EASTERN ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT
Officers
President 2002-2003:
President Elect:
Vice-President Program:
Vice-President Program-Elect:
Vice-President at Large:
Vice-President, Membership:
Secretary:
Treasurer:
Newsletter Editor:
Mzamo Mangaliso, University of Massachusetts
Judi Neal, Association for Spirit at Work
dt ogilvie, Rutgers University
Eric Kessler, Pace University
Dale Finn, University of New Haven
John Ogilvie, University of Hartford
Carol Cirka, Ursinus College
Gwen Jones, Fairleigh Dickinson University
Marguerite Schneider, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Board of Directors
Eileen Kaplan
Montclair State University
Joel Harmon
Fairleigh Dickinson University
Steven Meisel
La Salle University
Gayle Porter
Rutgers University
Paul Bacdayan
University of Massachusetts
Laurel Goulet
U.S. Coast Guard Academy
Daniel Twomey
Fairleigh Dickinson University
Diana Stork
Simmons College
Kent Zimmerman
James Madison University
EAM Fellows
Nicholas J. Beutell
D. Anthony Butterfield
Carolyn R. Dexter
William P. Ferris
Martin J. Gannon
David H. Holt
Mariann Jelinek
Michael J. Kavanagh
D. Jeffrey Lenn
Joseph Litterer
Craig Lundberg
Judi Neal
David D. Palmer
Theodore Peridis
Gary N. Powell
Joseph Seltzer
Henry P. Sims, Jr.
John F. Veiga
Heidi Vernon
Joan Weiner
John N. Yanouzas
Past Presidents
John G. Hutchinson
Dean F. Berry
Charles E. Summer
Walter A. Hill
C. Wickham Skinner
Harold Lazarus
Ogden Hall
Stanley Young
Rocco Carzo, Jr.
M. William Frey
John W. Slocum, Jr.
John N. Yanouzas
Martin J. Gannon
Don Hellriegel
Louis K. Bragaw
Mahmoud A. Wahba
Joseph A. Alutto
Henry P. Sims, Jr.
Mariann Jelinek
John F. Veiga
Randall S. Schuler
Gary N. Powell
Carolyn R. Dexter
Michael J. Kavanagh
D. Jeffrey Lenn
Nicholas J. Beutell
Eugene G. Gomolka
Joseph Seltzer
William P. Ferris
Craig C. Lundberg
D. Anthony Butterfield
David D. Palmer
Joan Weiner
Alison M. Konrad
Bonita Betters-Read
Eileen Kaplan
Joel Harmon
Steven I. Meisel
Managing in a Global Economy X: Nations, Regions, and Globalism: Tensions and Opportunities
EASTERN ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT
Managing in a Global Economy X
Directors
Theodore Peridis
York University, Canada
Kathleen Dechant
University of Connecticut, USA
Program Chair
Heidi Vernon
Northeastern University, USA
Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Program Director
Alberto Castro, Dean
Conference Coordinators
Maheshkumar P. Joshi
George Mason University, USA
Jose Santos
INSEAD, France and UCP, Portugal
Rui Sousa
Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Portugal
Domain Chairs
Joan Weiner
Drexel University
Jeffery Mello
Towson University
Rajib Sanyal
College of New Jersey
Alison Konrad
Temple University
Program Committee
Andreas Budihardjo
Prasetiya Mulya Business School,
Indonesia
D. Anthony Butterfield
University of Massachusetts, USA
Eleanor O’Higgins
University College Dublin,
Ireland
Martin J. Gannon
University of Maryland, USA
Ellen Greenberg
American University in Bulgaria
John F. Veiga
University of Connecticut, USA
Mzamo Mangaliso
University of Massachusetts, USA
International Advisory Committee
Dilip Mirchandani, Chair
Rowan University, USA
Conference Proceedings Editor
Web Manager
Sudhir K. Saha
Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
Jerzy Letkowski, Western New England College
EAM WebPage: http://eaom.org
Eastern Academy of Management
ii
Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Porto, Portugal, June 20 - 24, 2003
The Eastern Academy of Management
The Eastern Academy of Management (EAM) is a regional affiliate of the 12,000 member Academy of Management.
Each May, the EAM holds its Annual Meeting and conference that attracts around 300 member participants.
Conference locations are in the eastern part of North America, and have included New York City, Washington D.C.;
Hartford, Connecticut; Montreal, Quebec; Buffalo, New York; Baltimore, Maryland; Portland, Maine; Springfield,
Massachusetts; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and New Haven, Connecticut. Competitive papers, symposia, and network
groups emphasize the pursuit of excellence in teaching and scholarly research in the field of management. Members
present papers, serve on panels, hold affiliated group meetings, and attend presentations by nationally known individuals
who are selected for their contributions to the management field. Awards are offered for the best scholarly and
management education works. Conference proceedings are published for those in attendance.
The International Conference Series
The Eastern Academy of Management initiated the first of a series of biennial international conferences jointly
sponsored with host institutions in countries outside North America. Each conference carries the theme “Managing in a
Global Economy” as a challenge to both management scholars and executives to develop more diversified interests by
engaging in a worldwide dialogue. Since their inception, conferences have been held:
 1985: Tilburg, the Netherlands; Tilburg University.
 1987: Athens, Greece; Deree College.
 1989: Shatin, Hong Kong; Chinese University of Hong Kong.
 1991: Nice, France; CERAM Ecole Superieur de Commerce Nice-Sofia Antipolis.
 1993: Berlin, Germany; Paul-Lobe-Institute.
 1995: Singapore; Nanyang Technological University.
 1997: Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin.
 1999: Prague, Czech Republic; CMC Graduate School of Business.
 2001: San Jose, Costa Rica; Instituto Centroamericano de Administracion de Empresas (INCAE).
Like its predecessors, EAM’s 2003 Porto Conference, Managing in a Global Economy X – Nations, Regions, and
Globalism: Tensions and Opportunities, is intended to foster an international exchange of ideas. It provides an
exceptional opportunity for dialogue among scholars and executives from around the world on management issues in a
time of rapid global economic and political turmoil. The issues for managers around the world have changed, perhaps
permanently. This conference is open to a discussion of broad and sweeping new perspectives on economic, cultural,
technological, and ethical factors that affect managers in these precarious and unpredictable times. The challenges and
opportunities provide lessons for management scholars and executives around the world. Scholars from thirty countries
in six continents are gathered together to participate in this dialogue.
Universidade Católica Portuguesa
The Catholic University is the most prestigious non-state university in Portugal. It has consistently ranked among the
best Portuguese universities and has gained international recognition both because of the quality of its graduates and of
the research activities of its renowned faculty. This is particularly true in the areas of economics and business with UCP
ranking first or second in all national surveys. The School of Economics and Business Administration at Porto inherits
this tradition and has become the reference point in the areas of international business, alliances and networks, as well as
operations management, finance, and agricultural economics.
Eastern Academy of Management
iii
Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Managing in a Global Economy X: Nations, Regions, and Globalism: Tensions and Opportunities
EAM International Outstanding Paper Awards
The primary criterion for consideration as an EAM-I Outstanding Award Paper candidate is excellence in international
management research and practice with an emphasis on the innovation, value, and thought-provoking ideas.
A panel of senior EAM faculty, with expertise in international business research, chooses from among the papers
recommended by reviewers as nominees for the award. Up to two papers can be selected to receive either the Carolyn
R. Dexter or the John Yanouzas EAM-I Outstanding Paper Award, named after the first organizers of the international
conference series. Each recipient is presented with a plaque and $ 500 US.
The following papers were nominated for the Outstanding Paper Award.
The winner will be announced at a special dinner on Monday 23 June 2003.
presented at:
The Origins of Sustained Superior Performance Within Established Organizations:
The Role of Middle Managers
Johanna Mair, IESE, University of Navarra, Spain
(session T 3.1)
The Relationship between an Entrepreneur’s Personal Network and Perceived Environmental
Uncertainty: An Examination of the Moderating Role of Internationalization
(session T 3.1)
Jeffrey E. McGee, University of Texas-Arlington, USA
Christopher L. Shook, University of Texas-Arlington, USA
George Gresham, Mary Baldwin College, USA
Effects of Privatization on Management Incentives at the Endesa Group: A Field Study
Gloria Cuevas Rodriguez, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Concepcion Alvarez-Dardet Espejo, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
Ramon Valle Cabrera, Pablo de Olavide University, Spain
(session SA 1.2)
The Determinants of Multinational Subsidiaries’ Export Behavior
Ana Theresa Tavares, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Stephen Young, University of Strathclyde, UK
(session SA 4.3)
Outstanding Paper Selection Committee
Special thanks to the colleagues who undertook the difficult task of selecting the best paper among the excellent
submissions nominated by the reviewers.
David D. Palmer, University of Connecticut, Chair
D. Anthony Butterfield, University of Massachusetts
Mzamo Mangaliso, University of Massachusetts
Heidi Vernon, Northeastern University
Eastern Academy of Management
iv
Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Porto, Portugal, June 20 - 24, 2003
Reviewers
The program committee is indebted to the following individuals for their generous participation in the review process.
We offer our thanks and appreciation for their most valuable contribution. We would also like to recognize those whose
reviews exceeded all expectations and provided some extremely insightful comments and most discerning suggestions to
the authors; those selected as best reviewers are identified with a *.
F. Gerard Adams, Northeastern University, USA
Maike Andresen, University der Bundeswehr, Germany
Michael Ba Banutu-Gomez, Rowan University, USA
Andreas Budihardjo, Prasetiya Mulya Graduate School
of Management, Indonesia
Roosevelt Butler, The College of New Jersey, USA
D. Anthony Butterfield, University of Massachusetts, USA
Edward Christiansen, Monmouth University, USA
John Clarry, Consultant, New Jersey, USA
Robert D. Costigan, St. John Fisher College, USA
Gloria Cuevas Rodriguez, Pablo de Olavide University,
Spain
William Crittenden, Northeastern University, USA
Refik Culpan, Pennsylvania State University, USA
Daryl D’Art, University of Limerick, Ireland
Miriam Diez Pinol, IEL-ESADE Business School, Spain
Shimon Dolan, IEL-ESADE Business School, Spain
Lorraine Eden, Texas A&M University, USA
Kimberly A. Eddleston, Northeastern University, USA
Nehad El-Sawaf, Old Dominion University, USA
* Manuel Ferreira, University of Utah, USA
Jeanie Forray, Western New England College, USA
Caren Goldberg, George Washington University, USA
Jorge A. Gonzalez, University of WisconsinMilwaukee, USA
Shanthi Gopalakrishnan, New Jersey Institute of
Technology, USA
Turgus Guvenli, Minnesota State University, USA
Ann Gregory, Memorial University of Newfoundland,
Canada
Martina Harms, University of Hanover, Germany
Claudia Harris, North Carolina Central University, USA
Charles F. Hermann, Texas A&M University, USA
Peruvenma S. Jaya, Memorial University of
Newfoundland, Canada
Maheshkumar P. Joshi, George Mason University, USA
Roger J. Kashlak, Loyola College in Maryland, USA
Shohreh A, Kaynama, Towson University, USA
Martin Kelly, Waikato Management School, New
Zealand
* Kevin Kennedy, Ohio University, USA
Eric H. Kessler. Pace University, USA
Janet Lenaghan, Hofstra University, USA
Christine Lentz, Rider University, USA
Pamela Lieb, The College of New Jersey, USA
* Johanna Mair, University of Navarra, Spain
Eastern Academy of Management
v
Rita Mano-Negrin, University of Haifa, Israel
Jean McGuire, Concordia University, Canada
Gavriel Meirovich, Sapir Academic College, Israel
Daniel J. Miller, Central Connecticut State University, USA
Dilip Mirchandani, Rowan University, USA
* Joao Neves, The College of New Jersey, USA
Vedran Omanovic, University of Goteborg, Sweden
Rowena Ortiz-Walters, University of Connecticut, USA
Arturo Osorio, University of Massachusetts, USA
David Palmer, University of Connecticut, USA
Alfred Pelham, The College of New Jersey, USA
Theo Peridis, York University, Canada
John Preble, University of Delaware, USA
Sandra Rahman, Framingham State University, USA
Stephanie Renaud, Universite de Montreal, Canada
Christopher Robinson, Northeastern University, USA
Douglas Ross, Towson University, USA
Sudhir K. Saha, Memorial University of
Newfoundland, Canada
Sylvie St. Onge. HEC-Montreal, Canada
Tagi Sagafi-nejad, Seton Hall University, USA
* Rakesh Sambharya, Rutgers University, USA
Rajib Sanyal, The College of New Jersey, USA
Ravi Sarathy, Northeastern University, USA
Daniel P. Sarlicki, University of British Columbia,
Canada
John Schermerhorn, Ohio University, USA
Hugh D. Sherman, Ohio University, USA
* Gunther K. Stahl, INSEAD, Singapore
Ernie Stark, Community and Industrial Research, USA
David Stewart, Memorial University of Newfoundland,
Canada
Rui Sousa, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Portugal
Kathleen Suchon, University of Massachusetts, USA
Sherry Sullivan, Bowling Green State University, USA
Alesa Svetic, Gea College of Entrepreneurship,
Slovenia
* Paul Swiercz, George Washington University, USA
Filiz Tabak, Towson University, USA
Ana Tavares, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Virginia Taylor, William Paterson University of New
Jersey, USA
Hope Torkornoo, Kennesaw State University, USA
Thomas Turner, University of Limerick, Ireland
*I.J. Hetty van Emmerik, Utrecht University, The
Netherlands
Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Managing in a Global Economy X: Nations, Regions, and Globalism: Tensions and Opportunities
John Volkmar, Gettysburg College, USA
Habte Woldu, University of Texas at Dallas, USA
Diana Wong, Eastern Michigan, USA
Samir M. Youssef, American University in Cairo, Egypt
Gary Yukl, University of New York at Albany, USA
* Jayne Zanglein, The College of New Jersey, USA
Charlene Zietsma, University of Western Ontario,
Canada
The following institutions contributed generously to this Conference
Northeastern University
University of Connecticut
George Mason University
*
Fundação Gulbenkian
Instituto do Vinho do Porto
FLAD – Fundação Luso-Americana
AEP – Associação Empresarial de Portugal
FCT- Fundação para a Ciência e a
Tecnologia
API – Agência Portuguesa para o
Investimento
ICEP Portugal
Eastern Academy of Management
UNICER – Bebidas de Portugal
vi
Corticeira AMORIM
Universidade Católica Portuguesa