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CHAPTER FOURTEEN: THE RISE OF JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
“Politics for the People”
universal white manhood suffrage
(semi-literate Davy Crockett elected due to his
hunting skills)
rise in voter turn-out
National Nominating Conventions
“Corrupt Bargain” – 1824
Jackson
Adams
Crawford
Clay
replace the “undemocratic” caucus
1st used by the anti-Masonic Party
electoral
99 (not majority)
84
41
37
popular %
42%
32%
13%
13%
House to decide between top 3> Clay was Speaker of the House> threw vote toward
Adams> Adams then named Clay Secretary of State> Jacksonians bitter for the next 4
years
Tariff of Abominations – 1828
South Carolina Exposition
-Southerners upset because they were heavy
consumers of manufactured goods
-anxiety about federal interference
** British bought less cotton because of tariff
** Southern cotton was not protected by a tariff, but
northern mfg. goods protected
written secretly by Calhoun to protest tariff
Advocated nullification
Republican split
National Republicans (Adams)
Democratic Republicans (Jackson)
** end of Era of Good Feelings
** political center shifting West
Election of 1828
Jackson w/V.P. Calhoun
Adams lost but was elected to House of Reps.
1st president from West
1st president nominated at Convention
1st president w/out college education
hostile to American System but believed in Union
strong use of veto (“King Andrew I”)
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“spoils system”
Jackson strong believer in
kitchen cabinet
shifting group of unofficial advisors
Peggy Eaton affair
-She married Sec. of War Eaton
After her husband had committed suicide
= scandal & gossip, esp. by Calhoun’s wife
-Jackson & VanBuren tried to force her acceptance,
Suspended Congress
-Calhoun resigned, Van Buren became V.P.
Webster-Hayne debates -1829
due to resolution to curb sale of public lands
Hayne (SC)
advocated nullification to protect minority interests
Webster (MA)
if Supreme Ct. didn’t determine Constitutionality of
laws, nation would be torn by revolution
“Liberty & Union, now & forever, one &
inseparable”
Jefferson Day Dinner – 1830
-to trick Jackson into toasting state’s rights &
nullification in honor of Jefferson
Calhoun-“Union, next to liberty, most dear”
Jackson-“Our Union, it must be preserved”
Maysville Road veto – 1830
Jackson did not believe in federal funding for
internal improvement all in one state
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CHAPTER FIFTEEN: JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY AT FULL TIDE
Nullification Crisis
Tariff of 1832
lower tariff 10%
Delegates from SC declared tariff null & void in SC
Threatened to secede
Compromise Tariff
advocated by Henry Clay
Would gradually reduce tariff
SC repealed nullification
Force Bill
authorized the President to use force to collect new
tariff
SC nullified the Force Bill
Election of1832
Clay – National Republican
Jackson – Democrat
Anti-Masonic Party – 1st 3rd Party
Bank of the US Controversy
Clay tried to force Jackson to recharter the Bank
Jackson vetoed, “The Bank is trying to kill
me, but I will kill it”
Bank of US benefits
Restraint of “fly-by-night” banks
Reduced bank failures
Created credit=economic expansion
Bank of US negatives
Not very democratic
Corrupt
Nicholas Biddle
“Pet Banks”
corrupt, but able, administrator of the Bank
-created by Jackson to put federal $ in, in order to
weaken the Bank of the US before it expired
-resulted in “wildcat” currency being produced by
all these unregulated banks
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Specie Circular
decree by Jackson requiring hard $ (coins) to pay
for all public lands (because of wildcat $)
Indian Removal
GA legislature asserted jurisdiction over Cherokee lands> Cherokee took to court>
Supreme Court ruled in favor of Cherokee
Jackson refused to obey, “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it”
Removal Act – 1830
to remove Indians beyond the Mississippi River
permanently away from whites
5 “Civilized Tribes” Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole
Black Hawk’s War – 1832
Indians in WI & IL crushed
Seminole Wars – 1835-1842
Osceola seized under truce, forced to remove
Texas
Stephen Austin 1823
Slavery
granted land in Mexico if he would bring 300
families
prohibited in Mexico; Texans defied laws
Santa Anna 1835
erased local rights for Texans, and raised army to
suppress unruly Texians
Sam Houston - 1836
Texan commander, declared independence
Alamo
early Mexican victory
San Jacinto – 1836
Santa Anna captured during siesta
2 treaties signed: 1) Mexican troops w/drawn
2) recognize Rio Grande as border
petition for annexation by US – 1837
rejected, Northerners felt it was a scheme to extend
slavery
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Whigs
Mix of Jackson opponents
too diverse to agree on presidential candidate
“favorite sons”
attempt to win over some popular Americans to
scatter the vote so no one would win a majority
William Henry Harrison
leading “favorite son”
JACKSON’S LEGACY
Increased power of the executive
Led common people into politics
Led long-lived Democratic party
Spoils system
Damage to US financial system
Election of 1836
Van Buren won
Panic of 1837
Causes:
Independent Treasury – 1840
“Divorce Bill”
speculation
Specie Circular
Wheat crop failures
2 British banks failed; investors called in US loans
Van Buren wanted to divorce government from
banking
Government would lock surplus $ into vaults
(repealed by Whigs in 1841, reestablished by Democrats in 1846)
Election of 1840
Harrison beat Van Buren
“Log Cabin & Cider” campaign
no real issues
Harrison gave cider & claimed he was born in log
cabin
1st mass turnout for presidential election
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Democrats
Individual liberties
States’ rights/federal restraint
Against privileges
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Whigs
valued community
national bank; protective tariffs; internal
improvements; public schools; reform
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CHAPTER SIXTEEN: FORGING THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
(1790-1860)
The West
Fur Trade
beaver & buffalo soon close to extinction
George Catlin
advocated preservation as national policy
Cities
Rapid urbanization
Immigration
Irish
German
slums, inadequate police, few sewers or lights, bad
water, full of garbage, rats
tripled in 1840s, quadrupled in 1850s due to potato
famine
Radical “Molly Maguire’s” miner’s union
Prominent in politics
uprooted farmers or liberal political refugees
Supported public schools, music, arts
Disliked slavery
“Nativism”
Order of the Star-Spangled Banner -1849 developed into the Know-Nothing Party
-Wanted rigid restrictions on immigration & laws
Authorizing the deportation of alien paupers
THE MARKET REVOLUTION
Inventors
Samuel Slater – 1791
Eli Whitney – 1793
-memorized plans for machine to spin cotton,
escaped England to USA
-Created interchangeable parts (for guns)
-invented cotton engine, 50 times faster than
picking by hand
-slavery had been dying out
-Helped North & South – increased cotton
production meant more fiber for northern spinning
machines
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Robert Fulton – 1807
steamboat, “Clermont”, traveled 150 miles UP
Houston River in 32 hours
 changed all of America’s streams into 2 way
arteries
 helped bind West & South together
Cyrus McCormick – 1830
mechanical reaper
Led to debt & large-scale “cash-crop” agriculture
Samuel F. B. Morse – 1844
Telegraph – 40 miles of wire from DC to Baltimore
Typed “What hath God wrought?”
Elias Howe - 1846
invented sewing machine
Boston Associates
Cyrus Field -1866
Labor
Child labor
investment capital company,
owned Lowell Factory, first textile factory, Boston
heavy cable
Trans-Atlantic cable begun 1858
in early 19th century, over ½ of all factory workers
under 10 years old – stunted growth, mental scars,
“whipping rooms”
10 Hour workday – 1840
established by Van Buren for federal employees
Commonwealth v. Hunt – 1842
Sup. Ct. ruled that labor unions were NOT illegal
conspiracies
Females
New England farm-girls taken to boarding houses to
perform factory work, supervised by matrons,
escorted to church
“Cult of Domesticity”
Catherine Beecher
glorified traditional role of women as home-makers
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Families
Marriages based on love; Trend toward having less
children
Individuality encouraged, not meek acceptance of
authority
Transportation
National Road -1811-1852
Erie Canal – 1817-1825
Results:
a.k.a Cumberland Road
591 miles from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia,
Illinois
under leadership of Governor DeWitt Clinton
Connected Lake Erie to Hudson River to NY
Harbor
Reduced cost of shipping from $100 to $5 & time
from 20 days to 6 days
NY industry boomed
Farming in old Northwest became VERY profitable
New England farmers could not handle competition
Railroads
1st built in 1828
1st sleeper cars in 1859
Clipper ships – 1840s & 1850s
very fast
Pony Express – 1860
2,000 miles from Missouri to Sacramento
Went broke after 18 months
RESULTS OF MARKET/TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
1) continental economy
2) Mississippi River lost traffic
3) Economy by region:
South – cotton to send to New England
West – grain & livestock to feed population in East
East – machinery & textiles for South & West
4) self-sufficient households becoming obsolete
5) widened gulf between rich & poor (rich becoming VERY rich)
6) improvement in overall standard of living
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CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: FERMENT OF REFORM AND CULTURE
Religion
Deism & Unitarianism
Second Great Awakening – 1800
morality; loving Father; goodness of man; salvation
through good work
“tidal wave of spiritual fervor”
New converts, esp. to Methodist & Baptist churches
Humanitarian reform
“camp meetings”
itinerant preachers/ Charles Finney
emotional frenzies (“burned over district”, NY)
Millerites/Adventists
Christ returning 10/22/1844
Later changed to different date
Mormons – 1830
a.k.a. Church of Latter Day Saints
-Joseph Smith received golden plates from angel –
translated into Book of Mormon
-persecuted into Ohio>Missouri>Illinois
1844 Smith & his brother murdered
-Brigham Young led to Utah
-briefly persecuted by federal troops
Education
Public Education
increased voting called for better education
Noah Webster – 1828
dictionary
* helped standardize American language
Horace Mann – 1830s
called for more & better schools, longer school
terms, higher pay for teachers, expanded curriculum
Lyceum movement – 1835
traveling lectures in science, literature, philosophy
Higher Education
Women
Emma Willard – 1821
education thought to injure female brain, undermine
their health and make them unfit for marriage
established Troy Female Seminary in NY
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Oberlin College – 1837
opened doors to women
(already admitted blacks)
Mount Holyoke – 1837
women’s school est. by Mary Lyon
Reform
Prisons
Debtor’s Prisons
generally middle-class women
abolished
Auburn System
prisoners allowed to have social interaction
Dorothea Dix – 1843
called for improved treatment of mentally ill
Temperance
American Temperance Society – 1826
T.S. Arthur
wrote “Ten Nights in a Barroom & What I Saw
There”
Neil S. Dow
Women’s Rights
Lucretia Mott
achieved prohibition of alcohol in Maine
Quaker, rejected at London anti-slavery conference
because female
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
mother of 7; advocated women’s suffrage; left word
“obey” out of marriage vows
Susan B. Anthony
militant lecturer
Elizabeth Blackwell
first female graduate of medical school
Margaret Fuller
editor of transcendentalist journal, “The Dial”
Grimke sisters
champions of anti-slavery
Lucy Stone
retained maiden name after marriage
Seneca Falls Convention – 1848
“Declaration of Sentiments” read by Stanton; said “All men AND women
created equal”
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Utopias
Shakers – 1770s
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led by Mother Ann Lee
Prohibited marriage & sex; faded away
New Harmony, IN – 1825
founded by Robert Owen, sank in confusion
Brook Farm, MA – 1841
haven for transcendentalists, sank in debt
Oneida Community, NY – 1848
practiced communism & “free” love
Science/Medicine
John J. Audubon
Anesthesia – 1840s
painted wild fowl in natural habitat
ether & laughing gas
Art
Gilbert Stuart & Charles Wilson Peale
esp. portraits of Washington
John Trumbull
Revolutionary War scenes
Hudson River School of Art
taught landscape painting
Literature
Washington Irving
“Rip Van Winkle”, “Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
James Fennimore Cooper
“The Last of the Mohicans”, “The Spy”,
“Leatherstocking Tales”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
popular poet
“dissenters”
Edgar Allen Poe
“the Raven”; “The Fall of the House of Usher”
Died drunk in Baltimore
Nathaniel Hawthorne
“The Scarlet Letter”
Herman Melville
“Moby Dick”
Died in obscurity & poverty
“Historians”
George Bancroft
patriotic history of the US
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Francis Parkman
Transcendentalists
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noted importance of struggle between England &
France for the US
-rejected that all knowledge derived from senses
-every person has an inner light which can detect
“truth”
-commitment to self-reliance & self-discipline
Ralph Waldo Emerson
essayist, poet
Henry David Thoreau
-condemned slavery
-Advocated “passive resistance” by refusing to pay
tax which supported slavery
-“Walden”; “On the Duty of Civil Disobediance”
Walt Whitman
poet, “Leaves of Grass”
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CHAPTER NINETEEN: MANIFEST DESTINY
1841 – Harrison died 4 weeks into term
Tyler became President
PROBLEMS WITH ENGLAND
Caroline Affair – 1837
accused of being “Democrat in Whig clothing”
-vetoed Bank of the US
-lowered tariffs
US boat carrying supplies across Niagara River
attacked by British & set on fire
Creole Affair – 1841
British in Bahamas offered asylum to 130 Virginia
slaves who had mutinied
Aroostook War – 1842
a.k.a Lumerjack War
Britain proposed road through disputed territory
btwn. Main & Canada
Lumberjacks clashed
Lord Ashburton
compromise on Maine boundary
Britain lost some land, but gained enough for road
Election of 1844
*James Polk – Democrat
“manifest destiny”, “annexation of Texas”,
“54’40 or Fight”
lower tariff, restore Independent Treasury
Henry Clay – Whig
Liberty Party
Manifest Destiny
John O’Sullivan
TEXAS
Annexation – 1844-1845
OREGON
Treaty of 1818
Americans destined by God to spread noble,
democratic institutions across continent
“Our manifest destiny is to overspread the
continent”
by joint resolution of Congress
originally claimed by Spain, Britain, Russia, & US
Various treaties left in control of US & Britain
peaceful joint occupation
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Oregon Fever – 1840s
Treaty of 1846
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pioneers to Willamette Valley to farm
Oregon Trail
US & Britain agree to 49th parallel to divide
PROBLEMS WITH MEXICO
-Mexico didn’t accept Texas’ annexation
-Mexico believed Texas boundary should be Nueces
River NOT Rio Grande
-USA wanted California
John Slidell’s mission – 1845
sent to Mexico City to negotiate for CA
Called insulting & sent home
Gen. Zachary Taylor
sent to guard Rio Grande
Mexican troops saw as invasion & attacked
Lincoln’s “spot resolutions”
Mexican War -1846
Mexican Gen. Santa Anna
show me where American blood was spilled on
American soil…
told Polk he’d sell out Mexico> Polk agreed> Santa
Anna betrayed & attacked US
Gen. Stephen Kearny
led attack to Santa Fe, NM
Capt. John Fremont
led attack to California
Gen. Winfield Scott
pushed toward Mexico City
Nicholas Trist
-sent to negotiate with Santa Ann, offered him
$10,000> Santa Anna pocketed & kept fighting
-Trist recalled by Polk but refused to leave
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
-US gained title to Texas, California & Spanish
claims in Oregon
-US paid Mexico $15 million
- US paid claims by US citizens against Mexico
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RESULTS OF MEXICAN WAR:
1) field experience for future leaders in Civil War
2) Latin American dislike of US (“colossus of the North”)
3) renewed conflicts over issue of slavery
Wilmot Proviso
-called for NO slavery in Mexican territories
-passed House but not Senate
-later attempted to tack onto all bills dealing with
new territories
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CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: RENEWING THE SECTIONAL STRUGGLE
“King Cotton”
problems for South:
despoiled the earth
monopolistic economic structure
one-crop economy> prices at whim of world market
whites
only ¼ of southern whites owned slaves
others supported slavery because they hoped to
make it rich one day & believed in racial superiority
free blacks
prohibited from certain occupations
couldn’t testify against whites
prohibited from several northern states
barred from many public schools
generally couldn’t vote
hated by northerners & southerners
slaves
passive resistance –
4 million
no civil or political rights
flogging common punishment
majority lived on large plantations
most raised by mother & father
rape common – children of slaves automatically
slaves also
slow pace, pilfering, sabotage equipment, run away
revolts -
Gabriel Prosser – 1800, VA
Denmark Vesey – 1822, SC
Nat Turner – 1831, VA
60 whites killed
white southerners feel like they are besieged
slave states begin to tighten slave codes
fear of emancipation
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Abolitionism:
American Colonization Society – 1817
William Lloyd Garrison – 1831
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-racist
-Designed to send free blacks back to Africa
-Founded the country of Liberia, capital
“Monrovia” named after Pres. Monroe
began publishing the Liberator, a radical antislavery newspaper
“we will not compromise, equivocate, etc…..”
founded American Anti-Slavery Society – 1833
Elijah Lovejoy – 1837
printed press destroyed & he murdered in Illinois
Theodore Dwight Weld – 1839
wrote “American Slavery As It Is” propaganda
Frederick Douglass – 1845
published “Narrative of the Life of Frederick
Douglass”
lectured throughout north after purchasing freedom
Southern reactions:
Gag Rule – 1836
Northern reactions:
called slavery good for Africans
say slaves happier than northern factory workers
House agreed to table all anti-slavery appeals
without debate
-didn’t like Garrison’s extremism
-had an economic stake in the South
-growing number of “free-soilers”, opposed to
extending slavery into western territories
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CHAPTER TWENTY: RENEWING THE SECTIONAL STRUGGLE
Election of 1848
Lewis Cass(Dem)
silent on slavery issue
father of idea of popular sovereignty
Zachary Taylor (Whig)**
dodged all troublesome issues
Van Buren (Free Soil)
for Wilmot Proviso
federal aid for internal improvements
free government homesteads
California – 1849
gold discovered, many people
wrote state constitution with NO slavery
southerners opposed
Compromise of 1850
-organized by Henry Clay
-supported by Daniel Webster with his “7th of
“March” speech
-opposed by Seward (north) & Calhoun (south)
-passed by Pres. Fillmore after Taylor died
Terms:
1) California = free state
2) abolition of slave trade in Wash. DC
3) rest of Mexican cession open to popular sov.
4) strict Fugitive Slave law:
-fleeing slaves could not testify
-no trial by jury for fled slaves
-federal commissioner to receive $10 if
slave convicted, $5 if freed
Results:
-many northern states refused to comply with Fug.
Slave Act (Mass. passed law prohibiting
enforcement)
-Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin,
which opened many northerners eyes
-gave north time to accumulate physical & moral
strength for victory
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Election of 1852
Franklin Pierce (Dem) **
Winfield Scott (Whig)
Expansionism & Slavery
Cuba
Ostend Manifesto
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whig party split over abolitionism
-southerners in Congress offered Spain $120 million
for Cuba – refused
-southerners said if US interests were endangered in
Cuba, US would be justified in taking Cuba from
Spain
Gadsden Purchase – 1853
Mexico ceded remainder of its holdings for $10 mil.
Kansas & Nebraska – 1854
-proposed compromise by Sen. Stephen Douglas-IL
-wanted transcontinental RR through Chicago
-proposed Popular Sovereignty in KS & NE
*violated MO Compromise which forbid slavery in
Nebraska
*caused rise of Republican Party in Midwest, which
protested spread of slavery
Nicaragua -1856
-Wm. Walker installed himself as president
legalized slavery
-overthrown by coalition of Central American
nations
Hinton R. Helper – 1857
-wrote the Impending Crisis of the South
-said non-slave holding whites in south suffered the
most from slavery
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CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: DRIFTING TOWARD DISUNION
Contest for Kansas
Northern free-soilers
emigrated with “Beecher’s Bibles” (guns)
set up gov. in Topeka
emigrated, voted often, erected “puppet” gov.
Southern slave holders
Lecompton Constitution
tricky, slavery no matter how one voted
Buchanan supported in 1857
Douglas championed re-vote> Constitution revoked
Civil War in Kansas – 1856-1861
bloodshed on both sides
John Brown & sons killed pro-slavery settlers
Sumner-Brooks affair
-Sumner (Mass) insulted Brooks (SC)
-SC code of honor called for duel; Brooks beat
Sumner with cane
-Brooks resigned but was reelected
-Sumner almost dead
* emotion overtaking reason
Election of 1856
James Buchanan – Dem**
popular sovereignty
John Fremont – Rep.
free soil
Millard Fillmore – Know-Nothing
anti-Catholic, anti-foreigner
Millard Fillmore – Whig
Dred Scott decision – 1857
Scott taken by owner, Sanford, to free territory
Scott wanted freedom
**Chief Justice Taney ruled slaves NOT citizens,
could not sue in court, slaves private property of
owners, MO Compromise unconstitutional
Lincoln-Douglas debates – 1858
Freeport Doctrine -
for IL senatorial position, Douglas won
Lincoln asked: how can popular sovereignty & the
Dred Scott decision exist hand in hand?
people will pass laws prohibiting slavery
answer:
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John Brown & Harper’s Ferry -1859
Election of 1860
Democrats
Brown to raid ferry to steal guns for slave revolt
captured & hanged
became something of a martyr for abolitionism
-met in Charleston, SC, nominated Douglas >
cotton states walked out
-met in Baltimore, MD, nominated Douglas >
cotton states walked out
*advocated popular sovereignty, enforcement of
Fugitive Slave Act
Southern Democrats
nominated Breckinridge
*advocated extension of slavery, annexation of
Cuba
Constitutional Union Party
nominated Bell
Republicans
nominated Lincoln
*advocated free soil, protective tariff, Pacific RR,
internal improvements, free homesteads
**WON
but received no votes in 10 southern states
South Carolina secedes - 1860
6 other states joined in next 6 weeks
Confederate States of America – 1861
President Jefferson Davis
Crittenden Compromise-1861
-last effort to make peace
-re-establish MO Compromise line of 36, 30
guarantee slavery in South, prohibit in North
-Lincoln rejected
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CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: GIRDING FOR WAR
Lincoln’s thoughts:
essence of struggle is proving that popular
government is not absurd;
the question is whether or not in a free government,
the minority have a right to break up the
government any time they choose
Fort Sumter, April 1861
Lincoln decided to send provisions NOT
reinforcements to this federal naval fort in SC
SC opened fire; fort surrendered
Lincoln asked Congress for troops
Border States
-Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, West
Virginia
-important for their large population, mfg. capacity,
Ohio River transportation route
 if joined CSA, would have been devastating to
Union
 Lincoln instituted martial law, supervised
elections
South’s Advantages
defensive fighting
self-determination
preservation of way of life
most talented officers
excellent cavalry & soldiers
sufficient weapons
South’s Disadvantages
shortages of mfg. goods (shoes, uniforms, blankets,
bullets)
poor infrastructure/transportation
North’s Advantages
many farms for food
many factories
railroads
control of the Navy
bigger population
North’s Disadvantages
less prepared
few effective leaders
disagreement over goal of war
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Foreign Intervention
Britain
“Confederate raiders”- British built ships used by
CSA to capture over 250 Yankee ships
South counted on British aid, but average British
hated slavery
-British needed cotton, BUT northern troops
captured Southern cotton surplus & sent to Britain
-Egypt & India increased cotton output for Britain
-England needed wheat from the Union
Trent affair
Union ship stopped British mail steamer & forcibly
removed 2 Confederate diplomats on way to Europe
- Lincoln reluctantly released them to keep
British approval
France
-took advantage of US war to invade Mexico
-Maximilian crowned emperor, in flagrant violation
of Monroe Doctrine
-eventually Maximilian abandoned & killed by
Mexican firing squad
Draft
nationwide -1863
-led to draft riots in New York City
-many blacks killed, primarily by Irish
wealthy could buy their way out of draft
Economy
Morrill Tariff Act
raised tariff duties
Greenbacks printed
$450 million
National Banking System
to sell government bonds & provide standard
currency
millionaires created
from booming war industry in the North
women
some work industrial jobs
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CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: FURNACE OF CIVIL WAR
Battle of Bull Run, July 1861
raw Yankee recruits marched as if “sporting event”
panicked with brutality> South won
** inflated South’s overconfidence
**North realized it would not be a one-battle war
McClellan
-Union commander
-overcautious, relieved soon after Peninsula campaign but
later rehired
Union Strategy:
1) blockade coasts
2) liberate slaves (undermine Southern economy)
3) gain Mississippi River & cut South in half
4) send troops to Georgia & Carolinas to divide South
5) attack Virginia at the main strength of the CSA
Monitor & Merrimack
ironclad ships
Battle of Antietam – 1862
-Lee’s battle plans found by North
-military tie, both sides claimed as victory
-McClellan relieved of duty again
**Lincoln used this “victory” as moral support prior to
issuing Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation – 1863 freed slaves in Union-held Confederate territory
 goal not to free slaves but strengthen Union
morale
 result actually was increased desertions
 freed blacks joined Union army, making up 10%
of soldiers by end of war
Union problems with leadership:
-McClellan replaced by Burnside
-Burnside led rash attack at Fredericksburg & was replaced
by Hooker
-Hooker defeated by Lee & Jackson at Chancelorsville &
was replaced by Meade
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Battle of Gettysburg – July, 1863
Pickett’s Charge
3 day battle, first 2 days left no clear winner
Lee ordered uphill charge straight at Yankee troops in last
attempt to secure victory
disastrous & deadly
** turned tide of war in favor of the North
Gettysburg Address
-cast war as a struggle to preserve nation conceived
in liberty
-said the dead shall not have died in vain
Grant in Tennessee
riveted Kentucky to the Union, opened path to Georgia
Grant at Vicksburg
victory the day after Gettysburg
** all Confederate hopes for foreign intervention lost
(at reports that Grant was an alcoholic, Lincoln said, “Find me the brand and I’ll send a barrel
to each of my other generals.”
Sherman in Georgia
Total War strategy -captured & burned Atlanta
-cut path of destruction through Georgia, burning fields,
destroying supplies, etc.
Richmond captured – 1865
Appomatox – 1865
Politics
Copperheads
-Lee cornered and surrendered
-Grant scolded rejoicing Union soldiers saying, “the rebels
are our countrymen again”
-peace Democrats in North
-attacked Lincoln, Emancipation Proc., draft
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Election of 1864
Andrew Johnson
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-Lincolns VP
-former Democrat, attractive to border states
McClellan (Democrat)
Lincoln’s Assassination – 1865
-killed by John Wilkes Booth, a fanatical, pro-Southern
actor, at Ford’s Theatre
** pushed Lincoln to infamy
** set stage for Radical Reconstruction
RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR:
1) 600,000 dead
2) loss of generation of young men
3) $15 million war debt
4) issues of nullification & secession laid to rest
5) slavery ended
6) bitterness by South toward North
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CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: THE ORDEAL OF RECONSTRUCTION
Post Civil War questions:
1) How would the South be rebuilt?
2) How would the liberated blacks fare?
3) How would the southern states be integrated?
4) Who would direct the process of Reconstruction?
Exodusters
25,000 blacks from LA, TX, MS flocked to Kansas to farm
Freedman’s Bureau – 1865-1872
to provide food, clothing & education to white & black
refugees (NOT land)
Black Codes
-first act of many new southern regimes
-designed to control blacks
i.e. blacks to use labor contracts
blacks to able to serve on juries
blacks barred from renting/leasing land
blacks punished for “idleness”
blacks not allowed to vote
Ku Klux Klan – 1866
Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
-10% oath of allegiance
-promise to abide by emancipation
Wade-Davis Bill
Johnson’s Plan
founded in Tennessee to prevent blacks from voting & keep
them from practicing 14th & 15th amendment rights
-proposed 50% allegiance
-vetoed by Lincoln
-10% oath
-disenfranchised leading Confederates
-state conventions to repudiate debts against USA & repeal
secession
-ratification of 13th amendment
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Civil Rights bill – 1866
to give blacks citizenship
vetoed by Johnson; overridden by Congress
14th Amendment
-defined citizenship & civil rights
-if states deny voting rights to blacks, their
representation in Congress would be reduced
-former Confederate office-holder disqualified from
new political offices
Radicals
Charles Sumner (Senate)
Thaddeus Stevens (House)
“state-suicide theory”
seceders had committed suicide in politics &
forfeited all rights
“conquered provinces theory”
Plan:
15th amendment – 1869
seceders to be readmitted as conquered
provinces on Congress’s terms
-Military Reconstruction Act – 1867
1) South divided into 5 military districts controlled
by Union generals & soldiers
-thousands of former Confederates disenfranchised
-ratification of 14th amendment
-state constitutions to give blacks voting rights
no discrimination in suffrage by race
**in many states, blacks were elected to office in
record numbers even compared to modern times
(once radical reconstruction ended, southern state governments passed into the hands of
“redeemers” and the Solid South re-emerged)
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LEGACY OF RECONSTRUCTION
1) South angry & resentful
2) South wary of federal intervention
3) uprooted Southern social & racial norms
4) spreading indifference in North to plight of blacks
Why couldn’t Reconstruction have done more?
-reluctance to tamper with property rights
-principle of local self-government
-racism
Johnson’s Impeachment
Tenure of Office Act – 1867
Purchase of Alaska – 1867
-required Senate approval for firing appointees
-Johnson dismissed Sec. of War Stanton
-House of Reps. voted to impeach
-One vote short of 2/3 Senate required for removal from
office
-Treaty with Russia advocated by Sec. of State Seward
-ridiculed & called “Seward’s Icebox”
-rumored to have natural resources