Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Military Recruitment Generic
Military Recruitment Shell 1/3 ............................................................................................................................... 4
Military Recruitment Shell 2/3 ............................................................................................................................... 5
Military Recruitment Shell 3/3 ............................................................................................................................... 6
Overview ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
UNIQUENESS....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Uniqueness Ext- Unemployment ............................................................................................................................ 9
Uniqueness ext.- Economy ................................................................................................................................... 10
Uniqueness – Lack of Jobs ................................................................................................................................... 11
Uniqueness – Lack of Jobs ................................................................................................................................... 12
Uniqueness – Down Economy .............................................................................................................................. 13
Uniqueness – Down Economy .............................................................................................................................. 14
Uniqueness -- Generic........................................................................................................................................... 15
Uniqueness -- Generic........................................................................................................................................... 16
Uniqueness – Readiness ........................................................................................................................................ 17
LINKS .................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Generic Social Services Link Block ..................................................................................................................... 19
Link – Social Services .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Link – Social Services .......................................................................................................................................... 21
Link – Social Services .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Link – Social Services .......................................................................................................................................... 23
Link – Social Services .......................................................................................................................................... 24
Link – Jobs ............................................................................................................................................................ 25
Link – Jobs ............................................................................................................................................................ 26
Link – Jobs ............................................................................................................................................................ 27
Link – Jobs ............................................................................................................................................................ 28
Link – Health Care ................................................................................................................................................ 29
Link – Health Care ................................................................................................................................................ 30
Link – Education ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Link – Education ................................................................................................................................................... 32
Link - Immigration ................................................................................................................................................ 33
2NC: Jobs/Training ............................................................................................................................................... 35
INTERNAL LINKS ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Internal Link – Readiness ..................................................................................................................................... 37
Internal Link -- Readiness ..................................................................................................................................... 38
Internal Link -- Troops key to Success ................................................................................................................. 39
Internal Link -- Troops key to Success ................................................................................................................. 40
Internal Link -- Human Rights .............................................................................................................................. 41
Internal Link -- Economy...................................................................................................................................... 42
IMPACTS ............................................................................................................................................................ 43
Impacts – Legitimacy key to Heg ......................................................................................................................... 44
Hegemony Internals .............................................................................................................................................. 45
Hegemony Internals – Soft Power ........................................................................................................................ 46
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1
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impacts - Hegemony ............................................................................................................................................. 47
Impacts - Hegemony ............................................................................................................................................. 48
Impacts – Afghanistan .......................................................................................................................................... 49
Impacts – Afghanistan .......................................................................................................................................... 50
Impacts – Deterrence ............................................................................................................................................ 51
Impacts: Military Readiness Prevents War ........................................................................................................... 52
Impact -- Democracy Promotion .......................................................................................................................... 53
Impact -- Economy (1/4) ....................................................................................................................................... 54
Impact -- Economy (2/4) ....................................................................................................................................... 55
Impact – Economy (3/4) ....................................................................................................................................... 56
Impact -- Economy (4/4) ....................................................................................................................................... 57
Impact -- China war (1/1) ..................................................................................................................................... 58
Impact -- Terrorism (1/1) ...................................................................................................................................... 59
AT: Military Recruitment Racist .......................................................................................................................... 60
AT: Military has enough troops ............................................................................................................................ 61
A2: Social Services not considered....................................................................................................................... 62
AT: It’s just the economy ..................................................................................................................................... 63
AT: Case o/w DA.................................................................................................................................................. 64
A2 Tech not size is key (1/2) ................................................................................................................................ 65
A2 tech not size key (2/2) ..................................................................................................................................... 66
A2 troop levels low ............................................................................................................................................... 67
Economy is still bad .............................................................................................................................................. 68
Economy is still bad .............................................................................................................................................. 69
Economy is still bad .............................................................................................................................................. 70
AFFIRMATIVE .................................................................................................................................................. 71
AFF – No Link ...................................................................................................................................................... 72
AFF – Military Recruitment Takeouts .................................................................................................................. 73
AFF – Recruitment Decreasing ............................................................................................................................ 74
AFF -- Recruitment Low ...................................................................................................................................... 75
AFF -- Recruitment Low ...................................................................................................................................... 76
AFF – Social Services Now .................................................................................................................................. 77
AFF – Social Services Now .................................................................................................................................. 78
AFF – Social Services Now .................................................................................................................................. 79
AFF: Economy Will Rebound .............................................................................................................................. 80
AFF: Economy Will Rebound .............................................................................................................................. 81
AFF -- Unemployment Will Decrease .................................................................................................................. 82
AFF – Troops Not key to Success ........................................................................................................................ 83
AFF – Troops Not key to Success ........................................................................................................................ 84
AFF – Troops Not key to Success ........................................................................................................................ 85
AFF – Troops Not key to Success ........................................................................................................................ 86
AFF – Troops Not key to Success ........................................................................................................................ 87
AFF – Troops Not key to Success ........................................................................................................................ 88
A2: Economy Impact ............................................................................................................................................ 89
AFF – Alt Cause to readiness ............................................................................................................................... 90
AFF – Alt Cause to readiness ............................................................................................................................... 91
AFF-- Alt. Causality: Econ Crisis ......................................................................................................................... 92
AFF-- Alt. Causality: Econ Crisis ......................................................................................................................... 93
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2
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF-- Tech Solves ................................................................................................................................................ 94
AFF-- Tech Solves ................................................................................................................................................ 95
AFF-- Tech Solves ................................................................................................................................................ 96
AFF -- Hegemony Unsustainable ......................................................................................................................... 97
AFF -- Readiness Collapse Inevitable – DADT ................................................................................................... 98
AFF -- Readiness Collapse Inevitable – DADT ................................................................................................... 99
AFF – Military bad: Heterosexism ..................................................................................................................... 100
AFF – Military bad: Patriarchy ........................................................................................................................... 101
AFF – Military bad: Racism ............................................................................................................................... 102
AFF – U.S. troops not key .................................................................................................................................. 103
AFF -- Economy turns ........................................................................................................................................ 104
AFF – Imperialism turn ...................................................................................................................................... 105
AFF – Illegal Immigration turn........................................................................................................................... 106
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3
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Military Recruitment Shell 1/3
A. Weak economy means that military recruitment is strong.
Rocky Mountain News, ’09, (“Economic Slide a boon to military recruiters”, Rocky Mountain News, 2-1-09,
http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2009/feb/01/economic-slide-boon-military-recruiters/)
Chief Petty Officer Mario Laracuente
has heard similar tales before. He's been hearing it for months actually, ever since the
economy went south. People getting laid off, people having trouble finding work and making ends meet. People looking for a modicum
of stability. Laracuente believes the military is well-positioned in this environment to meet and exceed
recruiting goals — even as the United States continues to fight in Iraq and Afghanistan. "You can sense that as the
economy appears more unstable, people are looking at the military more," Laracuente said. "We are seeing
an older age group come in and they are seeing the benefits the military can provide them." All branches of the
U.S. Military are showing strong recruiting numbers with the flagging economy. The last reporting period
for December showed the U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps exceeding recruitment goals , reaching 115
percent and 113 percent of their goals, respectively. The Air Force and Navy met their targets as well. Those results came as private
employers made sweeping rounds of layoffs. In December, the U.S. Dept. of Labor reported unemployment rates rose from 6.8 percent to
7.2 percent. Colorado, which has weathered the storm better than many states, showed the jobless rate at 6.1 percent. Finding refuge in
the military during tough economic times isn't unusual. Safe harbors can often be found in government and the military — which
accounts for about a fifth of the nation's budget and is set at $515 billion for fiscal year 2009. Gordon Von Stroh, professor of
management at the University of Denver, said the
lure of incentive-laden deals offered by the military coupled
with staggering job losses make for plum pickings among military recruiters. "They get a larger pool of
people and can be more selective," he said. "For the applicants, they see an opportunity to train in some fairly advanced
fields while having the job stability provided by the military."
B. Expanded entitlements make military benefits worthless for recruitment efforts.
Brian Gifford The Camouflaged Safety Net: The U.S. Armed Forces as Welfare State Institution, Published by Oxford University
Press Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 2006 13(3):372-399; doi:10.1093/sp/jxl003
http://sp.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/13/3/372?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTI
NDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT
While space constraints exclude a detailed analysis of the political and legal histories of contemporary military social welfare
benefits, such an examination may underscore the relative importance of polity members to the development of similar
programs aimed at different groups. For example, health care for military dependents developed incrementally within a
framework of existing institutional resources for delivering care to service members. Expansions of the program would thus be
expected to activate a different set of bureaucratic interests than did the establishment of publicly funded health programs such
as Medicare, Medicaid, or SCHIP. High-ranking officers and Department of Defense officials may have taken on roles
elsewhere played by labor representatives or advocates for the poor. Actors may also invoke a diversity of political frames and
ideological bases for claims, given the varying levels of political and social esteem enjoyed by target recipients. The
development of the U.S. welfare state itself, then, may have involved a broader array of political actors than has been
previously recognized. Given that military social welfare benefits have characteristics resembling both social insurance and
social assistance programs, they provide an example of how social arrangements that may latently deliver benefits associated
with one category of programs may nonetheless produce outcomes typically associated with the other. Military social welfare
benefits thus confound attempts to characterize the U.S. welfare state as either "bifurcated" or uniformly "liberal." Including
the military with other institutions, policies, and programs that achieve social welfare ends by intervening in social and labor
market processes reinforces conceptions of the U.S. welfare state as composed of an array of social welfare strategies. Such a
perspective suggests a more well rounded conception of the American model of public social provision and may lead to more
fruitful strategies for comparing welfare states across nations. Although appropriate data are not yet readily available, future
comparative analyses may reveal whether the United States spends a greater percentage of its defense budget on social welfare
benefits than other Western industrialized countries spend for their own military personnel. Different nations induct personnel
into their armed services under disparate labor market, social, and political conditions and thus employ a variety of diverse
recruitment strategies. These differences complicate direct comparisons of expenditures on military social welfare benefits and
obscure the true measure of public social provision. Yet we would still expect those nations identified by established
welfare state "regime" conceptualizations as having comprehensive, rights-based social policies to dedicate a smaller
(continued)
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4
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Military Recruitment Shell 2/3
percentage of their defense budget to social welfare functions—either because service is compulsory, and thus requires no
economic inducement, or because universal entitlements make military social welfare benefits of little value to
recruitment efforts. For example, because the Netherlands offers relatively generous, inclusive welfare state benefits (but has
maintained a volunteer military since the early 1990s), we would expect a greater percentage of its defense spending to go
toward purely "military" purposes than occurs in the U.S. defense budget. By the same token, military social welfare benefits
enjoyed by Dutch military families should affect their economic well-being less dramatically than those in the United States. It
is impossible to operationalize these issues with the requisite precision in this article; nonetheless, they provide emphasis to the
notion that welfare state typologies may be most meaningful when they consider not only direct social welfare efforts but also
the impact of alternative strategies for achieving social welfare ends and the conditions under which such alternatives would
most likely be implemented.
C. More troops key to military power, surge proves
Gardiner, Ph.D., a director at The Heritage Foundation, 4-1-08
Nile Gardiner, Ph.D., is the Director of the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom at The Heritage Foundation, The Battle for Basra:
Britain Should Launch a Troop Surge in Iraq, Heritage Foundation, April 1, 2008, http://www.heritage.org/Research/Iraq/wm1876
.cfm
the successful U.S. surge campaign, launched more than a year ago
with the phased introduction of an additional 30,000 American soldiers in central Iraq. It demonstrated
The U.K. should follow the example of
that the West is capable today of fighting and winning a protracted counter-insurgency war against well-armed and highly
trained militia groups thousands of miles away in the Middle East.
Since June 2007, terrorist attacks in Iraq are down by more than 60 percent, with a 90 percent reduction in
Anbar Province, once a hotbed of al-Qaeda activity. Iraqi civilian deaths fell by more than 70 percent in the eight
months following July 2007, and Coalition military losses have decreased by the same figure in the period since
May of last year. Overall ethno-sectarian violence is down by nearly 90 percent since June 2007, its lowest
level since early 2005. Bombings in Baghdad are now at their lowest level since late 2005/early 2006, with weekly terrorist
attacks falling to 57 per week in the past four months, down from 225 a week in summer 2007.
Al-Qaeda is on the run across large swathes of the Sunni heartlands, with previously warring Iraqi factions now uniting
against the foreign Jihadists who have ravaged their country. Such is the improvement in the security situation that Iraqi security
forces are now responsible for nine of the nation's 18 provinces. Operation Phantom Phoenix, a series of joint Iraqi-Coalition
operations launched in January of this year to hunt down remaining al-Qaeda cells operating in Iraq, has already resulted
in the capture of 26 senior al-Qaeda leaders, with several hundred terrorists killed, including 142 in Mosul alone.
D. Military power is critical to maintain HEG
Hartman, Department of Political Science, 08
(Thomas
Hartman,
Department
of
Political
Science
at
University
of
California,
2008,
http://www.allacademic.com/one/www/research/index.php?cmd=Download+Document&key=unpublished_manuscript&file_index=1
3&pop_up=true&no_click_key=true&attachment_style=attachment&PHPSESSID=fa567ae4f20db2ce78dafbe0bca882c8)
there is an existing relationship between the military prestige of a state and its
impact on attracting foreign government elites.25 Realists have noted that a hegemonic power can utilize its
military and economic resources to coerce, provide financial support, or exchange cultural values for
the purpose of building for itself a positive image.26 Similarly, with military power a state can alter the
ideals and interests of policymakers in other countries. As they note, instruments traditionally used for coercive
Literature today suggests
purposes can ―generate shared beliefs in the acceptability or legitimacy of a particular international order.‖27 It is
therefore no surprise that the military organization has played an integral part of shaping, promoting, and
protecting American national security interests. Most importantly, through the exchange of military training,
technology, and alliance activities, trust in American normative beliefs among foreign military leaders, politicians, and their
populations is formed, leading to an increased understanding of legitimacy in American foreign affairs.
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5
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Military Recruitment Shell 3/3
E. U.S. HEG key to prevent all out nuclear war
Khalilzad, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., 95
(Zalmay, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., “Losing the Moment? The United States and the World After the Cold War”, Spring
Washington Quarterly)
U.S. leadership would help preclude the rise of another hostile global rival, enabling the United States
the world to avoid another global cold or hot war and all the attendant dangers, including a global
nuclear exchange. U.S. leadership would therefore be more conducive to global stability than a bipolar
or a multipolar balance of power system. Continues To sustain and improve its economic strength, the
United States must maintain its technological lead in the economic realm. Its success will depend on the
choices it makes. In the past, developments such as the agricultural and industrial revolutions produced fundamental changes positively affecting
the relative position of those who were able to take advantage of them and negatively affecting those who did not. Some argue that the world may
be at the beginning of another such transformation, which will shift the sources of wealth and the
relative position of classes and nations. If the United States fails to recognize the change and adapt its
institutions, its relative position will necessarily worsen.
Finally,
and
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6
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Overview
Currently, people are joining the military to gain access to the social services that they need during this
economic crisis. Our Gifford 06 card clearly states that offering social services to people living in poverty takes
away the military’s ability to recruit by offering social services as incentives to enlist. A lack of new recruits
would prevent the U.S. military from getting the number of troops that they need to maintain hegemony which
is our Khalilzad 95 card says is key to prevent all out nuclear war.
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7
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
UNIQUENESS
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8
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Uniqueness Ext- Unemployment
Unemployment means recruitment is skyrocketing
Chicago Tribune, 7/26
(Chicago Tribune, 7/26/09, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-tc-nw-army-recruit-0725-0726jul26,0,7346978.story)
Recruiting has been so heavy that many local offices have already reached their goals for the 2009 fiscal year, which ends
Sept. 30, and are working toward 2010. The Army has yet to establish a recruiting goal for 2010. Through June, the Army
had enlisted 48,565 for active duty, 4 percent above its goal. Army officials say the economy, with unemployment nationally
at 9.7 percent, has had an impact on recruiting.
Military recruitment lures the unemployed- recruiting high
ABC 4, 7/20
(ABC 4, July 20, 2009, http://www.abc4.com/content/news/top%20stories/story/Military-recruiting-tightensstandards/3CJssUr6pk2tky-OxgBDMQ.cspx)
In January, military recruiters posted themselves at the unemployment office. Promises of bonus money, travel and a career
lured the unemployed. But that was January, this is July. The entrance age for new recruits has been lowered from 42-years to
35 years.
U.S. unemployment results in military recruitment
Daily Cronicle, 7/4
(Daily Cronice, July 4, 2009, http://www.daily-chronicle.com/articles/2009/07/04/10942640/index.xml)
With U.S. unemployment at a 26-year high, some people who may not have considered military or public safety jobs a few
years ago ‘. The DeKalb County Sheriff’s Office and Sycamore Police Department are both accepting applications for police
officers, and both Sheriff Roger Scott and Sycamore Police Chief Don Thomas are expecting more applicants than usual.
Unemployment results in recruitment
Lacrosse Tribune, 7/3
(Lacrosse Tribune, 7/3/09, http://www.lacrossetribune.com/articles/2009/07/03/news/00lead.txt)
Interest in military service is increasing amid the economic downturn, as unemployment spikes and college students loaded
with debt hunt for jobs that don’t exist, local military recruiters said.
U.S. Army enlistment bonuses can reach $40,000, with student loan payments of up to $65,000, said Sgt. Eric Tremblay. Up
to $81,000 is available for education. “People are interested in joining for a bunch of different reasons,” he said. “But our
incentive packages are pretty attractive.” Recruiters with the Army, U.S. Air Force and U.S. Marines at the Armed Forces
Recruiting Center on State Road report steady foot traffic from both men and women. U.S. Navy representatives were not
available.
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9
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Uniqueness ext.- Economy
Economic crisis results in high recruitment
Pocono Record, 7/24
Pocono Record, Douglas Cohn and Eleanor Clift, 7/24/09,
http://www.poconorecord.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090724/NEWS04/907240349/-1/NEWSMAP
The U.S. Army is stretched by having to fight two wars simultaneously, and so the announcement this week by Defense
Secretary Robert Gates that the Pentagon would grow the Army by 22,000 new recruits is long overdue and welcome news.
Gates said the increase is temporary to meet the military's continuing obligation in Iraq along with the stepped-up effort in
Afghanistan and a variety of challenges around the world, including on the Korean peninsula. If these are the challenges,
22,000 more soldiers will be insufficient. The number should be 10 times that, and here's why. Only two or three thousand of
the 22,000 will be combat soldiers because of the number of support troops that are needed. The overall number of 22,000 is
the size of a division, but when it comes to fighting readiness, Gates is adding the equivalent of a single brigade. If the
Obama administration is serious about growing the Army — and we believe it is — Gates would have gone for a much larger
number. We're in the midst of economic hard times. A lot of young men and women are having trouble finding work. This is
a good time to sell them on a career in the military, or at least a short stint until things get better on the civilian side. Adding
to the military would also give a quick jolt to the economy, providing much needed jobs.
Economy downturn results in high recruitment
Watertown Daily Times 12/05/09,
(Watertown Daily Times, 12/5/09, http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090512/OPINION01/305129958)
The Defense Department has benefited from the recession which has boosted enlistments and helped meet the nation's
manpower needs. The armed services have met or exceeded their recruitment goals in the past few months, so much so that
they can again be more selective in choosing their recruits. In order to meets its goals, the Army has been issuing waivers to
those with criminal records or health problems who would have been unacceptable before. That is no longer necessary. The
recession has made the armed services a more appealing alternative to job seekers at a time that the Pentagon is also
increasing manpower levels to meet security needs.
Recruitment high- economic downturn proves
Heller, 03/12/09, Watertown Daily Times,
(Marc Heller, March 12, 2009, http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090512/NEWS02/305129956/-1/NEWS
Officials say)
the proposal reflects the military's achievement of recruiting and retention goals this year ahead of schedule as well as an
overall effort to rein in spending the administration considers unnecessary during the recession.
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10
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Uniqueness – Lack of Jobs
Lack of jobs is boosting recruitment and quality of recruits
BARNES 6-30
ROSCOE BARNES III Staff writer Jun 30, 2009
“Military sees increase
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&tbs=qdr%3Am&q=Military+recruitment+increasing+&aq=f&oq=&aqi=
in
recruits”
Lack of jobs, little money and uncertain futures have prompted a rise in the number of people
signing up for military duty. Recruiters of all military branches are seeing a steady increase in the numbers. In
some cases, the military has raised its entry requirement in order to select better applicants. "I have more people coming in
right now than they have jobs available," Senior Airman Ronald Yarnell, Air Force recruiter, said Monday. "It's pretty
much the same nationwide." The Air Force in particular has become more selective, Yarnell said. That's
especially true with certain law violations. The new standard is applied so that only those with the best
qualifications will enter. "It's always been a challenge to qualify. Now it's a little more of a challenge," he said.
People with a record of law violations have always been an issue of concern for the Air Force.
Now it has simply "cracked down on what it will allow and not allow," according to Yarnell. In terms
of the economy, he said: "We have a lot more interest this year because of job force security the Air
Force offers. The numbers are a little higher. We need the best qualified people to put in,
because that is what this country is demanding." Sgt. 1st Class Christopher Levack, U.S. Army recruiter, said
he has seen a number of cases involving people who could not find jobs. Some were college students. Others
were recent high school graduates. They apparently saw the military as the only answer, as well as an
opportunity to grow and learn new skills, Levack said I see a lot more people who don't have jobs coming in," Yarnell said.
"The age range has not changed too much. They have to be in basic by their 28th birthday." The average age for new
recruits in the Air Force is 21 and 22. They're eligible from 17 to 27, Yarnell said. Such is not the case for the Army, which
has been known to increase the age limit. In an article about rising unemployment and it its connection to the military, The
New York Times recently reported, "The pace of over-35 enlistment in the Army jumped sharply in the
first months of this year." It also reported that "in the three years since the Army raised its age limit for enlisting to
42, from 35, a steady stream of older recruits has joined." According to an article released by the American Forces Press
Service, all of the military branches met their recruiting goals for the 2008 fiscal year, which ended in
September. The article reported that the Army surpassed its goal of 80,000 by picking up 80,517; while the Navy
topped its goal of 38,419 with 38,485 new recruits. Results for the other branches include: Marines, nearing its goal of
37,967 with 37,848 recruits; Air Force, surpassing its goal of 27,800 with 27,848 recruits. Sgt. Lucas Karr, recruiter for the
U.S. Marine Corps, agreed with other recruiters on the current state of recruitment and its relationship to the economy. "It's
basically pretty much the same all around," he said. "People are signing up. There's a mixture of high school seniors
and those who are going to be seniors." Karr said the economy has had an impact. Those who sign up for the
Marine Corps are making a good choice, he said. After all, he said, it has a lot to offer. "We give leadership training
and the skills to help them progress in life," he said. "We give them what they need to be a success while in the military and
out of the military."
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11
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Uniqueness – Lack of Jobs
Recruitment high because of military job security
Creno 6-29
Glen
Creno
The
Arizona
Republic
6-29-09
“Struggling
workers
filling
military
http://news.cincinnati.com/article/20090629/BIZ/906290302/-1/today/Struggling+workers+filling+military+ranks
ranks”
People struggling to find jobs in the bad economy are turning to the military for a paycheck. Recruiters say that
they are seeing more people coming through their doors and that more recruits have college degrees, have been laid
off or had once decided against a military career but are returning to the idea. Although most recruits are still under
age 25, recruiters say many young Americans don't qualify for service because of medical or legal issues. So, laid-off
workers and others help keep the ranks full. "We're seeing more professionals saying, 'Hey, I don't want to lose my house,' ''
said Sgt. Andrew Angarita, an Army recruiter in Phoenix. The recession is "having an enormous impact on our
recruiting," said Cmdr. Joseph McInerney, Navy recruiting liaison to the chief of naval operations. All branches of the
service, including reserves, either met or surpassed their national recruiting goals last year, and the trend continued
in the first months of this year. The Department of Defense has missed its combined active-duty recruiting goals only three
times since 1980: in 1998, 1999 and 2005. The individual branches of the service have had scattered off-years. The influx
of applicants has allowed the military to be more selective. And it's not like anyone who has completely run out of
prospects can just walk into a recruiting office and get a job. Maj. Tom Hodge, commanding officer of the Marine
recruiting station in Phoenix, said the struggling economy has a lot of people in the Valley hunting for new careers. Hodge
said that places the Marines in a "unique position" to increase their recruiting standards. Curtis Gilroy, the
Pentagon's director of recruiting policy, said it's difficult to fill the military's recruiting needs by relying solely on its key
category of people in their late teens to mid-20s. Gilroy told Congress in March that a majority of 17- to 24-year-olds don't
qualify. "It is an unfortunate fact that much of the contemporary youth population is currently ineligible to serve," he said.
Low job stability leads to joining the military.
Desai, Director of Women of color resource center, ’09. (Anisha Desai, executive director of the Women of Color Resource Center
and Maryam Roberts peace and solidarity program director of the Women of Color Resource Center 2009.)
But in 2008, as the economic crisis took a firm hold, recruitment numbers began to rise. “Jobs with
stability are rarities,” Lennon explains. “Options are narrowing and we have people that may have been in
the work force that are now thinking about going into the military.” In 2008, 185,000 men and women signed
up for military service —the highest number since 2003. Many of the new recruits come from the groups hardest hit by the
crisis. The National Priorities Project report on FY2008 Army recruiting reveals that with unemployment climbing to 7.6%
last year—and to 12.6% in the Black community—the steepest climb in recruiting came from lower-middle-class
neighborhoods with median incomes in the $40,000 range. Black recruits account for over 95% of the increase over 2007 in
overall Army recruitment numbers. Black and Native American women were recruited at high rates: around a quarter of
recruits from these groups were women, compared to only about 14% of white recruits.
Amid ongoing economic instability, community and peace groups are working to build alternative
opportunities. The Carolina AFSC, in alliance with green-economy groups, is developing sustainable training
and employment opportunities. “People need to know what all of their options are,” says Lennon. “We
have examples of people that have created their own jobs and economies.”
Community Coalition works with students in the New World Foundation’s Civic Opportunities Initiative Network (COIN)
pilot program. Through COIN, youth leaders will be mentored and paid to do social justice organizing. This grant will keep
talented students in their communities, working to create new opportunities for their peers.
Suzanne Smith, former research director at NPP, notes that carrying on two wars is “draining resources from Youth of
Color Resist Military Recruiting other areas.” The solution she proposes “is to shrink our global [military] footprint.” The
economic crisis provides the perfect moment to start redirecting funds away from unsustainable
military solutions and into the areas that community-based organizations have identified as priorities:
education, health support for veterans, community-based solutions to violence and militarism, and
economic development to create economic opportunities outside the military.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Uniqueness – Down Economy
Economic Downturn means recruiting is high.
KWTX 09, (KWTX, Radio station in texas, 5-21-09, http://www.kwtx.com/home/headlines/45634727.html)
With the current financial downturn, military recruiters have had an easy go of signing up new recruits.
Every branch of the military is meeting or exceeding their goals and local recruiting offices are
reporting the largest number of recruits in decades.
Baylor's R.O.T.C. program says recruitment is way up for several reasons, the economy being one of them. "You've got a
guaranteed job,” says Baylor Air Force R.O.T.C. Colonel Dan Leonard. “Serving in the military gives you great benefits,
gives a retirement plan, medical care, a job that's well respected in this country," Leonard continued.
Recruits are increasing – Economy & Obama
Advertising Age 09, (Advertising Age (via PR watch) 5-21-09, http://www.prwatch.org/node/8257)
The economy, together with easing worries about the violence in Iraq and even President Barack
Obama's election" is benefiting the U.S. Army. With the "constant reporting that we are going to
downsize and leave" Iraq, it's been easier for the Army to meet recruiting goals, said Lt. Gen. Benjamin
Freakley. "How long we stay there is still being worked out, but it's fairly well-understood that we are going to lower the
number of troops in Iraq, regardless of how long we stay there." In 2008, the Army recruited 517 more people than its goal
of 80,000. Still, recruiting isn't easy, especially with the build-up of troops in Afghanistan. The Army's attempts to deliver
"a precise, tailored message to the 17- to 24-year-olds and their parents" include Nascar and NHRA race sponsorship,
online ads and games, the GoArmy.com website and "a Yahoo instant-messaging product that has gotten more than 1
million hits.
Down Economy means more recruits
News Herald 7-13 (Panama City News Herald, 7-13-09, http://www.newsherald.com/articles/class-75732-bodycopyjustifiedeconomy.html)
“If their reason for coming In here is the economy, that’s how we’ll go with it,” Scott said.
Bay County’s unemployment rate peaked at 10 percent in January 2009, with the county recording an 8.6 percent
unemployment rate in May.
Florida produced a seasonally adjusted May unemployment rate of 10.2 percent, the highest jobless level recorded in
Florida since October 1975.
Sgt. Galen Waddell of the U.S. Army’s Panama City recruiting station said he and his station
commander have also increasingly heard from more potential recruits about the down economy and
lack of area job opportunities.“The economy is running them into our door,” Waddell said.
Waddell has worked at the Army’s Panama City office since November 2008.
The Army requires a high school diploma for enlisted recruits, Waddell said, a requirement that has disqualified some
people who have walked into the Panama City recruiting office.
Mack Bazzell, chief of advertising and public relations for the Montgomery, Ala.-based U.S. Army Recruiting Battalion,
said that the Panama City office enlisted 87 recruits during a period stretching from October 2007 to June 2008.
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13
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Uniqueness – Down Economy
Recruitment high-low economy
SIMCOX 5 – 7 – 09 Staff Writer – the Lantern
[Allyson,
Enlistment
up
in
harsh
economy,
military
recruitment
officers
say,
http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2009/05/07/Campus/Enlistment.Up.In.Harsh.Economy.Military.Recr
uitment.Officers.Say-3737808.shtml]
Military recruiters have noticed an increase in enlistments and say the economy could be part of the cause. With job
security being a concern among college graduates, many are turning to the military. More people in the Columbus area are
accepting officer and infantry jobs, said Sgt. Edward R. Guevara Jr. of the U.S. Marine Corps. "Patriotism seems to be
having an effect on those choosing the infantryman route, and the economy seems to be having an effect on those joining
the officer ranks," Guevara said in an e-mail. In fiscal year 2007, the Marine Corps increased its enlistment goal from
175,000 to 202,000, Guevara said. Recruiters were given until 2011 to reach that goal, but Capt. Adrian Pirvu of the Marine
Corps said they have already reached that goal. "If I had to guess, I would say there has been anywhere from a 50 percent to
a 100 percent increase in enlistment," Pirvu said. OSU graduate enlistment has also increased, he said. Pirvu said he
seriously doubts that the boost is solely because of the economy, but he said it has definitely played a part. "Joining the
military is more of a patriotic duty and should not be looked at as a last resort after losing a job," said Katelyn Evans, a
senior in political science who has been a reserve officer for the Marine Corps since 2002. The U.S. Army is also ahead of
schedule when it comes to meeting recruitment goals, said an Army first sergeant who spoke on the condition of
anonymity. He said it usually takes Army recruiters until August or September to achieve their enlistment goal, but they are
"on track to meet their accession mission early," he said. He was also more convinced of the economy's role in recruitment.
"A lot of the guys that are college graduates are looking to become officers," he said. "But the majority of the people are
just looking to get in and be able to get a paycheck to support their family." Keith Bryska, mass communications specialist
for the U.S. Navy, said that although he doesn't think the economy has affected the Navy's recruitment, they too are ahead
of schedule on their recruitment goals. The U.S. Coast Guard and Ohio State ROTC were unavailable for comment.
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14
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Uniqueness -- Generic
Recruitment is way up and will stay that way.
Vail Daily ’09, (Vail Daily News, “Some
looking
http://www.vaildaily.com/article/20090517/NEWS/905179977/1062)
to
military
in
poor
economy”
5-17-09,
Serve your country. See the world. Earn a steady paycheck.
That last part can look appealing in the middle of a recession, which is one reason the U.S. military is having no
problems with recruitment these days.
"My mom wanted me to get the experience of having the financial stability the military provides, before going
out on my own," said Nicole Valenzuela of Longmont, a new Navy recruit.
"Was the economy a factor for me? No," said Colter Christensen, another Navy recruit. "But my (college)
graduating class, a lot of my classmates are starting to graduate and telling me how hard it is to find a job in the
civilian world. I'm glad I decided to do this."
He has plenty of company. In 2008, all the services reported meeting or beating their recruitment goals,
according to the Department of Defense — the first time that's happened in four years. And 2009 looks to be
more of the same.
Military recruitment is high
Carson 09
DANIEL CARSON / News Herald Writer July 13, 2009
Military is attractive option in bad economy
http://www.newsherald.com/articles/class-75732-bodycopyjustified-economy.html
Prospective Air Force recruits come from all walks of life and want to enlist for a variety of reasons ,
said Panama City Air Force recruiter Technical Sgt. Bryan Scott. During this recession, more recruits are citing
the ailing economy as a reason to enlist in the Air Force or other military branches , with recruiters like
Scott hearing more stories of people affected by the stagnant economy in recent months. “If they need a job, we have a
job,” Scott said, as he sat behind the desk at the Army’s 23 rd Street office. Scott said he has worked in the Air Force’s
Panama City recruiting office since January. While most of his applicants are in the 17-19 age range, he is
seeing more men and women in their 20s who were laid off or want a more stable income. Applicants’
individual economic struggles often come up during conversation, he said. “If their reason for coming in here is the
economy, that’s how we’ll go with it,” Scott said. mBay County’s unemployment rate peaked at 10 percent in
January 2009, with the county recording an 8.6 percent unemployment rate in May. Florida produced a seasonally adjusted
May unemployment rate of 10.2 percent, the highest jobless level recorded in Florida since October 1975.Sgt. Galen
Waddell of the U.S. Army’s Panama City recruiting station said he and his station commander have also increasingly heard
from more potential recruits about the down economy and lack of area job opportunities.“The economy is running
them into our door,” Waddell said. Waddell has worked at the Army’s Panama City office since November 2008. The
Army requires a high school diploma for enlisted recruits, Waddell said, a requirement that has disqualified some people who
By
have walked into the Panama City recruiting office. Mack Bazzell, chief of advertising and public relations for the Montgomery, Ala.-based U.S. Army
Recruiting Battalion, said that the Panama City office enlisted 87 recruits during a period stretching from October 2007 to June 2008.The station’s goal
was to enlist 86 recruits during that time period, Bazzell said. From October 2008 to June 2009, the Panama City Army recruiting office enlisted 90
recruits and eclipsed its goal of 84, he said. Bazzell said the area his office recruits in, which includes the Florida Panhandle, has always been filled with
people who wanted to serve in the Army or other services. He said this was true even during wartime. “We’ve always been very close to making our goal
or exceeding our goal,” Bazzell said. Waddell said that when he served as an Army recruiter in Jasper, Ala., military recruiting required a lot more driving
to find potential recruits. “Here in Panama City, I sit in the office from 8 to 5 o’clock and I hardly get time to go eat lunch. It’s always busy,” Waddell
said. Sgt. John Lawson of the U.S. Marine Corps Recruiting Station-Jacksonville said his office is the parent command for 13 recruiting substations in
South Georgia, part of South Carolina, and North Florida, including the Panama City substation. The Panama City substation covers an area that includes
Bay, Calhoun, Gulf, Jackson, Holmes, Washington and Walton counties. Lawson said that, for Fiscal Year 2009 (which runs from Oct. 1, 2008-Sept. 30,
2009), the Panama City substation set a goal of 46 recruits and had shipped 33 recruits to Paris Island, S.C., as of Wednesday, about 70 percent of the
substation’s fiscal year goal. A Congressional mandate called for the Marine Corps to expand to 202,000 active duty troops by fiscal year 2011, Lawson
said. He said that, through aggressive recruitment and retention nationwide, the Marines were well positioned to meet that mandate. Lawson said the
downturned economy hadn’t had as much impact on Marine recruiting as it may have had on other military branches .
“If
anything, it’s
allowed us to be more selective in who we recruit,” Lawson said.
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15
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Uniqueness -- Generic
Army has met recruitment goal for 5 straight months
GEROUX 09
[BILL GEROUX Media General News Service Published: March 16, 2009 ("Job market drives more people to the military"
http://www.godanriver.com/gdr/news/local/article/job_market_drives_more_people_to_the_military/9772/)]
The recession is proving a boon for military recruiting, despite the prospect of long wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
The chief beneficiary has been the Army, which in recent years has struggled to meet its recruiting goals despite three
multimillion-dollar ad campaigns. Now the Army has exceeded its recruiting goals for five straight months, the longest
string of success since the 2003 Iraq invasion, said Douglas Smith, a spokesman for the Army Recruiting Command at Fort
Knox, Ky. He predicted that this year, for the first time since the war started, at least 90 percent of the Army’s recruits
will have high school diplomas. The Army sets out to recruit roughly 80,000 men and women per year, with its monthly
goals varying with the school calendar. The recession has helped the U.S. Marines expand the size of the force from
197,000 to more than 202,000, despite bearing a heavy share of the casualties in the wars. More college students are
showing an interest in the Marines, Gunnery Sgt. Pauline Franklin of the Marine Recruiting Command at Quantico said
in an e-mail. She said men and women who choose the Marines “do so primarily for the intangibles” rather than economic
need. The Navy and Air Force, playing smaller roles than the Army and Marines in Iraq and Afghanistan, have consistently
met recruiting goals. Last week the Pentagon announced that all four branches of the armed forces as well as the
National Guard met their goals in February. The Virginia National Guard has exceeded its goals for the past three years,
partly because of bonuses and better educational opportunities, said Lt. Col. Anthony Caruso, who oversees recruiting and
retention programs for the Virginia Guard. Caruso said the Guard has been able to raise its standards for aptitude test
scores. Recruiting has closely followed the ups and downs of the U.S. economy since the nation switched to an allvolunteer military 36 years ago, said David Segal, a professor of military sociology at the University of Maryland. But this
is the first test of that trend in a long war, he said. Segal said the recession already is strengthening the military by
raising its retention rate, the measure of how many current service members choose to stay in the military.
Recruiting high.
Watertown Daily Times ’09 (Watertown Daily Times 5-12-09
http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090512/OPINION01/305129958)
The Defense Department has benefited from the recession which has boosted enlistments and helped
meet the nation's manpower needs.
The armed services have met or exceeded their recruitment goals in the past few months, so much so that
they can again be more selective in choosing their recruits. In order to meets its goals, the Army has been issuing waivers to
those with criminal records or health problems who would have been unacceptable before. That is no longer necessary.
The recession has made the armed services a more appealing alternative to job seekers at a time that
the Pentagon is also increasing manpower levels to meet security needs.
Recruits high now and will stay that way.
The State, 7-15 (The South Carolina State, 7-15-09, http://www.thestate.com/local/story/864319.html)
A sagging economy, declining casualty rate in Iraq and a resurgence in the U.S. military’s popularity
appear to have contributed to a strong recruiting year, Army leaders said.
And the steady training schedule at Fort Jackson is likely to continue into next year as recruits find themselves on a
waiting list to report for duty.
“Shipping dates are anywhere from six weeks to two to three months out,” said Sgt. 1st Class Jay Jenkins, who works at the
Army’s downtown Columbia recruiting station on Assembly Street.
If recruiting continues at its current pace, the Army could have about 40,000 recruits in the future soldier
program by Oct. 1, Army officials said. That compares with 11,000 who were in the program a year
earlier.
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16
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Uniqueness – Readiness
Readiness is on the brink but pentagon is increasing recruitment.
Kakesako, 7-22 (Gregg K. Kakesako, Staff Writer of the Honolulu Star, 7-22-09,
http://www.starbulletin.com/news/20090722_Association_lauds_push_to_recruit_US_troops.html)
The decision by the Pentagon to increase the size of the Army temporarily by 22,000 troops was
welcome news to one of the country's largest veterans organizations.
Retired Vice Adm. Norbert Ryan, national president of the 375,000-member Military Officers Association of America, said
yesterday he was "very pleased" with Defense Secretary Robert Gates' decision to immediately recruit new soldiers.
Gates said the increase is needed to meet what he called the "persistent pace" of operations in Iraq and
Afghanistan, raising the size of the Army to 569,000 active-duty soldiers. Currently there are about
130,000 American troops in Iraq and about 60,000 expected in Afghanistan by the end of the year.
Although there is a scheduled reduction of close to 80,000 troops in Iraq, most will not start to come home until after
March. He said the persistent pace of operations in the two wars has meant an increase in the number of
troops who are wounded, stressed or otherwise unable to deploy.
"The Army and the ground forces are badly out of balance," said Ryan. "We have too much demand and
not enough supply."
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
LINKS
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Generic Social Services Link Block
1. The increase of social services in the US would functionally devalue those same services as provided by
the military. The plan’s provision of social services would eliminate the ability for military recruiters to
use services as a recruiting tool. This is empirically proven in the Netherlands where an extensive
welfare state exists so very little money is spent on military welfare benefits because they simply don’t
function as an incentive to join. That’s Gifford. (should definitely be in the 1nc but if it’s not then read it
here.)
2. And military employment benefits are key to recruitment.
David L. Leal The University of Texas at Austin American Public Opinion toward the Military: Differences by
Race, Gender, and Class? Armed Forces & Society 2005; http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/32/1/123
For individuals, the contemporary military has been an especially hospitable institution,
particularly in comparison to the larger society. As Moskos and Butler noted, “At a time when AfroAmericans were still arguing for their educational rights before the Supreme Court and marching for their
social and political rights in the Deep South, the Army had become desegregated with little fanfare.” The
results were so successful that “if officers are the executives of the armed forces, the armed forces boast
more black executives than any other institution in the country.”13 There is also evidence that African
Americans have, for some time, perceived the military as more egalitarian than civilian society,
particularly in terms of advancement opportunities and economic stability.14 Not only has
discrimination in the military dramatically abated, but such service also provides an avenue for upward
mobility that is not always available in civilian society. It provides a standard of living and an array
of social services not commonly available for those without higher education, and according to Ricks,
“the army may be the only institution in America where we can see what Lyndon Johnson’s Great
Society could have been.”15 Military service may also enable African Americans and Latinos to better
succeed in the civilian world.16 This may be the result of the training received in the military or the
postservice educational benefits such as the G.I. Bill. The military may also serve as a “bridging
environment”17 that allows minority veterans to better integrate into civilian society.18 One of the
few previous studies of this topic, however, showed that African Americans were no more or less likely
than whites to believe there were opportunities for minorities in the military.19
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Social Services
Military social services, necessary to recruit, directly trade off with civilian social services.
DEBORAH E. COWEN School of Social Sciences, Atkinson Faculty, York University, Toronto, Canada
Citizenship Studies, Vol. 10, No. 2, 167–183, May 2006
http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=2&hid=9&sid=a3be2330-c88c-4ff7-82e3c86ed6b20bab%40sessionmgr3
The legal status of soldiers and citizens has been continuously reworked since the termination of
conscription. President Carter reinstated the Selective Service registration requirement for males between the ages of 18 and 25 in the summer of 1980.
Faced with mass non-compliance and their own unwillingness to seriously enforce the law against such opposition, successive administrations have resorted to
group-specific or “targeted” drafts. As a precondition for eligibility for Title IV Federal Student Aid (Solomon Amendment of 1982), students are required to
register. Appointment to most federal jobs requires registration (Thurmond Act of 1985). In 1987, Congress authorized the “Health Care Personnel Delivery
System”, which, should it be activated, requires mass registration of health care workers, and in 2003, Selective Service began planning a draft of linguists, IT
workers, and engineers. Finally, since 2004, in the face of Iraq War personnel shortages, the “Stop Loss” program has effectively created an active draft of
former armed forces personnel with an involuntary call-up of 5,600 former soldiers. Transformations in the political status of citizens and soldiers in recent
years have also been profound. There are currently more than 37,000 foreign nationals serving in the US military and in July 2003, an executive order from the
president made non-citizens in the military eligible for expedited citizenship applications retroactive to September 2001. These changes are both a practical
necessity in order to attract enough recruits, but are also part of a broader restructuring of the social rights of citizenship. In fact ,
the expansion of
military welfare is an important part of the reintroduction of notions and practices of a deserving and
undeserving poor. The military has long been an institution of social welfare (Titmuss, 1958; Rimlinger,
1971; Skocpol, 1992; Kirwin, 2001; Dutton, 2002; Esping- Anderson, 2002). More specifically, however,
the particular kind of exchange of social services for military service has long operated as something more
akin to what is now known as workfare (Cowen, 2005). The GI Bill is probably the most obvious example
here, although there are interesting later initiatives in the US context too. As Segal (1989, p. 91) outlines,
Defense Secretary McNamara initiated “Project 100,000” in 1966, designed to bring in 100,000
“underprivileged” youth who had previously been rejected from military service because they had failed
minimum entrance requirements. He explains how the program aimed to “teach these youths skills,
discipline, and selfconfidence and would thus reduce unemployment, raise earning potential of applicants,
and make them eligible for veterans’ benefits—welfare programs that did not carry the stigma of benefits
programs that did not involve service” (Segal, 1989, p. 91). However, while the military dimensions of
social policy and welfare are a fundamental aspect of the historical constitution of social citizenship and
the “post-war” welfare state, welfare programs became increasingly disentangled from the military in the
decades after World War II. In 1950, veterans programs and civilian education programs each accounted
for approximately 28% of the federal public welfare budget. Yet, by 1960 veterans program budgets had
declined 10% while civilian budgets reached 37% of expenditure in this area (Segal, 1989, p. 91). Antiwar activists and civil rights and women’s rights movements further escalated this “de-militarization” of
welfare in the US through the 1960s, encouraging further expansion of civilian services. As Segal (1989,
p. 90) explains, “previously neglected interests, some of which had been brought together by their
common opposition to the Vietnam War, became mobilized as social movements seeking access to
various citizenship rights and entitlements. Most notable were the civil rights movement and the women’s
movement, which demanded and received increased educational and employment opportunities for their
constituencies”. These struggles against militarism and for the expanded rights of groups previously
excluded from social welfare entitlements helped galvanize the shifts that eventually prompted Moskos to
see the US as having something of a “GI bill without the GI”. By confronting the implicit partiality of the liberal citizen and the
multiple and relational exclusions upon which he relied, these social movements would also help provoke the crisis of the Keynesian state. Nevertheless, while
the crisis was brought on in part through the mobilization of progressive groups and the agendas of various social movements, it was neoliberal ideas, people,
and programs that rose to assume governing positions. A form of “revanchism” (cf. Smith, 1996) against the gains made by these groups catalyzed the
emergence of both particular neoliberal figures and their broader political logics. Ronald Reagan’s 1966 gubernatorial victory in California, for example, was
won in large part through his defense of the right of “homeowners in a ‘free society’ to ‘discriminate against Negroes’ if they chose” (Foner, 1998, p. 315).
This event emerged in response to an earlier 1963 law that banned racial discrimination in the housing market.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Social Services
There is a direct tradeoff between social services offered and the number of people in the military which
relies on social services to recruit.
Brian Gifford Sociologist Why No Trade-off between “Guns and Butter”? Armed Forces and Social Spending
in the Advanced Industrial Democracies, 1960–19931 RAND Corporation, American Journal of Sociology, 2006
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/506416
In effect, this amounts to an expanded dimension of public social provision, one that considers the labor
market and social welfare impacts of the military as a state institution that (1) alters a defined portion of
the population’s relationships to the labor force and the polity, and/or (2) latently achieves the social
welfare objectives of formal welfare state programs for such a group, in the course of pursuing stated
primary objectives. At bottom, then, I proceed from an institutional conception of states, viewing them as
more than either arenas of contestation or actors with varying capacities to set and implement policy, but
as collective actors at the top of political hierarchies (Skocpol 1985; Lehman 1992). The state’s authority
over society imposes interdependence among seemingly distinct policy domains and sets preconditions
for organized social action within them. Within this perspective, the state’s military priorities affect its
social welfare priorities to the degree that military postures alter service members’ (and their family
members’) relationships to both the labor market (by removing them from the competitive workforce
entirely, even if only temporarily) and government programs designed to mediate social and market
outcomes (by providing services such as housing, health care, and family allowances internally). Thus
through the military, some states may achieve “social protection by other means” (Huber and Stephens
2001, p. 5; see also Castles 1996). I argue that net of military spending, large armed forces relative to the
general population (sometimes referred to as the military participation ratio, or simply MPR) reduce
pressures on states to provide social welfare benefits aimed at the general population. This occurs as large
numbers of service members reduce pressure on labor markets and decrease demands for those social
programs designed to ameliorate poverty and market failure (Mintz 1989). If used by states as a
countercyclical mechanism for regulating growth and employment, or by members of the population as an
alternative to the competitive labor market, military personnel policies may depress the perceived need for
social programs aimed at the general population. The degree to which armed services themselves dedicate
some portion of their own budgets to the social welfare needs of a large military population may obscure
the range of criteria upon which state benefits are awarded. The conferral of benefits on the basis of
service to the state itself, or one’s “self-sacrifice” for the “common good,” may be of a different quality
than those based on family status, employment history, or economic hardship.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Social Services
Lack of access to social services is critical for military recruitment.
Jorge Mariscal Prof @UCSD “The Poverty Draft” June 2007
http://www.sojo.net/index.cfm?action=magazine.article&issue=soj0706&article=070628
In reality, Kerry's "botched joke"—Kerry said he was talking about President Bush and not the troops—contained a kernel of
truth. It is not so much that one either studies hard or winds up in Iraq but rather that many U.S. troops enlist because access to
higher education is closed off to them. Although they may be "plenty smart," financial hardship drives many to view
the military's promise of money for college as their only hope to study beyond high school.
Recruiters may not explicitly target "the poor," but there is mounting evidence that they target those whose career
options are severely limited. According to a 2007 Associated Press analysis, " nearly three-fourths of [U.S.
troops] killed in Iraq came from towns where the per capita income was below the national average.
More than half came from towns where the percentage of people living in poverty topped the
national average." It perhaps should come as no surprise that the Army GED Plus Enlistment Program, in which applicants
without high school diplomas are allowed to enlist while they complete a high school equivalency certificate, is focused on
inner-city areas. When working-class youth make it to their local community college, they often encounter military recruiters
working hard to discourage them. "You're not going anywhere here," recruiters say. "This place is a dead end. I can offer you
more." Pentagon-sponsored studies—such as the RAND Corporation's "Recruiting Youth in the College Market: Current
Practices and Future Policy Options"—speak openly about college as the recruiter's number one competitor for the youth
market. Add in race as a supplemental factor for how class determines the propensity to enlist and you begin to understand why
communities of color believe military recruiters disproportionately target their children. Recruiters swear they don't target by
race. But the millions of Pentagon dollars spent on special recruiting campaigns for Latino and African-American youth
contradicts their claim. According to an Army Web site, the goal of the "Hispanic H2 Tour" was to "Build confidence, trust,
and preference of the Army within the Hispanic community." The "Takin' it to the Streets Tour" was designed to accelerate
recruitment in the African-American community where recruiters are particularly hard-pressed and faced with declining
interest in the military as a career. In short, the nexus between class, race, and the "volunteer armed forces" is an unavoidable
fact. NOT ALL RECRUITS, of course, are driven by financial need. In working- class communities of every color, there are
often long-standing traditions of military service and links between service and privileged forms of masculinity. For
communities often marked as "foreign," such as Latinos and Asians, there is pressure to serve in order to prove that one is
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Social Services
Social services available in the military that are not available elsewhere in society are crucial for military
recruitment.
David L. Leal The University of Texas at Austin American Public Opinion toward the Military: Differences by
Race, Gender, and Class? Armed Forces & Society 2005; http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/32/1/123
For individuals, the contemporary military has been an especially hospitable institution,
particularly in comparison to the larger society. As Moskos and Butler noted, “At a time when AfroAmericans were still arguing for their educational rights before the Supreme Court and marching for their
social and political rights in the Deep South, the Army had become desegregated with little fanfare.” The
results were so successful that “if officers are the executives of the armed forces, the armed forces boast
more black executives than any other institution in the country.”13 There is also evidence that African
Americans have, for some time, perceived the military as more egalitarian than civilian society,
particularly in terms of advancement opportunities and economic stability.14 Not only has
discrimination in the military dramatically abated, but such service also provides an avenue for upward
mobility that is not always available in civilian society. It provides a standard of living and an array
of social services not commonly available for those without higher education, and according to Ricks,
“the army may be the only institution in America where we can see what Lyndon Johnson’s Great
Society could have been.”15 Military service may also enable African Americans and Latinos to better
succeed in the civilian world.16 This may be the result of the training received in the military or the
postservice educational benefits such as the G.I. Bill. The military may also serve as a “bridging
environment”17 that allows minority veterans to better integrate into civilian society.18 One of the
few previous studies of this topic, however, showed that African Americans were no more or less likely
than whites to believe there were opportunities for minorities in the military.19
Recruiters target those with fewer social opportunities.
Mariscal, PhD, ’07, (Jorge Mariscal, PhD from Cal Irvine Professor @ UCSD, “The Poverty Draft”.
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+poverty+draft:+do+military+recruiters+disproportionately+target...-a0163939837)
Recruiters may not explicitly target "the poor," but there is mounting evidence that they target those
whose career options are severely limited. According to a 2007 Associated Press analysis, "nearly three-fourths
of [U.S. troops] killed in Iraq came from towns where the per capita income was below the national
average. More than half came from towns where the percentage of people living in poverty topped the
national average." It perhaps should come as no surprise that the Army GED Plus Enlistment Program, in which
applicants without high school diplomas are allowed to enlist while they complete a high school equivalency certificate, is
focused on inner-city areas. When working-class youth make it to their local community college, they often encounter
military recruiters working hard to discourage them. "You're not going anywhere here," recruiters say. "This place is a dead
end. I can offer you more." Pentagon-sponsored studies--such as the RAND Corporation's "Recruiting Youth in the College
Market: Current Practices and Future Policy Options"--speak openly about college as the recruiter's number one competitor
for the youth market.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Social Services
National service opportunities detract from military service.
Batschelet, 94, (Allan Batschelet, Master of Military Art and Science Candidate at US Army Command and General Staff College,
National Service And Its Effect On The Army's Ability To Recruit Quality Soldiers 6-3-94)
To obtain quality recruits the Army must compete with industry, universities, and the other military services. Not only must
the Army today struggle in the traditional manpower market place, but it now faces a new form of competition by
the National and Community Service Act of 1993. Competition for high-quality individuals in the form of the
National and Community Service Act of 1993 will reduce the number of high-quality recruits the Army
is able to attract to its ranks.
Increase in social services result in a decrease of military recruitment
Hosek and Sharp, Director @ RAND Forces and Resources Policy Center and RAND Researcher,‘01
(James Hosek and Jennifer Sharp, “Keeping Military Pay Competitive: The Outlook for Civilian Wage Growth and Its
Consequences,” RAND Issue Paper, http://www.rand.org/pubs/issue_papers/IP205/index2.html)
Attracting and keeping high-quality personnel has been a challenge for the military services during much of the past decade.
In response to growing concerns about military readiness and missed recruiting goals, and recognizing that compensation
plays an important part in career decision making, Congress recently approved significant increases in military pay. Many in
the defense community expected that these changes would solve recent recruiting and manning problems. However, RAND
analysis suggests further challenges ahead. The military faces stiffer competition from higher education as more and more
young Americans attend college each year. Meanwhile, the financial returns to college education have been on the rise for 20
years or more. These and other factors, outlined in this issue paper, suggest that more must be done if military pay is to
remain competitive in the future.
Welfare for civilian services deters military recruitment
Bandow, CATO Senior Fellow, ‘93
(Doug Bandow, “National Service: Utopias Revisited,” The Freeman 43, no. 8, http://www.fee.org/publications/thefreeman/article.asp?aid=1899)
Another potentially important opportunity cost is diverting top quality men and women from the military. The end of the
Cold War has sharply cut recruiting needs, but it has also reduced some of the allure of volunteering as well as the perceived
national need. As a result, by summer 1992 the Army, which typically has a more difficult recruiting task than the other
services, was about ten percent behind in signing up recruits for 1993. The military has even seen recruiting fall off in such
traditional strongholds as northern Florida and other parts of the South. Yet various programs of educational benefits have
always been an important vehicle for attracting college-capable youth into the military. Providing similar benefits for civilian
service may hinder recruiting for what remains the most fundamental form of national service defending the nation. The
result, again, would be higher costs: economic, as more money would have to be spent to attract quality people; military, as
the armed forces might become less capable; and moral, since military service would lose its preferred status, warranted by
the uniqueness of the duties involved.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Jobs
Military recruitment hikes follow unemployment rate- empirically proven
Ali 09
Ambreen Ali is the editor of Responsive Philanthropy and a McCormick Tribune Fellow at the Northwestern University Medill
School of Journalism. Jan 19, 2009 ("Army Recruiting Soars as Job Dry Up" http://www.newser.com/story/48305/army-recruitingsoars-as-job-dry-up.html)
The recession has swelled military recruitment, bumping the forces past their goals for the first time
since 2004, reports the New York Times. Many Americans are being enticed from a flagging job market
by the promised stability and benefits. The Army—whose recruiting has struggled most under the shadow of the
Iraq war—gained 6% more active-duty soldiers and 16% more reservists in November than targeted. Recruits are also filing
in because Iraq casualties have fallen dramatically. But unemployment hikes often coincide with military
enlistments, and this economic dive is especially dire, observers note. Recruiters have even had to
reject overage applicants hoping to sneak in. "They are having trouble finding well-paying
jobs," said a Connecticut recruiter. "No one is hiring."
Economics are the primary factor in military enlistment.
Peachey, director of education committee, 06, (Titus Peachey, Director of Peace Education Mennonite Central
Committee, Military Recruitment: communities of Color and Immigrants, 2006)
As indicated above, nearly half of African American recruits and over one-third of Latino recruits list education and
economic indicators as their primary motivation for enlisting, compared to only 20 percent of Caucasians. The military
appeals to this economic motivation by offering new recruits tens of thousands of dollars for education
and job training.10 It is difficult for young people in settings of poverty who want further education or
job training to refuse these offers. Unfortunately, the requirements to qualify for these education dollars are hard to
meet, and relatively few recruits actually qualify and receive the full range of educational benefits. Impoverished rural
white communities also lack opportunities for education and advancement, leading some white youth to enlist in the
military as a way out of economic hardship. Indeed, an article in the New York Times (July 20, 2005) notes that soldiers
from small town and rural areas of the U.S. are dying in Iraq at nearly twice the rate of soldiers from cities of 1 million or
more. The writers believe the numbers suggest that the armed forces themselves are disproportionately drawn
from impoverished rural communities.11 The disproportionate enlistment from rural areas is confirmed in an Army
report that notes that, “on a per capita basis, accessions are more likely to come from lower population density zip codes.”12
In this way the All Volunteer Army becomes a poverty draft. Even if current enlistees somewhat mirror their civilian
counterparts in race and income levels, enlistees enter under vastly different circumstances. While some enter the military
because they have chosen it from an array of meaningful opportunities, others enter the military because it appears
as the only path available out of a setting of poverty. For these enlistees, the realities of poverty and
racism make military service an option they can hardly refuse rather than something they have freely
chosen. The military is well aware of these realities, and ready to seize the opportunities they provide
for recruitment.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Jobs
Lack of jobs keeps recruitment high
Smith 3-16
(Aaron Smith, CNNMoney.com staff writer March 16, 2009 "Military recruitment surges as jobs disappear"
http://money.cnn.com/2009/02/10/news/economy/military_recruiting/index.htm)
Fresh recruits keep pouring into the U.S. military, as concerns about serving in Iraq and Afghanistan are
eclipsed by the terrible civilian job market.The Department of Defense said Tuesday that all branches of the armed forces,
including the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps, met or exceeded their active duty recruiting goals for January,
continuing a trend that began with a decline in the U.S. job market. This is despite more than 4,800 American soldiers,
Marines and sailors dying in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. It wasn't always like this. In the past, when the economy was
strong, the military struggled to fill its ranks. But since fiscal year 2006, the DOD has consistently met or exceeded its
recruitment goals. This occurred even as the Navy, Marines and Air Force raised the bar on their goals. The military
acknowledged that weakness in the U.S. economy, which lost 2.6 million jobs in 2008 and another
598,000 in January, has made the armed services more appealing to potential recruits . The military isn't
necessarily the only hope for the jobless. President Obama intends to create or save up to four million jobs through his
stimulus package of more than $800 billion. And some areas - namely health care and education - are currently hiring. But
the dismal civilian job market is not expected to improve any time soon. The Conference Board
estimates that the economy could lose two million jobs this year. The military is confident that it will continue to meet its
recruitment goals. "Recruiting is always a challenge, but a tighter job market provides more opportunities to
make our case to young men and women," wrote DOD spokeswoman Eileen Lainez, in an email to
CNNMoney.com. "The military offers competitive salaries, hefty compensation packages, extraordinary education benefits
and valuable job skills and leadership training. Staff Sgt. Jimmy Spence, a 2006 veteran of the Iraq war and a career planner
for the Marines, said, "You're not going to get these kind of benefits out there in the civilian world, with the job security
that you're guaranteed." Spence, who is married with a young daughter, said the health benefits are among the biggest
draws for service members with children. He also said that re-enlistment bonuses, as large as $38,500 for a first-term
sergeant, have helped to bolster the ranks. At a Manhattan recruiting center on Monday, a 23-year-old construction worker
said he was considering a military career to provide health benefits for his two children. The construction worker, who
would not provide his name, also said he was nervous about the layoffs occurring in his industry. In the military, he intends
to study architecture and engineering. When asked about the possibility of serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, he
replied, "I'm not worried about that. I'm just worried about my kids"
Economic Struggles mean people join the military.
Barr, Reporter, 09, (Alice Barr, Reporter for WIFR (radio) “Military Enrollment Increasing in Tough Economy” 5-21-09
http://www.wifr.com/news/headlines/45817522.html)
New unemployment numbers out Thursday show Illinois is nearing a ten percent jobless rate
and as more people
struggle to find employment, they may be more more likely to turn to military service . We spoke to some
JROTC graduates looking forward to serving their country, with job security.
The war zones in Iraq and Afghanistan may seem unstable, but Russell Waggoner has always wanted to serve overseas
and standing in line to receive a JROTC award, Waggoner feels protected from the unemployment line.
"The military's a guaranteed job, you're always going to have a steady paycheck no matter what ," says
Waggoner.
Waggoner, an Auburn High School senior, is already enlisted in the army. The promise of job security is driving
more people across the country to join him. Enrollment numbers released last month show all four branches of the
military are meeting or exceeding their recruitment goals.
Thursday night, Auburn JROTC students are recognized for their achievements and the school's senior army instructor says
the program is booming.
"I am seeing more interest in the military than we've had in the last couple of years," says Colonel Roy Blumenshine.
But the Colonel warns the military is no easy way out. He says, "That's a pretty huge decision so if I'm talking to the cadets,
I try to give them an idea of what the military is like! It's not always as glamorous as it may seem."
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Jobs
People join the military due to a lack of opportunities.
Weinstein, Staff Writer, 08, (Bonnie Weinstein, Staff Writer Socialist Viewpoint, May/Jun 2008 • Vol 8, No. 5,
http://www.socialistviewpoint.org/sepoct_08/sepoct_08_06.html)
Escalating poverty and military presence in our schools will certainly steer students toward the military. In fact,
the military now recruits 30 to 50 percent of the students that complete the JROTC program. And those who enlist
outside of JROTC are propelled to join the military because of the lack of other opportunities available to
them—in effect, creating an “economic draft.”
That youth today are facing severe economic hardship is undeniable. According to a September 1, 2008 New
York Times article entitled, “Hard Times Hitting Students and Schools,” by Sam Dillon
So, not only are working people suffering the loss of their jobs, benefits and homes, but they and their children have to pay
more through increased taxes, pay cuts, higher school costs, higher fuel, food, housing costs—higher living costs across the
board!
And if you thought your child could rise above these overwhelming obstacles through getting a college education, think
again! Increased college tuition costs—textbooks in excess of $100.00 each, the need for personal laptops and scientific
calculators not to speak of notebooks and other supplies, combined with the fact that student loans are no longer available
to community college students who have the least money—makes the option of college virtually unattainable to most poor
youth today.
Add to this the reality that the majority of our youth have only second-tier jobs and second-tier lives to look forward to.
This is the first generation to believe they will neither live as long as their parents nor earn as much in their lifetimes. They
see their parents struggling right now!
No wonder the slick military propaganda with its promises of high-paying career opportunities, college scholarships and
instant “bonus money” appears to be a better choice to some students!
High Employment hurts military recruitment
Hosek and Sharp Director @ RAND Forces and Resources Policy Center and RAND Researcher 01
[James Hosek and Jennifer Sharp, “Keeping Military Pay Competitive: The Outlook for Civilian Wage Growth and Its
Consequences,” RAND Issue Paper, http://www.rand.org/pubs/issue_papers/IP205/index2.html]
While these pay increases represent major progress, several forces are at work to make the military’s job even
harder. First, the economic boom has lasted longer and been stronger than anyone expected. Employment is at an alltime high, and unemployment has not been this low—in the 4 percent range—since the 1960s. This means that the
military must compete in a job market that offers many alternatives to young people who are
making career choices. How long the boom will continue is unknown, but it will continue to pose difficulties
for recruiting and retention until it runs out of steam.
Low unemployment rate means less troops
Cebula 09
Richard J. Cebula is an economics professor and the Shirley & Philip Solomons Eminent Scholar at Armstrong Atlantic State
University Thursday, July 2, 2009 "The Economy & You: Health care and military enlistment"
http://new.savannahnow.com/node/746951
There are economic considerations in the enlistment decision as well. For example, the higher the net financial benefits
from enlisting, the greater the incentive to do so. Some people, especially those with a background of poverty, have
found the armed forces as a vehicle for escaping that poverty. However, the more prosperous the
civilian sector, the less appealing military enlistment becomes. For example, if the civilian
unemployment rate is low, it is more difficult to attract recruits. When private sector businesses
are booming and salaries are rising rapidly, enlistment becomes a less viable option. Naturally,
enlistment is more appealing when
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Jobs
Low job security drives people to join the military.
Alvarez, Staff Writer, 09, (Lizette Alvarez, NYT Staff Writer, 1-18-09,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/us/19recruits.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1)
The recession has provided a jolt for the Army, which hopes to decrease its roster of less qualified applicants in
the coming year. It also has helped ease the job of recruiters who face one of the most stressful assignments in the military.
Recruiters must typically talk to 150 people before finding one person who meets military qualifications and is interested in
enlisting. Dr. Gilroy said the term “all-volunteer force” should really be “an all-recruited force.”
Now, at least, the pool has widened. Recruiting offices are reporting a jump in the number of young men and women
inquiring about joining the service in the past three months.
As a rule, when unemployment rates climb so do military enlistments . In November, the Army recruited
5,605 active-duty soldiers, 6 percent more than its target, and the Army Reserve signed up 3,270 soldiers, 16 percent more
than its goal. December, when the jobless rate reached 7.2 percent, saw similar increases in recruitments.
“They are saying, ‘There are no jobs, no one is hiring,’ or if someone is hiring they are not getting enough hours to support
their families or themselves,” said Sgt. First Class Phillip Lee, 41, the senior recruiter in the Army office in Bridgeport,
Conn.
The Bridgeport recruitment center is not exactly a hotbed for enlistments. But Sergeant Lee said it had signed up more than
a dozen people since October, which is above average.
He said he had been struck by the number of unemployed construction workers and older potential recruits — people in
their 30s and beyond — who had contacted him to explore the possibility. The Army age limit is 42, which was raised from
35 in 2006 to draw more applicants.
Economic strength and employment opportunities for youth make recruitment more difficult.
Batschelet, 94, (Allan Batschelet, Master of Military Art and Science Candidate at US Army Command and General Staff College,
National Service And Its Effect On The Army's Ability To Recruit Quality Soldiers 6-3-94)
National service programs are one form of competition for high-quality youth. Proponents of national
service see it as a means of reducing youth unemployment, providing finances to youth for post secondary education, and
instilling a sense of civic pride among its participants. The National and Community Service Act of 1993 is designed to
achieve these goals. From 1994 to 1997, 150,000 young people will participate in national service programs. They will
work as teacher's aides, day care providers, recreational positions, and in many other occupations. In exchange for their
service they will receive wages, health insurance, day care benefits, and educational grants. National Service offers a
popular option to youth when they are making post secondary education career decisions. Second, was an examination of
the four factors that define the national service and military environment including: reduced propensity to serve in the
military and the associated decrease in the Army's recruiting budget, the Army's increased use of technologically
sophisticated weapons, the reduced quality and size of the youth population, and benefits of serving in either the Army or a
national service program. The first of these factors is the declining propensity of youth to choose the Army as a career
option. One of the primary reasons for the current decline in enlistment propensity among youth are the increased tensions
throughout the world and the involvement of Army forces. In conjunction with the declining propensity to enlist is the
associated reduction in the Army recruiting budget. A direct correlation exists between the size of the Army's advertising
recruiting budget and enlistment propensity. Youth's propensity to enlist has declined since 1989, when the Army's
recruiting budget stood at $73 million and positive enlistment propensity was 14 percent. In 1994, the budget has declined
to $23.6 million and enlistment propensity has fallen to less than 10 percent. Additionally, a strong economy and low
youth unemployment works against the Army's ability to recruit high-quality individuals. The more
employment opportunities a youth has, the more difficult it is for the Army to achieve its enlistment
goals.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Health Care
Health Care would destroy military recruitment.
Norris, NYT Staff Writer, 08, (Floyd Norris,
“Health’s Gain May Be Army’s Loss” 5-30-08,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/30/business/30norris.html?ex=1369886400&en=48a84acfacec6f7c&ei=5124&partner=permalink&
exprod=permalink)
Call it the law of unintended consequences. When you fix one thing, it messes up other things.
If the Democrats win the election this year, and are able to enact a health care plan that extends adequate
coverage to all Americans, the loser could be the Army. Getting enough people to enlist could become a
major problem for the next president.
Senator John McCain, the presumptive Republican candidate, has already pointed out that Senator Barack Obama, the
likely Democratic candidate, never served in the military. It remains to be seen how potent that will be as an issue, given
the fact that the last four presidential elections have been won by the candidate with the less impressive military resume.
But there is something else that distinguishes Mr. Obama from all recent candidates for the presidency. He would be the
first presidential nominee to come of age after the draft was abolished in the administration of Richard M. Nixon. He never
had to decide how to deal with the draft, and legally was under no more pressure to enlist than he was to go to medical
school or become a bus driver. Joining the military was a career option like any other.
And that has made it harder to put the Army together. Government polls show that the proportion of young people who
think they might enlist is roughly half what it was in the late 1980s. The military has responded with more recruiters and
higher cash enlistment bonuses, and has met its goals. A significant factor for many recruits, it turns out, is the military’s
generous health benefits for dependants.
Michael Massing, writing in the April 3 issue of The New York Review of Books, tells the story of one part-time college
student from Brooklyn, who was holding down two jobs but still going into debt. “Meanwhile, he got married, his wife got
pregnant, and he had no health care. From a brother in the military, he had learned of the Army’s many benefits, and,
visiting a recruiter, he heard about Tricare, the military’s generous health plan.” He enlisted.
It seems a bit perverse that the incentives for a young person with children to join are greater than the incentives for his
childless friend. But that is the way it is. All that could change if the push for some kind of national health insurance
program were to be successful.
It is true, of course, that Democrats have been talking about such things for generations. The failure of health care
legislation during Bill Clinton’s first two years in office left some viewing the issue as political dynamite — good for a
campaign but fatal to anyone who tries to pass a specific program. It is quite unclear how the government would pay for a
comprehensive program, and no candidates seem eager to discuss ways to hold down health care spending.
But if such a program were adopted, it seems likely that the military, and particularly the Army, would
feel the immediate effect. To expand the Army, as all the candidates say they want to do, would
require some other incentive for enlistment, particularly when the economy recovers.
Health care plans will decrease recruitment
Norris 08
Floyd Norris comments on finance and economics in his blog for the New York Times May 30, 2008 “Health’s Gain
May
Be
Army’s
Loss”
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/30/business/30norris.html?ex=1369886400&en=48a84acfacec6f7c&ei=5124&partner=permalink&
exprod=permalink)
And that has made it harder to put the Army together. Government polls show that the proportion of young people who
think they might enlist is roughly half what it was in the late 1980s. The military has responded with more recruiters
and higher cash enlistment bonuses, and has met its goals. A significant factor for many recruits, it turns out, is the
military’s generous health benefits for dependants. Michael Massing, writing in the April 3 issue of The New York
Review of Books, tells the story of one part-time college student from Brooklyn, who was holding down two jobs but still
going into debt. “Meanwhile, he got married, his wife got pregnant, and he had no health care. From a brother in the
military, he had learned of the Army’s many benefits, and, visiting a recruiter, he heard about Tricare, the military’s
generous health plan.” He enlisted It seems a bit perverse that the incentives for a young person with children to join are
greater than the incentives for his childless friend. But that is the way it is. All that could change if the push for some
kind of national health insurance program were to be successful.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Health Care
Health care coverage would reduce recruitment
Cebula an economics professor 09
Richard J. Cebula is an economics professor and the Shirley & Philip Solomons Eminent Scholar at Armstrong Atlantic State
University Thursday, July 2, 2009 "The Economy & You: Health care and military enlistment"
http://new.savannahnow.com/node/746951
Interestingly, one of the most appealing aspects of enlistment in the U.S. armed forces is the free
health care for one's family (the enlistee, spouse, and children). Yet major public policy changes are being seriously
considered in Washington that could adversely affect America's military. Namely, should some form of universal
health care be enacted - my previous column cautions against such a policy without great care and due consideration
- one side effect would undoubtedly be a decline in military enlistment. This prospect does not
appear to have caught the attention of Washington lawmakers and the president.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Education
Social Services are the best way to stop poor people from joining the military.
Tenney 05 National Youth and Student Peace Coalition – Coordinating Committee, National Education Coordinator for the Young
Communist League (Adam Tenney, Dec 2005, Dynamic Magazine, http://www.yclusa.org/article/articleview/1712/1/305/)
If we want to end the poverty draft and stop the military from preying on working class young people
and youth of color, we must create real alternatives to military service. We must fully fund our public
schools and colleges so that every person has access to quality education. We need job fairs, college recruiters, more
guidance counselors and other resources that allow students to build a positive future for them that does not require them to
serve in the military.
We need more money for college grants so that college graduates can make a living after graduation and not have large
student debt. Congress needs to pass the Student Aid Reward Act (STAR) that would give more than $17 billion in needbased student financial aide. We need more money for college recruitment and retention programs for working class youth
and youth of color. By providing these services, young people will no longer have to make the decision on
whether or not it is worth possibly being killed in order to pay for college.
We must rebuild our communities so there is quality housing for everyone and union jobs that pay a
living wage. We must build job training and recruitment centers so that people can gain the skills they
need to find employment.
People join the military for education
PEACHEY 6 – 24 – 07 Director of Peace Education Mennonite Central Committee
[Titus, Military Recruitment, Communities of Color and Immigrants, http://x-polecanada.com/us/co/stories/Military_Recruitment.pdf]
For some people of color, military service is a way to prove one’s loyalty and value to the nation
in the hopes of receiving just treatment and acceptance in civilian life. For others, military
service is a path toward personal advancement and success that is otherwise difficult to find in
their home communities. The use of the military as a path to education and personal benefits is clearly shown in the
following data collected by the Army in 2003.11 As indicated above, nearly half of African American recruits and over 1/3
of Latino recruits list clear economic indicators as their primary motivation for enlisting. The military appeals to this
economic motivation by offering new recruits tens of thousands of dollars for education and job training. 12 It is
difficult for young people in settings of poverty who want further education or job training to refuse these offers.
Unfortunately, the requirements to qualify for these education dollars are hard to meet, and relatively few recruits actually
qualify and receive the full range of educational benefits.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link – Education
More opportunities results in less soldiers.
BCSSE ’06, (Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences and Education, “Attitudes, Aptitudes, and Aspirations of
American Youth: Implications for Military Recruitment” (2003)
Underlying the rationale for examining these choices is a simple model of occupational choice: individuals compare
pecuniary and nonpecuniary benefits of enlisting and conditions of service relative to their next best
alternative and choose the one that provides the greatest net benefits. In this model, we hypothesize that
individuals, at the completion of high school, choose a time path of jobs, training, and education that maximizes their
expected welfare or utility over their lifetime. Elementary labor economics suggests that the utility of a job is a function of
earnings and deferred compensation, benefits, working conditions, and hours of work (or its complement, leisure.)
However, the earnings the individual can command, as well as the other aspects of the job, are a function of education,
training, and experience. Hence, the individual has an incentive to invest in additional education by
attending college and to seek jobs that provide training that is generally valued in the labor market
because this improves future job opportunities and earnings. The path chosen by any particular individual will
depend on the individual’s tastes, innate abilities, information, and resources.
Higher education benefits hurt military recruitment
Hosek and Sharp 01 - Director @ RAND Forces and Resources Policy Center and RAND Researcher
[James Hosek and Jennifer Sharp, “Keeping Military Pay Competitive: The Outlook for Civilian Wage Growth and Its
Consequences,” RAND Issue Paper, http://www.rand.org/pubs/issue_papers/IP205/index2.html]
Another challenge is that the increased financial benefits of higher education can be expected to
attract more high-aptitude high school graduates to college at the same time that the military’s
demand for such people can be expected to increase. Wage increases during the economic boom have been
greatest for those with four or more years of college, which heightens the incentive for high school graduates to go to
college rather than join the military, even though they might not complete four years. The long-term outlook would not be
disturbing if the military could afford to see its traditional market for high-quality recruits shrink. But today’s visions
of the future force sparkle with claims of technological prowess and information superiority. It is
unlikely that the military’s demand for high achievers will fall.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Link - Immigration
The military targets non-citizens
PEACHEY Director of Peace Education Mennonite Central Committee 6 – 24 – 07
[Titus, Military Recruitment, Communities of Color and Immigrants, http://x-polecanada.com/us/co/stories/Military_Recruitment.pdf]
While legal permanent residents may enlist in the military, they are largely barred from officer
positions or positions that require sensitive security clearances. Nonetheless, nearly 8,000 noncitizens
will enlist in the military this year, and the Defense Manpower Data Center estimates
that there are currently 35,000 non-citizens on active duty in the U.S. military.
The CNA study cites a number of benefits in recruiting non-citizens for the U.S. military,
especially noting the linguistic and cultural diversity that non-citizens bring. In addition, noncitizens
have a significantly lower drop-out rate than citizens, likely because of the faster path to
citizenship which staying in the military provides.The fast-track citizenship policy initiated in 2002 has often been
misunderstood. After it was announced that non-citizens serving in the U.S. military could apply for citizenship
immediately, a rumor began to circulate in the Latino community that citizenship was automatic. What was officially
announced as a reward for military service quickly became understood as an inducement, or a reason to enlist. And
for those already in the military, citizenship applications “...ballooned from 300 a month before Bush’s order to 1,300 a
month...”28
The military will need to recruit illegal immigrants
QUESTER 05
GEORGE H. QUESTER Council on Foreign Relations 2005 “Demographic Trends and
Military Recruitment: Surprising Possibilities” http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/05spring/quester.pdf
In the civilian sector, the United States and the countries of Western Europe have had to rely on immigrants, some of
them illegal, to supply needed younger-age labor when domestic birthrates would not have done so. 9 And the same
may again have to be the case in military recruitment, with the past indeed filled with numerous illustrative examples.
Military Targets immigrants looking for citizenship
Davis, Staff Writer, ’07,
(Deborah Davis, Metro Active (CA paper) staff writer, http://www.metroactive.com/metro/09.19.07/news-0738.html 9-19-07)
Three years later, at the age of 20, his body was torn apart in Iraq by an American-made fragmentation grenade during the first week
of the invasion. In the Pentagon's official Iraq casualty database, his death is number 74. Now Jesus is in a cemetery, and his parents,
who blame each other for his death, are painfully and bitterly divorced. While his mother bears her loss as a private tragedy, Fernando,
who has dual Mexican and American citizenship, is working tirelessly to protect other young immigrants from being manipulated by
U.S. military recruiters--the way he wishes he had protected his son. In the Iraq war, citizenship is being used as a
recruiting tool aimed specifically at young immigrants, who are told that by enlisting they will be able to
quickly get citizenship for themselves (sometimes true: it depends on what the Immigration and Customs Enforcement branch
of the Department of Homeland Security finds) and their entire families (not true: each family member has to go through a
separate application process). Nevertheless, with the political pressures on Latino families growing daily under this administration,
many young Latinos are unable to resist the offer, which immigrants' rights activists see as blatant exploitation of a
vulnerable population.
*You can use this as a link turn in conjunction with the immigration DA OR if you run an immigrants aff
Military recruiting immigrants
PEACHEY Director of Peace Education Mennonite Central Committee 6 – 24 – 07
[Titus, Military Recruitment, Communities of Color and Immigrants, http://xpolecanada.com/us/co/stories/Military_Recruitment.pdf]
Military recruiters are looking for new enlistees. You see them in high schools, shopping malls, and sporting events
where young people gather. Recruiters are particularly interested in the young people most likely to enlist.
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Increasingly, they are turning their attention to the immigrant community and those with limited
economic opportunity
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2NC: Jobs/Training
1. Our 1NC evidence indicates that job losses are causing people to look at the military for benefits and
security, and it’s supported by empirical examples and statistics.
2. Job security, benefits, and training draw recruits.
Alvarez, Staff Writer, 09
(Lizette Alvarez, New York Times Staff Writer, 1/18/09, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/19/us/
19recruits.html?_r=2&hp
As the number of jobs across the nation dwindles, more Americans are joining the military, lured by a
steady paycheck, benefits and training.
The last fiscal year was a banner one for the military, with all active-duty and reserve forces meeting or
exceeding their recruitment goals for the first time since 2004, the year that violence in Iraq intensified
drastically, Pentagon officials said.
And the trend seems to be accelerating. The Army exceeded its targets each month for October, November and
December — the first quarter of the new fiscal year — bringing in 21,443 new soldiers on active duty and in the reserves.
December figures were released last week.
Recruiters also report that more people are inquiring about joining the military, a trend that could
further bolster the ranks. Of the four armed services, the Army has faced the toughest recruiting challenge in recent
years because of high casualty rates in Iraq and long deployments overseas. Recruitment is also strong for the Army
National Guard, according to Pentagon figures. The Guard tends to draw older people.
“When
the economy slackens and unemployment rises and jobs become more scarce in civilian
society, recruiting is less challenging,” said Curtis Gilroy, the director of accession policy for the Department of
Defense.
3. High employment kills recruitment rates.
Cebula, Economics Professor, 09
(Richard J. Cebula, Economics professor and the Shirley & Philip Solomons Eminent Scholar at Armstrong Atlantic State University,
7/2/09, http://new.savannahnow.com/node/746951)
There are economic considerations in the enlistment decision as well. For example, the higher the net financial benefits
from enlisting, the greater the incentive to do so. Some people, especially those with a background of poverty, have found
the armed forces as a vehicle for escaping that poverty. However, the more prosperous the civilian sector, the less
appealing military enlistment becomes. For example, if the civilian unemployment rate is low, it is
more difficult to attract recruits. When private sector businesses are booming and salaries are rising
rapidly, enlistment becomes a less viable option.
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INTERNAL LINKS
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Internal Link – Readiness
Recruitment key to military readiness
New York Times, Editorial Board, 08
( New York Times, Editorial, 11-15-08,
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/16/opinion/16Sun1.html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&ref=opinion&pagewanted=1&adxnnlx=1226811206qTK2UDZzDVJgVW5O9XZJDQ)
We believe the military needs the 65,000 additional Army troops and the 27,000 additional marines that Congress finally
pushed President Bush into seeking. That buildup is projected to take at least two years; by the end the United States will
have 759,000 active-duty ground troops.
That sounds like a lot, especially with the prospect of significant withdrawals from Iraq. But it would still be about 200,000
fewer ground forces than the United States had 20 years ago, during the final stages of the cold war. Less than a third of
that expanded ground force would be available for deployment at any given moment.
Military experts agree that for every year active-duty troops spend in the field, they need two years at home recovering,
retraining and reconnecting with their families, especially in an all-volunteer force. (The older, part-time soldiers of the
National Guard and the Reserves need even more).
The Army has been so badly stretched, mainly by the Iraq war, that it has been unable to honor this one-year-out-of-three
rule. Brigades have been rotated back in for second and even third combat tours with barely one year’s rest in between.
Even then, the Pentagon has still had to rely far too heavily on National Guard and Reserve units to supplement the force.
The long-term cost in morale, recruit quality and readiness will persist for years. Nearly one-fifth of the troops — some
300,000 men and women — have returned from Iraq and Afghanistan reporting post-traumatic stress disorders.
The most responsible prescription for overcoming these problems is a significantly larger ground force. If the country is
lucky enough to need fewer troops in the field over the next few years, improving rotation ratios will still help create a
higher quality military force.
Military readiness key to heg
Spencer, policy analyst at Heritage, 2k
(Jack Spencer, policy analyst at Heritage, 9/15/2000, http://www.heritage.org/Research/MissileDefense/BG 1394.cfm)
The evidence indicates that the U.S. armed forces are not ready to support America's national security requirements.
Moreover, regarding the broader capability to defeat groups of enemies, military readiness has been declining. The National
Security Strategy, the U.S. official statement of national security objectives, 3 concludes that the United States "must have
the capability to deter and, if deterrence fails, defeat large-scale. cross- border aggression in two distant theaters in
overlapping time frames." 4 According to some of the military's highest-ranking officials, however, the United States
cannot achieve this goal. Commandant of the Marine Corps General James Jones, former Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Jay Johnson, and Air Force Chief of Staff General Michael Ryan have all expressed serious
concerns about their respective services' ability to carry out a two major theater war strategy. 5 Recently retired Generals Anthony Zinni of the U.S. Marine Corps and George Joulwan of the U.S. Army have even questioned America's ability to
conduct one major theater war the size of the 1991 Gulf War. 6
Military readiness is vital because declines in America's military readiness signal to the rest of the world that the United
s.tates is not prepared to defend its interests. Therefore, potentially hostile nations will be more likely to lash out against
American allies and interests. inevitably leading to U.S. involvement in combat.
A high state of military readiness is more likely to deter potentially hostile nations from acting aggressively in regions of
vital national interest. thereby preserving peace.
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Internal Link -- Readiness
Recruits key to readiness
C.S.B.A. 06 The Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments
(http://www.csbaonline.org/2006-1/2.DefenseBudget/Personnel_and_Readiness.shtml)
Perhaps no other factor is as important to the effectiveness of the US military as the quality of its personnel. Likewise, the
"readiness" of the US military to fight effectively on relatively short notice depends critically on keeping US forces well
trained, and armed with well maintained equipment. As a result, trends in military recruitment and retention, training rates,
and equipment maintenance and repair, are monitored closely by the administration and Congress, and have frequently
sparked intense and often highly politicized debates.
College recruits key to readiness
Moskos 05 sociology professor at Northwestern
(Charles, April 7, “Toward a New Conception of a Citizen Soldier,”
http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20050407.military.moskos.newconceptioncitizensoldier.html)
Without attracting significant numbers of college graduates, military recruitment will lead to the following realities: (a)
lowering of entrance standards, (b) higher entry pay and larger enlistment bonuses, (c) an expanded recruitment force with
attendant costs, (d) increased contracting out of military functions, and (e) more recruitment of non-American citizens.
These outcomes can be avoided only by creating a new form of citizen soldier. The short-term recruit will be a supplement
— not a replacement — for the citizen soldier concept presently inherent in reserve components. It will have some
functional equivalents of the draftee of old.
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Internal Link -- Troops key to Success
Troop Increase key to military success-surge proves
Johnson, Deputy Director for Joint Strategic Planning at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad 9-7-07
Kirk A. Johnson, Ph.D., Visiting Fellow at The Heritage Foundation and served as Deputy Director for Assessments in the Joint
Strategic Planning and Assessment office at the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad, Making Progress: What to Expect from General Petraeus
and
Ambassador
Crocker's
Report
on
Iraq,
The
Heritage
Foundation,
September
7,
2009,
http://www.heritage.org/Research/MiddleEast/wm1602.cfm
On September 10, General David Petraeus and Ambassador Ryan Crocker will report to Congress on the status of U.S. and
Coalition efforts in Iraq. While many Members of Congress will use the opportunity to assail U.S. efforts there, these two
men will have a number of important points to make. Though no one knows with certainty what will be said in the hearings,
recent reports from Iraq provide great insight into some of the major issues and conclusions likely to be
raised by General Petraeus and Ambassador Crocker. In general, they are likely to report strong progress on
several fronts—particularly the success of the military "surge"—and ask Congress for more time to capitalize
on recent successes.The "surge" has been effective at reducing civilian casualty rates, especially in Baghdad. Spring
and summer increases in the number of brigade combat teams have reduced civilian casualty rates, especially
in Baghdad, from the highs seen last December and January. General Petraeus especially may stress that sectarian
violence, generally defined as violence perpetrated for reasons of religion or ethnicity (usually Shia-on-Sunni or Sunnion-Shia violence), has dropped substantially over the past six to eight months. While this is important, the
fact that overall violence rates have subsided is the more noteworthy trend..
Increase in troops is key to success in Afghanistan
Associated Press, 7/17/09
(Associated Press, July 17, 2009, http://www.oakridger.com/opinions/x631631986/Success-in-Afghanistan-depends-on-use-of-troops)
During his 2008 presidential campaign, Obama said that the United States was fighting the wrong war in Iraq and that it needed
to focus on Afghanistan in the battle against mistakes we've made strategically after 9/11 was to fail to finish the job here, focus
our attention here. We got distracted by Iraq." As the war in Iraq appears to be winding down with the June 30 withdrawal of
U.S. troops from Iraqi cities, Obama is getting his wish. Before last week's Marine offensive, he'd already begun to put his
imprint on the Afghanistan war by firing the top commander in Afghanistan and appointing a new military team with experience
in counterinsurgency. At least 21,000 new troops have been deployed. The president is fortunate to have Gen. David Petraeus -a former 101st Airborne Division commander, top general in Iraq during the "surge" and author of the Army's
counterinsurgency field manual -- as head of the U.S. Central Command. Obama has the best officers and troops that a president
could hope for. Success in Afghanistan depends on how he uses these outstanding resources.
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Internal Link -- Troops key to Success
Lack of new recruits destroys military effectiveness
Singer, Senior Director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at Brookings, 2008
Peter Warren Singer, a senior fellow and director of the 21st Century Defense Initiative at Brookings. He has written two books on
changes in modern warfare. Singer lectures frequently to U.S. military audiences. He also has served on the Balkans Task Force in the
U.S. Department of Defense, Military Readiness: Bent but Not Broken The Challenge to the Next Commander-In-Chief , Brookings
institute, 2008 http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2007/~/media/Files/Projects/Opportunity08/Factsheet_MilitaryReadiness.pdf)
Although the next U.S. President will become Commander-in-Chief of a military unmatched in its power and capability,
this excellence is under siege. The U.S. military has been stretched thin and worn down by the combination
of extensive deployments over the last six years and a deferral of the hard questions of how a nation
supports a military at war. Downward trends in recruiting and retention show a force under great stress.
More than a simple matter of raw numbers, this has a long-term effect on the quality of our military
forces. And, while defense budgeting remains focused on acquiring major new weapons systems that
will not be available until many years hence, a looming equipment gap harms our security in the here
and now. The war in Iraq has created many of these challenges, but they will continue years after
operations there end.
Must increase army manpower.
Lawrence Korb, Center for American Progress Sean E. Duggan, Center for American Progress, 2007.
[Political Science & Politics (40:3), An All-Volunteer Army? Recruitment and its Problems, p. 467-71]
Addressing the Army's glaring manpower and equipment problems will be a daunting task. Its difficulties in recruiting
and maintaining the nation's Army at existing levels will be exacerbated by the recent decision to add over 92,000
service men and women to the Army and Marines. While the war in Iraq has demonstrated the necessity for these
additional ground forces, even a cursory understanding of the hardships plaguing the Army outlined above indicates
the difficulty of raising such numbers on an all-volunteer basis. Still, reinstituting the draft does not seem to be an option
supported by the military leadership or the American people. Therefore, the Department of Defense must make the difficult
decisions necessary to ensure the strength and quality of its Army. One decision must be to emphasize manpower over
hardware; people not hardware must be our highest priority. That could mean transferring resources from the Navy and Air
Force to the Army—an argument it is difficult for the Army to make.
More troops ease pressure
Hosek and Sharp 01 - Director @ RAND Forces and Resources Policy Center and RAND Researcher
[James Hosek and Jennifer Sharp, “Keeping Military Pay Competitive: The Outlook for Civilian Wage Growth and Its
Consequences,” RAND Issue Paper, http://www.rand.org/pubs/issue_papers/IP205/index2.html]
Finally, it is also possible that the services will seek not just to meet current recruiting targets, but to increase the number of
their personnel. The United States continues to be involved in military operations for humanitarian missions, disaster relief,
peace enforcement, and other purposes. This has stressed the military’s ability to maintain readiness, forced more personnel
to work away from home stations, and, in many cases, increased workloads. An increase in personnel would ease these
pressures.
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Internal Link -- Human Rights
U.S. troops key to human rights
Kane, Ph.D., 5-30-06
Tim Kane, Ph.D., is a U.S. Air Force veteran and the director of the Center for International Trade and Economics at the Heritage
Foundation,
Presence
of
American
troops
yields
benefits,
Heritage
Foundation,
May
30,
2006,
http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed053006a.cfm
An active American security umbrella enhances investment and spreads our ideals . Our soldiers promote
universal values, including transparent government authority, and they help enforce vital human rights, such as
property and voting rights. Their presence around the globe has allowed natives of dozens of countries to
build successful democratic societies.
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Internal Link -- Economy
Troop presence is vital to economic prosperity
Kane, Ph.D., 5-30-06
Tim Kane, Ph.D., is a U.S. Air Force veteran and the director of the Center for International Trade and Economics at the Heritage
Foundation, Presence of American troops yields benefits, Heritage Foundation, May 30, 2006,
http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed053006a.cfm
But the fact is that human history is an uninterrupted story of inequality, injustice and poverty. Seventeen
percent of the world’s population lived on less than a single U.S. dollar per day in 1970 — in inflation-adjusted dollars,
using purchasing-power parity terms. Three decades on, in 2000, the proportion was 7 percent. It’s only in the second half
of the 20th century that humankind began to turn the tide in the war on poverty.
What few notice is that the American military has played a leading role in the fight against poverty,
often without firing a shot.
From Germany and Japan through South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Bosnia and now Iraq, Americans have sacrificed
blood, time and treasure to resist tyranny, protect freedom and spread prosperity. Under our security
umbrella, several of those countries have become global economic juggernauts.
Our military fought to protect South Korea, and the outcome there highlights the importance of our
troops. That country is an Asian tiger, with steadily expanding opportunities for its people. Meanwhile,
satellite photos reveal a North Korea that’s literally stuck in the dark ages; while the southern half of the
peninsula blazes with electricity every night, the northern half is almost completely dark.
Even when we lost the shooting war, Americans won the war of ideas. Vietnam, for instance, has
liberalized its economy and wants to join the World Trade Organization.
In fact, the longer American troops are in a country, the better that country does. In a working paper, Dr.
Garett Jones of Southern Illinois University and I found that the presence of 10,000 American troops over many
decades leads to a major increase in economic growth every year — after other causal variables are considered.
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IMPACTS
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Impacts – Legitimacy key to Heg
Legitimacy is vital to hegemony.
Tellis, Senior Associate, 09
(Ashley J. Tellis, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations,
the
International
Institute
of
Strategic
Studies,
and
the
United
States
Naval
Institute,
4/17/09,
http://globalasia.org/pdf/issue9/Ashley_J._Tellis.pdf)
While clarifying the nature of the United States’ hegemonic role in the world and renewing the foundations of U.S.
strength remain the most important tasks facing the next administration, these efforts will be less than
efficacious if they are not accompanied by a determination to achieve the third foundational task:
restoring the legitimacy of U.S. power. It is almost universally agreed that Washington’s legitimacy
has been eroded during the last eight years. Although many see this erosion to be a product of the Bush
administration’s “unilateralism,” others perceive it to be the result of excesses associated with what may have otherwise
been defensible policies. Still others view it as deriving from a betrayal of the deepest American values, as manifested
through the constriction of civil liberties at home and the examples of Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib abroad.
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Hegemony Internals
Military status and strength has a wide range of impacts beyond defense.
Hartman, Department of Political Science, 08
(Thomas
Hartman,
Department
of
Political
Science
at
University
of
California,
2008,
http://www.allacademic.com/one/www/research/index.php?cmd=Download+Document&key=unpublished_manuscript&file_index=1
3&pop_up=true&no_click_key=true&attachment_style=attachment&PHPSESSID=fa567ae4f20db2ce78dafbe0bca882c8)
Much of the literature on power and the use of the military have been limited to a discussion under the assumption that
military power can be used most effectively as a coercive instrument. It is assumed that the purpose of the military is to
engage in either brute force – might makes right – or engage in purely coercive policies as a means to promote national
security. Yet, the U.S. military‘s status and function have served it to promote the ideological
underpinnings of the American way of life. In this light, U.S. military organizations have served to
enhance U.S. national security by engaging and attracting the political and military elites of other
states. This military stature and engagement in international affairs has served as an effective
instrument toward promoting American ideals abroad and building the cultural, ideological, and
political foundations for soft power reserves. By examining the means by which the U.S. military has operated in
the past and present we come to a better understanding of how America‘s greatest hard power assets – its strength, size, and
scope of its military – can be used to promote greater attraction to and the legitimacy of its foreign policies.
An unrivaled military is critical to maintaining hegemony.
Tellis, Senior Associate, 09
(Ashley J. Tellis, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Member of the Council on Foreign Relations,
the
International
Institute
of
Strategic
Studies,
and
the
United
States
Naval
Institute,
4/17/09,
http://globalasia.org/pdf/issue9/Ashley_J._Tellis.pdf)
If the United States is to sustain this hard-earned hegemony over the long term, while countering as
necessary a future Chinese challenge should it emerge, Washington will need to amass the largest differential in
power relative not only to its rivals but also to its friends and allies. Particularly in an era of
globalization, this objective cannot be achieved without a conscious determination to follow sensible
policies that sustain economic growth, minimize unproductive expenditures, strengthen the national
innovation system, maintain military capabilities second to none, and enjoin political behaviors that evoke
the approbation of allies and neutral states alike.
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Hegemony Internals – Soft Power
Soft power is key to hegemony.
Walt, Academic Dean and at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, 05
(Stephen M. Walt, Academic Dean and Robert and Renee Belfer Prof of International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School of
Government),
Sep/Oct
2005,
Foreign
Affairs,
Vol.
84,
Issue
5,
Ebsco)
Attacking U.S. legitimacy is also a favorite way to erode Washington's international clout. As the world's
dominant power, the United States has much to gain from the perception that its power is legitimate. When people
around the world believe that U.S. primacy advances broader global interests, Washington finds it
easier to rally international support for its policies, leaving its opposition isolated and ineffective.
Accordingly, the United States' opponents are currently seeking to convince others that Washington is selfish, hypocritical,
immoral, and unsuited for world leadership, and that its dominance harms them. This assault on U.S. legitimacy
does not directly challenge U.S. power, but it encourages other people to resent and resist U.S.
supremacy.
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Impacts - Hegemony
American hegemony is key to prevent multiple scenarios for global nuclear war.
Kagan, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 08
(Robert Kagan, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International
Peace, Transatlantic Fellow at the German Marshall Fund, Renowned
Author, The Return of History and the End of Dreams, Alfred
A. Knopf, pg 94-5 )
The flaws in the present system are obvious enough. But what is the realistic alternative? People may hope for a more
harmonious world based on a new concert of nations, but the rise of great power competition and the clashing interests and
ambitions of nations across Eurasia make such an evolution unlikely. Even under the umbrella of American predominance,
regional conflicts involving the large powers may erupt. The question is whether a less dominant America would make
such conflicts less likely or more likely. The United States can and does act selfishly and obtusely, disturbing or even
harming the interests of other nations. But it is not clear that in a multipolar world Russia, China, India, Japan, or even
Europe
would
be
wiser
or
more
virtuous
in
the
exercise
of
its
power.
One
novel aspect of such a multipolar world would be that most of these powers would possess nuclear weapons. That could
make wars between them less likely, or it could make them more catastrophic. In East Asia, most nations agree that a
reliable and pre-dominant America has a stabilizing and pacific effect. Even China, which seeks gradually to supplant the
United States as the dominant power in the region, faces the dilemma that an American withdrawal could unleash an
ambitious, independent, nationalist Japan. In Europe, too, the withdrawal of the United States from the scene—even if it
remained the world's most powerful nation—could be destabilizing. It could tempt Russia to an even more overbearing and
potentially force-ful approach to unruly nations on its periphery. If the United States pulled back from Europe, this could in
time increase the likelihood of conflict involving Russia and its near neighbors. The European Union, that great geopolitical miracle, owes its founding to American power. With-out it, France, the United Kingdom, and others would never have
felt secure enough after World War II to reinte-grate Germany into Europe. And although most Euro-peans recoil
at the thought, Europe's stability still depends on the guarantee that, in the last resort, the United States could step in to
check any dangerous development on the continent. It is also optimistic to imagine that a diminished American position in
the Middle East would lead to greater stability there. The competition for influence among powers both inside and outside
the region has raged for at least two centuries. The
…continued
rise of Islamic funda-mentalism only adds a new and more threatening dimen-sion. Neither a sudden end to the conflict
between Israel and the Palestinians nor an immediate American with-drawal from Iraq would bring an end to Middle East
ten-sions and competition. To the extent the United States withdraws or reduces its presence, other powers, both inside and
outside the region, will fill the vacuum. One can expect deeper involvement in the Middle East by both China and Russia
regardless of what the United States does, if only to secure their growing interests and further their growing ambitions. And
one could also expect the more powerful states of the region, particularly Iran, to fulfill their old ambition of becoming the
region's hegemon. In most of the vital regions of the world, in East Asia, Europe, and the Middle East the United States is
still the keystone in the arch. Remove it, and the arch collapses.
Heg deters terrorist use of WMDs
Gary Schmitt 06 Resident Scholar & Director of the Program on Advanced Strategic Studies @ the American
Enterprise Institute
(Is there any alternative to U.S. primacy, The Weekly Standard, Books & Arts, Vol. 11, No. 22, February, lexis)
The core argument itself is not new: The United States and the West face a new threat--weapons of mass
destruction in the hands of terrorists--and, whether we like it or not, no power other than the United States
has the capacity, or can provide the decisive leadership, required to handle this and other critical global
security issues. Certainly not the United Nations or, anytime soon, the European Union. In the absence of
American primacy, the international order would quickly return to disorder. Indeed, whatever legitimate
concerns people may have about the fact of America's primacy, the downsides of not asserting that primacy
are, according to The American Era, potentially far more serious. The critics "tend to dwell
disproportionately on problems in the exercise of [American] power rather than on the dire consequences of
retreat from an activist foreign policy," Lieber writes. They forget "what can happen in the absence of such
power."
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DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impacts - Hegemony
And, terrorism results in extinction
Jerome Corsi 05 Ph.D. in Political Science from Harvard University
(Atomic Iran, p. 176-8)
The United States retaliates: 'End of the world' scenarios The combination of horror and outrage that will surge
upon the nation will demand that the president retaliate for the incomprehensible damage done by the attack. The
problem will be that the president will not immediately know how to respond or against whom.The perpetrators will have been incinerated by the explosion that destroyed New York City.
Unlike 9-11, there will have been no interval during the attack when those hijacked could make phone calls to loved ones telling them before they died that the hijackers were radical Islamic
extremists.There will be no such phone calls when the attack will not have been anticipated until the instant the terrorists detonate their improvised nuclear device inside the truck parked on a
curb at the Empire State Building. Nor will there be any possibility of finding any clues, which either were vaporized instantly or are now lying physically inaccessible under tons of radioactive
the president, members of Congress, the military, and the public at large will suspect another attack by our known enemy –
Islamic terrorists. The first impulse will be to launch a nuclear strike on Mecca, to destroy the whole religion of Islam. Medina
could possibly be added to the target list just to make the point with crystal clarity. Yet what would we gain? The moment Mecca and Medina
were wiped off the map, the Islamic world – more than 1 billion human beings in countless different nations –
would feel attacked. Nothing would emerge intact after a war between the United States and Islam. The
apocalypse would be upon us.Then, too, we would face an immediate threat from our long-term enemy, the former Soviet
Union. Many in the Kremlin would see this as an opportunity to grasp the victory that had been snatched from them by
Ronald Reagan when the Berlin Wall came down. A missile strike by the Russians on a score of American
cities could possibly be pre-emptive. Would the U.S. strategic defense system be so in shock that immediate retaliation would not be possible? Hardliners in
Moscow might argue that there was never a better opportunity to destroy America. In China, our newer
Communist enemies might not care if we could retaliate. With a population already over 1.3 billion people and
with their population not concentrated in a few major cities, the Chinese might calculate to initiate a nuclear
blow on the United States. What if the United States retaliated with a nuclear counterattack upon China? The
Chinese might be able to absorb the blow and recover. The North Koreans might calculate even more
recklessly. Why not launch upon America the few missiles they have that could reach our soil? More confusion
and chaos might only advance their position. If Russia, China, and the United States could be drawn into
attacking one another, North Korea might emerge stronger just because it was overlooked while the great
nations focus on attacking one another. So, too, our supposed allies in Europe might relish the immediate
reduction in power suddenly inflicted upon America. Many of the great egos in Europe have never fully
recovered from the disgrace of World War II, when in the last century the Americans a second time in just over
two decades had been forced to come to their rescue. If the French did not start launching nuclear weapons
themselves, they might be happy to fan the diplomatic fire beginning to burn under the Russians and the Chinese. Or the president might decide simply to
launch a limited nuclear strike on Tehran itself. This might be the most rational option in the attempt to retaliate
but still communicate restraint. The problem is that a strike on Tehran would add more nuclear devastation to
the world calculation. Muslims around the world would still see the retaliation as an attack on Islam, especially
when the United States had no positive proof that the destruction of New York City had been triggered by
radical Islamic extremists with assistance from Iran. But for the president not to retaliate might be unacceptable
to the American people. So weakened by the loss of New York, Americans would feel vulnerable in every city
in the nation. "Who is going to be next?" would be the question on everyone's mind. For this there would be no
effective answer. That the president might think politically at this instant seems almost petty, yet every president
is by nature a politician. The political party in power at the time of the attack would be destroyed unless the
president retaliated with a nuclear strike against somebody. The American people would feel a price had to be paid
while the country was still capable of exacting revenge.
rubble.Still,
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48
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impacts – Afghanistan
Success in Afghanistan prevents terrorists
Zakaria, editor of Newsweek International, 2/1/09
(Fareed
Zakaria,
editor
of
Newsweek
International,
February
1,
2009,
Newsweek,
http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/postglobal/fareed_zakaria/2009/02/four_keys_to_success_in_afghan.html)
The war in Afghanistan is not going well; almost all trends are moving in the wrong direction. But we still have time to focus,
improve our strategy, calibrate our means. It will help immeasurably if we keep in mind the basic objective of U.S. policy: "Our
primary goal is to prevent Afghanistan from being used as a base for terrorists and extremists to attack the United States and its
allies," Defense Secretary Robert Gates said last week. That is an admirably clear statement.
Increased U.S. military key to protect Afghani civilians from the Taliban
The New York Times, June 7, 2009
(The NY Times, Opinions, June 7, 2009 http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/opinion/08mon1.html)
General McChrystal’s most important job will be to change the way ordinary Afghans view the fight against the Taliban and its
Al Qaeda allies. Counterinsurgency operations need support (and intelligence tips) from the local population to succeed.
Protecting Afghan civilians, and expanding the secure space in which they can safely go about their lives and livelihoods must
now become the central purpose of American military operations in Afghanistan. And Washington must step up the pace and
quality of training so that expanded Afghan military and police forces can take over that mission as soon as possible.
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49
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impacts – Afghanistan
Terrorism leads to extinction
Alexander, Professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the United States,
03.
(Yohan Alexander, Professor and director of the Inter-University for Terrorism Studies in Israel and the United States, The
Washington Times, August 28, 2003)
Last week's brutal suicide bombings in Baghdad and Jerusalem have once again illustrated dramatically that the international
community failed, thus far at least, to understand the magnitude and implications of the terrorist threats to the very survival of
civilization itself. Even the United States and Israel have for decades tended to regard terrorism as a mere tactical nuisance or
irritant rather than a critical strategic challenge to their national security concerns. It is not surprising, therefore, that on
September 11, 2001, Americans were stunned by the unprecedented tragedy of 19 al Qaeda terrorists striking a devastating blow
at the center of the nation's commercial and military powers. Likewise, Israel and its citizens, despite the collapse of the Oslo
Agreements of 1993 and numerous acts of terrorism triggered by the second intifada that began almost three years ago, are still
"shocked" by each suicide attack at a time of intensive diplomatic efforts to revive the moribund peace process through the now
revoked cease-fire arrangements [hudna]. Why are the United States and Israel, as well as scores of other countries affected by
the universal nightmare of modern terrorism surprised by new terrorist "surprises"? There are many reasons, including
misunderstanding of the manifold specific factors that contribute to terrorism's expansion, such as lack of a universal definition of
terrorism, the religionization of politics, double standards of morality, weak punishment of terrorists, and the exploitation of the
media by terrorist propaganda and psychological warfare. Unlike their historical counterparts, contemporary terrorists have
introduced a new scale of violence in terms of conventional and unconventional threats and impact. The internationalization and
brutalization of current and future terrorism make it clear we have entered an Age of Super Terrorism [e.g. biological, chemical,
radiological, nuclear and cyber] with its serious implications concerning national, regional and global security concerns. Two
myths in particular must be debunked immediately if an effective counterterrorism "best practices" strategy can be developed
[e.g., strengthening international cooperation]. The first illusion is that terrorism can be greatly reduced, if not eliminated
completely, provided the root causes of conflicts - political, social and economic - are addressed. The conventional illusion is
that terrorism must be justified by oppressed people seeking to achieve their goals and consequently the argument advanced by
"freedom fighters" anywhere, "give me liberty and I will give you death," should be tolerated if not glorified. This traditional
rationalization of "sacred" violence often conceals that the real purpose of terrorist groups is to gain political power through the
barrel of the gun, in violation of fundamental human rights of the noncombatant segment of societies. For instance, Palestinians
religious movements [e.g., Hamas, Islamic Jihad] and secular entities [such as Fatah's Tanzim and Aqsa Martyr Brigades]] wish
not only to resolve national grievances [such as Jewish settlements, right of return, Jerusalem] but primarily to destroy the Jewish
state. Similarly, Osama bin Laden's international network not only opposes the presence of American military in the Arabian
Peninsula and Iraq, but its stated objective is to "unite all Muslims and establish a government that follows the rule of the
Caliphs." The second myth is that strong action against terrorist infrastructure [leaders, recruitment, funding, propaganda,
training, weapons, operational command and control] will only increase terrorism. The argument here is that law-enforcement
efforts and military retaliation inevitably will fuel more brutal acts of violent revenge. Clearly, if this perception continues to
prevail, particularly in democratic societies, there is the danger it will paralyze governments and thereby encourage further
terrorist attacks. In sum, past experience provides useful lessons for a realistic future strategy. The prudent application of force
has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for short- and long-term deterrence of terrorism. For example, Israel's targeted
killing of Mohammed Sider, the Hebron commander of the Islamic Jihad, defused a "ticking bomb." The assassination of Ismail
Abu Shanab - a top Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip who was directly responsible for several suicide bombings including the latest
bus attack in Jerusalem - disrupted potential terrorist operations. Similarly, the U.S. military operation in Iraq eliminated Saddam
Hussein's regime as a state sponsor of terror. Thus, it behooves those countries victimized by terrorism to understand a cardinal
message communicated by Winston Churchill to the House of Commons on May 13, 1940: "Victory at all costs, victory in spite
of terror, victory however long and hard the road may be: For without victory, there is no survival."
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50
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impacts – Deterrence
Increase in troops solves deterrence and terrorism
Crane, Ph.D., former Professor of History at the U.S. military academy, 02
(Conrad C. Crane, Ph.D., former Professor of History at the U.S. military academy, Strategic Studies Institute, , May, 2002,
http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub216.pdf)
Future Army missions like those in Bosnia and Kosovo should not be accepted lightly. However, there will be times even in
the midst of the war against terrorism when national interests will require humanitarian assistance, nation-building, and
secure peace operations that only American military forces can provide. Effective and efficient. peace-building. efforts
must remain an important element of any national security strategy. The current situation in Afghanistan highlights again
that post-conflict societies can become breeding grounds for crime and terrorism if some sort of order is not imposed.
Influential members of Congress have already called for American peacekeepers there, and major newspapers. irrespective
of their political inclinations.are advocating a significant U.S. role in nation-building. One project they have proposed is the
reconstruction of Afghanistans ring road,. which is so vital to the restoration of trade. This task, especially in such a
precarious security environment, is perfectly suited to the capabilities of the U.S. Army and its engineers.27 To prevent
peacekeeping assignments from dragging on and tying up scarce assets, the Army and supporting agencies must become
better at nation-building. Though the Bush administration, as well as the Army leadership, remain reluctant to accept such a
mission, long-term solutions to create a more stable world will require the United States to perform it. Only the Army, not
the Air Force, Navy, or Marines can really do it in an environment of questionable security. Success in stabilization
operations and strategic success in the war against terrorism will be closely linked because of the cause-effect relationship
that exists between them. The Army should be daunted by. And prepare for the responsibilities it might assume to help
stabilize and rebuild Afghanistan and other countries after bin Laden and his supporters are rooted out. This effort should
be accompanied by the development of appropriate doctrine for such peace-building missions. Though the U.S. burden in
these operations can be lessened by relying as much as possible on allied participation, there is no substitute for the
presence of ground forces from the most powerful nation in the world to reassure friends, sustain coalitions, and deter
potential adversaries. If stability in a region such as the Balkans is determined to be a vital American interest, then it cannot
be allowed to return to chaos because of the distractions of the war on terrorism.
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51
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impacts: Military Readiness Prevents War
Military readiness key to deter hostile nations- impact is war
Spencer, Policy Analyst for Defense and National Security at Heritage, 2k
(Jack Spencer, September 15, http://www.heritage.org/Research/MissileDefense/BG1394.cfm)
The evidence indicates that the U.S. armed forces are not ready to support America's national security requirements.
Moreover, regarding the broader capability to defeat groups of enemies, military readiness has been declining. The National
Security Strategy, the U.S. official statement of national security objectives, 3 concludes that the United States "must have
the capability to deter and, if deterrence fails, defeat large-scale, cross-border aggression in two distant theaters in
overlapping time frames." 4 According to some of the military's highest-ranking officials, however, the United States cannot
achieve this goal. Commandant of the Marine Corps General James Jones, former Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Jay
Johnson, and Air Force Chief of Staff General Michael Ryan have all expressed serious concerns about their respective
services' ability to carry out a two major theater war strategy. 5 Recently retired Generals Anthony Zinni of the U.S. Marine
Corps and George Joulwan of the U.S. Army have even questioned America's ability to conduct one major theater war the
size of the 1991 Gulf War. 6 Military readiness is vital because declines in America's military readiness signal to the rest of
the world that the United States is not prepared to defend its interests. Therefore, potentially hostile nations will be more
likely to lash out against American allies and interests, inevitably leading to U.S. involvement in combat. A high state of
military readiness is more likely to deter potentially hostile nations from acting aggressively in regions of vital national
interest, thereby preserving peace.
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52
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impact -- Democracy Promotion
A Large military is critical to democracy promotion
Jim Talent is a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation, where he specializes in military readiness and welfare reform
issues. February 20, 2007 (“More: The crying need for a bigger U.S. Military”
http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/022007b.cfm)
America is now reaching a decision point similar to the one Reagan faced in 1981, and it is important
to understand clearly what is at stake. America is the defender of freedom in the world and
therefore always a prime target for those who hate freedom. The progress of the international order
toward peace and democracy depends on American power; and while the basket of Western foreign
policy contains many tools, what underpins them all is a U.S. military that the world knows is
capable of defeating threats swiftly and effectively.
Democracy prevents extinction
Diamond 95
(Larry Diamond, Hoover Institution senior fellow, co-editor of the Journal of Democracy, December 1995, A Report to the Carnegie
Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, “Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors and Instruments, Issues and Imperatives,”
http://wwics.si.edu/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/di/1.htm)
OTHER THREATS This hardly exhausts the lists of threats to our security and well-being in the coming
years and decades. In the former Yugoslavia nationalist aggression tears at the stability of Europe and
could easily spread. The flow of illegal drugs intensifies through increasingly powerful international
crime syndicates that have made common cause with authoritarian regimes and have utterly corrupted the
institutions of tenuous, democratic ones. Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons continue to
proliferate. The very source of life on Earth, the global ecosystem, appears increasingly
endangered. Most of these new and unconventional threats to security are associated with or
aggravated by the weakness or absence of democracy, with its provisions for legality, accountability,
popular sovereignty, and openness. LESSONS OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY The experience of this
century offers important lessons. Countries that govern themselves in a truly democratic fashion do
not go to war with one another. They do not aggress against their neighbors to aggrandize
themselves or glorify their leaders. Democratic governments do not ethnically “cleanse” their own
populations, and they are much less likely to face ethnic insurgency. Democracies do not sponsor
terrorism against one another. They do not build weapons of mass destruction to use on or to
threaten one another. Democratic countries form more reliable, open, and enduring trading partnerships.
In the long run they offer better and more stable climates for investment. They are more
environmentally responsible because they must answer to their own citizens, who organize to
protest the destruction of their environments. They are better bets to honor international treaties since
they value legal obligations and because their openness makes it much more difficult to breach
agreements in secret. Precisely because, within their own borders, they respect competition, civil liberties,
property rights, and the rule of law, democracies are the only reliable foundation on which a new world
order of international security and prosperity can be built.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impact -- Economy (1/4)
American military power helps the economy
Jim Talent is a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation, where he specializes in military readiness and welfare reform
issues.
February
20,
2007
(“More:
The
crying
need
for
a
bigger
U.S.
Military”
http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/022007b.cfm)
Finally, American power is an important stabilizing force in the world; by reassuring the financial
markets about American strength, the 4% for Freedom Solution would help reduce risk within the
international economy and promote economic growth at home and abroad. Even a small positive impact
on the economy would more than pay for the additional investment in military capability. How much
would it be worth economically, for example, to reduce the risk that China invades Taiwan, or Kim
Jong Il is tempted to use his nuclear capability? The peace and prosperity of the 1990s, remember,
were due at least in part to the Reagan defense buildup of the 1980s. The Reagan precedent is also the
answer to those who are concerned about the short-term impact of the 4% for Freedom Solution on the
deficit. It is true that military strength has its price, but as Jimmy Carter found out, there is a price
to be paid for weakness, too.
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54
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impact -- Economy (2/4)
Economic collapse causes World War Three
Mead, 9 – Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations
(Walter Russell, “Only Makes You Stronger,” The New Republic, 2/4/09,
http://www.tnr.com/politics/story.html?id=571cbbb9-2887-4d81-8542-92e83915f5f8&p=2)
The damage to China's position is more subtle. The crisis has not--yet--led to the nightmare scenario that
China-watchers fear: a recession or slowdown producing the kind of social unrest that could challenge the
government. That may still come to pass--the recent economic news from China has been consistently
worse than most experts predicted--but, even if the worst case is avoided, the financial crisis has
nevertheless had significant effects. For one thing, it has reminded China that its growth remains dependent
on the health of the U.S. economy. For another, it has shown that China's modernization is likely to be long,
dangerous, and complex rather than fast and sweet, as some assumed. In the lead-up to last summer's
Beijing Olympics, talk of a Chinese bid to challenge America's global position reached fever pitch, and
the inexorable rise of China is one reason why so many commentators are fretting about the "postAmerican era." But suggestions that China could grow at, say, 10 percent annually for the next 30 years
were already looking premature before the economic downturn. (In late 2007, the World Bank slashed its
estimate of China's GDP by 40 percent, citing inaccuracies in the methods used to calculate purchasing
power parity.) And the financial crisis makes it certain that China's growth is likely to be much slower
during some of those years. Already exports are falling, unemployment is rising, and the Shanghai stock
market is down about 60 percent. At the same time, Beijing will have to devote more resources and more
attention to stabilizing Chinese society, building a national health care system, providing a social security
net, and caring for an aging population, which, thanks to the one-child policy, will need massive help
from the government to support itself in old age. Doing so will leave China fewer resources for military
build-ups and foreign adventures. As the crisis has forcefully reminded Americans, creating and
regulating a functional and flexible financial system is difficult. Every other country in the world has
experienced significant financial crises while building such systems, and China is unlikely to be an
exception. All this means that China's rise looks increasingly like a gradual process. A deceleration in
China's long-term growth rate would postpone indefinitely the date when China could emerge as a peer
competitor to the United States. The present global distribution of power could be changing slowly, if at
all. The greatest danger both to U.S.-China relations and to American power itself is probably not that
China will rise too far, too fast; it is that the current crisis might end China's growth miracle. In the worstcase scenario, the turmoil in the international economy will plunge China into a major economic downturn. The
Chinese financial system will implode as loans to both state and private enterprises go bad. Millions or
even tens of millions of Chinese will be unemployed in a country without an effective social safety net. The
collapse of asset bubbles in the stock and property markets will wipe out the savings of a generation of the
Chinese middle class. The political consequences could include dangerous unrest--and a bitter climate of antiforeign feeling that blames others for China's woes. (Think of Weimar Germany, when both Nazi and
communist politicians blamed the West for Germany's economic travails.) Worse, instability could lead
to a vicious cycle, as nervous investors moved their money out of the country, further slowing growth
and, in turn, fomenting ever-greater bitterness. Thanks to a generation of rapid economic growth, China has
so far been able to manage the stresses and conflicts of modernization and change; nobody knows what will
happen if the growth stops. India's future is also a question. Support for global integration is a fairly recent
development in India, and many serious Indians remain skeptical of it. While India's 60-year-old democratic
system has resisted many shocks, a deep economic recession in a country where mass poverty and even
hunger are still major concerns could undermine political order, long-term growth, and India's attitude toward
the United States and global economic integration. The violent Naxalite insurrection plaguing a significant
swath of the country could get worse; religious extremism among both Hindus and Muslims could further
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impact – Economy (3/4)
polarize Indian politics; and India's economic miracle could be nipped in the bud. If current market turmoil
seriously damaged the performance and prospects of India and China, the current crisis could join the Great
Depression in the list of economic events that changed history, even if the recessions in the West are relatively
short and mild. The United States should stand ready to assist Chinese and Indian financial authorities on
an emergency basis--and work very hard to help both countries escape or at least weather any economic
downturn. It may test the political will of the Obama administration, but the United States must avoid a
protectionist response to the economic slowdown. U.S. moves to limit market access for Chinese and
Indian producers could poison relations for years. For billions of people in nuclear-armed countries to
emerge from this crisis believing either that the United States was indifferent to their well-being or that it had
profited from their distress could damage U.S. foreign policy far more severely than any mistake made by
George W. Bush. It's not just the great powers whose trajectories have been affected by the crash.
Lesser powers like Saudi Arabia and Iran also face new constraints. The crisis has strengthened the U.S.
position in the Middle East as falling oil prices reduce Iranian influence and increase the dependence of
the oil sheikdoms on U.S. protection. Success in Iraq--however late, however undeserved, however
limited--had already improved the Obama administration's prospects for addressing regional crises. Now,
the collapse in oil prices has put the Iranian regime on the defensive. The annual inflation rate
rose above 29 percent last September, up from about 17 percent in 2007, according to Iran's Bank Markazi. Economists forecast
that Iran's real GDP growth will drop markedly in the coming months as stagnating oil revenues and the continued global
economic downturn force the government to rein in its expansionary fiscal policy. All this has weakened Ahmadinejad at home
and Iran abroad. Iranian officials must balance the relative merits of support for allies like Hamas, Hezbollah, and Syria against
domestic needs, while international sanctions and other diplomatic sticks have been made more painful and Western carrots (like
trade opportunities) have become more attractive. Meanwhile, Saudi Arabia and other oil states have become more dependent on
the United States for protection against Iran, and they have fewer resources to fund religious extremism as they use diminished oil
revenues to support basic domestic spending and development goals. None of this makes the Middle East an easy target for U.S.
diplomacy, but thanks in part to the economic crisis, the incoming administration has the chance to try some new ideas and to enter
negotiations with Iran (and Syria) from a position of enhanced strength. Every crisis is different, but there seem to be reasons
why, over time, financial crises on balance reinforce rather than undermine the world position of the leading capitalist countries.
Since capitalism first emerged in early modern Europe, the ability to exploit the advantages of rapid economic development has
been a key factor in international competition. Countries that can encourage--or at least allow and sustain--the change, dislocation,
upheaval, and pain that capitalism often involves, while providing their tumultuous market societies with appropriate regulatory
and legal frameworks, grow swiftly. They produce cutting-edge technologies that translate into military and economic power. They
are able to invest in education, making their workforces ever more productive. They typically develop liberal political institutions
and cultural norms that value, or at least tolerate, dissent and that allow people of different political and religious viewpoints to
collaborate on a vast social project of modernization--and to maintain political stability in the face of accelerating social and
economic change. The vast productive capacity of leading capitalist powers gives them the ability to project influence around the
world and, to some degree, to remake the world to suit their own interests and preferences. This is what the United Kingdom and
the United States have done in past centuries, and what other capitalist powers like France, Germany, and Japan have done to a
lesser extent. In these countries, the social forces that support the idea of a competitive market economy within an appropriately
liberal legal and political framework are relatively strong. But, in many other countries where capitalism rubs people the wrong
way, this is not the case. On either side of the Atlantic, for example, the Latin world is often drawn to anti-capitalist movements
and rulers on both the right and the left. Russia, too, has never really taken to capitalism and liberal society--whether during the
time of the czars, the commissars, or the post-cold war leaders who so signally failed to build a stable, open system of liberal
democratic capitalism even as many former Warsaw Pact nations were making rapid transitions. Partly as a result of these internal
cultural pressures, and partly because, in much of the world, capitalism has appeared as an unwelcome interloper, imposed by
foreign forces and shaped to fit foreign rather than domestic interests and preferences, many countries are only half-heartedly
capitalist. When crisis strikes, they are quick to decide that capitalism is a failure and look for alternatives. So far, such halfhearted experiments not only have failed to work; they have left the societies that have tried them in a progressively worse
position, farther behind the front-runners as time goes by. Argentina has lost ground to Chile; Russian development has fallen
farther behind that of the Baltic states and Central Europe. Frequently, the crisis has weakened the power of the merchants,
industrialists, financiers, and professionals who want to develop a liberal capitalist society integrated into the world. Crisis can also
strengthen the hand of religious extremists, populist radicals, or authoritarian traditionalists who are determined to resist liberal
capitalist society for a variety of reasons. Meanwhile, the companies and banks based in these societies are often less established
and more vulnerable to the consequences of a financial crisis than more established firms in wealthier societies. As a result,
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impact -- Economy (4/4)
developing countries and countries where capitalism has relatively recent and shallow roots tend to suffer greater economic and
political damage when crisis strikes--as, inevitably, it does. And, consequently, financial crises often reinforce rather than
challenge the global distribution of power and wealth. This may be happening yet again. None of which means that we can just sit
back and enjoy the recession. History may suggest that financial crises actually help capitalist great powers maintain their leads-but it has other, less reassuring messages as well. If financial crises have been a normal part of life during the 300-year rise of the
liberal capitalist system under the Anglophone powers, so has war. The wars of the League of Augsburg and the Spanish
Succession; the Seven Years War; the American Revolution; the Napoleonic Wars; the two World Wars; the cold war: The list of
wars is almost as long as the list of financial crises. Bad economic times can breed wars. Europe was a pretty peaceful place in
1928, but the Depression poisoned German public opinion and helped bring Adolf Hitler to power. If the current crisis turns into a
depression, what rough beasts might start slouching toward Moscow, Karachi, Beijing, or New Delhi to be born? The United States
may not, yet, decline, but, if we can't get the world economy back on track, we may still have to fight.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impact -- China war (1/1)
Large military key to war games which prevents conflict with China and Russia
Mackenzie M. Eaglen is Senior Policy Analyst for National Security in the Douglas and Sarah Allison Center for Foreign Policy
Studies, a division of the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies, at The Heritage Foundation. October
31, 2008 (“Approaching the "Invisible Red Line": Why Congress Must Act Now to Restore Military Readiness”
http://www.heritage.org/Research/Features/NationalSecurity/bg2205.cfm)
Strategic engagement has also suffered as exercises with foreign militaries and alliances have been
curtailed over the last several years. These demands have also hamstrung Pacific Command's "ability to
conduct exercises and forge alliances with foreign nations that could one day prove instrumental,"
particularly in building relationships to reduce the potential for future conflict.[16] Large and small
exercises with foreign militaries provide an effective display of capabilities—acting as a deterrent to
would-be aggressors—and are important methods for enhancing military readiness. An effort to
increase these exercises would be especially useful in the Asia–Pacific—where China and Russia
continue to modernize their naval and air capabilities—and in places like the Horn of Africa and the
Strait of Hormuz, where increased coordination is required to stem the threat posed by both pirates and
terrorists.
US/Sino war would cause a nuclear holocaust
Johnson, 2001 (Chalmers, President of Japan Policy Research Institute, The Nation, 5/14, l/n)
China is another matter. No sane figure in the Pentagon wants a war with China, and all serious US
militarists know that China's minuscule nuclear capacity is not offensive but a deterrent against the
overwhelming US power arrayed against it (twenty archaic Chinese warheads versus more than 7,000
US warheads). Taiwan, whose status constitutes the still incomplete last act of the Chinese civil war,
remains the most dangerous place on earth. Much as the 1914 assassination of the Austrian crown prince
in Sarajevo led to a war that no one wanted, a misstep in Taiwan by any side could bring the United
States and China into a conflict that neither wants. Such a war would bankrupt the United States,
deeply divide Japan and probably end in a Chinese victory, given that China is the world's most
populous country and would be defending itself against a foreign aggressor. More seriously, it could
easily escalate into a nuclear holocaust. However, given the nationalistic challenge to China's
sovereignty of any Taiwanese attempt to declare its independence formally, forward-deployed US forces
on China's borders have virtually no deterrent effect.
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58
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Impact -- Terrorism (1/1)
Defeating terrorism needs more military power
AP 08
Associated Press February 09, 2008 (“War Demands Strain Military Readiness”
http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,161717,00.html
Pentagon leaders argue that nontraditional conflicts - such as the insurgents and terrorists facing
coalition forces in Iraq and Afghanistan - will be the main military battlefields for years to come.
And defeating them, they say, will require more than military hardware - or "hard power."
Terrorism risks extinction.
Sid-Ahmed 04 Political Analyst [Mohamed, http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/705/op5.htm]
A nuclear attack by terrorists will be much more critical than Hiroshima and Nagazaki, even if -and this is far from certain – the weapons used are less harmful than those used then, Japan, at the time,
with no knowledge of nuclear technology, had no choice but to capitulate. Today, the technology is a
secret for nobody. So far, except for the two bombs dropped on Japan, nuclear weapons have been used
only to threaten. Now we are at a stage where they can be detonated. This completely changes the rules of
the game. We have reached a point where anticipatory measures can determine the course of events.
Allegations of a terrorist connection can be used to justify anticipatory measures, including the
invasion of a sovereign state like Iraq. As it turned out, these allegations, as well as the allegation that
Saddam was harbouring WMD, proved to be unfounded. What would be the consequences of a
nuclear attack by terrorists? Even if it fails, it would further exacerbate the negative features of the
new and frightening world in which we are now living. Societies would close in on themselves, police
measures would be stepped up at the expense of human rights, tensions between civilisations and
religions would rise and ethnic conflicts would proliferate. It would also speed up the arms race and
develop the awareness that a different type of world order is imperative if humankind is to survive. But
the still more critical scenario is if the attack succeeds. This could lead to a third world war, from which
no one will emerge victorious. Unlike a conventional war which ends when one side triumphs over
another, this war will be without winners and losers. When nuclear pollution infects the whole planet,
we will all be losers.
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59
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AT: Military Recruitment Racist
1. A2 military recruitment racist
PEACHEY 6 – 24 – 07 Director of Peace Education Mennonite Central Committee
[Titus, Military Recruitment, Communities of Color and Immigrants, http://x-polecanada.com/us/co/stories/Military_Recruitment.pdf]
For years African Americans have enlisted in the military in numbers far exceeding their proportion of the
population. In 2003 for example, African Americans made up over 26% of active duty Army personnel, and roughly 21%
of active duty personnel in all military service branches. This 21% figure has been consistent over a period of 20 years,
dating back to 1983.5 These long-standing patterns are now showing signs of change. For example, African Americans
are currently joining the military nearly in proportion to their percentage of the population, a sharp decline from
earlier enlistment rates. Latino enlistments are still lagging behind their % of the population. The data below is for FY
2003.6
2. Our link evidence proves the military is way of opportunity for those in impoverished areas, pulling
them out of poverty
3. The military has always been ahead of society in terms of equality and giving minorities an
opportunity to succeed
David L. Leal The University of Texas at Austin American Public Opinion toward the Military: Differences by
Race, Gender, and Class? Armed Forces & Society 2005; http://afs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/32/1/123
For individuals, the contemporary military has been an especially hospitable institution,
particularly in comparison to the larger society. As Moskos and Butler noted, “At a time when AfroAmericans were still arguing for their educational rights before the Supreme Court and marching
for their social and political rights in the Deep South, the Army had become desegregated with little
fanfare.” The results were so successful that “if officers are the executives of the armed forces, the
armed forces boast more black executives than any other institution in the country.”13 There is also
evidence that African Americans have, for some time, perceived the military as more egalitarian than
civilian society, particularly in terms of advancement opportunities and economic stability.14 Not
only has discrimination in the military dramatically abated, but such service also provides an avenue for
upward mobility that is not always available in civilian society. It provides a standard of living and
an array of social services not commonly available for those without higher education, and according
to Ricks, “the army may be the only institution in America where we can see what Lyndon
Johnson’s Great Society could have been.”15 Military service may also enable African Americans
and Latinos to better succeed in the civilian world.16 This may be the result of the training received
in the military or the postservice educational benefits such as the G.I. Bill. The military may also
serve as a “bridging environment”17 that allows minority veterans to better integrate into civilian
society.18 One of the few previous studies of this topic, however, showed that African Americans were no
more or less likely than whites to believe there were opportunities for minorities in the military.
4. Empirically, the military has lead on issues of race – desegregation in combat, educational
opportunities, job training, etc
5. Hegemony solves the impact – absent U.S. leadership, a collapse of fair democracy is inevitable – only
by maintaining our global leadership can we solve racism globally
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60
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AT: Military has enough troops
Military needs more troops
BALDOR 7-16
LOLITA C. BALDOR The Associated Press 7/16/2009 “US military eyes plan to increase Army by 30,000”
http://www.nj.com/newsflash/index.ssf?/base/national6/12477840794010.xml&storylist=new_topstories&thispage=1)
Military leaders have been warning Congress that the problem has been getting worse, as the number of soldiers
unable to return to the battlefield has increased by as much as 3,000 in the last several years, according to Gen. Pete
Chiarelli, the Army's vice chief of staff. "It is a stretched and sometimes tired force that is meeting all the requirements,
but at the same time it is difficult to get our units up to the operating strength they need to before deployment,"
Chiarelli said. According to the Army, 13 percent of the personnel in a typical unit heading to war are not available,
compared to 11 percent previously. Roughly 9,400 soldiers are in so-called "warrior transition units," with either
physical or stress-related injuries. Another 10,000 are unavailable because of less serious injuries, medical screening
problems or pregnancy. In addition, about 10,000 have been tapped for other duties, or have just returned from the
battlefront, guaranteed one year at home before they redeploy.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
A2: Social Services not considered
1. Extend our Gifford 06 card from the 1AC that specifically says that social services offered by the
military are key to enlistment. When public social services increase, enlistment decreases.
2. People join the military to gain access to social services
Jorge Mariscal Prof @UCSD “The Poverty Draft” June 2007
http://www.sojo.net/index.cfm?action=magazine.article&issue=soj0706&article=070628
In reality, Kerry's "botched joke"—Kerry said he was talking about President Bush and not the troops—contained a
kernel of truth. It is not so much that one either studies hard or winds up in Iraq but rather that many U.S. troops enlist
because access to higher education is closed off to them. Although they may be "plenty smart," financial hardship
drives many to view the military's promise of money for college as their only hope to study
beyond high school. Recruiters may not explicitly target "the poor," but there is mounting evidence that they
target those whose career options are severely limited. According to a 2007 Associated Press analysis,
"nearly three-fourths of [U.S. troops] killed in Iraq came from towns where the per capita
income was below the national average. More than half came from towns where the percentage
of people living in poverty topped the national average." It perhaps should come as no surprise that the
Army GED Plus Enlistment Program, in which applicants without high school diplomas are allowed to enlist while they
complete a high school equivalency certificate, is focused on inner-city areas. When working-class youth make it to their
local community college, they often encounter military recruiters working hard to discourage them. "You're not going
anywhere here," recruiters say. "This place is a dead end. I can offer you more." Pentagon-sponsored studies—such as the
RAND Corporation's "Recruiting Youth in the College Market: Current Practices and Future Policy Options"—speak
openly about college as the recruiter's number one competitor for the youth market. Add in race as a supplemental factor
for how class determines the propensity to enlist and you begin to understand why communities of color believe military
recruiters disproportionately target their children. Recruiters swear they don't target by race. But the millions of Pentagon
dollars spent on special recruiting campaigns for Latino and African-American youth contradicts their claim. According
to an Army Web site, the goal of the "Hispanic H2 Tour" was to "Build confidence, trust, and preference of the Army
within the Hispanic community." The "Takin' it to the Streets Tour" was designed to accelerate recruitment in the
African-American community where recruiters are particularly hard-pressed and faced with declining interest in the
military as a career. In short, the nexus between class, race, and the "volunteer armed forces" is an unavoidable fact. NOT
ALL RECRUITS, of course, are driven by financial need. In working- class communities of every color, there are often
long-standing traditions of military service and links between service and privileged forms of masculinity. For
communities often marked as "foreign," such as Latinos and Asians, there is pressure to serve in order to prove that one is
3. The current recession forces people to look for social services and they see the military as the only
option
4. Empirically denied- The military has used social services as the base of its recruiting strategy for
decades. Their continued use prove that they work
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62
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AT: It’s just the economy
1. People may be joining the military because of the economy, but it is the welfare benefits provided
by the military that make it attractive. Post plan there won’t be any effective incentives to join the
military and so the risks of combat will outweigh the rewards. That’s Leal.
2. The economy is headed up – even if people are joining based on the economy now that incentive
will be gone and the only reason to join the military will be their welfare benefits.
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63
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AT: Case o/w DA
Our impacts outweigh1. TimeframeHeg is high nowUS Heg High
Buchanan, Msnbc, political analyst, 2/20
(Patrick Buchanan, 2/20/09, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29302901/)
With an economy still three times that of China, America continues to be the world's most powerful nation,
fully capable of defending all of its vital interests. We can no longer, however, defend every ally to whom we made a commitment over the six
decades since NATO was formed. Obama's assignment: Rebuild U.S. productive power, and execute a strategic withdrawal
from non-vital commitments.
Extend Khalilizad- Heg is key to prevent nuke war, the upmost important impact in this round
Their systematic impact has absolutely no time frame- we don’t know when their impacts (insert
specifics) will happen, if anything they’re inevitable
2. Probability
Cross apply Buchanan 2/20- US Heg is high now, by doing the aff plan it will result in a decrease of
troops, that’s Mariscal ’07,
Troops are key to military power, that’s Gardiner ’08
Their systematic impact is not probable- they give no time as to when it may occur, means you default to
our heg impact
3. Magnitude
Heg is the biggest impact in the roundExtend Khalilizad ’95- heg is key to deter other countries from a nuke war
And even if we don’t win on magniture, timeframe and probability outweigh
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64
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
A2 Tech not size is key (1/2)
1. Tech doesn’t matter- even if we concede tech is good we still need the manpower to back up tech. Having a million drones
doesn’t matter if we do not have a million pilots to back it up.
2. Technology cannot replace troops
By Donna Miles American Forces Press Service (WASHINGTON - Jan. 27, 2009) (“Technology to enable, not replace
warfighters” http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2009/no012709.html)
Robots are helping to save warfighters' lives as they bring incredible new capabilities to the
battlefield, but probably won't ever replace humans in combat, the commander of U.S. Joint Forces
Command said Monday. Marine Corps Gen. James N. Mattis, who also serves as NATO's
supreme allied commander for transformation, told a Brookings Institution audience in Washington that
he doesn't see any time in the foreseeable future when human beings won't be central to
warfighting, despite technological advances. "War is fundamentally a social problem that demands
human solutions, despite the American penchant for a purely technological solution," he said during
a session about the impact of new robotic technologies on warfare. Telling the audience he's "no Luddite"
-- a reference to an 18th-century English movement that opposed technological change -- Mattis said he's
a big advocate of technology that gives warfighters a leg up on the battlefield He shared a story about a
visit to Iraq, when he encountered an explosive ordnance disposal team standing in formation beside a
hole in the ground. Inside the hole were pieces of a robot that had survived six earlier blasts, but was
destroyed by the seventh. "They were actually burying the robot," he said. "That robot had saved their
lives." Mattis pointed to other valuable uses of robots, including unmanned aerial vehicles that provide
intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities as well as attack capabilities. The time is
coming, he said, when an unmanned medical evacuation craft will be able to land in a "hot" landing zone
to extract wounded troops. But Mattis emphasized that technology alone can't fight and win wars. "I
want the best possible technology in the hands of our troops," he said. "But the idea that this is going to
solve the problem of war is a little silly if you study history." That's because although technology
has altered the character of war, "the fundamental nature of war has not changed," he said.
2. We control the timeframe- The tech they are talking about will not be here for 10 15 maybe even 20 years. By that time we get the
tech we would have already lost our heg and we would all be dead.
3. Troops are the biggest internal link into heg
Jim Talent is a Distinguished Fellow at The Heritage Foundation, where he specializes in military readiness and welfare reform
issues. February 20, 2007 (“More: The crying need for a bigger U.S. Military”
http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/022007b.cfm)
Add to this the fact that the active-duty Army is clearly too small. Even in an age of transformation
and non-linear battlefields, America will always need the capacity to put boots on the ground.
Particularly in the post-9/11 era, the U.S. needs the ability to carry on sustained, large-scale
peacekeeping or low-intensity combat missions, without having to send the same units on three or
four tours over the life of a mission. A nation of America's size and strength should not have to tie
up essentially its whole active-duty Army, much of its Marine Corps, and many of its reserves in order
to sustain 130,000 troops in the kind of low-intensity combat we are experiencing in Iraq.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
A2 tech not size key (2/2)
4, The military
needs more troops not tech
BALDOR 7-16
LOLITA C. BALDOR The Associated Press 7/16/2009 “US military eyes plan to increase Army by 30,000”
http://www.nj.com/newsflash/index.ssf?/base/national-6/12477840794010.xml&storylist=new_topstories&thispage=1
Military leaders have been warning Congress that the problem has been getting worse, as the
number of soldiers unable to return to the battlefield has increased by as much as 3,000 in the last several
years, according to Gen. Pete Chiarelli, the Army's vice chief of staff. "It is a stretched and sometimes
tired force that is meeting all the requirements, but at the same time it is difficult to get our units up to
the operating strength they need to before deployment," Chiarelli said. According to the Army, 13
percent of the personnel in a typical unit heading to war are not available, compared to 11 percent
previously. Roughly 9,400 soldiers are in so-called "warrior transition units," with either physical or
stress-related injuries. Another 10,000 are unavailable because of less serious injuries, medical
screening problems or pregnancy. In addition, about 10,000 have been tapped for other duties, or
have just returned from the battlefront, guaranteed one year at home before they redeploy.
5. Over reliance on tech is bad- tech fails and use of tech would send a lack of interest signal to our
enemies
By Donna Miles American Forces Press Service (WASHINGTON - Jan. 27, 2009) (“Technology to enable, not replace
warfighters” http://www.jfcom.mil/newslink/storyarchive/2009/no012709.html)
Overreliance on technology also can create vulnerabilities in the event that technology fails. Mattis
cited the widespread military use of GPS technology -- a capability he said the military fought tooth and
nail when it was first introduced, but now would be hard-pressed to operate without. The question of the
enemy shutting down GPS has become a question of "when, not if," Mattis said. "We may see a lot of
robots sitting in the warehouse" when that happens, he said. But Mattis said there's another potential
consequence to Americans' desire for purely technological solutions to wage bloodless wars. It could
send an unintentional message that the stakes being defended simply aren't high enough to commit
human beings. It also could mistakenly signal a lack of will to an enemy or potential enemy. "From a
Marine point of view, we cannot … lose our honor by failing to put our own skin on the line to protect the
realm," Mattis said. "There comes a point when you put your young folks at risk because you think it is
important enough for your way of life to defend it."
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66
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
A2 troop levels low
1.Even if we concede troop levels are low it doesn't take out the disad it just gives us more of a brink and
a reason as to why we need this sustained high recruitment.
2. This statement is just false- all of our uniqueness evidence postdates there’s saying that troop
recruitment is hitting record highs.
3. If you didn't believe the 1nc evidence here is another. Troop recruitment is skyrocketing.
BARNES 6-30
ROSCOE BARNES III Staff writer Jun 30, 2009 “Military sees increase in recruits”
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&tbs=qdr%3Am&q=Military+recruitment+increasing+&aq=f&oq=&
aqi=
Lack of jobs, little money and uncertain futures have prompted a rise in the number of people
signing up for military duty. Recruiters of all military branches are seeing a steady increase in the
numbers. In some cases, the military has raised its entry requirement in order to select better applicants. "I
have more people coming in right now than they have jobs available," Senior Airman Ronald Yarnell, Air
Force recruiter, said Monday. "It's pretty much the same nationwide." The Air Force in particular has
become more selective, Yarnell said. That's especially true with certain law violations. The new
standard is applied so that only those with the best qualifications will enter. "It's always been a
challenge to qualify. Now it's a little more of a challenge," he said. People with a record of law
violations have always been an issue of concern for the Air Force. Now it has simply "cracked down
on what it will allow and not allow," according to Yarnell. In terms of the economy, he said: "We have
a lot more interest this year because of job force security the Air Force offers. The numbers are a
little higher. We need the best qualified people to put in, because that is what this country is
demanding." Sgt. 1st Class Christopher Levack, U.S. Army recruiter, said he has seen a number of cases
involving people who could not find jobs. Some were college students. Others were recent high school
graduates. They apparently saw the military as the only answer, as well as an opportunity to grow and
learn new skills, Levack said I see a lot more people who don't have jobs coming in," Yarnell said. "The
age range has not changed too much. They have to be in basic by their 28th birthday." The average age
for new recruits in the Air Force is 21 and 22. They're eligible from 17 to 27, Yarnell said. Such is not the
case for the Army, which has been known to increase the age limit. In an article about rising
unemployment and it its connection to the military, The New York Times recently reported, "The pace of
over-35 enlistment in the Army jumped sharply in the first months of this year." It also reported that
"in the three years since the Army raised its age limit for enlisting to 42, from 35, a steady stream of older
recruits has joined." According to an article released by the American Forces Press Service, all of the
military branches met their recruiting goals for the 2008 fiscal year, which ended in September. The
article reported that the Army surpassed its goal of 80,000 by picking up 80,517; while the Navy topped
its goal of 38,419 with 38,485 new recruits. Results for the other branches include: Marines, nearing its
goal of 37,967 with 37,848 recruits; Air Force, surpassing its goal of 27,800 with 27,848 recruits. Sgt.
Lucas Karr, recruiter for the U.S. Marine Corps, agreed with other recruiters on the current state of
recruitment and its relationship to the economy. "It's basically pretty much the same all around," he said.
"People are signing up. There's a mixture of high school seniors and those who are going to be seniors."
Karr said the economy has had an impact. Those who sign up for the Marine Corps are making a good
choice, he said. After all, he said, it has a lot to offer. "We give leadership training and the skills to help
them progress in life," he said. "We give them what they need to be a success while in the military and out
of the military."
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67
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Economy is still bad
The economy is still getting worse
Michael A. Kamperman runs his own investment advisory firm, Prometheus Wealth Management. He earned a Master's Degree
in Business Administration from Baylor on June 30, 2009 (“Falling Consumer Confidence Foreshadows Worsening Jobs
Outlook”
outlook/
http://www.escapethenewgreatdepression.com/2009/06/30/falling-consumer-confidence-foreshadows-worsening-jobs-
The Consumer Confidence Index fell in June to a reading of 49.3 from a reading of 54.8 in May. The green-shoot
crowd expected confidence to continue rising. Based on an increase in the value of the stock markets and the constant press
coverage for green-shoots and an improving economic picture, the decline in confidence in June has come as a
cold slapped in the face to those looking for an imminent rebound in the economy . What I found
ominous in the report was the consumer outlook for employment. The Conference Board stated “ the job outlook was
also more pessimistic. Those anticipating more jobs in the months ahead decreased to 17.4 percent
from 19.3 percent, while those anticipating fewer jobs increased to 27.3 percent from 25.6 percent.” If this
survey is accurate, then the unemployment rate reported for June could approach 10%. The survey is a measure of attitudes
and feelings. The news coverage in May and June has been positive. The retrenchment in consumer sentiment
can only be traced to further deterioration in the real economy . The drop is especially significant since
people receiving a paycheck had fewer payroll related taxes withheld from their checks. Access to credit remains as tight as
ever for both consumers and businesses. The credit markets remain broken. The economy is made up of spending based
on access to cash. Access to cash can come from savings, income, or credit. As long as credit remains extremely tight the
economy has to rely on savings and income. But with unemployment rising and unemployment benefits
starting to run out for those that lost their jobs last summer and fall, incomes are not in a
position to pick up the slack for access to credit. That leaves savings . The rational response to a
deteriorating economy even for those with access to credit is to save more. Plus, if one cannot qualify for a mortgage or
auto loan one does not spend what savings they have for a downpayment. Washington has gone on a wait and watch
approach to the economy. This week they could get well get a wakeup call when the unemployment data is released. They
may seek to demean the data for the unemployment rate and call it once again a lagging indicator. Fine, but weekly
unemployment claims are not a lagging indicator. The weekly number has to begin to improve before the unemployment
rate can improve. When the economy improves employers first slow down their rate of layoffs. Then employers have their
existing workforce work longer hours. Finally employers hire and the unemployment rate begins to go down. The weekly
claims number released this week will be part of the July unemployment report. If that number is above 600,000 again,
then we will know the July unemployment report will also be weak. The credit markets and the economy will not heal on
their own in the near term. Only meaningful intervention from Washington will fix the credit markets
within the next few years.
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68
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Economy is still bad
Economic recovery won’t result in more jobs which is the main reason people join the military.
Don Lee July 2, 2009 LA Times, July 2 http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-jobless-recovery22009jul02,1,5303958.story
Reporting from Washington -- Even as the nation's economy begins clawing its way out of the worst
recession in 60 years, there are growing signs that this recovery could come with an unsettling twist: The
wheels of commerce may begin to turn again without any substantial boost in jobs. Not only is the
national unemployment rate, now 9.4%, likely to climb into double digits later this year, but it is
also expected to remain there well into 2010, economists say. That would prolong the misery of the
unemployed, squeeze retailers and other businesses, and add millions of dollars in government costs and
lost productivity. It could even threaten the recovery itself. Though it's common for the jobless rate to
keep climbing for a time after economic output turns positive, the aftermath of the last two downturns, in
1990-91 and 2001, introduced the idea of a "jobless recovery." Even though the economy improved,
many unemployed workers discovered that jobs as good as the ones they'd lost were almost
impossible to find. This time, many economists say, there are new factors that could make the
problem worse. Many more layoffs in this recession have been permanent, not temporary. And mass
layoffs are continuing at a record pace; in May they cost nearly 313,000 workers their jobs. Since the
recession began in December 2007, the U.S. economy has shed 6 million payroll jobs. That tally is
expected to grow today when the Labor Department releases the June employment figures.
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69
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
Economy is still bad
No economic recovery – job loss and tight consumer spending.
PETER S. GOODMAN, NYT Staff Writer, July 2, 2009,
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/03/business/economy/03jobs.html?bl&ex=1246766400&en=8550aaa276e4d8
46&ei=5087
The American economy lost 467,000 more jobs in June, and the unemployment rate edged up to 9.5
percent in a sobering indication that the longest recession since the 1930s had yet to release its hold.
“The numbers are indicative of a continued, very severe recession,” said Stuart G. Hoffman, chief
economist at PNC Financial Services in Pittsburgh. “There’s nothing in here to show that the economy
and the market are pulling out of the grip of recession.” The Labor Department’s monthly snapshot of
employment, released Thursday, challenged visions of a recovery already taking root. The numbers
intensify pressure on the Obama administration to show returns on programs aimed at improving national
fortunes — not least its $787 billion stimulus plan. Some economists are now calling for another dose of
government spending to stimulate the economy, though the White House maintains that enough money is
in the pipeline already. “Not all the recovery money has been put to work yet,” said the labor secretary,
Hilda L. Solis. “We’re making progress.” But Ms. Solis acknowledged that joblessness was already much
worse than the administration projected in January when it created its stimulus spending bill, suggesting
then that joblessness would peak at about 8 percent. Asked why the unemployment rate is already much
higher, Ms. Solis noted that much of the stimulus money was moving slowly, with construction projects
in particular requiring time-consuming government permits. “Over all, it’s been a challenge,” Ms. Solis
said. “We still have a ways to go.” That explanation echoed criticism that some initially leveled at the
spending package when it was debated in Congress: many of the projects would take too long to get
going, creating too few jobs in the near term. Still, Ms. Solis portrayed the program as a success. “We
would have done much worse had we not put the recovery plan in place,” she said. In recent weeks,
positive signs have emerged that automakers are beginning to see stronger sales, factories are gaining
more orders, and housing prices have stopped falling in some markets. But the jobs report injected the
sense that paychecks are disappearing so swiftly that consumer spending is likely to be tight,
limiting economic activity.
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70
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFFIRMATIVE
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF – No Link
Your data is flawed; the military doesn’t recruit more low income troops
Kane, Ph.D., research fellow at the Heritage Foundation, 11-23-05
Tim Kane, Ph.D., is Bradley Research Fellow in Labor Policy in the Center for Data Analysis at The Heritage Foundation., Is Iraq a
Poor Man's War?, The Heritage Foundation, November 23, 2005, http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/wm922.cfm
On November 7, the Heritage Foundation’s Center for Data Analysis released its 21-page “Who Bears the
Burden?” report on military recruitment. This report uses Department of Defense data on all active-duty enlistees in FY
1999 and the January to September period of 2003. The report’s key finding is that “There are slightly higher
proportions of recruits from the middle class and slightly lower proportions from low-income
brackets,” and its lead author (also the author of this paper) suggested that “Congress needs to remain steadfast in
opposing coerced conscription and expose the myths of racial and class exploitation in military recruiting.”
How could two analyses of similar data differ so widely in their conclusions? A look at the NPP study’s underlying
methodology answers this question.
Almost all of NPP’s findings are based on an analysis of what it calls the “top 20 counties by recruitment rate,” which
forms the basis the Post’s chart. NPP reasons that because these counties are rural and rural areas are poorer
on average, recruits are therefore poorer than average, which suggests exploitation. This reasoning is
flawed. Serious researchers and statistically literate journalists would not use a non-random sample of
twenty counties to represent the state of the military.
Common sense suggests that a handful of counties with small populations will always have the highest
recruitment rates. It only takes one enlistee in a county with only twenty equivalent youths to achieve the
top ranking. Indeed, four of NPP’s top twenty counties had just four enlistees, and the average per county was 14.[4] In
all, NPP’s top twenty counties accounted for just 275 recruits, less than two-tenths of one percent of all the
recruits in 2004. By contrast, the zip code area 28314 in Fayetteville, North Carolina, was the home of 111 recruits in
2003, more than any other ZIP code in the nation.
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AFF – Military Recruitment Takeouts
Energy is now the defining measure of power, not military strength.
Klare, Professor at Hampshire College, 08
(Michael T. Klare, Professor at Hampshire College, Foreign Policy in Focus, Author of “Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet: The New
Geopolitics of Energy,” 2008, Rising Powers, Shrinking Planet)
In this new, challenging political landscape, the possession of potent military arsenals can be upstaged
by the ownership of mammoth reserves of oil, natural gas, and other sources of primary energy. Hence,
Russia, which escaped from the Cold War era in a shattered, demoralized condition, has reemerged as a major actor
in the international arena by virtue of its colossal energy resources. For all its military might, the
United States has, in contrast, sometimes found itself reduced to cajoling its foreign oil suppliers —
including long-term allies such as Saudi Arabia—to increase their petroleum output in order to slow the
upward spiral in energy prices. The “sole superpower” has, in short, found itself scrambling—on the
battlefield, on global trading floors, and in diplomatic back rooms—to somehow come to terms with what Sen. Richard
G. Lugar (R-Ind.) has termed “petro-superpowers”—nations that wield disproportionate power in the
international system by virtue of their superior energy reserves.
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AFF – Recruitment Decreasing
Budget Cuts mean recruiting will decrease
Watertown Daily Times ’09 (Watertown Daily Times 5-12-09
http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090512/OPINION01/305129958)
The Defense Department has benefited from the recession which has boosted enlistments and helped meet the nation's
manpower needs.
The armed services have met or exceeded their recruitment goals in the past few months, so much so that they can again be
more selective in choosing their recruits. In order to meets its goals, the Army has been issuing waivers to those with
criminal records or health problems who would have been unacceptable before. That is no longer necessary.
The recession has made the armed services a more appealing alternative to job seekers at a time that the
Pentagon is also increasing manpower levels to meet security needs.
As a result, the Pentagon plans to cut its $7.7 billion budget for recruiting and retention by almost $800
million.
That comes as good news for the Pentagon and nation, but it also calls for caution to avoid falling behind on
future manpower needs.
Obama cut Recruitment Budget
Heller, Times Washington Correspondent,
’09, (Marc Heller, Watertown Daily Times, 5-12-09,
http://www.watertowndailytimes.com/article/20090512/NEWS02/305129956/-1/NEWS)
WASHINGTON — The U.S. military built its recent expansion on aggressive advertising, enlistment bonuses and more
military recruiters.
The question for the Obama administration now is whether it can hold onto those gains while letting go of the ideas that
helped create them.
President Obama's proposed budget for the next fiscal year scales back the recruiting and retention
effort by trimming the number of recruiters, cutting bonuses and reducing spending for advertising.
Officials say the proposal reflects the military's achievement of recruiting and retention goals this year ahead of schedule as
well as an overall effort to rein in spending the administration considers unnecessary during the recession
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AFF -- Recruitment Low
The military is failing to meet recruitment goals
Gary Evans, MD June 2008 “The Pentagon’s Child Recruiting Strategy”
http://www.ringnebula.com/Oil/recruiting-children.pdf.
Despite recent reports of an increasing rate of suicides among US troops, and despite news reports of
"stop-loss" troop recycling and declining troop moral, the Pentagon's recent recruiting and retention
report for 20077 implies success. The facts underlying the statistics offered, however, tell a different
story: "The number of wavers granted to Army recruits with criminal backgrounds [125,000] has
grown about 65 percent in the past three years...,"8 and the percentage of minimally qualified recruits
has quadrupled since 2002.9 Representative Martin T. Meechen, Chairman of the House Armed
Services Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight: "The data is crystal clear; our armed forces are
under incredible strain, and the only way that they can fill their recent quotas is by lowering their
standards."8 Recruitment Funding Pentagon spending on recruitment has increased dramatically
over the past few years, approaching $4 billion by 2003.10 As of 2006, there were over 22,000 recruiters
nationwide,11 charged with signing up between 180,000 and 200,000 new active duty recruits,10, 11 and
approximately 120,000 new reservists per year.11 In 2000, the US House of Representatives determined
that $6400 was being spent to sign up each marine,12 and by 2005, the military spent approximately
$16,000 in total promotional costs to enlist each new recruit.11, 13 Despite the enormous sums spent
attempting to maintain an all volunteer military during these times of growing anti-war sentiment, the
armed forces have been unable to meet new recruit sign-up quotas. There is always a way, however,
and here the balance sheets have been righted by dropping ballast, also known as “standards,” and
by implementing military contract fine-print: Executive Order #12728, dated 8/22/90 referring US
Code, Title 10, section 12305 and Title 3, section 301, better known as “Stop Loss,” which allows
troops to be returned to battlefields again by delaying their removal from active duty indefinitely. In this
way, military statisticians have forced the claim that recruitment quotas are being fulfilled.14
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Despite the current economic downturn, there are still recruiting shortages.
Michael Carden, staff writer for Faxts News, December 2008 “Recruiting Still Challenging Despite Job Market, Official
Says”, 12/06/08 http://www.faxts.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1227:michael-j-carden&catid=1:latest-news&Itemid=99
Although military recruiting is less difficult in a waning economy and low job market, attracting recruits remains an
ongoing challenge, a Defense Department official said here today during an interview with the Pentagon Channel.
"Military recruiting is always a challenge, regardless of what the unemployment rate is," Curt Gilroy, accession policy
director for the Defense Department, said.
Unemployment in the United States rose to 6.7 percent in November and is projected to continue its increase in 2009, the
Labor Department reported last month. For the military, however, high unemployment typically means more recruits and
higher retention rates.
"When the economy is lacking and unemployment rises, like we're experiencing today, jobs are scarcer and military
recruiting is less challenging," Gilroy explained. "But it's still a tough job for our recruiters."
In spite of the unemployment rate or the state of the economy, the services still need to recruit 185,000 men and women
each year in the active-duty forces and another 65,000 for the reserves just to replenish the force, he noted.
Recruiters have one of the toughest jobs in the military, he said. About 15,500 of them work in recruiting stations across the
country, educating young men and women on benefits, pay and training opportunities in the military, Gilroy said.
Military recruiters have the most significant impact in the whether the services reach their monthly and annual goals,
even with a difficult economy, he said.
"Regardless of what unemployment is, we need to recruit about 250,000 young men and women each year to replenish
the force," Gilroy said. "We talk about the military being an all-volunteer military, but it's really an all-recruited
military."
The Military is suffering big problems in recruitment and retention
Bill Maxwell, columnist for the Washington times, “Army Needs Rebuilding” 10/26/08
http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/26/army-needs-rebuilding/
Five years later, a crude reality has emerged: Our all-volunteer service is straining under the weight of forces few in
Afghanistan.
Because the military is all-volunteer, the biggest problems are recruitment and keeping personnel in the ranks for the
duration of their enlistments. To meet recruitment goals and to keep troop levels adequate during this era of the socalled war on terror, the military, especially the active Army and the Reserves, has been forced to lower its standards
for enlistees.
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AFF – Social Services Now
Stimulus included funding for a laundry list of social services
Suzanne Perry, News Writer for “The Chronicles of Philanthropy” January 29, 2009,
http://philanthropy.com/news/updates/6954/house-stimulus-legislation-would-bolster-social-services-spending
The economic-stimulus package approved last night by the House of Representatives would provide new money to an array
of health and social-services programs, offering some relief to charities that are facing rising demand and shrinking revenues
as the economic crisis deepens.
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 would introduce about $819-billion in spending and tax cuts designed
to create from 3 million to 4 million jobs. The package would provide money for clean energy, public schools, health
technology, and road and bridge projects.
But it would also spend $87-billion to increase the federal share of Medicaid, the health program for poor people, through
the end of 2010, which could head off some state budget cuts that would affect nonprofit medical centers.
It also proposes $2.1-billion for Head Start and Early Head Start, the early-education programs; $1.5-billion to help
community health centers renovate their clinics and provide care to more uninsured patients; $200-million for the
Emergency Food and Shelter Program, which is governed by a board of social-services charities; and $100-million for the
Compassion Capital Fund, which provides grants to religious and other charities to provide social services.
In an effort to help states that are facing massive shortfalls as tax revenues plummet, the bill also seeks $2-billion for Child
Care and Development Block Grants, to offer child-care services to low-income families; $1-billion for Community Service
Block Grants, to provide social services to low-income people; and $1-billion for Community Development Block Grants,
to pay for housing and antipoverty projects. Charities get many of the contracts to operate those programs.
It would also offer $200-million to AmeriCorps, the national-service program, and $50-million to the National
Endowment for the Arts to provide grants to struggling arts groups.
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Stimulus spent over 300 billion dollars on expanding social services
AP) Associated Press, June 4, 2009, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31110642//
Remember the "shovel-ready" projects lined up for all that stimulus money? It turns out social spending, more than
construction, is hitting pay dirt in the huge federal effort to turn the economy around.
The public face of the stimulus package has been the worker in a hard hat, getting back on the job to rebuild the nation's
infrastructure.
Earlier this spring, for example, California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger appeared before the cameras at a job site along a
freeway east of San Francisco. He declared that the stimulus-financed project would provide paychecks for 235 construction
workers who otherwise would have to "stand in the unemployment line."
The reality of how the vast majority of the stimulus money will be spent is quite different, and that raises questions about how
much help the Recovery Act backed by President Barack Obama will be to the economy in the long run.
Most of the roughly $300 billion coming directly to the states is being funneled through existing government programs
for health care, education, unemployment benefits, food stamps and other social services.
"We all talked about 'shovel-ready' since September and assumed it was a whole lot of paving and building when, in fact, that's
not the case," said Chris Whatley, the Washington director of the Council of State Governments, a trade group for state
governments. He estimates states will get three times more money for education than for transportation.
Government programs benefit
Two-thirds of recovery money that flows directly to states will go toward health care.
By comparison, about 15 percent of the money is for transportation, including airports, highways and rail projects, according to
Federal Funds Information for States, a service of the National Governors Association and the National Conference of State
Legislatures.
Overall, two-thirds of the stimulus program will go toward tax cuts, relief for state budgets and direct payments to the
unemployed and others hurt by the recession, part of the administration's desire to provide immediate fiscal relief.
Much smaller pieces of the pie will be allocated for weatherization, affordable housing and other projects designed to create
jobs.
John Husing, a Southern California economist, said keeping teachers and police officers employed should help prevent the
recession from getting worse. But he said the stimulus package would have improved communities' ability to grow over the
long haul if it had dedicated more money to public works.
While billions of dollars eventually will flow to infrastructure projects, Democrats who crafted the package say they
directed most of it to existing government programs such as Medicaid and education to prevent state economies from
slipping even more. One goal was to help fill state budget gaps, keeping teachers and others employed while strengthening the
social safety net.
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36 billion dollars have been allocated to help states fund current programs
Input, the authority on government business. May 28, 2009,
http://issueswire.com/releases/Economic_Stimulus_Guide/Social_Services/prweb2467934.htm
INPUT, the leading authority on government business, has analyzed the The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
(ARRA) of 2009 which allocates $36 billion to social services, aiming to replenish depleted state and local budgets. The
funds will address reductions in state and local government public welfare by extending unemployment benefits,
providing workforce training, addressing the needs of seniors and funding programs for child and youth nutrition and
education.
According to INPUT, the bulk of federal funds for social services will flow to the states and municipalities. State agencies
have the infrastructure in place to spend the funds, but local agencies may struggle and will need more resources, training, and
staff.
In the report, Economic Stimulus State & Local Vertical Report: Social Services, INPUT makes recommendations to
government contractors on how they can leverage stimulus dollars.
* Nine states will get more than $5B in social services spending. They include: Texas, California, New York, Florida,
Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania
* Three New England states received $250M or less. They include Maine, Vermont and New Hampshire
* Public welfare programs will be stabilized through this funding, which essentially provides a one-time infusion of
funding to existing operating programs rather than supporting new programs
* States are under great pressure to commit the funds for these programs in order to support families, and increase
consumer spending that can help boost state economies
* Opportunities can be found in professional services, training, staffing, information management systems
* The ARRA funds allocated to social services boost operational spending on: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Program (SNAP); WIC; Unemployment Insurance
* Because it reduces the pressure on states to address social services budget shortfalls, the funding could delay necessary
state budget reform
* This funding doesn't reform welfare services - a future task for the Obama Administration
* States will likely use ARRA money for professional development and skills training
* There will be greater transparency and public tracking of social services stimulus funds
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AFF: Economy Will Rebound
Economic recovery inevitable, recruitment will fall
Balli Press Release, July 5, 2009 http://www.24-7pressrelease.com/press-release/balli-steel-forecasts-economicrecovery-in-five-phases-106823.php
LONDON, ENGLAND, July 05, 2009 /24-7PressRelease/ -- Balli Steel, one of the world's largest privately owned
independent commodity traders, has forecast that the global economic recovery will sequentially occur in five phases, with
increased demand for steel in each sector acting as a barometer or indicator of such recovery. Balli Steel highlights that
global annualised steel production this year is forecast to be 1.1 billion tonnes, down on last year's record 1.3 billion tonnes, but
significantly higher than the 800 million tonnes recorded in 2000. Balli considers the steel markets of North America, Europe
and the Gulf Co-operation Countries (GCC) the hardest hit by, not only the credit crisis, but by overstocking and speculation
on future prices. Balli expects the market in the GCC economies to see a gradual improvement while North America and
Europe will experience continued problems. Forecasts indicate that Japan and South Korea will also continue to face economic
challenges since their industries are more dependent on Western Europe and North America. Vahid Alaghband, Group
Chairman of Balli Steel, said: "The credit crunch and global economic downturn has had a 'Tsunami Effect' covering all key
economic sectors: steel and other commodities, property, automotive, capital goods and finance. At present steel producers are
operating only at around 50-60% of their capacity. We consider the implementation of government driven stimulus
packages, which will see significant public sector investment in civil engineering and infrastructure projects, will
procure the first phase of the global economic recovery." Balli Steel considers that the second phase will be characterised
by a gradual recovery of the housing market that is expected to begin in Q4 2009, and which will be led by key cities such as
London, New York, Singapore and Hong Kong. Vahid Alaghband observed: "With prices down by up to 40% in certain
markets, overnight interest rates at the near zero level, and yields at up to 10%, property has become a good long term
investment again. With supply at a record low we expect the market to grow steadily through to beginning 2010 and well
into 2014. The return to the market of competitive mortgages will prove a further boost." Phase three of the recovery will be
characterised by increased demand for products that rely on unsecured loans and consumer-credit. Balli Steel calculates
that the retail, white goods and automotive industry will begin to see a return to recovery to begin around Q2 2010. Balli also
expects a recovery of the global shipbuilding industry, providing a major boost to steel traders, in the first quarter of 2011,
marking the return to more normal international trading patterns and leading the fourth phase of the global recovery. The fifth
phase will be a return to more normal investment in capital goods by producers as they gain confidence in the state of the
world economy. "We are by no means out of the woods yet and there is a lot of pain ahead of us in 2009 and 2010. But in the
last few weeks as I speak to business counterparts the general consensus appears to be that we are no longer in a state of
uncontrolled free-fall and we are at or close to the bottom in a number of markets," said Vahid Alaghband. About Balli: Balli
Holdings, is a large private, multi-national corporation, headquartered in London, but with offices in Dubai and other key
business hubs around the world. Balli was established in 1982 and operates a number of affiliated companies specialising in
commodity trading, industrial, real estate and private equity with operations in over 20 countries. Together with its affiliated
companies, Balli employs over 2,000 people worldwide.
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AFF: Economy Will Rebound
The economy is on the rebound
Shobhana Chandra and Alex Tanzi Economic Correspondents, July 10, 2009,
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=a_Xb00lMEnNM
July 10 (Bloomberg) -- The U.S. economy will expand faster than previously forecast in the second half of this year and
in 2010 as a revival in consumer spending signals an end to the recession, a Bloomberg News survey showed. Growth will
average 1.5 percent in the July-to-December period, compared with last month’s 1.2 percent projection, according to the
median of 57 forecasts in the survey taken from July 2 to July 8. The jobless rate will exceed 10 percent early next year and
average 9.8 percent for 2010.
Signs of stability in the housing market, improving consumer confidence and smaller declines in auto sales are
reinforcing forecasts for gains in consumer purchases. While the recovery is likely to be tempered by job cuts and shrinking
household wealth, most economists said a second stimulus package won’t be needed.
“We are on the cusp of stabilization,” said Stephen Stanley, chief economist at RBS Securities Inc. in Stamford, Connecticut.
“The right things are happening. They’re not happening fast enough to make everyone comfortable just yet, but we’re
certainly headed in the right direction.”
Federal Reserve officials will begin to lift the benchmark interest rate in the third quarter of next year and take it to 1 percent in
the final three months, the survey showed. A month ago, economists said the Fed would hold the rate near zero until the fourth
quarter of 2010.
The economy probably shrank at a 1.8 percent rate from April to June, the latest survey showed, less than economists forecast
last month. The U.S. will return to growth in the current quarter and expand 2.1 percent next year.
Survey participants also raised their projections for consumer spending, which accounts for about 70 percent of the economy.
Purchases will rise 1 percent this quarter after contracting in the prior three months, they said.
Growth in spending will accelerate to 1.8 percent by the first quarter of 2010.
“While the recession will be over soon, the recovery, at least in the first year, will be fairly lackluster,” said Nariman
Behravesh, chief economist at IHS Global Insight in Lexington, Massachusetts. “For consumers, the biggest headwind is
unemployment, and here, unfortunately, the news will get worse in the next few months.”
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AFF -- Unemployment Will Decrease
Stimulus means job growth inevitable.
CQ News, July 5, 2009 http://www.cqpolitics.com/wmspage.cfm?docID=news-000003158539
Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. acknowledged Sunday that the administration made a mistake in assessing the depth and gravity
of the nation’s economic crisis but predicted stepped-up job creation as more money in the economic stimulus package rolls out.
“...the truth is, there was a misreading of just how bad an economy we inherited ... but we are now only about 120 days into the
recovery package,” he said on ABC’s “This Week.” “No one anticipated, no one expected that that recovery package would
in fact be in a position at this point of having distributed the bulk of the money.” He conceded that the current
unemployment rate, 9.5 percent, is “much too high,” and “what we have to do, is we have to, as this [stimulus] rolls out,
put more pace on the ball. The second hundred days, you’re going to see a lot more jobs created. And the reason you
are is now all of these contracts for the over several thousand highway projects that have approved.”
Unemployment is beginning to decrease
Shobhana Chandra and Bob Willis, Economic Correspondents, June 4, 2009,
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aU_z.gP96rBI
June 4 (Bloomberg) -- Fewer American workers filed claims for jobless benefits last week, signaling that the worst phase
of the employment slump has passed. Initial applications for unemployment insurance fell by 4,000 to 621,000 in the
week ended May 30, in line with forecasts, figures from the Labor Department showed today in Washington. Another Labor
report showed worker productivity rose more in the first quarter than previously estimated. Greater efficiency is contributing
to an improvement in profits that will likely lead to fewer job cuts in coming months, analysts said. Companies such as
United Technologies Corp. are among those that have slashed payrolls to control labor costs and boost earnings, a step that
may help get the economy out of the worst recession in half a century. “Employers are far advanced in the pace of job cuts,”
said John Herrmann, president of Herrmann Forecasting in Summit, New Jersey. Firings “should slow materially” in coming
months, he said. The claims report also showed the number of people collecting unemployment insurance fell to 6.74
million in the week ended May 23 from 6.75 million the prior week. It was the first decrease in almost five months, breaking
a string of 17 consecutive records.
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AFF – Troops Not key to Success
Increasing recruitment exacerbates military inefficiencies
Spencer, senior policy analyst for the Heritage Foundation, 2-10-04
Jack Spencer, Senior Policy Analyst for Defense and National Security in the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for
International Studies at The Heritage Foundation, Growing the Army the Right Way, The Heritage Foundation, February 10, 2004,
http://www.heritage.org/Research/NationalSecurity/em912.cfm
the Army is stretched, and the emerging gap between its capabilities and responsibilities
must be decreased. To ensure that the Army is properly structured in the long term, the focus should be
on force capability, not end-strength. Adding troops in the near term could help to reduce the strain, but
committing to permanent increases now would only perpetuate the structural problems that originally
caused these strains.
Nonetheless,
Misplaced resources, not inadequate resources, are causing much of the Army's stress. A temporary increase may alleviate
the pressure in the near term, but long-term success requires further restructuring. This effort has already begun with the
restructuring in Europe and the Pacific. Similarly, the Pentagon has identified 50,000 clerical positions within the
uniformed services that could be filled from the private sector. Of these positions, 10,000 were converted to combat
positions in 2003, and another 10,000 will be converted this year. To maximize the short-term impact of the additional
troops without jeopardizing future reforms, Congress and policymakers should consider the following recommendations.
Keep the increases temporary until future needs are better understood. America's armed forces
have not been sized for the many missions asked of them since the end of the Cold War. Throughout
the 1990s, the force was drastically cut while simultaneously asked to take on many more missions.
This mismatch resulted in severe declines in readiness by the late 1990s. While the gap had begun to close
before September 11, the war on terrorism--specifically, Operation Iraqi Freedom--has once again
exposed the disparities between America's military ends and means. This problem is not so much a result of
the war on terrorism as it is a consequence of failing to adequately reform the defense establishment. Simply adding
troops would allow the Pentagon to perpetuate its structural problems.
U.S. Military success doesn’t guarantee a win on the war against terrorism
Cohen, Ph.D., is a Research Fellow at The Heritage Foundation, and the author of "Russian Imperialism
Development and Crisis, 01
(Ariel Cohen, Ph.D., is a Research Fellow at The Heritage Foundation, and the author of "Russian Imperialism: Development and
Crisis, 11/26/01, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav112601.shtml)
The stunning success of US-led military operations in routing the Taliban provides no assurances that the United States will
win the war against terrorism, leading policy analysts say. It is doubtful that the root causes of terrorism in Central Asia can
be addressed by military means, the experts add.
Battlefield developments continue to go the anti-terrorism coalition's way. Northern Alliance forces appear to have crushed
most pockets of resistance around the Northern city of Kunduz. Meanwhile, a US Marines expeditionary force is deploying
near the Taliban stronghold of Kandahar, in southern Afghanistan. The 1,000-strong force is expected to lead the assault on
the last Taliban bastion.
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AFF – Troops Not key to Success
Increase in troops results in a losing strategy in Afghanistan
Chellaney, prof. of Strategic Studies at the Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi, ‘09
(Brahma Chellaney, prof. of Strategic Studies at the Centre for Policy Research in New Delhi, 09,
http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/31/stories/2009013151861100.htm)
Mr. Obama is right to emphasise an integrated U.S. strategy towards those two countries. But even as he has embarked on some
major steps, his strategy has yet to signal a meaningful integration. While pursuing a “surge” of U.S. forces in Afghanistan
without clarity on the precise nature and length of the military mission, Mr. Obama is seeking to do, albeit in more subtle ways,
what U.S. policy has traditionally done — prop up the Pakistani state. Mr. Obama’s priority is to prevent Pakistan’s financial
collapse while getting the Pakistani military to stop aiding Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Toward that end, Mr. Obama is set to more
than triple non-military aid to a near-bankrupt Pakistan, already one of the three largest recipients of U.S. assistance, but with the
military aid currently being three times larger than the economic aid. Sending 30,000 more U.S. forces into Afghanistan is a
losing strategy. In fact, Taliban attacks escalated last year, even as the number of NATO and U.S. troops in Afghanistan nearly
doubled in the first half of 2008. The Soviet Union, with 100,000 troops, couldn’t pacify a country that historically has been “the
graveyard of empires.” Yet, Mr. Obama has embarked on a near-doubling of U.S. troops in Afghanistan to raise the combined
U.S., NATO and allied force level there to 100,000.
Piling more troops in Afghanistan is unsuccessful- Economy development is key
Woodward, Washington Post staff writer, July/1/09
(Bob Woodward, Washington Post Staff Writer, July 1, 2009, The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp
dyn/content/article/2009/06/30/AR2009063002811.html?sid=ST2009063002822)
CAMP LEATHERNECK, Afghanistan -- National security adviser James L. Jones told U.S. military commanders here last week
that the Obama administration wants to hold troop levels here flat for now, and focus instead on carrying out the previously
approved strategy of increased economic development, improved governance and participation by the Afghan military and
civilians in the conflict. he message seems designed to cap expectations that more troops might be coming, though the
administration has not ruled out additional deployments in the future. Jones was carrying out directions from President Obama,
who said recently, "My strong view is that we are not going to succeed simply by piling on more and more troops." This will not
be won by the military alone," Jones said in an interview during his trip. "We tried that for six years." He also said: "The piece of
the strategy that has to work in the next year is economic development. If that is not done right, there are not enough troops in the
world to succeed."
NATO countries troops key- increase in U.S. troops unnecessary
CBS News, 1/17/07
(Joel Roberts, CBS News, January 17, 2007, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/01/17/terror/main2366189.shtml)
Defense Secretary Robert Gates said Wednesday that U.S. commanders in Afghanistan have recommended an increase in U.S.
force levels, in part to deal with an expected upsurge in Taliban violence this year. Gates would not say how many more troops
were recommended to him. "It depends on different scenarios," he told reporters. "Those are the kinds of decisions we're going to
have to look at." Gates said U.S. troop levels in Afghanistan this year would depend in part on troop contributions from other
NATO countries who are part of a U.S.-led coalition attempting to stabilize the country and prevent the Taliban from regaining
power. Noting a recent increase in Taliban attacks against U.S. and allied forces, Gates said the United States should "keep the
initiative" and not allow the radical Taliban movement to regroup.
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AFF – Troops Not key to Success
Man power is not important in the military
Jack Spencer is Senior Policy Analyst for Defense and National Security in the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom
Davis Institute for International Studies at The Heritage Foundation. August 1, 2003 (“Reducing Stress on an
Overstretched Force” http://www.heritage.org/research/nationalsecurity/em895.cfm)
While U.S. forces are not adequate to sustain the current rate of deployment, simply adding manpower is not necessarily
the answer. Clearly, the U.S. needs more capabilities. However, while adding manpower may seem like the quickest way to
fill the capabilities gap, it is not the best way to solve the problem. People are expensive The most effective weapons in the
U.S. armed forces are soldiers, sailors, airmen, and Marines. They are also, understandably, the most expensive. Only about a
third of the defense budget is spent on developing and buying weapons. Most of the rest goes to personnel and operational
costs. Maintaining personnel beyond the number needed to fulfill U.S. national security requirements takes resources
away from important efforts such as modernization and transformation. The result can be inappropriate deployments A
perceived excess of manpower tempts political leaders to deploy forces on operations that have little or nothing to do with U.S.
national security. After the Cold War, this perception arguably contributed to heavy U.S. involvement in peacekeeping efforts
in places like Haiti, Somalia, and the Balkans. It is not the only measure of capability Although manpower end-strength is
important, it does not by itself determine capabilities. For example, a force trained and equipped for the Cold War,
regardless of size, would be inappropriate for the war on terrorism. Similarly, a military unit using old technology may
not be as capable as a unit half its size using new technology. Structuring the force to reflect modern national security
requirements accurately is more important than investing resources in outdated and wasteful organizations.
The military must downsize to meet contemporary threats
Charles V. Pena, a senior fellow with the Coalition for a Realistic Foreign Policy, February 9, 2006, Science
Direct
The defense budget can be reduced and the U.S. military downsized because (1) the nation-state threat environment is
markedly different than it was during the Cold War, and (2) a large military is not necessary to combat the terrorist
threat. In fact, the Islamist terrorist threat is relatively undeterred by the U.S. military presence abroad, and U.S. forces
abroad, particularly those deployed in Muslim countries, may do more to exacerbate than to diminish the threat. The
arduous task of dismantling and degrading the terrorist network will largely be the task of unprecedented international
intelligence and law enforcement cooperation, not the application of large-scale military force. To the extent the military is
involved in the war on terror, it will be special forces in discrete operations against specific targets rather than largescale military operations.
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AFF – Troops Not key to Success
Current Threats make a large military useless
Charles V. Pena, a senior fellow with the Coalition for a Realistic Foreign Policy, February 9, 2006, Science
Direct
The United States is in a uniquely safe geostrategic position against traditional, nation-state threats. No nearby foreign
power is capable of projecting power to attack the United States, while the U.S. nuclear arsenal is a powerful deterrent
against any countries with long-range nuclear capability. So the United States does not need a large, conventional military
to defend the homeland against nation-states. Today, the major threat to the homeland comes from transnational networks
of Islamist terrorists, and in the war on terror, large-scale military operations will be the exception rather than the rule.
Al Qaeda does not command a military force, and as a transnational terrorist organization, it does not have physical
infrastructure and high-value targets that can be easily identified and destroyed by military force.
The military's role in the war on terror mainly involves Special Operations Forces in discrete missions against specific
targets, not conventional warfare aimed at overthrowing entire regimes (such as Operation Iraqi Freedom). The rest of the
war to dismantle and degrade Al Qaeda will largely be the task of unprecedented international intelligence and law
enforcement cooperation. Therefore, an increasingly large defense budget—the Department of Defense projects the budget to
grow to more than Image 492 billion by fiscal year 20101—is not necessary either to fight the war on terror or to protect
America from traditional nation-state military threats.
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AFF – Troops Not key to Success
American Weapon superiority makes large forces unnecessary
Max Boot, scholar at Council of Foreign Relations (think tank), columnist of “Los Angeles Times”, 2006
http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-paradox-of-military-technology
Assuming that warplanes can reach their destination, the growing precision of bombs and missiles has
made it possible to take out targets with fewer and smaller munitions than ever before. (The U.S. Air
Force’s latest bomb carries only 50 pounds of explosives.) Weapons are getting smarter all the time. The
U.S. Sensor-Fuzed Weapon, first employed in the current Iraq War, disperses 40 “skeet” anti-armor
warheads that use infrared and laser sensors to find and destroy armored vehicles within a 30-acre area.
The Tactical Tomahawk, which entered production in 2004, can loiter up to three hours while searching for
targets and receiving in-flight retargeting instructions.
The U.S. preponderance in smart bombs and missiles helps to compensate for the relatively small size of
its manned bomber force. As of 2005, the U.S. Air Force had only 157 long-range bombers (B-52s, B-1s, B2s), a considerable fall not only from World War II (when the U.S. had 34,780) but also from the end of the
Cold War (360). While few in number, each B-2 can perform the work of thousands of B-29s by “servicing” 80
“aim points” per sortie.
Tankers such as the KC-10 and KC-135 vastly extend the range and effectiveness of combat aircraft. Cargolifters like the U.S. C-5, C-17, and C-130 and the Russian An-70 and An-225 also perform an invaluable, if
unglamorous, role in projecting military power around the world. The U.S. owns 740 tanker aircraft and
1,200 cargo aircraft—far more than any other country. A lack of such support aircraft makes it difficult for
even the relatively sophisticated European militaries to move their forces very far.
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AFF – Troops Not key to Success
Asymmetric warfare means the size of our military is irrelevant.
Grange, Brigadier-General (ret.), 2k
(David L. Grange, Brigadier-General (ret.), U.S. Army, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Robert. R.
McCormick Tribune Foundation, 2000, http://blackboard.jfsc.ndu.edu/html/jfscPublications/assets/docs/cam_grange.pdf)
This dangerous environment, coupled with the increased use of our military as an extension of U.S. diplomacy, has
placed us in a situation where our adversaries employ asymmetric tactics to negate superior
conventional strength. We Americans look at conflict through a winner’s eyes-usually from a past war.
Setbacks cause concern, and if our quick-fix for the conflict at hand derails, due to unintended consequences, we usually
overreact and are unable to deal with reality. Our standard approach to adversary actions means that we have
trouble adapting to what we actually find on the ground. Planned intervention on the cheap, with awkward
constraints, is inflexible and pompous. Past high-tech, standoff warfare is largely ineffective against these
fourth- generation adversaries. We continue trying to play American football on a European soccer
field.
Asymmetric tactics empirically negate superior technology or force.
Grange, Brigadier-General (ret.), 2k
(David L. Grange, Brigadier-General (ret.), U.S. Army, Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of the Robert. R.
McCormick Tribune Foundation, 2000, http://blackboard.jfsc.ndu.edu/html/jfscPublications/assets/docs/cam_grange.pdf)
Recent examples of asymmetric actions abound around the world. Riots planned by faction leaders,
made up of coerced non-combatants, and manipulated by gangster police, were effective against
NATO troops keeping the peace in Bosnia. Milosevic was able to move special police troops and other thugs at
will throughout Kosovo, destroying life and infrastructure, while NATO’s unmatched air power was
incapable of stopping him.
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A2: Economy Impact
Economy is on the rebound
Trumbull 09
Mark
Trumbull
| Staffwriter/
July
20,
2009
(“rebuilding
http://features.csmonitor.com/economyrebuild/2009/07/20/leading-index-suggests-us-economy-is-mending/
the
economy”
Fresh signs emerged Monday that the US economy may start growing again in the months ahead,
despite obstacles posed by a historic financial crisis. An index of future economic activity rose in June for the
third straight month, according to the Conference Board, a business research group in New York. Seven of the 10
forward-looking indicators that make up the group’s “leading economic index” showed a positive trend
in June. Among the most significant: Stock prices jumped, new claims for unemployment benefits fell, and
construction firms began seeking more permits to build new homes. All this doesn’t mean the economy is on
the cusp of a vigorous rebound. But they are important signs that a mending process is under way. Another positive
signal came Monday in a survey of business forecasters. They still say that America’s gross domestic product will be
smaller at year-end than it was in January, but they are no longer downgrading their outlook the way they were at beginning
of the year “[The] Survey provides new evidence that the U.S. recession is abating, but few signs of an
immediate recovery,” said economist Sara Johnson of IHS Global Insight in Lexington, Mass., who released the survey on
behalf of the National Association for Business Economics, in a statement. The abating of the recession is a major
step forward, given the fear late last year that the troubles in banking and mortgage markets could lead to a continued
downward spiral in the economy. But that still leaves the challenge of how to get the economy growing again at a pace that
translates into new jobs. The Conference Board’s leading index typically foreshadows a recession by turning down, and a
recovery by turning up. Many economists say that’s exactly what’s been happening. Even as the number of jobs in the
economy has been declining, the leading index rose 0.7 percent in June, following gains of 1.3 percent in May and 1
percent in April. But the combination of a weak banking system and debt-strapped consumers could make the recovery a
slow one. After years of expanding their debt, households are feeling pressure to save more. Forecasters say consumer
spending can still grow, but not necessarily at a rapid pace. “The spending acceleration in 2010 and beyond
likely will be mild, as we believe that a sea change in consumer behavior is underway, one involving a
slow return to thrift,” writes Richard Berner, an economist at Morgan Stanley, in a recent analysis. In the survey of
business forecasters, nearly half said their company has already seen the low point in revenue for this recession, and all but
14 percent said the low point would come before 2010. Still, 54 percent of respondents indicated that tight credit conditions
had a moderate or significant negative impact on their businesses during the second quarter of 2009, up from 45 percent in
the first quarter.
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AFF – Alt Cause to readiness
DADT undermines readiness
CS Monitor 7-7, (Christian Science Monitor, 7-7-09, http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0707/p09s01-coop.html)
As a consequence, more than 275 service members have been discharged on the basis of this
discriminatory, outmoded, and counterproductive policy since President Obama took office and an
estimated 2,000 have left the service voluntarily this year because of the policy. In addition, DADT has
deterred untold others who want to defend their country from serving.
Since its enactment more than 16 years ago, DADT has resulted in the discharge of more than 13,000 patriotic and highly
qualified men and women. This not only undermines military readiness, but costs the taxpayers hundreds of millions
of dollars spent on training and replacing these people.
At least 1,000 of these 13,000 have held "critical occupations," such as interpreters and engineers. For
example, by the end of fiscal year 2003, a few months after the fall of Baghdad, the military had forced out more than 320
service members with vital language skills such as Arabic and Farsi. Meanwhile, the Army and Marine Corps have been
forced to significantly lower their moral and aptitude standards to fill their ranks, including taking in people with felony
convictions.
Nevertheless, there is no sense of urgency within the Obama administration to repeal DADT. The president himself said on
June 29 that he believes the best approach is to work with Congress and the Defense Department to change the law. But the
Pentagon's leader, Secretary Robert Gates said, "The president and I feel like we've got a lot on our plates right now and
let's push that one down the road a little bit."
Yet as President Clinton's experience in 1993 demonstrates, any delay can allow those who oppose repealing DADT to
seize the momentum. As President Truman found out when he tried to integrate the armed forces, or President Nixon when
he tried to end the draft, the Pentagon and their supporters on the Hill will resist these changes.
Unlike 16 years ago, the US is waging two wars and "Don't ask, don't tell" is no longer supported by the majority of the
American people. The percentage of Americans that support allowing gay people to serve openly has risen from 44 percent
in 1993 to 75 percent last year, according to Washington Post-ABC News polls.. While a 2006 Zogby International poll of
returning Iraq and Afghanistan service members found that only 26 percent agreed that gays and lesbians should be allowed
to serve in the military, 73 percent were personally comfortable around gays and lesbians.
There is also no credible evidence supporting the underlying arguments for retaining the law – namely
that it would undermine unit cohesion and military effectiveness. In fact, government studies over the
past 50 years demonstrate just the opposite.
Moreover, 24 other countries, including our closest allies, such as Britain, Israel, and Canada, allow openly gay people to
serve. In fact, the British, whose military is most similar in design and function to our own, found that six
months after they were forced to change their policy by the European Court of Human Rights, sexual
orientation became a nonissue.
In other words, allowing openly gay men and women to serve proved more difficult in theory than in practice. Even an
architect of "Don't ask, don't tell," Rear Adm. John Hutson, has acknowledged that the policy was "based on nothing" but
"our own prejudices and our own fears."
Since this policy undermines military readiness and does not make sense practically, financially, or morally, what
is holding the administration back?
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AFF – Alt Cause to readiness
Alt Cause -- Tobacco
Public News, 7-15, (Public News Service, 7-15-09, http://www.publicnewsservice.org/index.php?/content/article/9723-1)
The days when American soldiers got cigarettes with their food rations are long gone, but the military still has higher
smoking rates than the general public. More than 33,000 Michiganders are serving in the U.S. military, and about a third of
them use tobacco - for now, at least.
A new report by the federal Institute of Medicine lends support to the idea of a tobacco-free military,
citing the huge financial burden smokers have become to the Departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.
The Department of Defense says it could save more than 800 million dollars a year in medical costs and lost productivity
by not allowing soldiers to smoke or chew, and the new study cites other potential benefits of such a ban. The Institute
of Medicine says tobacco use impairs military readiness as well as harming soldiers' health.
Doctor Ken Kizer, who is one of the report authors, points out some of the disadvantages.
"Tobacco
has adverse effects on attention, on night vision; it increases the likelihood of motor vehicle
accidents; if you happen to get injured, wounds don't heal as well among those who smoke."
Alt Cause – DADT
NYT, editorial board, 6-9 (New York Times Editorial Board, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/10/opinion/10wed2.html 6-909)
The “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy was hatched in 1993 as a compromise after President Bill Clinton failed in an
attempt to overturn an existing ban on gay service members. The awkward compromise limited the military’s ability to ask
service members about their sexual orientation (don’t ask) and allowed homosexuals to serve provided they kept quiet
about their sexual orientation (don’t tell) and refrained from homosexual acts.
The ostensible rationale was that the known presence of gay men and lesbians would undermine morale and unit cohesion,
but as it turned out, the policy caused its own kind of damage to military readiness. Thousands of service
members have been discharged from duty at a time when the military is stretched by wars in Iraq and
Afghanistan. The loss of highly skilled interpreters and intelligence analysts has been especially
damaging.
President Obama said during the campaign that he would work to overturn the ban, but he has made no move beyond
asking the Pentagon to assess the implications. Military leaders seem cool to lifting the ban, but we hope they do a fair and
honest job. Members of the military and of the general public are much more receptive to the notion of accepting gays than
they were in 1993.
Advocates for gay soldiers believe that the administration, on its own, has the authority to prevent the discharge of gay
people, perhaps by issuing “stop-loss” orders such as those used to keep troops serving past their original commitments in
Iraq — many unwillingly. How much better to use the power to prevent the loss of gay service members eager to keep
serving.
President Obama should see if there is indeed any action he could take on his own while awaiting the military’s assessment.
In the end, it will be up to Congress to root out “don’t ask, don’t tell” by overturning the law that brought it about.
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AFF-- Alt. Causality: Econ Crisis
The current economic crisis is the root cause of increased recruitment
Stephanie Gaskell, DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER, Monday, May 11th 2009 http://counterrecruitment.blogspot.com/2009/05/economic-crisis-drives-people-to.html
So many people are flocking to the military during the current economic meltdown that Uncle Sam's recruiters are
turning applicants away. "The people that we're picking are actually the cream of the crop," said 1st Sgt. Charles Bunyon, a
New York National Guard recruiter based in the city. "It's more difficult to get in." It's a far cry from the critical shortage
the armed forces faced four years ago, when the unemployment rate was 4.6% - a bit more than half of what it is now.
Back then, Bunyon was offering hefty bonuses to get a soldier to sign up. He was also willing to accept medical waivers
and overlook a minor criminal history in order to fill his ranks. More soldiers are also opting to stay in the service longer
rather than look for private sector jobs. "People coming back from Iraq and Afghanistan, they're saying 'Well, maybe I'll
stay in because the economy is so bad,'" Bunyon said. "We're not losing as many as we thought." In fact, Bunyon said he's
got about 60 more soldiers than his budget allows. For some New Yorkers, the prospect of steady income is trumping the
inherent risks of the military - including deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. "I'm fine with that," said Pvt. Kevin Franqui, 22,
of the Bronx. "It's a stress on the family, but you get hazard pay, no taxes, separation pay. It's a lot of stuff. It adds up." A
NewYork National Guardsman, Franqui said he's switching to the active duty Army because there are no other jobs out
there. "I got a 9-month-old," he said. "I'm recently married. It's not just about me anymore." Amid the economic recession,
the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps are at - or over - their recruitment goals. "The economic downturn
certainly has affected the recruiting situation, no doubt about it," said Dr. Curtis Gilroy, the Pentagon's director of accession
policy. Not long ago, it wasn't unusual to have 12 or 15 people to fill 10 slots, he said. "Now we've got 50 or 75." With so
many applicants, recruiters are able to "look more closely at who they enlist," he said. "We have the highest quality force
today than we've had in a long time," he said.
Recruitment increasing due to a lack of jobs, not military benefits
AP (Associated Press) October 14, 2008, http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5h5swRcYiBjMMl2fcKQknIC6DbNPQ
The US economic crisis could well make life easier for US military recruiters, who have struggled in recent years to meet their
services' enlistment goals in a time of war.
"We do benefit when things look less positive in civil society," said David Chu, undersecretary of defense for personnel and
readiness. "That is a situation where more people are willing to give us a chance."
The army and marines, in particular, have had to mount extraordinary efforts in recent years to attract fresh recruits at a time
when many prospective candidates were put off by an unpopular war in Iraq in which more than 4,000 troops have lost their lives.
Despite the challenges, the military recruited more than 300,000 men and women in the fiscal year ending October 1, meeting or
exceeding targets set by the individual services.
In all, 185,000 people signed up for active duty, and 140,000 for the reserves, according to the Pentagon.
"This is probably the strongest recruiting year we've had overall, taking all elements into account, since fiscal year 2004," Chu
told reporters Friday.
"So what difficult economic times give us, I think, is an opening to make our case to people who we might not otherwise have.
And if we make our case, I think we can be successful," he said.
Pentagon officials say the improved recruiting environment is due not only to the worsening economy. Subsiding violence in Iraq and
shortened combat tours from 15 to 12 months have also helped.
Shortened tours "could have been a factor. Also the fact that the (media) coverage of casualties has declined," said Douglas Smith, a
spokesman for the US Army's Recruiting Command said.
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AFF-- Alt. Causality: Econ Crisis
The root cause of changes in recruitment is the economic crisis
David Morgan, October 10 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE4998WU20081010
The financial crisis could yield a bumper crop of U.S. military recruits if the recent plunge in stocks translates into job losses and
an even weaker economy, defense officials said on Friday.
"We do benefit when things look less positive in civil society," said David Chu, under secretary of defense for personnel and
readiness.
"That is a situation where more people are willing to give us a chance. I think that's the big difference: people are willing to listen to
us."
Chu was speaking to Pentagon reporters after announcing that all four branches of the U.S. armed forces -- Army, Navy, Marines
and Air Force -- met their respective recruiting goals for the federal fiscal year that ended on September 30.
All told, 185,000 men and women entered active-duty military service, the highest number since 2003, according to Pentagon
statistics. Another 140,000 signed up for duty in the National Guard and reserve.
Unemployment has caused the recruiting surge, not a lack of social services
Dan Gleister, Los Angeles Jornalist for The Guardian, January 19, 2009, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/jan/19/militaryrecruitment-rises-with-economic-downturn
With the economy stagnant and the job market shrinking, more Americans are turning to a stable source of employment: the
military.
Figures released by the US military show that in the last fiscal year all branches of the services exceeded their recruitment targets
for the first time since 2004. The first three months of the new fiscal year - from October to December - saw the trend continuing,
with the army exceeding its targets for each month.
In the year to the end of September, 185,00 men and women entered active military service, the highest number since 2003.
The US military, and particularly the army, has suffered a recruitment crisis since 2004, when casualty figures in Iraq increased
dramatically.
"When the economy slackens and unemployment rises and jobs become more scarce in civilian society, recruiting is less
challenging," Curtis Gilroy, director of accession policy for the department of defence, told the New York Times.
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AFF-- Tech Solves
Increasing the size of the military trades off with new technology.
Pat Towell, Coordinator Specialist in U.S. Defense Policy and Budget May 8, 2009 (“Defense: FY2010
Authorization and Appropriations” http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R40567.pdf)
Increasing generational cost growth in major weapons programs: It is generally expected that new generations of weapons will be
more expensive than the systems they replace as weapons technology advances. The rate of generational cost growth, however,
is becoming a matter of increasing concern within the Defense Department. New stealthy aircraft, multi-mission ships, advanced
space systems, and networked missiles, guns, and vehicles appear to be getting more expensive than their predecessors at a
greater rate than in the past. Unless budgets increase more rapidly than costs, trade-offs between the costs of new weapons and
the size of the force may be required.
US supremacy is defined by its advanced technology.
Max Boot, scholar at Council of Foreign Relations (think tank), columnist of “Los Angeles Times”, 2006
http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-paradox-of-military-technology
The greatest advances in robotics have been made in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), with the U.S. in the lead, Israel
following close behind, and at least 40 other countries trying to catch up. By the time of the Iraq War in 2003, the U.S. had fielded
six major UAVs: the Air Force’s Predator and Global Hawk, the Army’s Hunter and Shadow, and the Marines’ Pioneer and Dragon
Eye. These ranged in size from the 27,000-pound Global Hawk (comparable to a Lear jet) to the five-pound Dragon Eye (more like a
model airplane). What they had in common was that they were all designed as surveillance systems. But in a pattern that echoes
the history of manned flight, UAVs such as the Predator were soon put to work attacking enemy positions.
Soon to be deployed are drones built especially for combat—Boeing’s X-45 and Northrop Grumman’s X-47. In Matthew Brzezinski’s
fanciful description, the former is “flat as a pancake, with jagged 34-foot batwings, no tail and a triangular, bulbous nose” that give it
the appearance of “a set piece from the television program Battlestar Galactica,” while the latter is a “a sleek kite-shaped craft with
internal weapons bays for stealth and curved air intakes like the gills of a stingray.” Both are designed to be almost invisible to radar
and to perform especially dangerous missions like suppressing enemy air defenses. The major difference is that the X-45 is supposed
to take off from land like the F-15, while the X-47 is to operate off aircraft carriers like the F-18. Also in development is the
Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft which is designed to perform the functions of an attack helicopter like the Apache. An
unmanned helicopter, known as Fire Scout, is already being bought by the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Unlike the Predator,
most of these new UAVs do not require constant control by a human operator; newer UAVs can be programmed to fly
themselves and even drop munitions without direct human intervention.
Further into the future may be projects such as a nuclear-powered UAV that could fly at 70,000 feet and stay on station for
months or even years at a time; a UAV “tender” that could serve as a mother ship for launching and recovering smaller UAVs;
UAV tankers that could refuel other UAVs in flight; and vertical-takeoff UAV cargo-carriers that could supply troops in a combat
zone. Many of these UAVs could use smart munitions with their own target-recognition systems, thus introducing another
layer of robotics into the process. An existing example is the Low-Cost Autonomous Attack System, a 100-pound bomb with fins
and a small turbojet engine that allow it to loiter over an area for up to 30 minutes, using a laser-radar sensor to search for highpriority targets based on programmed algorithms. Once it picks out a target, it can configure its multi-mode warhead into the most
appropriate form—fragmentation explosives for unprotected soldiers or an armor-piercing projectile for tanks—prior to impact.
The most revolutionary UAVs are the smallest. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is working on
aerial vehicles the size of an insect or a hummingbird that could hover undetected and perch on a telephone pole or a window
ledge. Some models have no wings at all; others use flapping, bird-style wings. They are designed to be cheap enough that they
could saturate a battlefield with sensors.
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AFF-- Tech Solves
The military is shifting towards drones for many essential combat operations
Peter W. Singer, Director, 21st Century Defense Initiative, Brookings, June
27,2009, http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2009/0627_drones_singer.aspx
Technologies that were once science fiction are today very much reality: the US military alone fields 7,000 unmanned drones in
the air, like the Predators that fire missiles into Pakistan – and roughly another 12,000 on the ground, like the Packbots that hunt
for roadside bombs in Iraq.
One US Air Force general has predicted that conflicts in the near future will involve “tens of thousands” of robots – and not the
robots of today. The current Packbots and Predators are just the first generation of battlefield robots; they are like the Model T Ford or
the Wright brothers’ Flyer when compared to the prototypes already under development. Much as the earliest designs for the
automobile and the aeroplane spread rapidly around the globe, so too is the revolution in military robotics. 44 countries are building
robot systems today, including the UK, France, Russia, China, Israel, Iran and the UAE
Since the start of last year, US drones have hit more targets in Pakistan – over 50 – than Nato’s manned bombers did during
the opening round of the war in Kosovo a decade ago. By one measure, these strikes could be considered incredibly effective:
reports indicate that the US has killed 14 top al Qa’eda or Taliban leaders without losing a single one of its own soldiers in the
process. Imagine, by contrast, if thousands of US troops had been sent into the rugged terrain of Pakistan’s north-west frontier on
the same mission – they would have suffered great casualties, killed fewer militant leaders, and killed or displaced many more
civilians in turn.
Status Quo solves---------US Navy tech keeps being updated.
Max Boot, scholar at Council of Foreign Relations (think tank), columnist of “Los Angeles Times”, 2006
http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-paradox-of-military-technology
To maintain its dominance, the U.S. Navy regularly updates the electronics and weapons aboard its
warships even as the hulls and propulsion systems remain unchanged. It also plans to build a variety of
unmanned vessels along with a CVN-21 aircraft carrier to replace the Nimitz-class, a Zumwalt-class
DD(X) destroyer to replace Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates and Spruance-class destroyers, a CG(X) cruiser
to replace the Ticonderoga-class cruisers, and a smaller and speedier Littoral Combat Ship with no direct
parallel in today’s fleet that would focus on clearing mines, hunting submarines, and fighting terrorists in
coastal waters. All of these new vessels will have improved defenses and information-processing tools as
well as “plug and play” capacity that will allow them to be quickly reconfigured for different missions. They
will also incorporate composite materials, stealthier designs, and electric propulsion to make them harder
to detect, though an aircraft carrier with a 4.5-acre flight deck can never exactly hide.
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DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF-- Tech Solves
The military is beginning to use robots to replace soldiers
Scott McQuarrie, representing the EZWatch Pro brand, November 8, 2008,
http://www.google.com/search?q=American+military+small+tech+mobile&hl=en&start=20&sa=N
Bill Smart is an assistant professor of computer science and engineering at Washington University in St. Louis, MO. With his
Ph.D. student Doug Few, he is working on the next generation of military robotics. The U.S. military has apparently set the
year 2020 as the goal for having 30% of the Army composed of robotic forces.
Neither the researchers nor the military envisions squadrons of combat-ready "clones and drones" a la Star Wars or Isaac
Asimov. Rather, Professor Smart explains, they are talking about "self-driving trucks," bomb-sniffers and other support
systems that are more accurately referred to as "autonomous systems rather than robots."
Rosie the Robot Maid A number of different technologies converge in the design and development of robotic military systems.
Night-vision "eyes," ultrasensitive microphone "ears" and other sensors picking up sound, heat signatures and even smells
transmit back to an operator in a remote location. With a computer, a screen or two, and a joystick, the soldier at the
controls has a high-tech scout, bomb squad, cargo carrier and intelligence gatherer all in one.
When he thinks of "the future of robots," says Ph.D. candidate Few, it is always about "the Jetsons. George Jetson never sat
down at a computer to task Rosie to clean the house. Somehow they had this local exchange of information. So what we've
been working on is how we can use the local environment rather than a computer as a tasking medium to the robot."
The Packbot from iRobot Corporation is a far cry from Rosie the Robot Maid, in onboard intelligence and dexterity, but is
already seeing duty in both Afghanistan and Iraq, delivering materiel and transporting gear in hazardous terrain. As the
technology continues to progress, more robots are being deployed earlier in situations considered, at least initially, too
dangerous for humans. "When I stood there and looked at [a battle-damaged Packbot], I realized that if that robot hadn't been
there, it would have been some kid," Few says. Civilian applications Police departments are quick to press into service any
military technology that they can get their hands on. In fact, the "militarization" of American law enforcement, which has been
gaining steam for at least several decades, has not been an unqualified success in everyone's eyes.
Advanced Technology becomes easier to use and less crews to operate.
Max Boot, scholar at Council of Foreign Relations (think tank), columnist of “Los Angeles Times”, 2006
http://www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-paradox-of-military-technology
The falling size and cost of electronics has made it possible to decrease the number of people needed to
operate major weapons systems or, in some instances, eliminated the need for human operators
altogether. Maintaining the engines aboard a ship used to require dozens of sailors to work for extended
periods in noisy, grimy, cramped quarters. The new DD(X) destroyer will have an engine room controlled
entirely by remote sensors and cameras. Or, to take another example, consider the evolution of the longrange bomber from the B-29, which had a crew of 11, to the B-2 which can hit many more targets but has
a crew of just two, who spend much of their time supervising the autopilot functions.
The greatest advances in robotics have been made in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), with the U.S. in
the lead, Israel following close behind, and at least 40 other countries trying to catch up. By the time of the
Iraq War in 2003, the U.S. had fielded six major UAVs: the Air Force’s Predator and Global Hawk, the Army’s
Hunter and Shadow, and the Marines’ Pioneer and Dragon Eye. These ranged in size from the 27,000-pound
Global Hawk (comparable to a Lear jet) to the five-pound Dragon Eye (more like a model airplane). What they
had in common was that they were all designed as surveillance systems. But in a pattern that echoes the
history of manned flight, UAVs such as the Predator were soon put to work attacking enemy positions.
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DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF -- Hegemony Unsustainable
Hegemonic dominance is impossible to sustain even with a stronger military
U.S. National Intelligence Council, C. Thomas Fingar, Chairman, U.S. National Intelligence Council, “Global Trends 2025”
November 2008 http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global_Trends_Final_Report.pdf
The international system—as constructed following the Second World War—will be almost unrecognizable by 2025 owing to the
rise of emerging powers, a globalizing economy, an historic transfer of relative wealth and economic power from West to East, and
the growing influence of nonstate actors. By 2025, the international system will be a global multipolar one with gaps in
national power continuing to narrow between developed and developing countries. Concurrent with the shift in power
among nation-states, the relative power of various nonstate actors—including businesses, tribes, religious organizations, and
criminal networks—is increasing. The players are changing, but so too are the scope and breadth of transnational issues important
for continued global prosperity. Aging populations in the developed world; growing energy, food, and water constraints; and
worries about climate change will limit and diminish what will still be an historically unprecedented age of prosperity. Historically,
emerging multipolar systems have been more unstable than bipolar or unipolar ones. Despite the recent financial volatility—
which could end up accelerating many ongoing trends—we do not believe that we are headed toward a complete breakdown
of the international system, as occurred in 1914-1918 when an earlier phase of globalization came to a halt. However, the next 20
years of transition to a new system are fraught with risks. Strategic rivalries are most likely to revolve around trade, investments, and
technological innovation and acquisition, but we cannot rule out a 19th century-like scenario of arms races, territorial expansion,
and military rivalries. This is a story with no clear outcome, as illustrated by a series of vignettes we use to map out divergent
futures. Although the United States is likely to remain the single most powerful actor, the United States’ relative strength—even
in the military realm—will decline and US leverage will become more constrained. At the same time, the extent to which
other actors—both state and nonstate—will be willing or able to shoulder increased burdens is unclear. Policymakers and publics
will have to cope with a growing demand for multilateral cooperation when the international system will be stressed by the
incomplete transition from the old to a still-forming new order.
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AFF -- Readiness Collapse Inevitable – DADT
DADT makes readiness collapse inevitable.
Michelle Garcia July 06, 2009 Veteran Takes the Lead on DADT Bill
http://www.advocate.com/news_detail_ektid96041.asp
U.S. representative Patrick Murphy, an Iraq War veteran who earned a Bronze Star, has become the lead sponsor of a bill that
would lift the ban on openly gay personnel serving in the military, confirming earlier reports. "It is vital to our national
security," Murphy, a Pennsylvania Democrat, said to The Morning Call newspaper. "We have troops that are fighting in two
wars and we need every qualified able-bodied individual who is able to serve." Ellen Taucher, who is leaving Congress to
take a position with the Obama administration, was the leading sponsor of the bill when it was reintroduced to Congress earlier
this year. The legislation currently has 150 cosponsors in the House. President Obama and members of his administration have
indicated that they are interested in repealing the ban through Congress and not by executive order. Murphy, 35, is a former
prosecutor, West Point professor, and captain in the Army's 82nd Airborne Division. In a 2008 hearing on "don't ask, don't
tell," Murphy went toe-to-toe with Elaine Donnelly, the president of the Center for Military Readiness, which is fighting to
keep the ban in place. "You're basically asserting that straight men and women in our military aren't professional
enough to serve openly with gay troops while completing their military missions," he said. "You know, as a former Army
officer, I can tell you I think that's an insult to me and to many of the soldiers. … 24 countries…allow [gay] military personnel
to serve openly without any detrimental impact on unit cohesion." A Gallup poll in May shows that more than two thirds of
Americans -- 69% -- favor lifting the ban; 26% remain opposed.
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AFF -- Readiness Collapse Inevitable – DADT
DADT kills readiness and security.
Leo Shane III, Stars and Stripes Mideast edition, Saturday, July 4, 2009
http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=63577
WASHINGTON — Rep. Patrick Murphy wants to repeal "don’t ask, don’t tell" as soon as possible, with or without the
president’s help. "I don’t work for the president," the Pennsylvania Democrat said in an interview with Stars and Stripes. "We
don’t need to wait." This week Murphy, a former Army captain who served in Iraq, will take over as lead sponsor of the House
bill to repeal the 16-year-old law banning homosexuals from serving openly in the military. His office will unveil a new public
push on the issue Wednesday: Face-to-face visits with every member of the House on the issue, a Web site listing facts and
myths about the rule, and a goal of passing the legislation this year. The White House last week reiterated its goal of
overturning the law, and Obama spoke on the issue at a reception with gay advocacy groups. “I know that every day that passes
without a resolution is a deep disappointment to those men and women who continue to be discharged under this policy,”
Obama said. “But what I hope is that these cases underscore the urgency of reversing this policy not just because it’s the
right thing to do, but because it is essential for our national security.” Gay rights advocates point out that Obama still
has yet to show real progress on his campaign promise to change the law. Since the start of his presidency 277 troops have
been discharged under the law, and about 13,000 have been discharged since 1994. Liberal think tank Center for American
Progress released a road map for repeal last month, calling for a simultaneous executive order stopping the law and legislative
action in an effort to move the issue ahead. “The longer you wait on this issue, the longer it takes to seize momentum,” said
Lawrence Korb, senior fellow at the center. “Congress can take the lead on this. It was Congress over opposition from the
military that dropped the ban on women flying combat aircraft and serving on combat ships.” Korb and some advocacy groups
have argued that Obama need not wait for Congress, and could simply overturn the law on his own with a wartime executive
order allowing gays to serve openly. But both the White House and congressional leaders have stated that changes must come
from the legislative branch, and officials from the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network have argued that such an order
could be vulnerable to legal challenges. Opponents of repealing the “don’t ask” law are girding for a fight. “If they go ahead
with this, there are going to be protests, there are going to be lawsuits, and this is going to be taken to court,” said the Rev.
Billy Baugham, executive director of the International Conference of Evangelical Chaplain Endorsers. Baugham said he
believes any change in the “don’t ask” law will face an immediate legal challenge. His group is lobbying lawmakers to leave
the law alone, but he said he would not rule out lawsuits to block servicemembers from serving openly. “This is a matter of
readiness, and it’s going to break down the relationship between soldiers who are forced into close quarters,” he said. “ ‘Don’t
ask, don’t tell’ is fine at this point, and for that to be destroyed is criminal and outrageous. Murphy is unconcerned about those
challenges. He believes Congress can still repeal the law this year, and thinks his experience in the ranks will help convince
some reluctant lawmakers to support the change. “People ask why does an Irish-Catholic guy who’s straight and married care
so much about [overturning] ‘don’t ask, don’t tell,’ ” he said. “And I tell them it’s because this is something I believe in. It’s
a failed policy that hurts national security. “We all knew people who we served with who were gay, and it didn’t affect their
job,” he said. “It didn’t affect me personally. But they were discriminated against, and that shouldn’t be.”
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DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF – Military bad: Heterosexism
The military is a unique form of heterosexism. The military treats homosexuals as second class citizens.
Brendan Doyle Sun Senior Writer April 24, 2009 (“Military Mistreats Gays, C.U. Alum Claims”
http://cornellsun.com/node/37199)
Direction Action to Stop Heterosexism’s onslaught against oppressive actions toward homosexuals
continued yesterday, as the student group hosted “Future of ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’” in Myron Taylor Hall.
Aaron Tax ’98, legal co-director of The Service Members Legal Defense Network, spoke to the audience about
the context and deleterious effects of the infamous 15-year-old measure “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,” which refers
to the United States military policy on homosexuals that mandates immediate discharge from service of
anyone who shows signs of homosexuality, a policy Tax emphasized as antiquated and baseless. Tax, who
studied law at George Washington University said, “It’s much worse than you think,” referencing the
unofficial title of his lecture. “These are people who give up their lives for our country, and they really are
treated like second class citizens.“ Making a point: Aaron Tax ’98 talks about the presence of LGBT people in
the military in Myron Taylor yesterday. A slew of statistics and anecdotes regarding the policy were presented.
According to Tax, two Americans per day are discharged from the military over “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.”
Ironically, there are 65,000 lesbian, gay or bisexual men and women are currently serving in the military,
none of whom are able to come out to their commanding officers or peers, for fear of severe
repercussions. Tax’s position at the Service Members Legal Defense Network puts him in an ideal place to
help change the law. Founded 15 years ago in response to “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell,” the Network has handled
over 9,000 cases, with Tax regaling the audience with numerous synopses of the most egregious cases. “We had
a man who was serving in Iraq. His partner of nine years was killed in a car crash in the states,” Tax said. “He
got a day off to mourn the death of a friend, that’s it.”
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100
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DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF – Military bad: Patriarchy
The U.S military maintains the ideological structure of patriarchy.
Chems Edine Bouchehma 3/2/08 (“Women in the US military” http://dimension.ucsd.edu/CEIMSA-INEXILE/colloques/pdfPatri/ch-8.pdf)
When I can mention here is that women are enlisting into the arm by necessity. (to earn a wage in order to
satisfy their family needs, education, healthcare, housing….and later on a retirement pension.). I can take your
attention that in the U.S army actually in Iraq, half of the active duty women are black. Even though
women’s serve as soldiers, I can precise that the U.S military is a misogynist, hates women, homophobic
institution that relies on patriarchal ideologies and relations to function. The U.S military indoctrinate the
hierarchical values, it trains men to devalue, objectify and demean traits traditionally associated with
women. It molds men into gender role of violent masculinity defined in opposition to femininity. By
violent masculinity I mean a mode of operating that glorifies violence as a solution to tension and competition.
So the U.S military teaches soldiers to maintain ideological structure of patriarchy.
The military is patriarchal
Brian Martin, More than 38 years in the aviation profession as Aircraft Commander, Chief Pilot, Flight
Operations Manager and he is a crazy feminist this is the revised 1990 version.(“Uprooting War”
http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/90uw/uw10.html)
Modern military forces are overwhelmingly composed of men. Furthermore, sexism is a common part of
military training and military life. Soldiers are trained to be violent, competitive, tough, and 'masculine.'
They are trained to reject feminine characteristics of supportiveness, cooperativeness, tenderness and
physical softness. Often military training is accompanied by explicit verbal abuse of women and the
portrayal of women only as sex objects. The masculine ethos of military life has much in common with
the oppressive treatment of women in both military and civilian life, including rape, batterings,
prostitution and poor working conditions. In direct person-to-person violence, it is primarily men who are the
perpetrators. Another connection between modern patriarchy and war is the service provided by women to men
in both military and civilian life. Cynthia Enloe in her book Does Khaki Become You? has analysed a range of
areas in which women serve the military: as prostitutes, as military wives, as nurses, as soldiers, and as workers
in arms industries. In each of these cases women are placed in a subordinate position where they are easily
exploited. The service of women to men is carried out in civilian life in a similar fashion, and in very
similar categories: as prostitutes, as wives, as workers in the 'helping professions,' and as workers in
occupations which are poorly paid, low-skilled and lacking security and career prospects. Also quite revealing
is the gender division of labour in the military. This is clearest in the category of 'combat soldiers,' from which
women are often excluded in theory. In fact, the actual role of women in combat has varied considerably in
different countries and at different times, as Enloe has ably documented. When the need is urgent, women are
used at the front lines in positions that at other times would be called combat positions. But when this
happens, the definition is 'combat' is changed so that women are not seen to be involved. So while what
women do in the military varies considerably, one thing remains constant: the gender-based distinction between
'combat' and 'non-combat.' This suggests that military interests have a strong ideological concern to
maintain 'combat,' the place where direct violence is seen to take place, as an exclusively male preserve.
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AFF – Military bad: Racism
Military recruitment= poverty draft
William J Astore, a retired lieutenant colonel (USAF), taught for six years at the Air Force Academy.
He currently teaches at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. He is the author of Hindenburg: Icon of
German Militarism (Potomac Press, 2005), among other works Feb 18, 2009 (“An American 'foreign legion'
emerges” http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/KB18Ak04.html)
Instead of collective patriotic sacrifice, however, it's clear that the military will now be running the
equivalent of a poverty and recession "draft" to fill the "all-volunteer" military. Those without jobs or
down on their luck in terrible times will have the singular honor of fighting our future wars. Who would
deny that drawing such recruits from dead-end situations in the hinterlands or central cities is strikingly Foreign
Legion-esque?
Military recruitment is racist
Erica Zurawski and Anh Pham (both writers for fightbacknews.org) Summer 2004 (“End Racism in Military
Recruitment” http://www.fightbacknews.org/2004/03summer/militaryrecruit.htm)
Even more disturbing is that young people of color are not only more likely to serve in the military, they
are also more likely to die in active duty. Currently, 10% of the 132,000 U.S. soldiers stationed in Iraq are of
Latin American origin, yet Latinos account for over 20% of U.S. casualties in Iraq. Why are people of color so
disproportionately represented in the military? Carlos Montes, a member of Latinos Against the War,
addresses the push to recruit Latinos into the military as racism. “Instead of recruiting Latinos for war,
why don’t they target them for college recruitment? Why don’t they target them for high-tech jobs? Or
why don’t they target them for admission into the Ivy League Schools? I’ve never heard of any campaign
organized by governmental agencies to recruit Hispanics other than for the military,” Montes asserts.
Poor youth, especially young people of color, are being recruited based on lies and are being used to fight
the wars of the rich. They are sent to kill other poor people in order to protect the U.S. empire. They
often lose their lives. Meanwhile, at home, jobs are lost, families are kicked off welfare and into desperate
poverty and more people of color are victims of police brutality.
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102
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF – U.S. troops not key
Troops unnecessary- different approach key
Woodward, Washington Post staff writer, July/1/09
(Bob Woodward, Washington Post Staff Writer, July 1, 2009, The Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp
dyn/content/article/2009/06/30/AR2009063002811.html?sid=ST2009063002822)
The day before in Kabul, Jones delivered the same message to Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal, the new overall commander in
Afghanistan. McChrystal has undertaken a 60-day review designed to address all the issues in the war. In addition, Jones has
told Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates and Adm. Michael Mullen, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, that they
should focus on implementing the current strategy, completing the review and getting more Afghan forces involved in the
fight before requesting additional U.S. troops for Afghanistan
Increase in troops not needed- negotiations key
The New American, 7/21/09
(The New American, July, 21, 2009, http://www.thenewamerican.com/index.php/world-mainmenu-26/asia-mainmenu-33/1481)
While speaking to reporters from his office on July18, Karzai suggested a different strategy: I don't think the increase in
troops will address the problem. We need to concentrate on finding other avenues of defeating terrorism and seeking peace.
We must engage in negotiations, bring back those Taliban who are willing to return, who have been driven out by fear and
coercion and the mistakes we've all made. They are part of this country and must be called back.
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103
Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF -- Economy turns
Decrease in troop levels key to the economy
The Michigan Daily, 7/23/09
(The Michigan Daily, Ed Mcphee, July 23, 2009, http://www.michigandaily.com/content/2009-07-20/ed-mcphee-attack-economy)
While the United States government has made many good decisions in trying to fix the economy by investing in education
and infrastructure in recent days, it has continually missed a chance to trim the biggest over-expenditure in the budget — the
military. One of the biggest problems affecting the economy is the nearly $11-trillion national debt — and a large part of that
is caused by the ridiculous amount spent on the armed forces.
In a time when the economy is struggling, cuts to unnecessary expenditures must be made. It’s extremely difficult to cut
programs from the budget — the nation has come to rely on programs like Medicare and social security. But reducing the
military would actually be a practical and possible cut in the size of the U.S. government. In 2008 alone, 21 percent of the
national budget was spent on the military — the largest amount of all government expenditures. And our military employs
almost 1.5 million troops, the second largest number of active soldiers of any nation in the world. While the military is
important, the current size and breadth of the program is completely unnecessary.
Increase in U.S. troops burdens the economy
The Michigan Daily, 7/23/09
(The Michigan Daily, Ed Mcphee, July 23, 2009, http://www.michigandaily.com/content/2009-07-20/ed-mcphee-attack-economy)
When the Bush administration started these wars, it was completely unprepared. It had no idea how to get out of them, and no
idea how to pay for them. The wars have burdened the economy and the people of this nation as a whole, and cutting down
the size of the military would be in the nation’s best interest to help boost the country out of this recession. The national debt
is a big hole — one seemingly impossible to fill. But cutting into the biggest part of the federal budget would make as
positive a difference as anything.
Economic collapse leads to global nuclear war
Mead, 09
(Walter Russell, the Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow in U.S. Foreign Policy at the Council on Foreign Relations, “Only Makes You
Stronger”, The New Republic, February 4, 2009)
History may suggest that financial crises actually help capitalist great powers maintain their leads--but it
has other, less reassuring messages as well. If financial crises have been a normal part of life during the
300-year rise of the liberal capitalist system under the Anglophone powers, so has war. The wars of the
League of Augsburg and the Spanish Succession; the Seven Years War; the American Revolution; the
Napoleonic Wars; the two World Wars; the cold war: The list of wars is almost as long as the list of
financial crises. Bad economic times can breed wars. Europe was a pretty peaceful place in 1928, but the Depression
poisoned German public opinion and helped bring Adolf Hitler to power. If the current crisis turns into a depression, what
rough beasts might start slouching toward Moscow, Karachi, Beijing, or New Delhi to be born? The United States may not,
yet, decline, but, if we can't get the world economy back on track, we may still have to fight.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF – Imperialism turn
Increase in U.S. troop’s results in imperialism- hurts soft power
The Michigan Daily, 7/23/09
(The Michigan Daily, Ed Mcphee, July 23, 2009, http://www.michigandaily.com/content/2009-07-20/ed-mcphee-attack-economy)
With U.S. troops stationed in more than 150 countries according to statistics for the Department of Defense on the Census
Bureau's 2009 statistical abstract, U.S. armed forces sometimes seem like the United Nation’s police force. The wide spread
of troops reeks of imperialism. Only a country with imperial intentions would spread their troops that widely. Examples
range from the expansion of the USSR to Alexander the Great’s Macedonian conquest. The U.S.’s imperialism has
dramatically damaged the way the rest of the world looks at our nation, and it continually damages the nation’s
economy.
Soft power is key to hegemony.
Walt, Academic Dean and at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, 05
(Stephen M. Walt, Academic Dean and Robert and Renee Belfer Prof of International Affairs at Harvard’s Kennedy School of
Government), Sep/Oct 2005, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, Issue 5, Ebsco)
Attacking U.S. legitimacy is also a favorite way to erode Washington's international clout. As the world's dominant power,
the United States has much to gain from the perception that its power is legitimate. When people around the world believe
that U.S. primacy advances broader global interests, Washington finds it easier to rally international support for its policies,
leaving its opposition isolated and ineffective. Accordingly, the United States' opponents are currently seeking to convince
others that Washington is selfish, hypocritical, immoral, and unsuited for world leadership, and that its dominance harms
them. This assault on U.S. legitimacy does not directly challenge U.S. power, but it encourages other people to resent and
resist U.S. supremacy.
American hegemony is key to prevent multiple scenarios for global nuclear war
Kagan, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Transatlantic Fellow at the
German Marshall Fund, Renowned Author 08
(Robert Katan, Senior Associate at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Transatlantic Fellow at the German Marshall
Fund, Renowned Author, The Return of History and the End of Dreams, Alfred A. Knopf, pg 94-5 )
The flaws in the present system are obvious enough. But what is the realistic alternative? People may hope for a more
harmonious world based on a new concert of nations, but the rise of great power competition and the clashing interests and
ambitions of nations across Eurasia make such an evolution unlikely. Even under the umbrella of American predominance,
regional conflicts involving the large powers may erupt. The question is whether a less dominant America would make such
conflicts less likely or more likely. The United States can and does act selfishly and obtusely, disturbing or even harming the
interests of other nations. But it is not clear that in a multipolar world Russia, China, India, Japan, or even Europe would be wiser
or more virtuous in the exercise of its power. One novel aspect of such a multipolar world would be that most of these powers
would possess nuclear weapons. That could make wars between them less likely, or it could make them more catastrophic. In
East Asia, most nations agree that a reliable and pre-dominant America has a stabilizing and pacific effect. Even China, which
seeks gradually to supplant the United States as the dominant power in the region, faces the dilemma that an American
withdrawal could unleash an ambitious, independent, nationalist Japan. In Europe, too, the withdrawal of the United States from
the scene—even if it remained the world's most powerful nation—could be destabilizing. It could tempt Russia to an even more
overbearing and potentially force-ful approach to unruly nations on its periphery. If the United States pulled back from Europe,
this could in time increase the likelihood of conflict involving Russia and its near neighbors. The European Union, that great
geopolit-ical miracle, owes its founding to American power. With-out it, France, the United Kingdom, and others would never
have felt secure enough after World War II to reinte-grate Germany into Europe. And although most Euro-peans recoil at the
thought, Europe's stability still depends on the guarantee that, in the last resort, the United States could step in to check any
dangerous development on the continent. It is also optimistic to imagine that a diminished American position in the Middle East
would lead to greater stability there. The competition for influence among powers both inside and outside the region has raged
for at least two centuries. The rise of Islamic funda-mentalism only adds a new and more threatening dimen-sion. Neither a
sudden end to the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians nor an immediate American with-drawal from Iraq would bring an
end to Middle East ten-sions and competition. To the extent the United States withdraws or reduces its presence, other powers,
both inside and outside the region, will fill the vacuum. One can expect deeper involvement in the Middle East by both China
and Russia regardless of what the United States does, if only to secure their growing interests and further their growing
ambitions. And one could also expect the more powerful states of the region, particularly Iran, to fulfill their old ambition of
becoming the region's hegemon. In most of the vital regions of the world, in East Asia, Europe, and the Middle East the United
States is still the keystone in the arch. Remove it, and the arch collapses.
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Military Recruitment DA
DDI 09 - Berthiaume
AFF – Illegal Immigration turn
Increasing troops in Afghanistan allows for illegal immigration in the U.S.
The Michigan Daily, 7/23/09
(The Michigan Daily, Ed Mcphee, July 23, 2009, http://www.michigandaily.com/content/2009-07-20/ed-mcphee-attack-economy)
The reduction and retraction of the armed forces would pay dividends inside the United States. The U.S. could use some of
the remaining troops to protect its own borders, helping prevent illegal immigration. And moving the troops from a warzone
to U.S. soil would lessen risk of casualties. The number of soldiers suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder would also
plummet.
Females are abducted for sex trafficking during the process of illegal immigration
Schurman-Kauflin, Ph.D. Violent Crimes Institute, LLC, 2006
(Deborah, “Profiling Sex Trafficking: Illegal Immigrants At Risk,” http://www.drdsk.com/articles.html#SexTrafficking) [Charlie
Stephens]
The females are usually young and idealistic. Many hope to come to the United States for a better life, and in the process,
they are re-routed into terror. Some make the mistake of trusting someone who lies to them. Others attempt to sneak into the
U.S. and get kidnapped along the way. And yet others are simply sold by parents. These girls tend to be loyal but emotionally
or physically abandoned. They are surrounded by high stress levels and are often uneducated and unskilled. They truly desire
the opportunity to work in the U.S. Sadly, many come from countries where police are as corrupt as their traffickers, so when
they reach the States, they are reluctant to seek the help of law enforcement.
Sex trafficking victims are raped and subjected to multiple psychological harms and diseases
Department of Health and Human Services, No date given
(“Sex Trafficking Fact Sheet,” http://www.acf.hhs.gov/trafficking/about/fact_sex.pdf) [Charlie Stephens]
Sex traffickers frequently subject their victims to debt-bondage, an illegal practice in which the traffickers tell their victims
that they owe money (often relating to the victims’ living expenses and transport into the country) and that they must pledge
their personal services to repay the debt. Sex traffickers use a variety of methods to “condition” their victims including
starvation, confinement, beatings, physical abuse, rape, gang rape, threats of violence to the victims and the victims’ families,
forced drug use and the threat of shaming their victims by revealing their activities to their family and their families’ friends.
Victims face numerous health risks. Physical risks include drug and alcohol addiction; physical injuries (broken bones,
concussions, burns, vaginal/anal tearings); traumatic brain injury (TBI) resulting in memory loss, dizziness, headaches,
numbness; sexually transmitted diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, UTIs, pubic lice); sterility, miscarriages,
menstrual problems; other diseases (e.g., TB, hepatitis, malaria, pneumonia); and forced or coerced abortions. Psychological
harms include mind/body separation/disassociated ego states, shame, grief, fear, distrust, hatred of men, self-hatred, suicide,
and suicidal thoughts. Victims are at risk for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) – acute anxiety, depression, insomnia,
physical hyperalertness, self-loathing that is long-lasting and resistant to change (complex-PTSD).
Rape is a fate worse than death and causes multiple psychological problems to the victim
Glazer, Assistant D.A. of Bronx County, 97
(Yale, "Child Rapists Beware! The Death Penalty and Louisiana's Amended Aggravated Rape Statute", American Journal of Criminal
Law, Fall, 25 Am. J. Crim. L. 79)
Rape is one of the fastest growing violent crimes reported in the United States; it is estimated that a rape is reported every
two to six minutes and that one of every six women will be raped at some point in their lives. Studies of rape show it to be a
violent and brutal crime, often involving sexual humiliation and physical abuse. "Rape is unique among acts of violence: it
shatters not only a victim's physical well-being but also her emotional world. Psychologists say that the surviving victim's
sense of self-esteem, security and basic trust may be irreparably damaged." Rape has been called a "fate worse than death."
As a result of being raped, victims often suffer extreme trauma, both physically and emotionally. The symptoms experienced
by rape victims have been compared in severity to post-traumatic stress disorder observed in war veterans. Rape often
induces a cycle of behavioral problems that extend well beyond the time when the physical damage from the assault has
healed. Women often experience "intense attacks on [their] psychic equilibrium," often requiring intensive psychotherapy
treatments. Other long-term consequences of rape include self-destructive behavior, impaired self-esteem, interpersonal
problems, and a greater likelihood of becoming a drug or alcohol addict.
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