QABBALISTIC – SUMERIAN DICTIONARY.
LEGEND:
Words followed by letter in bracket, eg. (A), indicates source of word. Where no marker is given the word is
Sumerian. The numbers following the words are qabbalistic interpretations.
A = Assyrian.
Ak = Akkadian.
B = Babalonian.
E = Egyptian.
Eb = Eblait.
H = Hebrew.
M = Mesopotamian.
A: 1: Water. Also the word “in”.
Ab: 3: Cow. The name of a month.
A-BA-AN: 55: Stone.
AB-GAL: 36, 37: Great Father. The (seven) Masters of knowledge. Also written as NUN-ME. Abgal, according to some texts equates to “palace steward”.
Abubu: 11, 17: Storm or hurricane. A power of Marduk.
AB-ZU: 16: The great southern sea and the heavenly vault above. AB-ZU is the basis for our word abyss.
Deep space.
One writer defines AB-ZU as the land/place of gold.
Adab: 7, 8: Hymn accompanied by (unidentified) musical instrument.
Adad: 9,10: (Ak). A form of Martu . Weather god. Wind, thunder and lightning were his manifestations.
Adadu: 15, 16: (Ak). A form of Adad.
ADAMAN-DU-GA: 109, 111: Speaking between two people opposite to each other. An element of
Sumerian Wisdom literature. The term expresses a tension or contest between distinct forces, such as
“Summer and Winter”, “Copper and Precious Metal”, “Pickaxe and Plough”, “Shepherd and Farmer”.
Adapa: 86, 87: The central character of a Sumerian tale,“The Legend of Adapa”. Adapa is given wisdom but not immortality by E-A. He worships regularly at Eridu. Adapa becomes lost for seven days whilst fishing and encounters the god ANU. Tradition has him as teaching scientific knowledge to the priest-cast. Son or
Sage of Eridu.
Adda Edubba: 22, 28: Father of the tablet-house.
Addu: 15: (Ak). A form of Adad.
Addub: 11, 17: Basket-maker.
Agrig: 207, 217: Superintendent.
A-KI-TI: 50, 441: Festival, “on Earth build life”. Originated in Ur, this festival was held twice a year, around the Equinoxes – of seed time and barley cutting. For details on the Akitu Festival – see appendix.
Akitu: 36, 46, 427, 437: (Ak): Variation on A-KI-TI. The Akitu House was a Temple built on or near a canal in the open country outside the city wall for the purposes of a bi-annual festival.
AL: 31: (H). God.

Alu: 37: (B). Demons. The faceless ones.
Amargi: 254, 255: Literally, “return to the mother”. Term used to denote “freedom”.
AN: 51: Heaven.
ANNUNAKI: 181, 188: Those who from Heaven to Earth came. There are fifty ANNUNAKI. Equates to
Hebrew nephilim.
AN-PA: 132: Point of zenith.
AN-SHAR: 551, 552: Foremost of the Heavens. The Universe above.
ANU: 57: Uranus.
AN-UR: 257: Celestial horizon.
AN-ZU: 64: One who knows the Heavens. Also known as ZU.
APIN: 131, 141: Plough.
Apkallu: 167, 168: (Ak). Master of wisdom.
Apsin: 191, 201: Furrow.
APSU: 147: “One who was born”.
AR: 201: Talisman, child of light.
Arad: 205, 206: Slave.
Armanu: 297, 298: (Ak). Apricot.
Aruru: 407, 413: Creatress-goddess.
ASAR-LU-HI: 312, 313: (B). God of magick, a form of Marduk. Also known as Asalluhi.
ASHAG-A: 305, 306: In the field.
Ashgab: 306, 307: Leather-worker.
Ashipu: 387, 397: (B). A class of priests concerned with incantations. Exorcists. Also assistant to mashmashu or a specialised counterpart. Also “enchanter”.
Ashur: 501, 507: (A). First of the gods. Often depicted standing on a dragon and a horned lion.
Asalluhi: 131, 138: (B). See ASAR-LU-HI.
Assinnu: 227, 237: Also known as issinu.
Eunuchs. Lived in Temples and were actors in some rites. Their virility changed to femininity to wear the mask before the people.
Atra-hasis: 336, 347, 727, 738: (M).“He who is most wise”. The Epic of Atra-hasis” tells the story of
Creation until the Deluge. The demi-god, Atra-hasis receives divine instruction through dreams to build a boat. A form of Noah and Ziusudra.
AYER: 201, 216: (A & B): Second month of Assyrian and Babalonian year, associated with the words sha
Ea bel tinishti .

AZA-LU-LU: 81: “People who serve”.
A-ZU: 14: “One who knows water”. Physician.
Azupiranu: 343, 360: Saffron.
Baba: 5, 6: See Bawa.
Bab-ili: 54, 55: (M). Gateway of the Gods, later Babylon.
Bab sa mahiri: 315, 332: (B). Gate of buying. Market place.
Babu: 10, 11: See Bawa.
Ba’iru: 208, 219: Land-holder with prescribed duties to the king.
Balih: 37, 48: A king, son of Etana.
Baru: 208, 209: (B). “Observers”. Omen interpreters. See makeltu.
Bau: 8, 9: See Bawa.
Bawa: 9, 10: The divine wife of Ningirsu. Her Temple was in Lagash. Also known as Baba, Babu, Bau.
Bel: 32, 37: (B). Lord.
Belit: 41, 56, 432, 447: (B). Lady.
Bel pihati: 131, 147, 522, 538: (A). Lord of the Province.
Beru: 208, 213: (B). A measure of distance and of the celestial arc. Also means “double hour”. The night from sunset to sunrise was divided into three sections, each comprising two beru.
BIL-GI: 45, 55: Original form of GIBIL. Son of the Cosmic Ocean.
BIL HABRUD: 243, 250 :Antares, “Fire in the Pit”, or fire burning in the breast of ISH-HA-RA.
Bine: 57, 58: Gatekeeper of the Underworld.
Bit ashtammi: 411, 422, 1193, 1204: “Pleasure House” – a part of the gagu .
Bit-rimki: 281, 301, 672, 692: (B). Ablution House”. Part of the Temple for washing and annointing.
BUZUR: 209, 221: He who solves secrets.
DA-A-KU-UM: 78: (Ak). To kill. Same as GA-AZ.
Damgar: 247, 249: Merchant.
DAM-KI-NA: 125, 126: “Spouse who to Earth came”. Also NIN-KI. Wife of Enki.
Dayalu: 40, 52: (A). Runner.
Deku: 30, 35: (Ak). Land-holder with prescribed duties to the king.
DI-KU: 40: (Eb). Meaning “judge”. See LUGAL.
DIL-GAN: 87, 98: Jupiter.

DILMUN: 124, 140: (Ak). See NI-DUK-KI.
DIN: 54, 64: The divine or righteous ones.
DINGIR: 257, 277: The prefix for a name of a god or goddess.
DINGIR-E: 262, 282: “By God”.
DIR-GA: 208, 218: The sacred container for “The Tablets of Destinies”.
Ditilla: 74, 94, 465, 485:Literally “completed law-suit”.
DU: 10: Go.
DUB MUL-AN: 127, 139: The lapis-lazuli tablet of the goddess NI-SA-BA. The tablet with the Stars of the
Heavens. Also known as DUB MUL-AN-KU.
DUB MUL AN-DUG-GA: 138, 156: The tablet of the Good Star of Heaven.
DUB MUL-AN-KU: 153, 165: The lapis-lazuli tablet of the goddess NI-SA-BA. The tablet with the Stars of the Pure Heavens. Also known as DUB MUL-AN.
Dubsar: 266, 273: Scribe, variation in spelling to Dubshar.
Dubshar Ashaga: 811, 819: The scribe of the field (geometry).
Dubshar Kengira: 780, 802: The scribe of Sumerian (language, culture, history).
Dubshar Nishid: 860, 880: The scribe of counting.
DUG: 7, 13: To speak.
DU-GA: 14: A word, speaking.
DUG-GA-E: 16, 23: A pot of lead, a mass of lifeless clay. The “fate” of Kingu.
DUG MUNATAE: 111, 125, 502, 516: A “command” vision that gives instruction.
DU-KU: 36: The place of purification.
DUMUZI: 61, 73: “Son who is Life”. Later variation
Tammuz. One of two Eagle-men guardians of the gate of ANU (with Gizzida).
DUR-AN-KI: 285, 291: The Bond of Heaven and Earth. This temple area, in myth, represents a point of healing of Earth’s wounds, when EN-LIL separated Heaven and Earth.
E: 5: Place or abode.
E-A: 6: Divine fish. He whose House is Water. Attributed to Neptune? E-A had dominion over various southern constellations and particularly with MUL NUN-KI. E-A, according to some,may have been a giant star in Vela. Also associated with Chronos, Prometheus and Oannes.
E-ANNA: 107: The House of Anu, or the House of An, in Uruk.
EB-URU-UM: 265: (Eb). A king of Ebla. Perhaps EB-URU-UM is Eber, descendent of Noah and ancestor of Abraham. It has been assumed that EB-URU-UM is the origin of the word Hebrew.
Ebuttu: 31, 37, 813, 819: (B). A loan agreement.

E-DIN: 59, 69: Garden of Eden.
Edinnu: 115, 125: (Ak). Eden, from the Sumerian E-DIN.
Edubba: 14, 20: Tablet-house, scribal school.
E-DUR-AN-KI: 290, 297: Ziggurat at Nippur. “The House of the Bond between Heaven and earth”.
Egipar: 288, 299: An inner chamber of the Temple. In earliest times, the en , the priest-king, lived within.
See the gipar.
Egirru: 414, 424: (A). An omen. A man prayed to his God and then waited for, and accepted a chance utterance as applying to himself. An egirru was affected by whether it came from the right or left, from the front or behind.
E-HUL-HUL: 75, 87: The House of Great Joy. The temple to Sin in Harran.
Ellil: 95, 105: Variation on EN-LIL.
Emegir: 248, 263: The princely tongue. Sumeria’s main dialect.
E-MESH: 345, 350: House of Mesh, abode of proliferation, associated with EN-KI. Summer. Summer began in February or March. See EN-TEN.
E-MUL-MUL: 145, 157: “Home of the Stars”. The temple of NI-SI-BA.
EN: 55: (Eb): A word meaning “king”. Also spiritual head (male or female) of the Temple. The
En lived in the gipar.
E-NAM-TILA: 35, 46, 526, 537: House of Life, the house of Enlil.
Engar: 275, 276: Farmer.
E-NINNU: 161, 171: The temple built to NI-DA-BA’s instructions in the city of Gir-su. It was built by the king GU-DE-A. “The House of the Ruler of the Universe”- to bind Heaven and Earth. E-NINNU also means
“House of Fifty”.
EN-KI: 85: Lord of Earth. It has been suggested that EN-KI is the same as E-A.
ENKI-DU: 95: “Enki’s creature”, designed to befriend Gilgamesh.
Enkum: 115, 121: Part animal, part human, possibly griffins, created to guard temple treasures.
EN-LIL: 115, 125: Powerful storm god. Lord of Air. Consort of NIN-LIL.
Enlilitu kishshat nishe: 1114, 1155, 1896, 1937: (B). “Enlil-ship over the whole of the people (of Babalon).
EN-LIL-TI: 134, 144, 525, 535: A form of EN-LIL. Lord of Air, Life and Arrow.
EN-ME-DUR-AN-KI: 385, 391: Master of the Divine Tablets of the Bond Heaven-Earth. The seventh (of ten) pre-Diluvian Sumerian Kings. Reigned for 6 sars , or 21,600 years. He received a divine tablet, the
Kibdu, a secret of Heaven and Earth.
EN-ME-DUR-ANNA: 406, 412: Literally “Master of the Divine Tablets of the Heavenly Bond”. Also known as EN-ME-DUR-AN-KI.
Ensi: 125: Ruler of a city state. Governor.

EN-TEN: 114, 119, 505, 510: The power of Resting. Winter. This season, one of two, began in September or October. See E-MESH.
Entu: 71, 462: Virgin. A God’s lady. An entu also slept in the inner sanctum of the temple. In the rites of
Ishtar, an entu took the role of the king. See NIN-DINGIR. The entu priestesses were of various rank/grade.
Enuma elish: 431, 447: (B). “when in the heights”. Opening words to Babalonian version of the creation epic.
Enunun: 155, 167: Sky giants.
Enurta: 656, 661: See NIN-URTA.
Ereshkigal: 558, 574: Goddess of Death. Consort of NERGAL in the Underworld.
Erib-biti: 228, 248, 619, 639: (B). Literally “temple entrant” – those priests who are admitted to all parts of the Temple.
E-RI-DU: 225: Sacred city of the god E-A. Home in the faraway. Eridu eventually led to our word “Earth”.
E-SAG-IL: 108, 109: House of the Great God. The original ziggurat-temple in Babylon. Instructions given for the design by Marduk.
Esagila: 99, 110: House of the Exalted Head.
E-SHARRA: 706, 707: Abode/home of the Ruler/Prince.
Esh-esh: 610: Festival.
E-SI-TUM: 124, 130, 515, 521: (Ak). Mortar.
Etana: 65, 66, 456, 457: The 13 th Sumerian king, ruled for 1560 years. Etana, childless, befriends an eagle that takes him to the Heavens to find shamu sha aladi, the “Plant of Birth”.
E-TEMEN-AN-KI: 185, 195, 576, 586: The famous temple pyramid of Babalon. “House of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth”.
ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM: 489, 496, 1271, 1278: Meaning “Wild Boar of Winter”, the star group of
Centaurus (minus alpha and beta Centauri ).
ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU: 1132, 1179, 1914, 1961: Meaning “the constellation
Centaurus is the god NIN-GIR-SU”.
E-UB-IMIN: 114, 124: An expression of the concept of the ziggurat pyramid, meaning “Temple of Seven
Stages”.
E-UR-IMIN-AN-KI: 392, 402: The great temple at Borsippa. “The House of the Seven Guides to Heaven and Earth”.
GA-AZ: 11: To kill.
GA-GA: 8: Pluto.
Gagu: 12, 13: Cloister.
Gala: 34, 35: Of the priest-cast, temple singer and poet. Also exorcist.
GALAM-HURU: 284, 292: Clever fool.
Galla: 64, 65: Guard.

Gallu: 69, 70: Demons. The faceless ones. Emissaries.
GAN-EDIN: 112, 123: The Garden of Eden.
Ganzir: 260, 271: The “eye” of the nether world.
GAR-DU: 213, 214: A measurement, approximately 6 yards.
Garush: 503, 510: A strip of land 6-7metres long.
Gassu: 129, 130: (Ak). Gypsum.
Geme: 48, 53: Slave girl. This is a combination of two signs, that of munus /woman, kur /mountain, which signifies the region from whence most female slaves were obtained.
Gesh: 303, 308: Sixty.
GIBIL: 37, 57: Fire god. Manifestation of E-A.
Giguna: 57, 73: A lower portion of the ziggurat.
GIGUNI: 66, 82: The inner sanctum of the GIPAR.
Ginu: 59, 69: Regular daily offerings to the gods. Variation sattukku
GIPAR: 283, 294: The night-time pleasure house. A taboo place, equates to harem.
GIRA: 204, 214: A fire god. With GIBIL, destroyers of witchcraft and black magick.
Girbadara: 410, 422: Eunuch.
Girginakku: 302, 323: Temple library.
GIR-NITA: 263, 283, 654, 674: Governor.
GIR-TAB: 216, 227, 607, 628: Scorpion. The constellation Scorpius.
GISHIMMAR: 583, 604: The date palm.
Gizzida: 22, 42: One of two Eagle-men guardians of the gate of ANU (with Dumuzi).
GU: 9: Abbreviation of MUL GU-LA.
GUB: 5, 11: To stand.
GUD: 7, 13: Ox, strong.
Guda: 8, 14: Of the priest-cast.
GUD AN-NA: 109, 115: “The Bull of Heaven”, Taurus, or Bull of Anu.
GU-DE-A: 19: A name of a king. He built the temple of E-NINNU, in the city of Gir-su. “The House of the
Ruler of the Universe”- to bind Heaven and Earth.
GUD-UD: 17, 23: “Bull of the Sun”, Mercury.
Gugalla: 67, 74: Canal inspectors.

Guhlu: 39, 45: (Ak). Alcohol.
Gula: 34, 40: Goddess of healing. Consort of NIN-URTA.
GU-LA: 40: Giant or big man. An element in the name Aquarius.
Guqqu: 209, 210: Monthly offerings to the gods.
HA: 6: Fish. Probably Piscis Austrinus, the Southern Fish, rather than Pisces.
Hanbi: 67, 68: (B). A god, father of Pazuzu.
Hashur: 505, 512: Forest.
Hazannu: 118, 120: (A). Overseer, mayor.
Hubuttatu: 40, 53, 1213, 1226: (B). A loan agreement.
HURSAG: 268, 275: Mountain. Sanctuary of NIN-MAH. The basis for the ziggurat pyramids.
Hurum: 245, 257: Fool, boor.
HUSH: 305, 311: Red glowing.
Hutaru: 220, 227, 611, 618: (B). An emblem given to a ship which provides it with toll-free passage.
Iashpu: 396, 397: (Ak). Jasper
IA-ZU: 24: One who knows oil. Physician.
Idilbat: 55, 66, 446, 457: The river Hiddekel, now the Tigris. One of the four rivers of Eden.
IGI-GI: 36: Those who Observe and See.
IKU: 36: A measurement. 1 IKU = 100 GAR-DU.
IL-AR: 240, 241: Throwing stick. See TI-IL-PA-NU.
Ilu: 46: God. The Lofty Ones.
IM: 50: Side, as in the satellite of a planet, a side of any shape in geometry, a rib in anatomy. Also means the word “clay”.
Imdugud: 61, 73: A God, “severe wind”.
IN-AN-NA: 172: “Lady of the Date Clusters”. Later “Lady of Heaven” and aspected to Ishtar. Also “Anu’s
Beloved”. One text tells of the liason between Anu and his grandmother, Irninni, in the Gipar. She was later renamed IN-ANNA.
Innin: 160, 170: Mother goddess, goddess of love. A form of IN-AN-NA.
IRNINNI: 370, 380: Grandmother of Anu. See IN-AN-NA.
Irshemma: 591, 596: Hymn accompanied by drum.
Irsitum: 319, 335, 710, 726: A quarter of the city.
Ishbar: 512, 513: Weaver.

ISH-HA-RA Tamtim: 615, 626, 1397, 1408: (Ak). “Lady of the Sea”. Her constellation was GIR-TAB,
Scorpius. Depicted as a mermaid, her breast was Antares, alpha Scorpii.
Ishib: 312, 322: Of the priest-cast, possibly responsible for libations.
Ishkur: 530, 536: A form of Martu.
Issinu: 236, 246: See assinu.
Ka: 21: Mouth.
Kabbuttu: (Ak). Heavy, weighty.
Kabdu: 32, 33: (Ak). Wing-holder.
Kalati: 69, 71, 460, 462: (Ak). “Burnt things” – refers to ashes of plants used to make potash.
Kalaturru: 465, 477, 856, 868: Eunuch. Fashioned by Enki to save/rescue Inanna, and activated by the Water of Life. One whose penetrator is sick. See Kurgarru.
Kalu: 56, 57: (B). Exorcist. Sumerian equivalent is gala.
Kamanu: 116, 118: (Ak). Cummin.
Kanu: 76, 77: (Ak). Reed.
Karshu: 526, 527: (Ak). Cherry.
Kharuba: 223, 235: (Ak). Carob.
Khurasu: 286, 298: (Ak). Gold.
KI: 30: (verb and noun). Pertaining to Earth. The Cleaved One. Also to cut off, sever, hollow out, gives up
(yields?). Ki equates to the later GI or GE and gives us the prefix geo as in geo graphy, geo metry, geo logy.
KI-BAD-DU: 46, 47: To soar to a faraway place.
Kibdu: 32, 42: The tablet of EN-ME-DUR-AN-KI.
KI-IN-DAR: 294, 294: Crevise, fissure.
KI-LA: 61: Excavation.
KI-MAH: 75, 76: Tomb.
KING-GU: 99, 109: Great Emissary.
KISH: 320, 330: Sumerian city, the capital for the king E-TA-NA. A tablet, dealing with mathematics, and dating around 2400BC was found at this site.
KI-SHAR: 530, 531: Foremost of the Firm Lands. The Universe below.
Kisru: 286, 296: (Ak). A military unit.
KU-AN: 77: Opening to the Heavens.
Kudurras: 484, 502: (B). Sculptured boundary stones.
Kugalgal: 86, 94: Sound-piercing demons.

Kullatu: 95, 102, 486, 493: A vessel for libations.
KUR: 220, 226: Mountain. The dark, dread abode of the dead.
Kurgarru: 629, 636: Eunuch. Fashioned by Enki to save/rescue Inanna, and activated by the Food of Life.
Literal translation is “One whose opening is locked”. See Kalaturru.
Kurkana: 291, 235: (Ak). Crocus.
Kurra: 421, 427: Land allotted to farmers working the nigenna land.
Kush: 320, 326: (Ak). Land of the Kushshu people, probably east of Sumer.
LA: 31: (H). Not.
LA-BU: 39: A disease, affliction causing miscarriage of pregnancies.
Labuttu: 56, 63, 838, 845: Land-holder with prescribed duties to the king.
Ladana: 90, 92: (Ak). Ladenum.
Lahama: 71, 78: Monsters.
Lahamu: 76, 83: (Ak). With Lahmu, the two primeval monsters born from Apsu (the Deep) and Tiamet
(Ocean). They created Anshar and Kishar.
Lahmu: 76, 82: (Ak). With Lahamu, the two primeval monsters born from Apsu (the Deep) and Tiamet
(Ocean). They created Anshar and Kishar.
LAHRA: 231, 237: A deity concerned with sheep.
Lal: 60, 61: Honey of the date palm.
Lamashtu: 385, 387, 776, 778: A she-spirit who threatened women at child-birth and stole infants. See
Appendix.
Laz: 37, 38: Consort of NERGAL and patron deity of Cutha.
Libittu: 56, 76, 838, 858: (Ak). A moulded brick.
LIL: 60, 70: Wind, breath, air, spirit. Possible basis for the name Lilith.
Lilissu: 186, 206: A sacred kettle drum that was set up in the temple courtyard and beaten at the time of an eclipse of the moon.
Lilitu: 75, 95, 466, 486: (B). Succubus. From such unions come the faceless monsters, the alu and gallu , and the ghosts of the dead, those who have died by violence. See Appendix.
Limmu: 116, 126: (A). The limmu lists give a chronological account of Assyria’s activities from the beginning of the 9 th century to the end of the 7 th century BC. The king usually acted as limmu in the first year of his reign, and was represented by others in following years.
Lu: 36: Man.
Ludlul Bel Nemeqi: 326, 353: (B). Opening line and title of text, “I will praise the Lord of Wisdom”.
LU-GAL: 63, 70: (Eb). Translated as “Mighty/Great Man”. LU-GAL is the first Sumerian King. Also a term for “vassal king”. More commonly DI-KU.

Lugaldimmirankia: 418, 456: (B). King of the gods of heaven and Earth. Marduk.
Lulu: 66, 72: Man, the mixed one.
MA-GUR-GUR: 447, 459: The boat of Ziusudra, “boat that can turn and tumble”.
Mah: 45, 46: Of the priest-cast.
Makeltu: 105, 111, 496, 502: (B). The divining cup of the baru.
MA-MAZU: 94, 95: Dream or more specifically vision.
Mamitu: 95, 106, 486, 497: A curse, or perhaps a specific disease.
Mandattu: 118, 120, 900, 902: (A). A fixed tribute by a state sent to the Assyrian capital annually.
Maqlu: 176, 177: “Burning”. Incantations for foiling the machinations of human wizards and/or witches. See shurpu and utukki limnuti.
Mar-bani: 302, 304: (B). Members of the aristocratic families with ancient rights upon the Temple.
Marduk: 264, 271: (B). A God specifically associated with the city of Babylon.
Mari-ummani: 396, 398: (B). “Craftsman” – prepares images for ritual.
MAR GID-DA: 252, 263: “The Chariot”, Ursa Major.
Mar shipri: 830, 841: (A). “Son of the message”. Messenger escorted by troops.
Martu: 255, 256, 646, 647: A god of the city of Ninab, “city in the settled great land”. The youngest son of the god EN-LIL. Also known as Ishkur (Sumerian) and Adad (Akkadian).
Mashmashu: 686, 688: (B). A class of priests concerned with incantations. Exorcists. See ashipu.
MASH TAB-BA: 354, 356, 745, 747:The Twins, Gemini.
Mashu: 346, 347: Mountain connected to the Celestial Band and the Lower World.
Mat Tamtim: 538, 550, 1320, 1332: (Ak): “Sea Country”. Derivation of Tiamat.
ME: 45: Portable objects holding/representing knowledge. Law.
MI-I-RUM: 300, 306: (Ak). Bull. Equates to NIN-DA.
MU: 46: Name. Equates to Shem in Akkadian. Also refers to the domed shape of the stones erected to commemorate the name of a king.
Mu’alitu: 85, 102, 476, 493: (Ak). “One who brings to birth”. A title of Ishtar.
MUL: 70, 76: Celestial body, a star or constellation.
MUL AN-DUG-GA: 132, 144: “The Good Star of Heaven”. Inspired the king GU-DE-A to build the temple of E-NINNU, which, in text, is “shining with a radiant light”.
MUL APIN: 201, 217: (B). A series of tablets concerned with ancient astronomical traditions and knowledge. “Where the right course is set”. A stellar text that refers to 15 constellations within the Ecliptic belt. MUL APIN is also the name of a constellation.

MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM: 600, 613, 991, 1004: The constellation of the Wild Boar of Winter
(Centaurus).
MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU: 1226, 1279, 1617, 1670. The constellation
Centaurus is the god NIN-GIR-SU.
MUL ERIDU-KI: 315, 331: The star of Eridu. The star of Wisdom.
MUL-GAB GIR-TAB: 289, 307, 680, 698 Specifically the star Antares, phrase meaning “constellation of the Scorpion’s breast”. See BIL HABRUD and NEGUN.
MUL GISH-GAN-URU: 638, 655: The constellation of the “Harrow”, the Southern Cross.
MUL GU-LA: 110, 116: Means “giant star”. Aquarius. Often abbreviated to GU.
MUL GU-LA DINGIR E-A MUL NUN-KI DINGIR E-A: 864, 922: First line from the tablet BM-86378.
Translates as “the constellation Aquarius of the god E-A (then) the constellation Vela of the god E-A”.
MUL-KI: 100, 106: Celestial body that had been cleaved apart.
MUL MU-SIR A-AB-BA: 382, 398: The “yoke star” or “ruler star” of the ocean. A prominent star in the far southern sky.
MUL MU-SIR KESH-DA: 700, 715: “Immovable Yoke Star of the Sky”, being alpha Draconis.
MUL NIN-MAH: 215, 232: Constellation Puppis.
MUL NUN-KI: 200, 212: The Star of Eridu, possibly Vela.
MUL-NUN-ME: 215, 227: The Star of the Wise Men.
MUL SHUDUN A-AB-BA: 431, 449: The “yoke star” or “ruler star” of the ocean. A prominent star in the far southern sky.
MUL UD-KA-DUH-A: 111, 123: A feline featured, gape-jawed demon bird, associated with the ruler of the underworld. The region around Cygnus x-1.
Munus: 150, 162: Woman.
Mur: 240, 246: A fish, possibly skate or ray.
Murra: 441, 447: (Ak). Myrrh.
MUSH: 340, 346: The constellation Hydra. It has been suggested that the word MUSH may be the derivative for the name Moses.
Mushen: 390, 401: Bird.
Mushkinu: 416, 432: (Ak). Lower-class freeman.
Mushrushshu: 1146, 1148: Red dragon. A composite creature with the body of a dog, the head of a serpent and a long tail.
NAD-A: 55, 56: Lying flat, stretched out – not seeing by lying face down. To be prostrate before the deity.
Naditu: 69, 80, 460, 471: Class of temple women related to entu, but of lower rank. They lived within the
Temple’s gagu. Variation natitu.
NAG: 53, 54: Drink.

NA-GA: 55: Mortar. See E-SI-TUM.
Nagu: 59, 60: Island. A geographical area such as a river valley or area bound by hills.
Namlulu: 156, 163: Humanity.
Namtaru: 305, 307, 696, 698: The plague-demon. See Appendix.
Nangar: 320, 322: Carpenter.
Nanna: 151, 152: God of the Moon. Deity of Ur.
NANSHE: 405, 406: See NINA.
Naptu: 145, 146, 536, 537: (Ak). Naphtha.
Nar: 250, 251: Minstrel.
Naru: 256, 257: (B). Chanter. Male and female are naru. Associated with the kalu.
Nash-patri: 649, 651, 1040, 1042: (B). Sword-bearer. Had the duty of slaughtering ritual beasts.
Natitu: 74, 85, 856, 867: See naditu.
NEGUN: 103, 124: Later form of BIL HABRUD.
NERGAL: 283, 289: Lord of the netherworld and deity of Mars.
NI: 60: Pure or holy. Also written as ZAL.
Nibiru: 258, 278: Planet/place of the Crossing. Nibiru is represented by the Winged Disc.
NI-DA-BA: 68: The good star. Originally an agricultural deity, she became the goddess of the sciences, “she who knows the meaning of numbers”. Sister to NINA.
NI-DI-BA: 77: Patron deity of the Edubba.
Variant spelling of NI-DA-BA.
NI-DUK-KI: 114, 120: Blessed isle or hill.
Nigenna: 154, 169: Land reserved for the maintainence of a Temple.
NI-IBRU: 278: Beautiful dwelling place of crossing.
Nimbar: 292, 303: Palm.
NI-MUR: 300, 306: Salt, vapour.
NINA: 101, 111: Mistress of waters. Also known as NANSHE. Goddess, child of Eridu, daughter of E-A.
Ninab: 102, 113: “City in the settled great land”.
NIN-DA: 105, 115: Bull. See MI-I-RUM. Also “food”.
Nindabu: 112, 123: Vegetable sacrifice.
NIN-DINGIR: 374, 404: Lady of the God. Nindingir is of the priest-cast.
NIN-GIR-SU: 369, 389: Lord of the Girsu. The king Gudea is often referred to as NIN-GIR-SU. Girsu being the sacred precinct in which Gudea (circa 2100BC) and his spouse Bau lived, within his city of Lagash. It is here that Gudea will dream of building his temple.God hero, aspected to constellation Centaurus.

NIN-GISH-ZI-DA: 425, 445: Lord of the Good Tree. God of Healing. His emblem was a horned serpent, or two serpents coiled around a tree. Attributed to MUSH, the constellation of Hydra. Connected later to
Aesculapius.
NIN-HURSAG: 368, 385: Lady of the Cosmic Mountain.
NIN-IGI-KU: 149, 159: Lord of the bright (intelligent) eye. A form of E-A.
NIN-KI: 130, 140: Lady of Earth. Also known as Ninhursag and DAM-KI-NA. Wife of E-A.
NIN-LIL: 160, 180: “Lady of the Air”, equated to NIN-MAH. Consort of EN-LIL.
NIN-MAH: 145, 156: Heart/essence of the sea. Exhalted lady. Primordial mother, the progenitrix of all of the gods and all life. Other names include NIN-TU and NIN-HURSAG. Fish-tailed ruler of the seas of the great south. Note: fish tail often substituted for lower portion of a snake. Attributed to GIR-TAB, Scorpio.
Ninshubur: 602, 624: The sukkal of Inanna. Ninshubur is depicted male as “vizier” or “chamberlain” and female as “chambermaid”.
NIN-TI: 119, 129, 510, 520: Lady of Life.
NIN-TU: 115, 125, 506, 516: Lady of Childbirth.
Ninub: 102, 118: See NIN-URTA.
NIN-URTA: 316, 326, 707, 717: God of the south wind. God of the storm, god of hunting. Also known as
Enurta and Ninub.
Niqu: 156, 166: “Pouring” blood of animal sacrifice.
NI-SA-BA: 113, 124: Goddess of grain, scribal arts and fair management of resources.
Nisan: 160, 171: (A & B): First month of Assyrian and Babalonian year, sacred to ANU and EN-LIL.
NU-BANDA: 263, 264: Inspector.
NU-DIM-MUD: 144, 160: He who fashions. The Artful Creator, a nickname for E-A.
NUMUN: 140, 152: Seed, particularly Man’s seed.
NUN: 100, 106: A sacred tree. The Palm tree. The Tree of Knowledge. The schematic drawing of this tree features a vertical line with three shorter horizontal lines drawn near the top, thus a tree with seven branches.
NUN-ME: 145, 151: Wisdom. See AB-GAL.
NUSKU: 136, 142: A fire god, vizier to EN-LIL. Manifests in sacrificial flame.
PA-BIL-SAG: 176, 187: “Warrior”, Sagittarius.
Pahar: 280, 287: Potter.
PA-HA-SU-UM: 199: (Ak). To break into pieces. Same as GA-ZA.
Pashishu: 686, 697: (B). Priests who dealt with annointing and washing rituals.
Pihatu: 95, 111, 486, 502: Responsibility. Later applied to a portion of land entrusted to a governor.
Purannu: 386, 393: The river Prath, now the Euphrates, one of the four rivers of Eden.

Puzur-Amurri: 738, 756: (Ak). The name of the navigator for Utnapishtim.
Pazuzu: 100, 107: (B). King of the wind-demons. Son of the god Hanbi. A bird-like creature with human legs and arms ending in talons, and having four wings.
Qadishtu: 419, 430, 810, 821: (A). Temple women for ritual prostitution.
Qannu: 206, 207: (A). Ring. An area of an Assyrian province.
Qipu: 186, 196: (B). Warden.
Rab alani: 293, 295: (A). Chief of the Townships – controlled a qannu.
Rabisu: 268, 279: The Croucher. See Appendix.
Rab-kisri: 492, 503: (Ak). Chief of the kisru.
Commander.
Rab-mugi: 255, 262: (A). An officer of high rank in the Assyrian military.
Raki’a: 221, 232: (H). Firmament, literally “hammered out bracelet”. The Elohim renamed raki’a the
“Shama’im”.
Ramku: 266, 267: (B). Priests who dealt with annointing and washing rituals.
Redu: 210, 215: Land-holder with prescribed duties to the king.
RU-UP-SUM: 392, 398: (Ak). Width.
SAG: 63, 64: Head.
Sagursag: 326, 334: Eunuch.
SAL: 90, 91: Vulva.
Sa naqba imuru: 470, 477: (Ak). “Who saw the deep” – the opening line to the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Sanga: 131, 132: Administrative head of Temple. Also, in Babalon, priests who perform sacrifices.
Saqaqu: 266, 268: Sheiks.
SAR: 260, 261: Princely, royal, a large circle. The number 3,600. Also a measurement of approximately 35 square metres.
Sargon: 319, 320, 383, 384: King, beloved of Inanna/Ishtar. From that dynasty came the elements of the
New Year Festival formalised by the rite of Sacred Marriage.
Sarpanitum: 439, 457, 830, 848: (B). “The Shining One”. Spouse of Marduk. See Zer-banitum.
Sattukku: 124, 131, 906, 913: Regular daily offerings to the gods. Variation ginu.
Sha Ea bel tinishti: 717, 742, 1499, 1524: (Ak): Meaning “That of Ea, lord of Mankind”.
Sha’iltu: 736, 747: The female equivalent of sha’ilu.
Sha’ilu: 336, 347: Omen interpreters, to interpret the will of the gods, one who solves dreams.
Shama’im: 380, 392: (H). The Heaven, “where the waters were”. Made up of two words sham and ma’im.

Shamash: 640, 642: (A). The Sun. The god of justice – represented with rod and ring. In Assyria Shamash’s symbol was the winged disk, and in Babalon, a disk with a four pointed star and rays.
Shamu sha aladi: 692, 694: The “Plant of Birth”.
Shangamahhu: 399, 412: (B). Supreme sanga.
Shangu: 359, 360: (B). Priests who perform sacrifices.
Shar: 500, 501: (Ak). The great circle. See SAR.
SHAR-GAZ: 510, 512: “All-Crusher”, star in the tail of Scorpius. See SHAR-UZ.
Sharur: 700, 707: Symbolic weapon.
SHAR-UZ: 513, 514: “All-Reaper”, star in the tail of Scorpius. See SHAR-GAZ.
Shatammu: 395, 397, 786, 788: (B). Guardian of the Precincts.
SHE: 305: Barley.
Shedu: 310, 315: A type of demon, a protecting spirit of the house, a genie.
Shem: (Ak): 340, 345: Meaning “name”. Equates to MU.
Sherke: 525, 530: (B). Temple servants. At Erech, sherke had a tatooed star on their wrists, as a mark of
Ishtar.
Sherku: 526, 531: (B). Temple servant.
Shesh-gal: 633, 639: Great guard.
Sheshgallu: 669, 675: (B). Head of Temple.
SHI: 310: Soul or breath of life.
Shibitum: 351, 373, 742, 766: Elder.
Shidim: 344, 364: Mason.
SHI-IM-TI: 770: House where the wind of life is breathed in. Equates to the Hebrew nephesh, “soul”.
Shiklu: 356, 366: (Ak). Shekel.
SHIM-MAH: 385, 396: “Exhalted Swallow”, possibly Pisces, a fish with the head of a bird.
Shiru: 506, 516: Flesh, that which binds.
Shublugal: 366, 379: King’s retainers.
Shuhadak: 324, 337: Fisherman.
Shumer: 540, 551: Land of the Guardians.
Shurpu: 586, 592: “Burning”. A ritual to remove sin, ritual offences or breaches and taboos. See maglu and utukki limnuti.
SHURUPPAK: 680, 693: The legendary home of the hero ZI-U-SUD-RA. This city was dedicated to the goddess NIN-HUR-SAG.

Simug: 103, 119: Smith.
Sin: 110, 120: (A). The father of Shamash. See SU-EN.
SIR: 260, 270: Hymn.
SIR-HAMUN: 350, 372: Harmony hymns.
SIR-NAMGALA: 384, 396: Hymns of gala -ship.
SIR-NAMNAR: 600, 612: Musical hymns.
SIR-NAMSIPAD-INANNA-KA: 676, 699: Hymns of shepherd-ship of Inanna.
SIR-NAMURSAGGA: 617, 635: Hymns of hero-ship.
Siwan: 110, 127: A month.
SU-EN: 121: Works with NI-SA-BA “to count the days”. The Sumerian form of Sin.
Sugurra: 464, 476: Crown.
SUHUR-MASH-HA: 606, 619: “Goat-fish”. Capricornus.
Sukkal: 150, 157: Emissary.
Sukkalmah: 195, 203: Vizier.
Sulumb: 132, 144: Date (fruit).
SU-PA: 147: Arcturus.
TA-AL: 41, 432: Width. See RU-UP-SUM.
Tadmiqtum: 202, 219, 984, 1001: (B). A loan agreement.
Tamartu: 264, 266, 1046, 1048: (A). A war indemnity.
Tamkaru: 275, 277, 666, 668: (B). Merchants, money-lenders, government agents.
Tamkarum: 309, 317, 700, 708: (B). Merchant.
Tamtim: 98, 109, 880, 891: (Ak). Sea. Later Tiamet.
Tashmetum: 398, 410, 1180, 1192: (B). “Hearing”. Wife of Natu. “Wide of ear”.
Tebitu: 26, 41, 808, 823: (Ak). Ark, boat.
TE-E-MA : 60, 451: Personality. That which houses that which binds the memory .
Temenos: 165, 175, 229, 239, 556, 566, 620, 630: Sacred area of city with its main temples and ziggurat.
TI: 19, 410: Life and rib. Also “arrow”. See EN-LIL-TI.
TI-AMAT: 69, 70, 851; 852: Maiden of Life.
Tibira: 212, 232, 603, 623: Metal-worker.
Tibu: 17, 27, 408, 418: A bird that shines brilliantly by day and night.

Tigi: 22, 32, 413, 423: Hymn accompanied by lyre.
TI-IL-PA-NU: 186, 577: (Ak). Throwing stick. See IL-AR.
TI-IT: 38, 820: That which is with Life.
TI-TI: 38, 820: Belly. That which holds the foetus.
Tzulili: 160, 176: (M). Ark shaped boat.
UD-KA-DUH-A: 41, 47: Panther-griffin, associated with NERGAL. Area around Cygnus x-1. Early twentieth century often translated as UD-KA-GAB-A.
UD-KA-GAB-A: 37, 38: “Gape-jawed Dragon” or “Place of the Secret of Elam”. The constellation Cygnus.
Some cuneiform texts place UD-KA-GAB-A near delta Cygni and Cygnus X-1.
Udul: 40, 46: Herdsman.
Ugula: 40, 46: Supervisor of the edubba.
Ummia: Expert, authority. Head of the Tablet-House.
UR: 206: Name of Sumerian city. Principal deity Nannar/Sin.
UR GU-LA: 246: “King of Beasts”, Leo.
UR-IDIM: 260, 270: Wild dog. The constellation Lupus, a wolf-like animal.
URIM-A: 247, 257: Ur.
Urshanabi: 568, 570: Boatman to Utnapishtim, he who can cross the Waters of Death because “with him are the stone things”.
Uru: 212: Giants.
Uruk: 226, 232: Kingdom of; with first dynasty under a son of Utu/Shamash.
Urulal: 266, 273: Land allotted to personnel of a temple to supplement their income.
URU-SA-LIM: 343, 353: (Eb). Possibly the earliest reference (around 2500BC) to the city of Jerusalem.
U-SAR Dingir ANUM Dingir ENLILA: 1021, 1028: “Writings Regarding Time, (from) Divine Anu and
Divine Enlil”, attributed to Adapa.
US-MI: 116: He who shows the way into (our solar system). Pluto.
Usmu: 112: (Ak). Two faced. Pluto.
Ut-Napishtim: 494, 515, 1276, 1297: (B). A Noah-type hero.
Utu: 21, 412: A form of Shamash.
Utu-Abzu: 37, 428: (A): The last of the Seven Sages of Eridu, “he who to heaven ascended”. The Assyrian
Enoch?
UTU-KA-APIN: 564, 565: Light established at the Gate of the Waters. Mars?
Utukki limnuti: 204, 226, 986, 1008: Incantations and rituals to exorcise particular evil spirits. See maqlu and shurpu.

Utukku: 61, 67, 452, 458: Spirit. Good utukku included the shedu and lamassu . Statues of both (as winged lion and bull) stood at the entrances of Assyrian royal palaces.
ZAL: 37, 38: To shine brightly. ZAL shares the same cuneiform sign as NI.
ZAL-DUK-KI: 91, 98: Brightly shining spot.
Zer-banitum: 308, 330, 699, 721: Creatress of Seed. Equates to Aruru. See Sarpanitum.
Zeru: 213, 219: (A & B). Seed.
Ziggurat: 413, 430: (Ak). Tall structure.
ZI-BA AN-NA: 122: “Balance of heaven”, Libra.
ZI-U-SUD-RA: 288, 294: The name of a great king who ruled when the great flood came. Later to become known as Ut-Napishtim. See also Atra-hasis.
ZU: 13: See AN-ZU. The consort of the evil, bird-like ZU is possibly Lilith. ZU stole the Tablets of Destiny from EN-LIL. A champion was found from amongst the Gods to defeat ZU, but the precise details are, as yet, unknown.
ZU-AB: 16: See AB-ZU.
Zupu: 93, 99: (Ak). Hyssop.
to 99:
1 A
3 Ab
5 E, Baba, GUB
NUMBERS TO SUMERIAN etc WORDS.
6 E-A, Baba, HA
7 Adab, DUG, GUD
8 Adab, Bau, GA-GA, Guda
9 Adad, Bau, Bawa, GU
10 Adad, Babu, Bawa, DU
11 Abubu, Addub, Babu, GA-AZ, GUB
12 Gagu
13 DUG, Gagu, GUD, ZU
14 A-ZU, DU-GA, Edubba, Guda
15 Adadu, Addu
16 AB-ZU, Adadu, DUG-GA-E, ZU-AB
17 Abubu, Addub, GUD-UD, Tibu

19 GU-DE-A, TI
20 Edubba
21 Ka, Utu
22 Adda Edubba, Gizzida, Tigi
23 DUG-GA-E, GUD-UD
24 IA-ZU
25 Tebitu
27 Tibu
30 Deku, KI
31 AL, Hubuttatu, LA
32 Bel, Kabdu, Kibdu, Tigi
33 Kabdu
34 Gala, Gula
35 Deku, E-NAM-TILA, Gala
36 AB-GAL, Akitu, DU-KU, IGI-GI, IKU, Lu
37 AB-GAL, Alu, Bab-ili, Bel, GIBIL, Hubuttatu, Laz, UD-KA-GAB-A, Utu-Abzu, Zal
38 Laz, TI-IT, TI-TI, UD-KA-GAB-A, Zal
39 Guhlu
40 Dayalu, DI-KU, Gula, GU-LA, Hubuttatu, Udul, Ugula
41 Belit, TA-AL, Tebitu, UD-KA-DUH-A
42 Gizzida, Kibdu
45 BIL-GI, Guhlu, ME, Mah
46 Akitu, E-NAM-TILA, Ilu, KI-BAD-DU, Mah, MU, Udul, Ugula
47 KI-BAD-DU, UD-KA-DUH-A
48 Bab-ili, Geme
50 A-KI-TI, IM
51 AN
52 Dayalu
53 Geme, Hubuttatu, NAG
54 Bab-ili, DIN, NAG
55 A-BA-AN, Bab-ili, BIL-GI, EN, Idilbat, NAD-A, NA-GA
56 Belit, Kalu, Labuttu, Libittu, NAD-A
57 ANU, GIBIL, Giguna, Kalu
59 E-DIN, Ginu, Nagu
60 Lal, LIL, Nagu, NI, TE-E-MA
61 DUMUZI, Imdugud, KI-LA, Lal, Utukku
63 Labuttu, LUGAL, SAG
64 AN-ZU, DIN, Galla, SAG
65 Etana, Galla
66 Etana, Giguni, Idilbat, Lulu, Utukku
67 Gugallu, Hanbi
68 Hanbi, NI-DA-BA
69 E-DIN, Gallu, Ginu, Kalati, Naditu, TI-AMAT
70 Gallu, LIL, LUGAL, MUL, TI-AMAT
71 Entu, Kalati, Lahama
72 Giguni, Lulu
73 DUMUZI, Giguna, Imdugud
74 Ditilla, Gugallu, Natitu
75 E-HUL-HUL, KI-MAH, Lilitu
76 Kanu, KI-MAH, Lahamu, Lahmu, Libittu, MUL
77 Kanu, KU-AN, NI-DI-BA
78 DA-A-KU-UM, Lahama
80 Naditu
81 AZA-LU-LU
82 Lahmu
83 Lahamu
85 Adapa, EN-KI, Mu’alitu, Natitu
86 Adapa, Kugalgal
87 DIL-GAN, E-HUL-HUL

90 Ladanu, Sal
91 Sal, ZAL-DUK-KI
92 Ladanu
94 Ditilla, Kugalgal, MA-MAZU
95 Ellil, ENKI-DU, Kullatu, Lilitu, MA-MAZU, Mamitu, Pihatu
98 DIL-GAN, Tamtim, ZAL-DUK-KI
99 Esagila, KING-GU
100 to 199:
100 MUL-KI, NUN, Pazuzu
101 NINA
102 Kullatu, Mu’alitu, Ninab, Ninub
100 NEGUN, Simug
105 Ellil, Makeltu, NIN-DA
106 Mamitu, MUL-KI
107 E-ANNA, Pazuzu
108 E-SAG-IL
109 ADAMIN-DU-GA, E-SAG-IL, GUD AN-NA, KING-GU, Tamtim
110 Esagila, MUL GU-LA, Sin, Siwan
111 ADAMIN-DU-GA, DUG MUNATAE, Makeltu, MUL UD-KA-DUH-A, NINA, Pihatu
112 GAN-EDIN, Nindabu, Usmu
113 Ninab, NI-SA-BA
114 EN-TEN, E-UB-IMIN, NI-DUK-KI, Sanga
115 Enkum, EN-LIL, Edinna, GUD AN-NA, NIN-DA, NIN-TU, Sanga
116 Kamanu, Limmu, MUL GU-LA, US-MI
118 Hazannu, Kamanu, Mandattu, Ninub
119 EN-TEN, NIN-TI, Simug
120 Hazannu, Mandattu, NI-DUK-KI, Sin
121 Enkum, SU-EN
122 ZI-BA AN-NA
123 GAN-EDIN, MUL UD-KA-DUH-A, Nindabu
124 DILMUN, E-SI-TUM, E-UB-IMIN, NEGUN, NI-SA-BA, Sattukku
125 DAM-KI-NA, DUG MUNATAE, Edinna, EN-LIL, Ensi, NIN-TU
126 DAM-KI-NA
127 DUB MUL-AN, Limmu, Siwan
129 Gassu, NIN-TI
130 E-SI-TUM, Gassu, NIN-KI
131 APIN, Asalluhi, Bel pihati, Sanga, Sattukku
132 AN-PA, MUL AN-DUG-GA, Sanga, Sulumb
134 EN-LIL-TI
136 NUSKU
138 Asalluhi, DUB MUL AN-DUG-GA
139 DUB MUL-AN
140 DILMUN, NIN-KI, NUMUN
141 APIN
142 NUSKU
144 EN-LIL-TI, MUL AN-DUG-GA, NU-DIM-MUD, Sulumb
145 E-MUL-MUL, Naptu, NIN-MAH, NUN-ME
146 Naptu
147 APSU, Bel pihati, SU-PA
149 NIN-IGI-KU
150 Munus, Sukkal
151 Nanna, NUN-ME
152 DUB MUL-AN-KU, Nanna, NUMUN
154 Nigenna
155 Enunum
156 DUB MUL AN-DUG-GA, Namlulu, NIN-MAH
157 E-MUL-MUL, Sukkal
159 NIN-IGI-KU

160 Innin, NIN-LIL, Nisan, NU-DIM-MUD, Tzulili
161 E-NINNU
162 Munus
163 Namlulu
165 DUB MUL-AN-KU, Nigenna, Temenos
167 Apkallu, Enunum
168 Apkallu
170 Innin
171 E-NINNU, Nisan
172 IN-AN-NA
175 Temenos
176 Maqlu, PA-BIL-SAG, Tzulili
177 Maqlu
180 NIN-LIL
181 ANNUNAKI
185 E-TEMEN-AN-KI
186 Lilissu, Qipu
187 PA-BIL-SAG, TI-IL-PA-NU
188 ANNUNAKI
191 Apsin
195 E-TEMEN-AN-KI, Sukkalmah
196 Qipu
199 PA-HA-SU-UM
200 to 299:
200 MUL NUN-KI,
201 Apsin, AR, AYER, MUL APIN
202 Sukkalmah, Tadmiqtum
204 GIRA, Utukki limnuti
205 Arad
206 Arad, Lilissu, Qannu, UR
207 Agrig, Qannu
208 Ba’iru, Baru, Beru, DIR-GA
209 Baru, BUZUR, Guqqu
210 Guqqu, Redu
212 MUL NUN-KI, Tibira, Uru
213 Beru, GAR-DU, Zeru
214 GAR-DU, GIRA
215 MUL NIN-MAH, MUL-NUN-ME, Redu
216 AYER, GIR-TAB
217 Agrig, MUL APIN
218 DIR-GA
219 Ba’iru, Tadmiqtum, Zeru
220 KUR
217 BUZUR, Hutaru, Raki’a
223 Kharuba
225 E-RI-DU
226 KUR, Uruk, Utukku Limnuti
227 Assinnu, GIR-TAB, Hutaru, MUL-NUN-ME
228 Erib-biti, Temenos
231 LAHRA
232 MUL NIN-MAH, Raki’a, Tibira, Uruk
233 Kharuba
234 Issinnu
237 Assinnu, LAHRA
239 Temenos
240 IL-AR, Mur
241 IL-AR,
242 BIL HABRUD

245 Hurum
246 Mur, UR GU-LA
247 Damgar, Issinnu, URIM-A
248 Emegir, Erib-biti
249 Damgar
250 BIL HABRUD, Nar
251 Nar
252 MAR GID-DA
254 Amargi
255 Amargi, Martu, Rab-mugi
256 Martu, Naru
257 AN-UR, DINGIR, Hurum, Naru, URIM-A
258 Nibiru
260 Ganzir, SAR, SIR, UR-IDIM
261 SAR
262 DINGIR-E, Rab-mugi
263 Emegir, GIR-NITA, MAR GID-DA, NU-BANDA
264 Marduk, NU-BANDA, Tamartu
265 EB-URU-UM
266 Dubsar, Ramku, Saqaqu, Tamartu, Urulal
267 Ramku
268 HURSAG, Rabisu, Suqaqu
270 SIR, UR-IDIM
271 Ganzir, Marduk
273 Dubsar, Urulal
275 Engar, HURSAG, Tamkaru
276 Engar
277 DINGIR, Tamkaru
278 Nibiru, NI-IBRU
279 Rabisu
280 Pahar
281 Bit-rimki
282 DINGIR-E
283 GIPAR, GIR-NITA, NERGAL
284 GALAM-HURU
285 DUR-AN-KI
286 Khurasu, Kisru, Rab-mugi
287 Pahar
288 Egipar, ZI-U-SUD-RA
289 Egipar, MUL-GAB GIR-TAB, NERGAL
290 E-DUR-AN-KI
291 DUR-AN-KI, Kurkana
292 GALAM-HURU, Nimbar
293 Rab alani
294 GIPAR, KI-IN-DAR, ZI-U-SUD-RA
295 KI-IN-DAR, Rab alani
296 Kisru
297 Armanu, E-DUR-AN-KI
298 Armanu, Khurasu, Kurkana
300 to 399:
300 MI-I-RUM, NI-MUR
301 Bit-rimki
302 Girginakku, Mar-bani
303 Gesh, Nimbar
304 Mar-bani
305 ASHAG-A, HUSH, SHE
306 ASHAG-A, Ashgab, MI-I-RUM, Namtaru, NI-MUR
307 Ashagab, MUL-GAB GIR-TAB, Namtaru

308 Gesh, Zer-banitum
309 Tamkarum
310 Shedu, SHI
311 HUSH
312 ASAR-LU-HI, Ishib
313 ASAR-LU-HI
314 Bab sa mahiri, MUL ERIDU-KI, Shedu
315 NIN-URTA
316 Tamkarum
319 Irsitum, Sargon
320 KISH, Kush, Nangar, Sargon
322 Ishib, Nangar
323 Girginakku
324 Shuhadak
326 Kush, Ludlul Bel Nemeqi, NIN-URTA, Sagursag
330 KISH, Zer-banitum
331 MUL ERIDU-KI
332 Bab sa mahiri
333 Sagursag
334 Irsitum
335 Atra-hasis, Sha’ilu
336 Shuhadak
340 MUSH, Shem
343 Azupiranu, URU-SA-LIM
344 Shidim
345 E-MESH, Shem
346 Mashu, MUSH
347 Atra-hasis, Mashu, Sha’ilu
348 E-MESH, SIR-HAMUN
349 Shibutum
353 Ludlul Bel Nemeqi, URU-SA-LIM
354 MASH TAB-BA
355 SIR-HAMUN
356 MASH TAB-BA, Shiklu
359 Shangu
360 Azupiranu, Shangu
364 Shidim
365 Shublugal
366 Shiklu
368 NIN-HURSAG
369 NIN-GIR-SU
370 IRNINNI
372 SIR-HAMUN
373 Shibutum
374 NIN-DINGIR
379 Shublugal
380 IRNINNI, Shama’im
382 MUL MU-SIR A-AB-BA
383 Sargon
384 Sargon, SIR-NAMGALA
385 EN-ME-DUR-AN-KI, Lamashtu, NIN-HURSAG, SHIM-MAH
386 Purannu
387 Ashipu, Lamashtu
388 NIN-GIR-SU
389 Mushen
391 EN-ME-DUR-AN-KI
392 E-UR-IMIN-AN-KI, RU-UP-SUM, Shama’im
393 Purannu
395 Shatammu

396 Iashpu, Mari-ummani, SHIM-MAH, SIR-NAMGALA
397 Ashipu, Iashpu, Shatammu
398 Mari-ummani, MUL MU-SIR A-AB-BA, RU-UP-SUM, Tashmetum
399 Shangamahhu
400 to 499:
401 Mushen
402 E-UR-IMIN-AN-KI
404 NIN-DINGIR
405 NANSHE
406 EN-ME-DUR-ANNA, NANSHE
407 ARURU
408 Tibu
410 Girbadara, Tashmetum, TI
411 Bit ashtammi
412 EN-ME-DUR-ANNA, Shangamahhu, Utu
413 ARURU, Tigi, Ziggurat
414 Egirru
416 Mushkinu
418 Lugaldimmirankia, Tibu
419 Qadishtu
420 Kurra
421 Bit ashtammi, Girbadara
422 Tigi
423 Egirru
424 NIN-GISH-ZI-DA
427 Akitu, Kurra
428 Utu-Abzu
430 Qadishtu, Ziggurat
431 Enuma elish, MUL SHUDUN A-AB-BA
432 Belit, Mushkinu, TA-AL
433 Akitu
439 Sarpanitum
441 A-KI-TI, Murra
445 NIN-GISH-ZI-DA
446 Idilbat
447 Belit, Enuma elish, MA-GUR-GUR, Murra
449 MUL SHUDUN A-AB-BA
451 TE-E-MA
452 Utukku
456 Etana, Lugaldimmirankia
457 Etana, Idilbat, Sarpanitum
458 Utukku
459 MA-GUR-GUR
460 Kalatu, Naditu
462 Entu, Kalatu
464 Sugurra
465 Ditilla, KALATURRU
466 Lilitu
467 Sa naqba imutu
468 Naditu
476 Mu’alitu, Sugurra
477 KALATURRU, Sa naqba imuru
484 Kudurrus
485 Ditilla
486 Kullatu, Lilitu, Mamitu, Pihatu
487 ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM
492 Rab-kisri
493 Kullatu, Mu’alitu

494 Ut-Napishtim
496 ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM, Makeltu
497 Mamitu
500 to 599:
500 Shar
501 Shar
502 DUG MUNATAE, Kudurrus, Makeltu, Pihatu
503 Garush, Rab-kisri
505 EN-TEN, Hashur
506 NIN-TU, Shiru
510 EN-TEN, NIN-TI, SHAR-GAZ
512 Hashur, Ishbar, SHAR-GAZ
513 Garush, Ishbar, SHAR-UZ
514 SHAR-UZ
515 E-SI-TUM, Ut-Napishtim
516 DUG MUNATAE, NIN-TU, Shiru
520 NIN-TI
521 E-SI-TUM
522 Bel pihati
523 EN-LIL-TI, Sherke
524 E-NAM-TILA, Karshu, Sherku
530 Ishkur, Karshu, KI-SHAR, Sherke
531 KI-SHAR, Sherku
535 EN-LIL-TI
536 Ishkur, Naptu
537 E-NAM-TILA, Naptu
538 Bel pihati, Mat Tamtim
540 Shumer
550 Mat Tamtim
551 AN-SHAR, Shumer
552 AN-SHAR
553 Temenos
558 Ereshkigal
564 UTU-KA-APIN
565 UTU-KA-APIN
566 Temenos
567 Urshanabi
568 Urshanabi
574 Ereshkigal
576 E-TEMEN-AN-KI
577 TI-IL-PA-NU
583 GISHIMMAR
586 E-TEMEN-AN-KI, Shurpu
591 Irshemma
592 Shurpu
596 Irshemma
600 to 699:
600 MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM, SIR-NAMNAR
602 Ninshubur
603 Tibira
604 GISHIMMAR
606 SUHUR-MASH-HA
607 GIR-TAB
608 Esh-esh
609 Hutaru
610 SIR-NAMNAR
611 MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM

612 ISH-HA-RA Tamtim
617 SIR-NAMURSAGGA
618 Hutaru
619 Erib-biti, SUHUR-MASH-HA
620 Temenos
623 Tibira
624 Ninshubur
626 ISH-HA-RA Tamtim
628 GIR-TA
629 Kurgarru
630 Temenos
633 Shesh-gal
635 SIR-NAMURSAGGA
636 Kurgarru
638 MUL GISH-GAN-URU
639 Erib-biti, Shesh-gal
640 Shamash
641 Shamash
642 Martu
643 Martu
649 Nash-patri
651 Nash-patri
654 GIR-NITA
655 MUL GISH-GAN-URU
656 Enurta
657 Enurta
658 Tamkaru
668 Tamkaru
669 Sheshgallu
672 Bit-rimki
674 GIR-NITA
675 Sheshgallu
676 SIR-NAMSIPAD-INANNA-KA
680 MUL-GAB GIR-TAB, SHURUPPAK
681 Mashmashu, Pashishu
688 Mashmashu
692 Bit-rimki, Shamu sha aladi
693 SHURUPPAK
694 Shamu sha aladi
696 Namtaru
697 Pashishu
698 MUL-GAB GIR-TAB, Namtaru
699 SIR-NAMSIPAD-INANNA-KA, Zer-banitum
700 to 799:
700 MUL MU-SIR KESH-DA, Sharur, Tamkarum
706 E-SHARRA
707 E-SHARRA, NIN-URTA, Sharur
708 Tamkarum
710 Irsitum
715 MUL MU-SIR KESH-DA
717 NIN-URTA, Sha Ea bel tinishti
721 Zer-banitum
726 Irsitum
727 Atra-hasis
728 Atra-hasis, Puzur-Amurri
742 Sha Ea bel tinishti, Shibutum
745 MASH TAB-BA
747 MASH TAB-BA

748 Puzur-Amurri
766 Shibutum
770 SHI-IM-TI
771 Lamashtu
778 Lamashtu
780: Dubshar Kengira
786 Shatammu
788 Shatammu
800 to 899:
802 Dubshar Kengira
808 Tebitu
810 Qadishtu
811 Dubshar Ashaga
819 Dubshar Ashaga
820 TI-IT, TI-TI
821 Qadishtu
822 Tebitu
830 Mar shipri, Sarpanitum
838 Labuttu, Libittu
841 Mar shipri
845 Labuttu
848 Sarpanitum
851 TI-AMAT
852 TI-AMAT
853 KALATURRU, Natitu
858 Libittu
860 Dubshar Nishid
867 Natitu
868 KALATURRU
880 Tamtim
887 Dubshar Nishid
891 Tamtim
900 to 999:
900 Mandattu
902 Mandattu
906 Sattukku
913 Sattukku
970 MUL GU-LA DINGIR E-A MUL NUN-KI DINGIR E-A MUL-KI
971 Tadmiqtum
986 Utukki Limnuti
991 MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM
1000 and above:
1001 Tadmiqtum
1004 MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM
1008 Utukki Limnuti
1021 U-SAR Dingir ANUM Dingir ENLILI
1034 MUL GU-LA DINGIR E-A MUL NUN-KI DINGIR E-A MUL-KI
1035 Nash-patri
1042 Nash-patri
1046 Tamartu
1048 Tamartu
1078 U-SAR Dingir ANUM Dingir ENLILI
1132 ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU
1133 Mushrushshu
1158 Mushrushshu

1179 ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU
1180 Tashmetum
1192 Tashmetum
1193 Bit ashtammi
1194 Bit ashtammi
1213 Hubuttatu
1226 Hubuttatu, MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU.
1271 ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM
1276 Ut-Napishtim
1278 ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM
1279 MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU
1297 Ut-Napishtim
1320 Mat Tamtim
1332 Mat Tamtim
1397 ISH-HA-RA Tamtim
1408 ISH-HA-RA Tamtim
1409 Sha Ea bel tinishti
1410 Sha Ea bel tinishti
1411 MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU
1670 MUL EN-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU
1914 ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU
1961 ET-TE-NA-MASH-LUM DINGIR NIN-GIR-SU
Alphabet:
APPENDIX.
The Sumerian language consists of:

15 consonants: b, p, t, d, g (hard), k, z, s, sh, ch (as in lo ch ), r, l, m, n, and g (like ri ng ).

3 open vowels: a, e, o.

3 close vowels: a, e, u.
Demons:
The Babalonians and Assyrians considered demons the “children of Anu”. They were “spawned in the mountains of the west”. Collectively they were the “Seven”.

Lamashta.

Namtaru.

Rabisu.

Lilitu.

The Alu.

The Gallu.

The ghosts of the dead.
Miscellaneous:

Berossus – a Babalonian priest of circa 340-275BC who wrote a document in Greek on the details of
Babalonian cosmology.


The Egirru – an omen. A man prayed to his god and then waited for and accepted a chance utterance egirru as applying to himself. An egirru was affected by whether it came from in front or behind, from the right or the left.

NAD-A implies lying flat, stretched out – not seeing by lying face down. To be prostrate before the deity.

The Tamerisk – sacred to Shamash, great Lord, exhalted judge. The holy Tamerisk is used to make ritual figurines, and a second set is fired from clay.
Religious Nunbering:
The Sumerians designated a numerical attribute to seven major gods.

60 = Anu. The number represents perfection.

50 = Enlil. Also Ninurta, Ningirsu.

40 = E-A.

30 = Sin.

20 = Shamash.

15 = Ishtar.

10 = Adad.
Religious Pantheon:
The Sumerians had hundreds of god-forms. They functioned as an assembly with a king at its head.
Originally the supreme deity was AN, and later, around 2500BC EN-LIL seems to be prominent. Seven gods
“decree the fates”:

AN as “heaven”. Main centre of worship was ERECH.

EN-LIL as “king of Heaven and Earth”, “Father of the gods” and “king of all lands”.

EN-KI, god of the abyss, the abzu god of wisdom.

Ninhursag/Ninmah as “exhalted lady”. She may have originally been KI (mother) Earth. Consort of AN,
Heaven.

Nanna, also known as SIN.

Nanna’s son, Utu (Shamash).

Nanna’s daughter, Inanna (later Ishtar).
Thence followed the fifty “great gods” – the ANUNNAKI, the children of An. Next came the enigmatic
“watchers”, the IGIGI, and the remainder.
Ritual:
In Babalon, the Akitu Festival occurred over 11days and included the 20 th March.

1 st day: ?

2 nd day: The Sheshgallu priest rose before sunrise and performed ceremonial ablutions, prayed to
Marduk before the priests brought offerings.

3 rd day: As 2 nd day. 2 wooden puppets were made for the 6 th day, clothed in red, one holding a snake in the left hand, the other holding a scorpion in the right.

4 th day: The Sheshgallu rose 3 hours and 20 minutes before sunrise, prayed to the god and goddess and awaited the rising of a group of stars known as the “Acre” sacred to Babalon. In the evening the
Enuma
Elish was recited.

5 th day: A purification ceremony was carried out, with the Sheshgallu absent. A sheep was sacrificed and blood from the headless corpse spread upon the walls. The Incantation Priest and Sword-bearer took the

head and body of the sheep to the river. They remained outside the wall until the New Year Festival was over because they were ritually unclean. A canopy, “the golden sky” was erected at one point of the Temple to honour the coming of the god, Nabu. The king arrives and left with the Sheshgallu and the statue of
Marduk, makes a “negative” confession of not offending the god. The Sheshgallu strikes the king’s face, pulls his ears, and if tears come to the king’s eyes all the better for Babalon. At dusk the king participates in a ritual. A trench is dug and 40 reeds bound with a palm branch are placed within. The king and the
Sheshgallu set fire to the reeds and sacrifice a white bull.

6 th day: The arrival of Nabu, the son of Marduk is celebrated. The puppets have been set up to face the god, and on his arrival a sword-bearer decapitates them and they are cast into a fire.

7 th – 11 th days: ?
Stellar information:

For the Sumerians, constellations were visualised as sailing across the heavenly vault from east to west.
With west straight ahead, “right” equated to north and “left’ meant south, east is behind.