Homeostasis
1. The endocrine system is responsible for hormone-mediated communication within the
body.
Which endocrine glands are mostly responsible for:
Control of blood sugar
Control of body temperature
Initiation of puberty
Production of sex cells
2. Draw a simple flow chart to show how the endocrine system functions based on
stimulus, hormone secretion and negative feedback control.
3. Define homeostasis.
4. List five factors that are maintained through homeostasis.
5. Complete the flow
how the hypothalamus
temperature through
the body’s responses?
chart below to show
controls body
hormones. What are
6. Blood glucose levels are maintained by hormones produced in the pancreas.
Complete the table to show glucoregulation.
The pancreas contains…
High Blood Sugar
Low Blood Sugar
___________________ cells…
___________________ cells…
…which secrete…
… carried in blood to….
&
… causing conversion of..
… to …
Overall effect:
Glucose removed from blood
Glucose released into blood
7. Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which regulation of blood glucose is difficult.
There are two types of diabetes (Type I and Type II)
Distinguish between them in terms of action, age of onset and risk factors.
Type I:
Type II:
8. Suggest reasons why incidence of diabetes is increasing globally.
9. Diabetes has a strong hereditary link.
Name two other disorders which can be inherited, and state the cause.
1:
2:
10. Cancers (tumours) are not inherited, nor are they pathogenic.
What is a tumour?
11. Define pathogen.
12. Give named examples of the four types of pathogen.
13. List five methods by which pathogens can be transmitted.
14. Explain why antibiotics are not effective against viruses.
15. Distinguish between bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics.
16. Outline the emergence of Multiple-Resistant bacteria as a result of overuse of
antibiotics and subsequent evolution by natural selection.
17. How do the skin and mucous membrane act as the body’s primary defense against
infection?
18. What is the role of the following types of cells in defense against infectious diseases?
Phagocytes (macrophages)
B-cells
T-cells
19. Draw a diagram to show how a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen by phagocytosis.
What is the role of lysozymes in this process?
20. Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.
21. Annotate the diagram to explain how clonal selection leads to antibody production.
22. DefineHIV
23. Define AIDS
24. Distinguish between HIV and AIDS.
25. Explain the effects of HIV on the immune system.
26. Discuss the cause, tranmission, social and economic impacts of HIV.
27. How might HIV/AIDS affect devloped nations differently to developing nations such as
regions of Africa?
28. List three other diseases that can be sexually transmitted and their effects.
29. Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV) is a pathogen that has been linked to cervical cancer.
a. How might a virus lead to cancer?
b. How could the following protect the reproductive health of women?
The HPV vaccine
Regular cervical smear tests
Excretory System
1.Some of these are not examples of homeostasis: (circle those that are not)
a. Sweating, erection of hairs and capillary dilation/contraction to control the
body temperature
b. Adjusting the rate of breathing to remove carbon dioxide from the blood
c. Production of concentrated or dilute urine to maintain the concentration of
water and salts in the blood within a narrow range
d. Blood clotting to prevent loss of blood
e. Reproduction to produce the next generation
f. The action of the hormone insulin to keep the level of glucose in the blood
within a narrow range
g. White cells engulfing bacteria
h. Eating to supply the body with essential nutrients
i. Sense organs that allow the animal to sense and then remove itself from unsafe
conditions
j. Various mechanisms to keep the pH of the blood within a narrow range
2. Fill in the left hand column with the terms/values from the list below.
15%; thirst; 66%; 80%; kidneys; hypothalamus
......................
The proportion of the body’s water found within the cells
.........................
The part of the brain concerned with controlling water balance
.........................
The proportion of the body’s water an animal will not survive
losing
.........................
This is the main mechanism for diluting the blood
..........................
The proportion of an animal’s body that consists of water
...........................
These organs are important for controlling water balance
3. Add the following labels to the diagram below of the urinary system of a mammal.
kidney; bladder; ureters; urethra, renal artery and vein, caudal vena cava,
sphincter.
4. These are functions of the kidney: (Circle 4)
a. breaking down damaged blood cells
b. controlling the concentration of water in the blood
c. Removing urea from the blood
d. Removing carbon dioxide from the blood
e. Removing glucose from the blood
f. Keeping the blood at the right pH (acidity/alkalinity)
g. Digesting food
h. Controlling the concentration of salts like sodium and potassium chloride in the
blood
5. Match the organ with the function in the table below.
Kidney; cortex; ureter; bladder; renal vein; urethra; capsule; medulla; renal
pelvis; renal artery; sphincter
Organ
Function
.......................
Carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
.......................
Carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidney
.......................
The inner region of the kidney
.........................
Muscle that opens to allow urine to be removed from bladder
.........................
The outer region of the kidney
..........................
Carries oxygenated blood to the kidney
..........................
The part of the kidney that collects the urine before it passes down
the ureter
...........................
The tough fibrous coat around the kidney
...........................
Stores urine before it is removed from body
..........................
The tube that carries urine away from the kidney
..........................
Converts blood to urine
6. Add the following labels to the diagram of a kidney below. If you like you can also
colour in the diagram as indicated. :capsule- turquoise; renal artery – red; renal vein –
blue; cortex - brown; medulla - pink; pelvis - yellow; ureter – green; pyramids purple
7. Add the following labels to the diagram below of a kidney tubule or nephron.
collecting duct; branch of renal artery; loop of Henle; distal convoluted
tubule; glomerulus; proximal convoluted tubule; Bowman’s capsule
8. Arrange these parts of the kidney tubule in the order in which the fluid that is being
converted into urine passes through them.
collecting duct (CD); loop of Henle (LH); distal convoluted tubule (DCT);
glomerulus (G); proximal convoluted tubule (PCT); Bowman’s capsule (BC)
9. Indicate whether these parts of the kidney tubule are found in the cortex "C" or the
medulla "M" of the kidney.
Bowman’s capsule C/M
Collecting duct C/M
Proximal convoluted tubule C/M
Distal convoluted tubule C/M
Glomerulus C/M
Loop of Henle C/M
10. Match the part of the kidney tubule with its function.
collecting duct; loop of Henle; distal convoluted tubule; glomerulus;
proximal convoluted tubule; renal artery; Bowman’s capsule; Antidiuretic
hormone or ADH.
Part of tubule
Function
...........................
Carries blood to the kidney
............................
The hormone that is involved in producing concentrated urine
.............................
Cup shaped structure through which the fluid part of the blood
is filtered
.............................
Where the majority of water is extracted from the urine
.............................
Looped portion of the tubule. Important for helping concentrate
the urine
.............................
Where hydrogen and potassium ions are secreted into the urine
..............................
Glucose, salts, water and amino acids are reabsorbed into the
blood capillaries here
..............................
Tuft of capillaries carrying high pressure blood
11. Circle the substances in the list below that are NOT found in the fluid that has filtered
through into the Bowman’s capsule of a healthy animal?
water; sodium chloride; red blood cells; glucose; amino acids; proteins; urea;
white blood cells
12. Circle the substances in the list below that are NOT found in the urine of a healthy
animal?
antidiuretic hormone; water; urea; red blood cells; mucus; glucose; proteins;
sodium chloride; white blood cells
13. Fill in the blanks in the statements below about antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
a. ADH is produced by the ............
b. ADH acts on the walls of the...................of the kidney tubule.
c. When no ADH is produced an animal is said to have the condition known
as...................
Now cross out the option that does not apply in each of the statements below:
d. ADH makes the walls permeable / impermeable to water.
e. ADH is secreted when the blood becomes too concentrated / too dilute.
f. When an animal is dehydrated no / lots of ADH is produced.
g. When ADH is secreted the urine produced is concentrated / dilute.
h. The main symptom of a failure to produce ADH would be lots of dilute urine /
little concentrated urine
14. Normally all the glucose filtered into the kidney tubule is absorbed further down the
tubule. If glucose is found in the urine what might one suspect to be the cause?