply Management operation and will supervise the PSM Team. In addition, the UNDP Country Office Human Resource unit will ensure strategic human resource management and supervision of the PMU unit. The position will also have direct reports from 6 national posts- HR Associate, Administrative Assistant and 4 Transport Assistants. The Finance Specialist will provide effective, accurate financial resources management and oversight and will ensure the successful implementation of operations strategies and procedures. In addition, the position manages the Project budget and will organize an optimal cost-recovery system and will ensure proper control of Project accounts and Project cash management. Finally, the Finance Specialist will be closely monitoring the financial activity of the sub-recipients and other implementing partners. This position will be supported by 6 national posts – Finance Analyst, Finance Associate and 4 Finance Assistants. The PSM Specialist ensures the provision of effective and efficient PSM activities under the Global Fund grants and ensures full compliance of procurement activities with UN/UNDP rules, regulations, policies and strategies. Furthermore, the PSM Specialist will take the lead on developing a strategy for appropriate integration of UNDP / GFATM procurement activities with those of other agencies 5 (including WHO, UNICEF, etc.), and towards strengthening Governmental /Ministry of Health capacity. This position will be supported by 5 national posts – Procurement Manager, Pharmacist, Contracts Manager and 2 Procurement Associates. Finally, the Programme Officer for each disease component (3 national positions in total) will be responsible for the management of the Global Fund project under that component within the PMU, and the supervision and coordination of the programme support staff in the implementation of programme strategies. The Programme Officers within the PMU will work closely with the existing focal person/programme manager within the SR to enhance grant performance and management through strengthened coordination in the programme. In addition, the Programme Officers will collaborate with the PMU operations team, UNDP Country Office Staff, programme officers in UN Agencies, Government officials, technical advisors and experts, multi-lateral and bi-lateral donors and civil society ensuring successful UNDP programme implementation. Finally, the Programme Officer will ensure top quality policy advisory services on HIV/AIDS to the Government and National Institutions and facilitation of knowledge building and management. The Programme Officers will report directly to the Project Coordinator and will each be supported by disease-specific Programme Assistant (3 national posts). 6 Project Management Structure Project Board Policy management will be vested with the Project Board. The Project Board will be chaired by the Permanent Secretary for the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare with the UNDP Deputy Resident Representative as the co-chair. The main role of the Project Board will be to reinforce the CCM’s role in the oversight of and accountability for the project. The board will be responsible for making all policy decisions for the project and shall meet quarterly to review the overall progress and outcomes of the project with the aim of proposing changes to the methodology or providing solutions to problems were necessary. These decisions will relate to the scope, extension, expansion, reduction, or continuation of the Programme. As a minimum, the Project Board is composed of the following roles: Executive: representing the project ownership and acting as the chair. This function will be assumed by UNDP Deputy Resident Representative. 7 Senior Supplier: providing guidance regarding the technical feasibility of the project. This function will be performed by the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Health and Child Welfare. Senior Beneficiary: ensuring the realization of project benefits from the perspective of beneficiaries. This role will be assumed by the Sub Recipient organization. Project Board •Executive (Chair) •Senior Supplier •Senior Beneficiary Project Assurance Project Manager Project Support The Project Board will be composed of a representative from the CCM (government entities or civil societies), a representative of the UNDP PMU and a representative of the Implementing partners under the project. The potential members of the Project Board are to be reviewed and recommended for approval by the Local Appraisal Committee. Project Assurance and Support In line with results based management structure, a project manager and support at the national structure will coordinate and manage the day to day programme implementation. A Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) specialist and 3 M&E Officers will form part of the project management team as M&E is a critical area in determining the performance of the grants. The SR has existing M&E capacity therefore the PMU will work closely with the SRs on M&E during data verification and validation and if need be, M&E will be sub-contracted. UNDP will exercise quality assurance functions as required under the results based management structure. Financial arrangements and funding structure In order to maintain an even level of financial performance, different payment modalities will be used: Direct Cash Transfer from UNDP to SRs as Advance Payment, Direct Cash Transfer from UNDP to SSRs as 8 grants on behalf of SRs and at the request of SR’s and SSR’s UNDP makes Direct Payments to their suppliers. In order to mitigate financial risk and speed up processes of liquidation/validation of expenses incurred by SRs and SSRs, SRs and SSRs will submit financial reports monthly in addition to quarterly and annual reports. To ensure full compliance, UNDP will provide reporting procedures and guidelines to SRs and SSRs and also facilitate On the Job Training and support on financial management as part of the Capacity Development process in this project. Procurement of goods and services Under the project’s Direct Implementation Modality arrangement (DIM), the strategy for the procurement of any materials will be conducted by UNDP, with the support of the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MOHCW) as the national agency. The HSS project only includes non-health item. International competitive bidding process will be arranged by the UNDP country office. Audits The audit of the project will be conducted as per Article 7 of the UNDP-Global Fund Grant Agreement for the project in consultation with the Office of Audit and Investigation (OAI) UNDP headquarters. UNDP Country Office will arrange for an audit of UNDP’s support provided to its SRs. Implementation and Institutional Arrangements In the implementation of the project, UNDP Country Office will coordinate closely with Government, bilateral development partners, civil society, and private sector to harmonise and coordinate the response in supporting the implementation of GFATM grants and in the establishment of a strong communication policy and ways of sharing lessons of implementing in this dynamic environment. Moreover the UNDP Country Office will work with these stakeholders to strengthen national capacity in the implementation of the project activities. Bi-lateral partners include DfID, EU, USAID (CDC, PEPFAR) and UN agencies (UNAIDS, UNFPA, UNICEF and WHO). UNDP will engage as Sub Recipients the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare (MoHCW) and Health Services Board (HSB). 9 The MOHCW will be responsible for the implementation of the programmatic activities. The Health Services Board (HSB) is directly responsible for all staffing and service matters in the health sector with the aim for an overall improvement of the sector in order to attract and retain professional staff. HSB manages the Retention Scheme and works closely with donor partners, including the Global Fund, to ensure effective implantation of the Scheme. HSB is the result of the Health Services Bill, which passed through parliament in 2004, effectively removed all health service personnel from the employ of the Public Service Commission (PSC) and placed them under the Health Services Board. The CCM will continue to perform its oversight role and will approve all major changes in implementation plans as necessary. Monitoring Framework and Evaluation Project M&E will be conducted in accordance with established UNDP and GFATM policies and procedures. The indicators set in the performance framework of the grant agreement will form the basis on which the project’s Monitoring and Evaluation system will be built. Quarterly - On a quarterly basis Joint Review Meetings with all implementing partners will be held to discuss progress in the implementation of the project, challenges, constraints and lessons learnt. Progress towards the completion of key results, will be updated in UNDP’s ERP system - ATLAS. In addition, the PR’s quarterly progress reports will be reviewed at these meetings prior to submission to the Global Fund. - The Local Fund Agent (LFA) will undertake quarterly reviews of programme implementation, on the basis of the Disbursements Requests and Progress Updates submitted by the UNDP Country Office. The objectives of these reviews are mainly for the verification of the information from which the quarterly report will be compiled. End of Project Review - An end of project review meeting will be conducted during the last quarter of implementation with all the actors in the implementation of the Grant. The purpose of the review is to assess and evaluate if the project has achieved its goal, objectives and targets. Annual Audit 10 - As an Additional Safeguard country, UNDP’s Office of Audit and Investigation shall complete an annual audit of the Global Fund programmes in compliance with the grant agreement signed with the GFATM. Quality Management for Project Activity Results OUTPUT 1: Activity Result 1 HSS: Health Workforce Start Date:1 Nov 2010 (1.1.1) End Date: 31 Oct 2011 Purpose Reverse the current trend of high outward migration; ensuring that numbers entering the system from the clinical training schools are larger than the numbers leaving the sector Description - Retention scheme allowance for F and F+ grades Retention scheme allowance for E5, E4, E3, E2, E 1 grades - Retention scheme allowance for D5, D4, D3, D2, D1 grades - Retention scheme allowance for C5 grades - Strengthening of HSB and MOHCW over phase I to be able to channel retention funds through government accounts Quality Criteria Quality Method Date of Assessment % of nurses in post against authorised staff establishment for nurses Quarterly Reports by MOHCW and HSB Every Quarter Activity Result 2 HSS: Community Health Start Date:1 Nov 2010 (2.1.1) End Date: 31 Oct 2011 Purpose Motivate and retain trained community health workers (CHW) and strengthen their involvement in community programmes for HIV and AIDS, TB and Malaria Description - Pay allowances to Community Home Base Caregivers (CHBC) to provide basic community based care - Pay allowances to community based health workers (CHW) & urban health promoters to provide basic community based HIV/AIDS, malaria and TB services - Payment of level of effort for the CHBC Focal person in districts - SR implementer overheads Quality Criteria Quality Method Date of Assessment Number of Community Health Workers receiving an allowance Quarterly Reports by MOHCW and HSB Every Quarter Activity Result 3 HSS: Information System Start Date:1 Nov 2010 (3.1.1) End Date: 31 Oct 2011 Purpose Ensure an effective and integrated HMIS system, backed by improved communications and IT servicing capacity Description - Negotiate with networks, and fund costs of free calls to district cell phones from clinic cell phones with major network(s) - Costs of masts and basic solar power for clinics with limited/no access to mains and/or relatively weak coverage (50% of all clinics), installed over first year - Provide cell phones to all rural clinics with coverage (80%), installed over first year 11 - Monthly payments of internet service for district/provincial/referral/MOHCW Quality Criteria Quality Method Date of Assessment Percentage COMPLETENESS Weekly surveillance (Health Information Management System (HIMS) Reports Quarterly Reports by MOHCW and HSB Every Quarter Activity Result 4 (4.1.1) Supportive environment: administration Purpose Project Management Costs Description - Contribution to Staff and operating Costs of UNDP/ PMU - Capacity development of SRs Programme management and Start Date:1 Nov 2010 End Date: 31 Oct 2011 Quality Criteria Quality Method Date of Assessment Effective implementation Quarterly Reports by MOHCW and HSB Activity Result 5 (GMS) Supportive environment: Programme management and administration Purpose Project Management Costs Description General Management services Quality Criteria Quality Method Management fees Quarterly Reports by MOHCW and HSB Start Date:1 Nov 2010 End Date: 31 Oct 2011 Date of Assessment Legal Context This project document shall be the instrument referred to as such in Article 1 of the Standard Basic Agreement between the Government of Zimbabwe and the United Nations Development Programme signed by the parties on 27 May, 1980. The host country-implementing agency shall for the purpose of the Standard Basic Assistance Agreement refer to the Government co-operation agency described in that Agreement. The following types of revisions may be made to this project document with the signature of either the UNDP Resident Representative or the Country Director only, provided he/she is assured that the other signatories of the project document have no objections to the proposed changes. (a) Revision in or addition of any of the Annexes to this project document. (b) Mandatory annual revisions which re-phase the delivery of agreed, project input or increased expert or other costs due to inflation or take into account agency expenditure flexibility. 12 Annual Work Plan ACTIVITY ID ACT1.1.1 EXPECTED OUTPUTS % of nurses in post against authorised staff establishment for nurses ACT1.1.1 ACT1.1.1 ACT1.1.1 Target year 1 = 95%; Year 2 = 98% TIMEFRAME PLANNED ACTIVITIES HSS: Health Workforce Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 RESPONSIBLE PARTY X X X X MOHCW X X X MOHCW/HSB Funding Source GFATM HSS: Health Workforce X GFATM HSS: Health Workforce HSS: Health Workforce X X X X MOHCW GFATM X X X X MOHCW GFATM PLANNED BUDGET Budget Amount Amount Description 2009 2010 Local Consultants - Contractual Services Individ Miscellaneous Expenses Training, Workshops and Confer Total Activity 1.1.1 ACT2.1.1 ACT2.1.1 Number of Community Health Workers receiving an allowance Target year 1 = 7,540 Year 2 = 11,160 ACT2.1.1 Total Activity 2. 1.1 HSS: Community Health X HSS: Community Health X HSS: Community Health X X X X X X X X X X UNDP MOHCW MOHCW GFATM GFATM GFATM Amount 2011 10,450 - 11,262,695 12,197,435 266,148 1,064,592 - 7,022 28,088 21,066 273,170 12,355,374 12,228,951 168,900 - 168,900 - 1,586,250 1,582,200 433,845 882,073 98,490 602,745 2,468,323 1,849,590 Materials & Goods Miscellaneous Expenses Training, Workshops and Confer ACTIVITY ID ACT3.1.1 ACT3.1.1 EXPECTED OUTPUTSof Percentage rural sentinel sites providing timely HMIS reports Target year 1 = 75%; Year 2 = 80% ACT3.1.1 ACT3.1.1 ACT3.1.1 ACT3.1.1 PLANNED ACTIVITIES HSS: Information System TIMEFRAME X X X X X X RESPONSIBLE PARTY MOHCW X MOHCW PLANNED BUDGET GFATM HSS: Information System X GFATM HSS: Information System HSS: Information System X X X X MOHCW GFATM X X X X MOHCW GFATM HSS: Information System HSS: Information System X X X X MOHCW GFATM X X X X MOHCW GFATM Materials & Goods Communic & Audio Visual Equip Supplies Information Technology Equipmt Miscellaneous Expenses Training, Workshops and Confer Total Activity3.1.1 ACT4.1.1 N/A Staff and operating Costs of UNDP/ PMU X X X X UNDP GFATM Contractual Services Individ Total Activity4.1.1 GMS N/A General Management Fees X X X X UNDP Grand Total 14 GFATM Facilities & Administration 78,741 236,222 - 59,400 412,200 280,800 - 320,000 30,000 133,000 31,500 - 5,000 180,000 135,000 3,635 113,093 32,718 279,776 1,293,016 478,518 25,000 100,000 75,000 25,000 100,000 75,000 82,648 1,135,170 1,024,244 1,263,339 17,351,882 15,656,302 Risk Analysis # Description 1 2 3 4 Date Identified Development partners have a general concern about Global Fund Grants in Zimbabwe May 2009 Harmonization of salaries for staff of public sector and possible loss of staff (‘health workers retention scheme’) May 2009 SRs are not reporting their expenditures according to UNDP/GFATM Rules and regulations May 2009 SRs and SSRs are not using management tools that ensure robust accountability framework May 2009 Type Strategic Impact & Probability P=1 I= 4 Regulatory P=3 I= 5 Financial P=2 I= 5 Financial P=2 I= 3 Status Countermeasures / Mngt response Owner Submitted Regular meetings to be held with Development partners, including UN agencies UNDP senior managemen t Project formulation Improve coordination within UN HIV/AIDS Theme group (WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNAIDS and UNDP) PMU Decisions lie with the CCM and the MoHCW; however UNDP should participate in debates. (Head of PMU defines financial implications) CCM and MoHCW. UNDP senior managemen t to offer advice Project formulation July 2009 Reducing Contracts shared and thereafter signed with SRs should clearly spell out the timeframe of financial reporting, the expected documents, the process of approval of financial reports and the measures to be taken in case of non- compliance PMU Project formulation July 2009 No change SRs and SSRs to provided with management tools PMU Project formulation July 2009 No Change 15 Last Update July 2009 Reducing No change # Description 5 6 Date Identified Existing Structure of UNDP CO not prepared to support GF grants volume of activity May 2009 Weak Disease Technical Capacity within UNDP July 2009 Type Impact & Probability Organization al P=4 Organization al P=2 I=4 I=4 Countermeasures / Mngt response Status Owner Submitted Last Update Proposed structure for PMU includes additional staff for finance and procurement. However, meetings should be held with Operations Unit to clarify workflow with PMU and expected process lead times UNDP Operations & PMU Project formulation July 2009 No change Recruit Public Health Specialists within PMU to equip team with adequate capacity to manage the technical aspects of programmes UNDP CO Project formulation July 2009 Reducing 16