Spring 2003 Test #1 Review Toughest Point refers areas that introductory psychology students usually get confused about. Key Points refer to areas that will be guaranteed to have at least one question on the test. Chapter 1 Introduction and History Toughest Point: Distinguishing independent and dependent variable. Key Points: What is psychology? (focus on the definition) What are the steps to critical thinking? (straight from the book) Structuralism (who were the leaders? what were the main tenets Behavioralism of these historical schools?) Functionalism Freudian school Contemporary schools of psychology: Biological psychology Contemporary schools of psychology: Humanistic psychology Contemporary schools of psychology: Cognitive psychology Feminist psychology Careers in psychology Difference between psychology and psychiatry Chapter 2: Research Methods What makes psychology scientific? Steps in Research Process (e.g., replication, observation, . . .) Naturalistic observation (know the strengths and weaknesses of each method Experimental methods & when a method would be appropriate) Case Study Survey/Interview Independent & dependent variable Random assignment What is a correlation? (what does it mean? how to interpret) Correlation and causation Research ethics (What is informed consent? debriefing?) Ethics of studying animals Spring 2003 Chapter 4 Biological Psychology Toughest Point: Remembering each of the different brain areas’ functions. Key Points: Nature versus Nurture Chemical Process in neuron transmission Electrical process in neuron transmission Anatomy of the neuron (remember DSATS) Different techniques for studying brain (MRI, EEG) Hindbrain (what are the main functions of these parts of the brain?) Limbic system Hypothalamus Cortex How the brain can change (plasticity) Right side versus Left side (what are the functions) Split brain patients Gender differences in brain structures Hints: When studying the parts of the brain, just focus on the basic functions of each area, e.g., the midbrain is a relay station for sending various signals to more complex parts of the brain. Previous Test Items: Chapter 1 The early school of psychological thought that emphasized the study of how immediate, conscious experience is organized was A. structuralism. B. functionalism. C. behaviorism. D. psychoanalysis. Wilhelm Wundt A) influenced Maslow B) was a functionalist C) founded the first psychological laboratory D) was a cohort of Skinner Which school of psychology, according to your professor, originated in the feel-good, peace/war protest movement of the 1960s? A) evolutionary B) amicable C) humanistic D) cognitive The broadest definition of psychology describes it as the science of A) behavior and mental processes B) mental events C) mental disease D) cognition and the brain Spring 2003 Behaviorism believes that psychology should focus on A) overt actions B) hereditary influences C) perceptual organizations D) cognitive processes Chapter 2 In an experiment on auto safety, researchers drove cars into a wall at 35 miles an hour and varied the angle at which they hit, to see what effect the angle had on the "injuries" to the crash dummies. In this experiment, the dummies' injuries would be the ______ variable. A. control B. theoretical C. independent D. dependent Which of the following research methods is most likely to be useful to a psychologist who wants to find out how people typically behave in a certain fairly common situation? A. surveys B. naturalistic observation C. case studies D. controlled experiment Replication is important in the scientific method because it guards against A. the overuse of inappropriate statistical tests B. the lack of sufficient extraneous variables C. variables that are incorrectly measured D. the tendency to bias the results of an experiment In psychology, a theory is a(n) A. collection of interrelated ideas and facts used to explain and predict behavior and mental processes. B. scientist's personal beliefs about what is or is not likely to happen under certain circumstances. C. specific technique that can be used to measure certain important psychological variables. D. idea that someone has about behavior and mental processes that has never been tested. Which method allows you to say that one variable caused a change in another variable? A. experiential method B. experimental method C. observational method D. case study method Chapter 4 items The thick band of fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain is called the A. reticular formation. B. limbic system. C. corpus callosum. D. spinal cord. Spring 2003 The hypothalamus is a brain structure that acts in part to regulate A. anger and happiness. B. sleep and wakefulness. C. sensory information processing. D. eating and drinking behavior. When an electrical impulse travels to the end of an axon, it produces A. electrical resistance in the next cell. B. the release of a neurotransmitter chemical. C. a sensation of pain in the nerve ending. D. the growth of a new synaptic vessicle. The advantage of an EEG is that it A. uses radioactive dyes injected into a person's blood B. provides immediate information about overall brain activity C. is able to locate tumors in brain structures D. provides accurate detailed pictures of brain structures Which of the following will make a neuron LESS likely to fire? A. myelin sheath on its axon B. a polarized neural membrane C. a quick neurotransmitter uptake D. an inhibitory post-synaptic potential Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 4: A,C,C,A,A D,B,D,A,B C,D,B,B,D