2011-2012
1175 State Route 17K
Montgomery, NY 12549

Superintendent:
Deputy Superintendent:
Assistant Superintendent:
Assistant Superintendent:
School Principal:
Assistant Principal:
Assistant Principal:
Assistant Principal:
Dear Students and Parents:
Dr. Richard M. Hooley
John Hunter
Sheila Lease-Murphy
Stephen Bangert
Jayme Ginda-Baxter
Thomas Balducci
Joseph DiMaio
Jedd Beukelman
The following student course guide and descriptions of the various diploma requirements were collected and written by the professional staff and students of the Valley Central High School. It is our curriculum. Our mission is greater, however, than what is described on the pages of this publication. With the assistance of active parents and a supportive community, our agenda as educators is to teach and promote those fundamental attributes that are essential to success. We consciously promote the concept that success of any type is the result of hard work; that effort is of greater importance than native ability, and that success is not achieved without realistic, yet challenging goals. Of equal importance is the idea that achievement is not gained without prudent risk taking, and that occasional failure is the price of creativity, innovation, boldness and continuing growth.
With our mission in mind, you are encouraged to read our publication

Joseph DeBold, Guidance Supervisor 7-12
Glenn Taylor, Counselor
Pamela Dixon, Counselor
Colleen Gluszak, Counselor
Melynda Kane, Counselor
Cynthia LaRuffa, Counselor
Eileen Purcell, Counselor
This course guide may be used by parents, students and school staff as a general guide for student planning. It will aid students in appropriate high school course selections, as well as in planning future educational and vocational training. The Valley Central Guidance staff recognizes that each and every individual has strengths as well as limitations. A number of
Valley Central High School’s core courses are taught on different levels.
The determining characteristic considered in the designation of students to various levels is time. How long will it take a particular student to successfully demonstrate his/her comprehension of the materials and skills taught? Students in advanced classes progress at the fastest rate. Students assigned to Regents sections progress toward similar goals at a moderate pace and are expected to earn a Regents with Advanced Designation or a
Regents diploma. We are committed to helping you realize your full potential as a unique human being. You are urged to explore your interests, abilities and skills with your counselor. Identify your goals and actively pursue them.
Keep track of your progress and performance. The guidance staff uses a four year planning sheet to keep up with your child’s progress. Contact your child’s guidance counselor if you should have any questions regarding his/her four year plan.
Thank you

In order to participate in the graduation ceremony, the Building Principal must certify that the student has met one of the following requirements.
1.
Regents Diploma: The diploma requirements vary depending upon the year a student enters grade
9. A student who takes more than four years to earn to diploma is subject to the requirements that apply to the year that student first entered grade 9.
Students first entering grade 9 in the 2005-06 school year and thereafter shall have earned at least 22 units of credit, including two credits in physical education to receive a Regents diploma. Such units of credit shall incorporate the commencement level of the State learning standards in: English language arts, social studies, mathematics, science, technology, the arts (including visual arts, music, dance, and theater), languages other than English, health, physical education, family and consumer sciences, and career development and occupation studies.
2.
Regents Examination: Students must achieve the passing score on the required Regents examinations according to the following schedule in order to receive a diploma:
Regents Diploma
(core requirements)
Advanced Regents Diploma
(core requirements)
Local Diploma
(core requirements)
*Selective Students
Subject
English
Credits
4
Social Studies 4
Math 3
Science 3
Foreign
Language
Art/Music
Health
2
1
0.5
Physical
Education
Electives
2
3.5
Total Credits 22
Required Exams
(Passing score 55-64)
English Regents Exam
Math Regents Exam
Global Studies Regents Exam
US History Regents Exam
Science Regents Exam
Subject
English
Credits
4
Social Studies 4
Math 3
Science 3
Foreign
Language
Art/Music
Health
Physical
Education
Electives
2
1
0.5
2
3.5
Total Credits 22
Subject
English
Credits
4
Social Studies 4
Math 3
Science 3
*Foreign
Language
Art/Music
Health
Physical
Education
Electives
3
1
0.5
2
1.5
Required Exams Required Exams
(Passing score of 65 and above) (Passing score of 65 and above)
English Regents Exam
Math Regents Exam
Global Studies Regents Exam
US History Regents Exam
Science Regents Exam
Total Credits 22
English Regents Exam
3 Math Regents Exam
Global Studies Regents Exam
US History Regents Exam
2 Science Regents Exams
*Foreign Language Exam

Entering Grade 9
(Freshman Class)
2005
2006
2007
2008
Local Diploma
Requirements
Score 65 or above on 2 required
Regents exams and score 55 or above on 3 required
Regents exams.
Regents
Diploma
Requirements
Score 65 or above on 5 required Regents exams and earn
22 units of credit.
Regents Diploma with Advanced
Designation
Requirements
Score 65 or above on 8 required
Regents exam and earn 22 units of credit. (7 or 8)
Score 65 or above on 3 required
Regents exams and score 55 or above on 2 required
Regents exams.
Score 65 or above on 4 required
Regents exams and score 55 or above on 1 required
Regents exam.
Score 65 or above on 5 required
Regents exams and earn 22 units of credit.
Score 65 or above on 5 required
Regents exams and earn 22 units of credit.
Score 65 or above on 5 required
Regents exams and earn 22 units of credit.
Score 65 or above on 8 required
Regents exams and earn 22 units of credit. (7 or 8)
Score 65 or above on 8 required
Regents exams and earn 22 units of credit. (7, 8 or 9)
Score 65 or above on 8 required
Regents exams and earn 22 units of credit. (7, 8 or 9)
2009
Score 65 or above on 5 Regents exams and earn 22 units or credit.
Score 65 or above on 8 Regents exams and earn 22 units of credit. (8 or 9)
Note: The Regents Competency Test safety net for students with disabilities will continue to be available for students entering grade 9 prior to September 2010. Students using this safety net will receive a local diploma. The low-pass option of scoring between 55-64 on the required Regents exams to earn a local diploma, will continue to be available for students with disabilities without local option.
1.
2.
3.
RULES GOVERNING COURSE SELECTIONS
All students are required to carry at least FIVE UNITS plus physical education for both semesters of the school year. There are some exceptions for seniors.
All students must be enrolled in all required courses until they have fulfilled the graduation requirements in those subjects.
All students enrolled in a Regents course will take Regents.

Drop Period No Dropping
Semester Elective Course
Can drop a semester elective course until the end of the
3rd week while enrolled in the course.
**With Note from
Parent**
Students will not be allowed to drop an elective semester course past the 3 week mark.
In rare extenuating circumstances, the student will receive a Withdrawal/Fail or Withdrawal/Pass, whichever is the case, on their permanent record.
**After Conference with Parent,
Teacher and Administrator**
Full Year Elective
Can drop a full year elective course until the end of the
3rd week of school.
**With Note from
Parent**
Students will not be allowed to drop a full year course past the 3rd week of of school. In rare extenuating circumstances, the student will receive a Withdrawal/Fail or Withdrawal/Pass, whichever is the case, on their permanent record.
**After Conference with Parent,
Teacher and Administrator**
Required Courses Can Not Drop a
Required Course
Can Not Drop a
Required Course

2. Requests to change a teacher cannot and will not be honored.
In the case of a student who has failed a course and is repeating that course during the next school year, he/she may petition to repeat that course with a different teacher. This request would be evaluated based upon scheduling considerations. This type of request must be made prior to the beginning of the new school year.
3. All level change requests are a separate consideration and do not fall under this policy. No level changes will be made after the beginning of the second half of any course.
GRADE PLACEMENT: Grade placement is used at the high school for the purposes of organizing each class, reporting attendance and other class group activities.
Sophomore standing is earned by completing a minimum of 5 units of credit and by being on grade level in either English or Social Studies.
Junior standing is earned by completing a minimum of 10 units of credit and by being on grade level in either English or Social Studies.
Senior standing is earned by completing a minimum of 15 units of credit and being on grade level in English and Social Studies. A senior must have successfully passed 3 required state tests necessary to graduate and must be eligible to complete all additional graduation requirements by
June.

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
To graduate and earn a Regents Diploma: Students entering grade 9 in 2001 or later MUST earn four
(4) English units of credit and a grade of 65% or better on the English Regents Exam.
To earn a Regents Diploma With Advanced Designation: Students must earn a Regents Exam grade of at least 65% on the English Regents Exam.
ENGLISH 9R 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course focuses on preparing students to meet NYS standards for listening, reading, writing for information, understanding, literary response, and for critical analysis and evaluation. This course is designed for students on grade level; the course puts less emphasis on basic skills and more emphasis on interpretive skills. The literature units include novel, mythology, poetry, short story, research and drama.
Writing projects include units in narrative, descriptive and expository writing. Skill work in the mechanics of grammar and usage is integrated, as needed, into the writing and reading units. Time management and note-taking skills also receive attention and Vocabulary and spelling units are utilized throughout the year.
There are also opportunities in listening skills and oral expression. The Elements of Writing series may be the writing text used for this course.
ENGLISH 9AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is designed for students who can learn at a more accelerated pace. The literature units include mythology, essay, novel, drama, short story, research and poetry. The thrust is towards a deeper analysis and discussion of the literature and the elements of literature. Additional literary works are covered
(especially in the area of novels). Expository, descriptive and narrative writing are covered. The projects in writing are expanded on this level. Skill work in the mechanics of grammar and usage is integrated, as needed, into the writing and reading units. Time management and note-taking skills also receive attention
Spelling and vocabulary units are covered throughout the year. There are more opportunities on this level for oral expression. The level of difficulty in the AD course is designed to offer a challenge to capable students. The quantity of material studied as well as the level of expectation of assignments is one to two grade levels above the standard R course. Students in the AD course are expected to participate more and willingly meet this challenge for which a weighted percentage is added to the earned grade. The Elements of Writing series may be the writing text used for this course. Students requesting English 9AD must have maintained a 90 or better average in English and must receive a teacher recommendation from the current
English teacher of the middle school in order to qualify for this course.
ENGLISH 10R 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course focuses on preparing students to meet NYS standards for listening, reading, writing for information, understanding, literary response, and for critical analysis and evaluation. Units of study include short story, novel, drama, research and poetry genres. The critical analysis of printed and filmed texts is emphasized. The expository writing (explanatory, persuasive, descriptive and narrative) emphasized at this level is enhanced by creative writing opportunities. Skill work in the mechanics of grammar and usage is integrated, as needed, into the writing and reading units. Time management and note-taking skills also receive attention. Vocabulary and spelling units are utilized throughout the year.
The Elements of Writing series may be the writing text used for this course.
ENGLISH 10AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
The difference of the 10AD level is the depth of work, not simply the quantity of work. The course provides an enriched opportunity to develop self-awareness and self-expression beyond the literal and informational level. Opportunities include extended tasks such as research projects and performed responses in dramatic, poetic and public speaking forms. Vocabulary and spelling units are utilized throughout the year. Students are evaluated on their ability to work cooperatively on group activities designed into most unit of study, as well as on their initiative and individual performance The level of difficulty in the AD course is designed to offer a challenge to capable students. The quantity of material studied as well as the level of expectation of assignments is one to two grade levels above the standard R course. Students in the AD course are expected to participate more and willingly meet this challenge for which a weighted percentage is added to the earned grade. The Elements of Writing series may be the

writing text used for this course. Students requesting this course must have maintained an English 9AD class average of 88% or better and must receive a teacher recommendation from the current English teacher in order to qualify for this course.
ENGLISH 11R 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course focuses on preparing students to meet NYS standards for listening, reading, writing for information, understanding, literary response, and for critical analysis and evaluation. The course focuses on the refinement of communication skills of reading, writing, listening and speaking. Analytic skills are stressed in the study of literature. The literary focus is on a variety of literature: essays, short stories, novels, drama and poetry. Teachers design activities to foster word recognition, awareness and knowledge in preparation for the PSAT, SAT and Regents exams. Vocabulary and spelling units are utilized throughout the year. Skill work in the mechanics of grammar and usage is integrated, as needed, into the writing and reading units. Time management and note-taking skills also receive attention. Writing deals with literature essays and formal compositions, both are important components of the Regents exam.
Opportunities include extended tasks such as research projects and performed responses in dramatic, poetic and public speaking forms. The Elements of Writing series may be the writing text used for this course.
ENGLISH 11AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course focuses on preparing students to meet NYS standards for listening, reading, writing for information, understanding, literary response, and for critical analysis and evaluation. This course encompasses all of the communicative and analytic skills of English 11R and allows for the enrichment of students in the areas of reading, writing, listening and speaking. Again, deeper analysis of literature is fostered, and there is more opportunity for creative writing. Writing also stresses literature essays and formal composition in preparation for the Regents examination given in June. Vocabulary and spelling units are utilized throughout the year. This allows for more preparation for the 12AD and AP programs and further enrichment in the language. The level of difficulty in the AD course is designed to offer a challenge to capable students. The quantity of material studied as well as the level of expectation of assignments is one to two grade levels above the standard R course. Students in the AD course are expected to participate more and willingly meet the challenge for which a weighted percentage is added to the earned grade.
Opportunities include extended tasks such as research projects and performed responses in dramatic, poetic and public speaking forms. The Elements of Writing series may be the writing text used for this course.
Students requesting this course must have maintained an English 10AD class average of 88 or better and must receive a teacher recommendation from the current English teacher in order to qualify for this course.
ENGLISH 12 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course deals with Shakespearean drama, modern short stories, novels and poetry. There is an emphasis on narrative, descriptive, persuasive and expository writing. Texts may include: Adventures in
Modern Literature, Hamlet, Macbeth, Death of a Salesman, The Great Gatsby, A Streetcar Named Desire, etc. Listening and speaking skills are incorporated in the course and an extended research paper is a course requirement. Skill work in the mechanics of grammar and usage is integrated, as needed, into the writing and reading units. Vocabulary and spelling units are utilized throughout the year The Elements of Writing series may be the writing text used for this course.
ENGLISH 12 AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course encompasses all of the communicative and analytic skills of English 12 with Shakespearean drama, modern short stories, novels and poetry and allows for the enrichment of students in the areas of reading, writing, listening and speaking. There is an emphasis on narrative, descriptive, persuasive and expository writing. Texts may include Adventures in Modern Literature, Hamlet, Macbeth, Death of A
Salesman, The Great Gatsby, A Streetcar Named Desire, etc. Listening and speaking skills are incorporated in the course and an extended research paper is a course requirement. Vocabulary and spelling units are utilized throughout the year. The level of difficulty in the AD course is designed to offer a challenge to capable students. The quantity of material studied as well as the level of expectation of assignments is one to two grade levels above the standard R course. Students in the AD course are expected to participate more and willingly meet the challenge for which a weighted percentage is added to the earned grade. The Elements of Writing series may be the writing text used for this course. Students

requesting this course must have maintained an English 11AD class average of 88 or better and must receive a teacher recommendation from the current English teacher in order to qualify for this course.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT ENGLISH LITERATURE 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is a college-level course based on deep reading and analysis of selected works and expository writing assignments based on those works. Discussion is a major importance, where speaking and listening skills are stressed. Texts include Macbeth, Hamlet, Adventures in English Literature, Adventures in World
Literature, etc. Student discussion is fostered so that the critical thinking skills so necessary for the
Advanced Placement Examination will be reinforced. Vocabulary and spelling units are utilized throughout the year. Practice in both the short answer and essay format of the Advanced Placement
Examination will be stressed. All students in AP will be expected to sit for the AP Examination in May.
Valley Central grade and credit will be awarded in June; however, students may be eligible for college credit depending on their AP Examination score in July subject to the policy of their selected college or university. Students requesting this course must have achieved an 85 or better on the English Regents
Exam and also maintained an English 11AD class average of 88 or better and must receive a teacher recommendation from the current English teacher in order to qualify for this course.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT ENGLISH COMPOSITION 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is a college level course based on helping students to become skilled writers of prose written in a variety of contexts. Writings and readings will make students aware of a writer’s purpose, audience and genre. This course will help students to prepare to write effectively and confidently across disciplines.
Students will write both formally and informally to gain authority and to learn to take risks in writing.
Practice in both the short answer and essay format of the Advanced Placement Examination will be stressed. All students in AP will be expected to sit the AP Examination in May. Valley Central grade and credit will be awarded in June; however, students may be eligible for college credit depending on their AP
Examination score in July subject to the policy of their selected college or university.
COLLEGE ENGLISH 101/102 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course emphasizes student practice in expository writing and library skills. Reading and class discussion center on the formal and informal essay. The second half of the course emphasizes continued student practice in expository writing based on fiction, drama and poetry. Research papers required.
Students requesting this course must have achieved an 85 or better on the English Regents Exam and also maintained an English 11AD class average of 88 or better and must receive a teacher recommendation from the current English teacher in order to qualify for this course.
FEE REQUIRED
ACADEMIC INTERVENTION SERVICES (GRADE 9, 10, 11) NO CREDIT
The non-credit course is designed for students who have been identified as needing additional help in reading and writing skills in preparation for the high school English curriculum and the New York State
English Regents examination in 11 th grade. Student will be selected based upon academic performance and/or scores of the 8 th grade New York State Assessment examination. The focus will be on skill work in reading and writing as well as practice on examination test-taking skills. This class meets daily or every other day depending on the level and/or need.
ACADEMIC INTERVENTION SERVICES (GRADE 12) NO CREDIT
Students in this non-credit course will be refining English skills necessary to pass the New York State
English Regents examination for their graduation requirement. The course is designed for students who have failed the New York State Regents in 11 th grade. Students will learn skills to improve reading, writing and listening and will work with preparation test materials to practice all four task requirements of the state examination. This class meets every other day. Students may exit this program after demonstrating proficiency by passing the New York State English Regents examination.

JOURNALISM ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Journalism introduces students to the many styles and principles of responsible journalism. Students learn several types of news writing including: leads, editorials, features, sports, writing and column writing.
Students are required to produce, edit and publish the school newspaper. Reading quality publications and developing skills in proofreading and editing are stressed. The course provides hands-on experience with the world of communications and allows students to work under deadline conditions. Students will explore the world of broadcast journalism in addition to the coverage of advertising, obituaries, weather and press releases.
SHAKESPEARE ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Shakespeare is designed to provide extensive reading and analysis of Shakespeare’s plays and sonnets. The course is created to stimulate the student’s enjoyment and understanding of Shakespeare. It is intended to further develop reading and comprehension skills of classical literature and develop writing skills in the critical analysis of literature. Poetic devices and figurative language will be emphasized and utilized in understanding the influence of Shakespeare on English literature.
PUBLIC SPEAKING ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is offered to those students wishing to better participate in public speaking. It will provide the necessary training to enable the student to speak in public with positive self-adequacy. Emphasis will be on sound research, speech preparation, organization, as well as delivery, voice and diction. The course requires active participation and provides excellent preparation for successful adult-world communication.
CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN LITERATURE ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a course for students who want to read compelling literature and discuss how it relates to real life.
Students will examine contemporary novels, short stories and poetry that express voices from various cultures and social backgrounds. Students will participate in small group discussions, writing exercises and create projects that relate to the themes presented in the literature. The course also examines current issues affecting women (and men) and provides opportunities for personal reflection and goal setting. Students will learn more about themselves as they hone their communication skills and explore characters and authors.
CREATIVE WRITING ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is designed to motivate students who would like to write fearlessly and with confidence.
Students will try their hands at poetry, short stories, playwriting and other genres to give each student a taste of the world of writing. Students who take this class will set and meet a variety of writer’s deadlines.
Students will understand the process of seeing their work expand and take shape through the study of free writing, clustering, outlining and revising. This class will enhance the students’ ability to express and understand their writer’s voice in a clear and descriptive manner. They will revise and expand on the materials developed for the purpose of publication and performance. Students will explore chosen genres
(3 short stories, 8 poems, a novella or one act play) from their portfolios. Students will learn to edit, proof, and critically evaluate their work in order to meet requirements for manual and electronic submission for publication.
FILM AND VIDEO PRODUCTION ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
In this project-based course, students will be actively engaged in the production of a brief autobiography, a commercial, and other short film projects. Students will learn the basics of concept development, scriptwriting, production planning, photographic composition, camera techniques, lighting design, sound design, and digital editing. Quality work from the class may be shown at Valley Central’s annual film festival and on Valley Central’s emerging television station.

SOCIAL STUDIES DEPARTMENT
To graduate: All students must completer four units of Social Studies. All students must pass the Regents
Exams in both Global History and U.S. History.
To earn a Regents Diploma With Advanced Designation: Students must earn a Regents Exam grade of at least 65 in Global History and in U.S. History.
Required high school Social Studies courses are:
Grade 9 – Global History I
Grade 10 – Global History II
Grade 11 – U.S. History and Government
Grade 12 – Economic/Participation in Government
GLOBAL HISTORY I 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course includes an important introductory unit on culture and the social sciences – government, geography, history, anthropology, economics and sociology – which establishes a framework for both
Global History I and Global History II. It will also include a survey of European and Non-European World
History. Upon completion of this course, students will be able to demonstrate the ability to utilize the knowledge and insights gained to participate in democratic decision making and to work effectively with others of differing views and cultures. This course begins with the Ancient Period of History and ends with the Enlightenment Period.
GLOBAL HISTORY I AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course includes an important introductory unit on culture and the social sciences – government, geography, history, anthropology, economics and sociology – which establishes a framework for both
Global History I and Global History II. It will also include a survey of European and Non-European World
History. Upon completion of this course, students will be able to demonstrate the ability to utilize the knowledge and insights gained to participate in democratic decision making and to work effectively with others of differing views and cultures. This course begins with the Ancient Period of History and ends with the Enlightenment Period. In addition to regular course work students will be expected to complete a quarterly project or reading assignment. The level of difficulty in the advanced course is designed to offer a challenge to the more academically motivate or capable students. As such, course concepts will be examined in greater detail that greatly exceeds the Regents course of study.
GLOBAL HISTORY II 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course consists of the continued study of Europe and Non-European World History, It consists of the study of the political, historical, social, cultural and economic events that shaped history from the 1700’s to the present. All students will take the Global History & Geography Regents Examination (a comprehensive exam consisting of both Global I and II courses.) Local Diploma students must receive a grade of 65 or higher to fulfill graduation requirements.

GLOBAL HISTORY II AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course consists of the continued study of Europe and Non-European World History. It consists of the study of the political, historical, social, cultural and economic events that shaped history from the 1700’s to the present. All students will take the Global History & Geography Regents Examination (a comprehensive exam consisting of both Global I and II courses.) Local Diploma students must receive a grade of 65 or higher to fulfill graduation requirements. In addition to regular course work students will be expected to complete a quarterly project or reading assignment. The level of difficulty in the advanced course is designed to offer a challenge to the more academically motivate or capable students. As such, course concepts will be examined in greater detail that greatly exceeds the Regents course of study.
U.S. HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course will deal with a thorough analysis of the Constitutional foundations of the Republic. Key
Constitutional principles such as separation of powers, check and balances, judicial review and the Bill of
Rights will be examined. The remainder of the year is based on American History from 1865 to the present. All students will be required to take the New York State Regents Examination in U.S. History and
Government. Local diploma students must receive a grade of 55 to fulfill diploma requirements. This course is required by the New York State Education Department for all students for graduation. A grade of
65 or better is necessary for a Regents Diploma.
U.S. HISTORY & GOVERNMENT AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course will deal with a thorough analysis of the Constitutional foundations of the Republic. Key
Constitutional principles such a separation of powers, check and balances, judicial review and the Bill of
Rights will be examined. The remainder of the year is based on American History from 1865 to the present. All students will be required to take the New York State Regents Examination in U.S. History and
Government. Local diploma students must receive a grade of 55 to fulfill diploma requirements. This course is required by the New York State Education Department for all students for graduation. A grade of
65 or better is necessary for a Regents Diploma. In addition to regular course work students will be expected to complete a quarterly project or reading assignment. The level of difficulty in the advanced course is designed to offer a challenge to the more academically motivate or capable students. As such, course concepts will be examined in greater detail that greatly exceeds the Regents course of study.
ECONOMICS
½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a survey course in macro and micro economics. This course will include a study of the United
States and international economy, history, theories and practical applications. This course is required by the New York State Education Department for all students for graduation.
AMERICAN LAW ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This full year course is an elective course that can be used for a sequence in social studies. American Law will examine the various aspects of United States Law and its practice. This provides a very significant overview of a major segment of American Government. This course includes law as it relates locally and on the state and federal level. Units will include constitutional law, tort or civil law and criminal law and the historical influence in our legal system. Activities will include mock trials, “one on one” examinations and cross-examinations, briefs, individual and group research and interviews, and oral presentations.
Students should have good writing skills. Prerequisite: U.S. History or permission of the instructor.
PARTICIPATION IN GOVERNMENT ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is a study of democracy in action through participation in government activities such as Youth in Government, School Elections and Mock Trials. It includes a look at local, state and national government operations and the roll of citizens in the democratic process. This course is required by the
New York State Education Department for all students for graduation.
MILITARY HISTORY OF THE WORLD ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is designed to survey the development of, use of and the results of the use of the military by various nations throughout history. By focusing on selected countries and selected wars, this course will illustrate the causes and results of wars and will examine the weapons of each period. The Napoleonic
Wars, World War II and Vietnam are studied in specific detail. Videos, films and class trips will aid in

discussing these as well as other wars. This course is recommended for students of all levels grades 10 –
12.
PSYCHOLOGY ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is a study of human behavior. Major topics will include; perception, intelligence, emotions, dreams, hypnosis, ESP, child development and adolescence. It is recommended for 11 th and 12 th grade students interested in the Social Sciences. The major focus is on neuroses and psychoses, and the understanding of mental illness.
SOCIOLOGY ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Sociology is the systematic study of human society. The first half will include: an analysis of culture and society, social interaction, deviance, sexuality, gender, race and ethnicity. The second half will include: aging and the elderly, the family, religion, education, health, social movements and social change. This course is recommended for 11 th and 12 th grade students interested in the Social Sciences.
GLOBAL STUDIES OR U.S. HISTORY ACADEMIC INTERVENTION SERVICES (AIS) NO
CREDIT
Each one is a remedial course for those who have failed to pass a Social Studies Regents Examination Test one or more times. The course will focus on the interpretation of charts, graphs, maps and political cartoons as well as learning to read and listen for understanding. Regents exams will be administered in
January, June and August.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT/AMERICAN HISTORY 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is open to those students who have excelled in advanced social studies previously and are willing to make a definite commitment to the subject. All students taking the course will be required to write the College Board Examination each May. Students must pay for their own AP exam (approximately
$80.00). With approval of the counselor, this course may be taken in place of American History &
Government. Students who do so will be required to take the New York State Regents Examination. The
Advanced Placement Program is designed to provide students with the analytic skills and factual knowledge necessary to deal critically with the problems and materials in American History. The program prepares students for intermediate and advanced college courses by making demands upon them equivalent to those made by full year introductory college courses. College Credit or advanced placement in college may be earned if adequate scores are achieved on the College Board Examination.
MODERN EUROPE (SUNY ORANGE) 3 COLLEGE CREDITS/1 HS CREDIT
This course begins with the Congress of Vienna and extends to the present time. Some topics considered are nationalism, imperialism, Communism, Fascism, the two World Wars, the Cold War, and united
Europe. Emphasis is on the social, economic, cultural, and political developments, centering on the theme of humanity’s disillusionment with the promises of earlier generations.
MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE EUROPE (SUNY ORANGE) 3 COLLEGE CREDITS/1 HS
CREDIT
This is an introductory course which deals with the medieval and Renaissance periods in European history.
The course begins with post-Roman world and ends with the Protestant Reformation. Emphasis is on the political, social, cultural and economic developments of the period. Topics to be considered are: feudalism, manoralialism, the life of the peasant, monarchy, the development of the nation-state, the medieval church, the Renaissance and Protestantism. Students receive three SUNY Orange credits.
THE HOLOCAUST IN HISTORY (SUNY ALBANY) 3 COLLEGE CREDITS/1/2 UNIT OF HS
CREDIT
Begins with an overview of European Jewish life on the eve of the attempt at its destruction, examines the cultural, social, and intellectual roots of Nazism, and discusses the efforts to isolate and marginalize those marked as “a-socials” in German society. Explores the radicalization of the Nazi program and investigates the variety of ways targeted groups responded to the crisis. This course covers a number of survivor

accounts and the memorialization and politicization of the Nazi Holocaust in the United States and Israel.
Students will receive three SUNY Albany credits.
NATIONAL GOVERNMENT (SUNY ORANGE) 3 COLLEGE CREDITS/
½ HIGH SCHOOL CREDIT
A survey of the United States political system at the national level including treatment of the historical background, central concepts and revisions of the constitutional framework, examination of the presidency, congress, federal bureaucracy, judicial structure and process, political parties, interest groups, the media, and current public issues.
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT
To graduate and earn a Local Diploma :
Students entering grade 9 in 2002 through 2007 MUST earn three (3) math units of credit. Requirements change based upon the year the student entered the ninth grade. Students should contact guidance for more information.
To graduate and earn a Regents Diploma :
Students entering grade 9 in 2002 or later MUST earn three (3) math units of credit and a grade of 65% or better on the Math A Regents exit exam or the Algebra Regents exam.
To graduate and earn a Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation :
Students entering grade 9 in 2002 through 2006 MUST pass the Math A and Math B Regents or the Math
A and Algebra 2 & Trig Regents exams with grades of 65% or better.
Students entering grade 9 in 2007 - 2010 MUST pass with grades of 65% or better one of the following combinations: 1) Math A and Math B Regents exams; 2) Math A and Algebra 2 & Trig Regents exams; 3) Math A, Geometry, and Algebra 2 & Trig Regents exams; or 4) Algebra, Geometry, and Algebra
2 & Trig Regents exams.
BASIC ALGEBRA – L 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is the first year of a two year program preparing students for the Integrated Algebra Regents. The topics include algebra, problem solving, graphing, factoring, and quadratics. It will meet for two periods a day. This course is designed to give students extra time to strengthen their overall mathematical background as required by academic intervention services. A local final exam will be given at the end of the year. Students MUST pass this course to move on to Basic Algebra – R.
BASIC ALGEBRA – X 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is the first year of a two year program preparing students for the Integrated Algebra Regents. The topics include algebra, problem solving, graphing, factoring, and quadratics. It will meet for one period a day. A local final exam will be given at the end of the year. Students MUST pass this course to move on to Basic Algebra – R
ALGEBRA – R 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a one year course preparing students for the Integrated Algebra Regents. The topics include algebra, problem solving, graphing, radicals, probability, factoring, quadratics, algebraic fractions, and statistics. A local final and the Integrated Algebra Regents will be given at the end of the year. Students
MUST pass this course to move on to Geometry or Geometry R.

BASIC ALGEBRA – R 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is the second year of a two year program preparing students for the Integrated Algebra Regents. The topics include radicals, ratio, proportion, trigonometry, area, perimeter, algebraic fractions, probability, and statistics. A local final and the Integrated Algebra Regents will be given at the end of the year. Students must pass this course to move on to Geometry or Mathematics in Action.
ALGEBRA LAB NO CREDIT
Algebra Lab is offered for the student who has failed or is in danger of failing Basic Algebra – L, Basic
Algebra - X, Basic Algebra – R, Algebra R or the Integrated Algebra Regents. This math class is noncredit pass/fail where students meet on either A or B days. The purpose of the class is to give concentrated and individualized targeted instruction directed towards the Integrated Algebra Regents exam.
MATHEMATICS IN ACTION 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a one year course designed for students as an option for a third unit of mathematics credit. The topics include graphs, shapes and patterns, personal finance, math games and puzzles, and math and the internet. This course will provide for students to do in-depth investigations of topics in mathematics using technology as support. It connects math topics to the real world and requires students to use the internet and other resources to complete projects and create presentations.
GEOMETRY 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a one year course for the student who has passed the Integrated Algebra Regents. The topics include fundamentals of geometry, circles, analytic geometry, transformational geometry, locus, constructions, solid geometry, and a continuous reinforcement of algebraic skills. A local final will be given at the end of the year. Students MUST pass this course to move on to Algebra 2 & Trigonometry or Geometry R.
GEOMETRY – R 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a one year course preparing students for the Integrated Geometry Regents exam. The topics include analytic geometry, transformational geometry, locus, constructions, geometric relationships, solid geometry, and Euclidean proofs. A local final and the Geometry Regents will be given at the end of the year. Students MUST pass this course to move on to Algebra 2 and Trigonometry or Algebra 2 and
Trigonometry – R.
GEOMETRY - AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a one year course preparing students for the Integrated Geometry Regents exam. The topics include analytic geometry, transformational geometry, locus, constructions, geometric relationships, solid geometry, and
Euclidean proofs. The topics will be more extensively covered and the degree of difficulty of the problems increases from Geometry - R. A local final and the Integrated Geometry Regents will be given at the end of the year. Students MUST pass this course with an 88 to move on to Algebra 2 and Trigonometry – AD.
Prerequisite: Grade of 90 in Algebra
ALGEBRA 2 & TRIGONOMETRY 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a one year course for the student who has passed the Geometry Regents. The topics include rational expressions, rational, irrational and complex numbers, quadratic equations and functions, sequences and series, relations and functions, exponents and exponential functions, logarithms, an introduction to trigonometry, and trigonometric graphs. A cumulative local final will be given at the end of the year.
ALGEBRA 2 & TRIGONOMETRY - R 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a one year course preparing students who have passed Geometry R for the Algebra 2 &
Trigonometry Regents exam. The topics include rational expressions, rational, irrational and complex numbers, quadratic equations and functions, relations and functions, exponents and exponential functions, logarithms, introduction to trigonometry, trigonometric graphs, applications of trigonometry, trigonometric

equations and identities, sequences and series, probability, and statistics. A cumulative local final and the
Algebra 2 and Trigonometry Regents exam and will be given at the end of the year. Students MUST pass this course to move on to Pre-Calculus.
ALGEBRA 2 & TRIGONOMETRY AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a one year course preparing students for the Algebra 2 & Trigonometry Regents exam. The topics include rational expressions and equations, rational, irrational and complex numbers, quadratic equations and functions, relations and functions, exponents and exponential functions, logarithms, introduction to trigonometry, trigonometric graphs, applications of trigonometry, trigonometric equations and identities, sequences and series, probability, and statistics. The topics will be more extensively covered and the degree of difficulty of the problems increases from Algebra 2 & Trigonometry - R. A cumulative local final and the Algebra 2 and Trigonometry Regents exam will be given at the end of the year. Students
MUST pass this course with a grade of 88 or better to move on to Pre-Calculus AD or a grade of 90 or above in class and on the Regents exam in order to move on to College Algebra and College Trigonometry
(as per SUNY Orange requirement). Prerequisite: Grade of 88 in Geometry AD
PRE=CALCULUS AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a full year pre-calculus course. The topics include extensive work with functions, transformation of graphs, rational roots of polynomials, finite sequences and series, trigonometry, analytic geometry, factoring methods, conic sections, polar coordinates, and complex numbers. The topics will be covered more extensively, to a greater degree of difficulty, and at a faster pace than in Pre-Calculus. A local final exam will be given at the end of the year. Students MUST pass this course to move on to AP Calculus
(AB).
MAT 121 COLLEGE ALGEBRA 3 COLLEGE CREDITS/ ½ HS CREDIT
This course offered by SUNY Orange (OCCC) is the first semester of Pre-Calculus AD. The topics include extensive work with functions, transformation of graphs, rational roots of polynomials, finite sequences and series, analytic geometry, factoring methods, and conic sections. The topics will be covered more extensively, to a greater degree of difficulty, and at a faster pace than in Pre-Calculus. An OCCC final will be given. Students MUST pass this course to move on to College Trigonometry. Upon successful completion, 3 college credits will be granted from OCCC.
Prerequisite: A score of 90 or better on the NYS Algebra 2 and Trigonometry
Regents exam
MAT 122 COLLEGE TRIGONOMETRY 3 COLLEGE CREDITS/ ½ HS CREDIT
This course offered by SUNY Orange (OCCC) is the second semester of Pre-Calculus AD. The topics include trigonometry, trig graphs, polar coordinates and complex numbers. The topics will be covered more extensively, to a greater degree of difficulty, and at a faster pace than in Pre-Calculus. An OCCC final will be given. Students MUST pass this course to move on to AP Calculus (AB). Upon successful completion, 3 college credits will be granted from OCCC.
Prerequisite: Grade of C or better in College Algebra
PRE-CALCULUS 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a full year pre-calculus course. The topics include functions, transformation of graphs, rational roots of polynomials, graphing polynomial equations and inequalities, trigonometry, analytic geometry, factoring methods, logarithms, and advanced algebra. A local final exam will be given at the end of the year.
COLLEGE PREP MATH 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a full year course designed for the student who has successfully completed Algebra 2 and
Trigonometry and is not enrolled in Pre-Calculus or Calculus, but who desires instruction which will help prepare the student for college entrance exams in mathematics. The topics include trigonometry and college algebra topics including radicals, solving and graphing systems of equations, quadratics, algebraic fractions, logarithms, and functions. A local final exam will be given at the end of the year.

ADVANCED PLACEMENT CALCULUS (AB) 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a full year calculus course. It is equivalent to at least one semester of college calculus. The theoretical and practical topics include limits, continuity, applications of derivatives, such as, related rates, max-min problems and rectilinear motion, and integrals and their applications, such as, area under a curve and volume of revolution. Other topics include slope fields, exponential, logarithmic, and trigonometric functions. A local final exam will be given at the end of the course and the AP exam may be taken in May.
College credit, as determined by each college, may be awarded for this course to those students who pass the AP exam.
Prerequisite: Pre-Calculus AD or College Algebra & College Trigonometry
MATH IN NATURE AND THE ARTS (PENDING) 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Students will explore the many connections between mathematics and visual art, music, architecture, and aesthetics in this project based course. Students will study topics, such as, fractals, the Fibonacci Sequence, tessellations, and Platonic solids. Students will investigate how and where math appears in nature. We will discover mathematical patterns in natural forms, such as sea shells, plants, flowers, pinecones, and cauliflower. Students will explore how to use statistics and other mathematical tools to study nature and human’s effect on nature. A local final exam will be given at the end of the year.
PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS (PENDING) 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is designed to provide the student with an understanding of the persuasiveness of probability and statistics in today’s society and the means to use the concepts and formulas to problem solve. Topics included are data collection techniques, calculating probabilities, data distributions, hypothesis testing, regression and analysis, expected values, conditional probability, binormial and normal distribution, data analysis (random and sampling distribution) and measure of association. Examples may come from analysis of random events, games of chance, and economic cycles. These fundamental concepts of statistical theory with an applied approach is designed to create savvy “statistical consumers”, able to understand, evaluate, and analyze quantitative evidence presented in the media on issues relevant to citizens in our society today. A local final exam will be given at the end of the year.
SURVIVOR MATH (PENDING) 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is designed to give students a firm problem-solving foundation as required in many current professions. It teaches students to think and work together, present solutions orally to the whole class, and write detailed solutions to real-life problems – all using technology. This project based math course requires student to: 1) develop a plan to solve math problems posed by a project; 2) collect information from a variety of sources; 3) develop a plan for solving the problem; 4) analyze all data and information collected; 5) carry out the plan; 6) communicate findings as to how the problem was solved to complete the project. Potential projects include: modeling mathematics found in different career fields and connecting it to topics learned in previous courses; using websites, such as, education.nasa.gov and smithsonianeducation.org for students to explore and present material of interest; geometry design where student will use concepts learned in geometry to design a building, furniture, models, etc., in a creative way; and a math problem solving video where students create a video of everyday math they observed in the real-world that explains a math concept, rule or techniques. A local final exam will be given at the end of the year.

SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
To graduate and earn a Regents Diploma: Students MUST earn three units of credit in science. The three credits must include one Living Environment credit and one Physical Setting credit – Earth Science,
Chemistry, or Physics. The third credit may come from taking another science course ending in a Regents exam, Elements of Chemistry and Physics, Basic Physics, a science elective, or an MST course. All students must take a Science Regents exam and earn a grade of 65 or better.
To earn an Advanced Regents Diploma: Students MUST earn three units of credit in science. The three credits must include one Living Environment credit and one Physical Setting credit – Earth Science,
Chemistry, or Physics. The third credit may come from taking another science course ending in a Regents exam, Elements of Chemistry and Physics, a science elective, or an MST course. Students must take two science Regents exams, one in the Living Environment and one from the Physical Setting (Earth Science,
Chemistry, or Physics) and earn grades of 65 or better on both exams.
NOTE: The New York State Education Department mandates that all students taking Regents laboratory courses complete a laboratory requirement in order to sit for the Regents exam. To complete the laboratory requirement, a Valley Central student must produce satisfactorily written reports of the work accomplished during 90 laboratory periods (3,600 total minutes). The written reports must be satisfactorily completed by the deadline established by the Valley Central Science Department. Students and parents will be informed of the deadline.
THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
The Living Environment course of study will focus on understanding important biological relationships, processes and mechanisms, and the application of biological concepts. Major course topics include ecology, cell biology, cell biochemistry, the maintenance of homeostasis in animals and plants, human anatomy and physiology, genetics and evolution. Students are required to do extensive microscope and lab work including labs required by New York State, which will be tested on the Regents exam. Students
MUST satisfactorily complete all required laboratory experiences in order to sit for the Regents exam.
THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
The Living Environment Advanced course of study is designed for students who can learn at an accelerated pace. The course focus is the understanding of important biological relationships, processes and mechanisms, and the application of biological concepts. Major course topics include ecology, cell biology, cell biochemistry, the maintenance of homeostasis in animals and plants, human anatomy and physiology, genetics and evolution. The level of difficulty in the Advanced course is designed to offer a challenge to capable students. As such, course concepts will be examined in greater detail and at a level that far exceeds the Regents course of study. The quantity of material studied as well as the level of expectation of assignments must reflect a greater depth of understanding on the part of the student. Students in the
Advanced course are also expected to participate more and willingly meet the additional challenge.
Students MUST satisfactorily complete all required laboratory experiences in order to sit for the Regents examination.
LIVING ENVIRONMENT AD/EARTH SCIENCE AD BLOCK 2 UNITS OF CREDIT

This course of study is for exceptional students wishing to complete The Living Environment and Earth
Science Regents courses in a single school year. The Block Program will meet for two periods every day and a third lab period on alternating days. In addition to traditional out-of-class assignments, Block
Program requires one or two hours of independent work each week to complete lab write-ups. During the first semester, students will complete The Living Environment Advanced course of study and take the
Regents examination in January. The Earth Science Advanced curriculum will be completed during the second semester, with the Regents examination taken in June. One unit of credit is earned for the successful completion of each one semester course. The Block Program is designed for students wishing to complete the Regents Science course sequence at an accelerated pace to enable enrollment in Advanced
Placement science courses later in high school. In offering this program, it is Valley Central’s intention that students in the Block Program commit to taking at least one Advanced Placement Science course in high school.
Prerequisite: Completion of 8 th grade Physical Science AD with a minimum final grade of 92%, a score of 4 on the NYS Intermediate Level Science Assessment, superior work and study habits that include a 95% homework completion rate, and 8 th grade science instructor recommendation.
THE PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
The Physical Setting/Earth Science course of study is designed to encourage students to understand the processes of change in earth and space through first-hand observation and inference. Throughout the various units, including Rocks and Minerals, Earthquakes, Landscapes, Geological History, Meteorology and Astronomy, emphasis is placed on scientific inquiry an analysis of data relevant to the NYS Learning
Standards. Students will be taught to formulate questions that relate to their experiences and to use their acquired skills to investigate these questions. Throughout the year, timely environmental issues such as global warming and environmental pollution will be explored, with an emphasis on how we interact with the planet Earth, and our responsibility to understand and value our natural environment. Students MUST satisfactorily complete all required laboratory experiences in order to sit for the Regents examination.
THE PHYSICAL SETTING/EARTH SCIENCE AD 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
The Physical Setting/Earth Science Advanced course of study is designed for students who can learn at an accelerated pace. The course focus encourages students to understand the processes of change in earth and space through first-hand observation and inference. Throughout the various units, including Rocks and
Minerals, Earthquakes, Landscapes, geological History, Meteorology and Astronomy, emphasis is placed on scientific inquiry and analysis of data relevant to the NYS Learning Standards. Students will be taught to formulate questions that relate to their experiences and to use their acquired skills to investigate these questions. Throughout the year, timely environmental issues such as global warming and environmental pollution will be explored, with an emphasis on how we interact with the planet Earth, and our responsibility to understand and value our natural environment. The level of difficulty in the Advanced course is designed to offer a challenge to capable students. As such, course concepts will be examined in greater detail and at a level that far exceeds the Regents course of study. The quantity of material studied as well as the level of expectation of assignments must reflect a greater depth of understanding on the part of the student. Students in the Advanced course are also expected to participate more and willingly meet the additional challenge. Students MUST satisfactorily complete all required laboratory experiences in order to sit for the Regents examination.
ELEMENTS OF SCIENCE 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Available as an alternative or introduction to Physical Setting/Chemistry, this course covers the basic concepts of chemistry and physics as outlined in the New York State Learning Standards in Mathematics,
Science and Technology.
The chemistry portion of the curriculum, comprising 50% of the course, covers the basic nature, composition and structure of matter, elements, compounds and mixtures, the types of chemical reactions, solutions, and the properties of acids, bases, and salts. In the physics portion of the course, which encompasses the remaining 50% of the curriculum, the main topics include magnetism and electricity, heat, light, and sound. The course will begin with a review of the scientific method and metric system.
There is no state-mandated laboratory component for this course. Laboratory work, done at the discretion of the teacher, will be incorporated within the regularly scheduled class period.
THE PHYSICAL SETTING/CHEMISTRY 1 UNIT OF CREDIT

The Physical Setting/Chemistry course of study is intended to provide the student with an understanding of the theoretical and practical aspects of chemistry and the ability to handle equipment and chemicals safely.
This course is intended for average and above average students with a history of successfully completing
Regents level Science courses. The topics in chemistry include: matter and energy, atomic structure, bonding, the periodic table, mathematics of chemistry, kinetics and equilibrium acids and bases, redox and electrochemistry, nuclear chemistry and organic chemistry. There are five lecture periods each week plus a chemistry lab that meets alternate days each week. Students MUST satisfactorily complete all required laboratory experiences in order to sit the Regents examination.
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Geometry R or Living Environment/Earth Science AD Block, or concurrent enrollment in Geometry AD.
BASIC PHYSICS 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is designed as an alternative to Physical Setting/Physics. Mathematical skills are necessary, but are more limited than in Regents Physics, and are mostly algebraic in nature. Topics covered include scientific notation, metric system measurement, graphing, kinetics, dynamics, harmonic motion, circular and projectile motion, laws of gravitation and energy. There is no state-mandated laboratory component for this course. Laboratory work, done at the discretion of the teacher, will be incorporated within the regularly scheduled class period.
Prerequisite: Successful completion of Physical Setting/Regents Chemistry or Elements of Chemistry and Physics.
THE PHYSICAL SETTING/PHYSICS 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course of study for The Physical Setting/Physics presents a modern view of physics with emphasis on both theoretical and practical aspects. The five core areas studied are mechanics, energy, electricity and magnetism, wave phenomena and atomic and nuclear physics. There are five lectures and alternate day laboratory periods scheduled each week. Students must meet the minimum number of completed lab requirements to be admitted to The Physical Setting/Regents Physic exam. Students MUST satisfactorily complete all required laboratory experiences in order to sit for the Regents examination.
Prerequisite: Successful completion on Integrated Algebra 2 and Trigonometry R or concurrent enrollment in Integrated Algebra 2 and Trigonometry AD.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT BIOLOGY 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
The Advanced Placement Biology course is designed to be taken by students after the mastery of a first course in high school biology and high school chemistry. It aims to provide students with the conceptual framework, factual knowledge and analytical skills necessary to deal critically with the rapidly changing science of biology. Three basic areas of study are included in the course: molecules and cells, genetics and evolutions, organisms and populations. Students will take the Advanced Placement exam at the end of the course which may permit them to be eligible to receive college credit. Five lecture periods meet each week. In addition, Advanced Placement Biology lab meets every other day.
Prerequisite: Successful completion of The Physical Setting/Chemistry or approval by administration. Advanced Placement science students are expected to complete the 4 Regents
Science courses (Living Environment, Earth Science, Chemistry and Physics) prior to graduation.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
The Advanced Placement Chemistry course is designed to be the equivalent of the first year college general chemistry course. Students should attain a depth of understanding of fundamentals and a competence in dealing with chemical problems. The course requires students to think clearly and express their ideas logically, both in writing and speaking. There is an emphasis on chemical calculations and mathematical formulation or principles. Extensive laboratory experiences are required accompanied by formal written laboratory reports to be submitted by each student. The topics covered in depth during the course are: structure of matter, states of matter, chemical reactions, descriptive chemistry and laboratory. Students
MUST have a mastery of Regents Chemistry and Math 11R. Students will take the Advance Placement
Chemistry exam at the end of the course and may be eligible for college credit in chemistry.

Prerequisite: Successful completion of The Physical Setting/Chemistry with mastery or approval by administration. Advanced Placement science students are expected to complete the 4 Regents
Science courses (Living Environment, Earth Science, Chemistry and Physics) prior to graduation.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS (Calculus-based) 1UNIT OF CREDIT
AP Physics (C) is a calculus-based course, which includes the topic of Newtonian mechanics. A good working knowledge of algebra and trigonometry is required for this course. Additionally, the basic ideas of calculus will be introduced in connection with such physical concepts as motion, work and energy.
Understanding of basic principles and the ability to apply these principles in the solution of problems will be the major goals of this course. The course is representative of topics covered in similar calculus-based college courses. Students will take the Advanced Placement Physics (C) exam at the end of the course and may be eligible for college credit in physics.
Prerequisite: Successful completion of The Physical Setting/Physics or approval by administration.
Advanced Placement science students are expected to complete the 4 Regents Science courses (Living
Environment, Earth Science, Chemistry and Physics) prior to graduation.
SCIENCE RESEARCH 12 COLLEGE CREDITS TOTAL
1 UNIT OF HS CREDIT/PER YEAR
This three year program commencing during the sophomore year gives students the opportunity to participate in the community of scientific research and scholarship as part of their high school experience.
Students choose and explore a topic of interest. The topic may come from the natural, physical or social sciences. Students develop advanced skills in using electronic mail and the Internet, as well as learn to conduct on-line bibliographic searches of a wide range of databases. Each year of the program requires the accomplishment of specific goals, leading to designing and conducting an original experiment, data collection and analysis, and the writing of a formal research paper. During their Senior year, students will enter their work in such competitions as the Intel Science Talent Search and the Junior Science and
Humanities Symposium. Seniors also attempt to have their work published. Note: In addition to school credit, students may elect to gain college credit through the State University at Albany (fees required) for participation in their sophomore summer (2 credits), junior year (4 credits), junior summer (2 credits) and senior year (4 credits). Science Research is taken in addition to, and not in replacement of, existing science requirements.
FORENSIC SCIENCE 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course examines the application of science to law, introducing students to scientific criminal investigations. This involves the application of biological and chemical techniques to the analysis of physical evidence. Students will learn about forensic laboratory techniques such as the significance of physical evidence, admissibility of evidence in a court of law, as well as analysis of experimental limitations and accuracy. Students will investigate mock crime scenes; learn how to lift latent fingerprints, shoeprints, and lip prints, and other forensic procedures including DNA analysis, crime scene management, and investigative procedures. Students will also learn the rudiments of fiber, hair, and other trace analysis.
Prerequisites: Successful completion of Regents Living Environment and Earth Science (or department/administrative approval). Note: Forensics fulfills the NYS mandated 3 rd credit of science.
Students may enroll concurrently in Forensics and Regents Chemistry or Regents Physics; however, students should not take Forensics in place of Chemistry or Physics.
THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
ACADEMIC INTERVENTION SERVICES (AIS) NO CREDIT
This AIS science course is designed to provide students with assistance in mastering The Living
Environment/Regents Biology course of study and Regents exam. The course meets on alternate days.
EARTH SCIENCE
ACADEMIC INTERVENTION SERVICES (AIS) NO CREDIT
This AIS science course is designed to provide students with assistance in mastering the Physical
Setting/Regents Earth Science course of study and Regents exam. The course meets on alternate days.

FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT
Languages Other Than English (LOTE)
Regents Diploma LOTE Requirement: All students must fulfill a two year seat requirement and earn one unit of high school credit in a language other than English to graduate.
Regents Diploma with Advanced Designation LOTE Requirement: Students must earn three units of credit in a language other than English and pass the NYS Regents examination in that language.
[Students completing a five-unit sequence in career and technical education or the arts (visual arts, music, dance, and theatre) are not required to complete the additional two units of the language other than English requirement for the Regents diploma with advanced designation but must still meet the Regents requirements for the total number of units of credit).
LANGUAGE OFFERINGS
Foreign language department offerings are named in terms of the state-required checkpoints. Vocabulary for all course are described based on the fifteen topics outlined by the NYS Standards.
Level A1 will complete the first half of Checkpoint A in one year and take a local final.
Level A2 will complete the second half of Checkpoint A in one year and take a local final.
Level A/B1 an extremely accelerated course geared only towards students beginning a 3 rd language will complete all of Checkpoint A and most of checkpoint B in one
Level B1
Level B2
Level C1
Level C2 year. will complete the first half of Checkpoint B in one year and take a local final. will complete the second half of Checkpoint B in one year and take the NYS
Regents. will complete the first half of Checkpoint C in one year and take a local final.
College credit is available. will complete the second half of Checkpoint C in one year and take a local final.
Students may take an optional Advance Placement Examination in May. College credit is available.
FRENCH LEVEL A1 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Language instruction will focus on personal identification, greetings, education, types of jobs, leisure, family & home, ordering in a restaurant, community & neighborhood, grocery shopping, travel & transportation, culture and current events. Students will practice expressing likes and dislikes, socializing, asking for and offering information. Grammar begins to be stressed at this level.
FRENCH LEVEL A2 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Language instruction will focus on personal identification, sports and leisure, physical environment, shopping for clothing, health & welfare, travel & transportation, public & private services, culture and current events. Students will continue to practice expressing likes and dislikes, socializing, asking for and offering information, and giving opinions. There is an increasing emphasis on grammar at this level.
FRENCH LEVEL A/B1 1-2 UNIT(S) OF CREDIT

This is an extremely accelerated course geared toward students learning a 3 rd or 4 th language. All topics listed in the descriptions for levels A1 and A2 will be covered as well as those listed below in level B1.
This course places a strong emphasis on grammar. Students will take the level A final sometime between the midterm and the end of the 3 rd marking period. Students will take the B1 level final in June. In order to receive B1 credit and continue on to the B2 level students must pass the course, complete and submit a major project and score no less than an 85% on the B1 final exam.
FRENCH LEVEL B1 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is the first half of a two-year track leading to the NYS Regents examination. Language instruction will provide further and more in-depth study in the areas of personal identification, house & home, family life, community & neighborhood, meal-taking, health & welfare, education, earning a living, sports & leisure, public & private services, shopping, travel & transportation, physical environment, culture and current events. Proper usage of the language is stressed, with a growing emphasis on grammar, writing and speaking.
FRENCH LEVEL B2 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is the second half of a two-year track and culminates in the NYS Regents examination.
Language instruction will polish the student’s proficiency in the areas of personal identification, education, earning a living, sports & leisure, health & welfare, meal-taking, family life, community & neighborhood, physical environment, public & private services, shipping, culture and current events. There will be a greater emphasis on the written and spoken language, with more focus on correct grammar and pronunciation. Students must pass both the course and the Comprehensive Regents examination to receive
Regents credit.
FRENCH LEVEL C1 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Language instruction at this level will fine tune students proficiency in all NYS topic areas. In addition to review and enhancement of vocabulary, students will be expected master all forms of the present, past, future, conditional simple and compound verb tenses in the indicative mood, and will be introduced to the present and past subjunctive. Students with paid tuition and a final, unweighted average of “C” or better may receive college credit for this course through SUNY Albany.
FRENCH LEVEL C2 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Language instruction at this level will allow for further, detailed study in all NYS topic areas along with an in-depth review and refinement of grammar and intense practice in the skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing in the target language. Though not specifically geared towards the Advanced Placement examination, students may opt to pay for and take this examination in May. Students with paid tuition and a final average of “C” or better may receive college credit for this course through SUNY Albany.
SPANISH LEVEL A1 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Language instruction will focus on personal identification, education, community & neighborhood, types of jobs, family & home, shopping for food & stationary, sports & leisure, health & welfare, physical environment, culture and current events. Students will practice expressing likes and dislikes, socializing, asking for and offering information. Grammar begins to be stressed at this level.
SPANISH LEVEL A2 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Language instruction will focus on personal identification, community & neighborhood, family events, health & welfare, meal-taking, shopping for clothing & party needs, holidays, public & private services, sports & leisure, physical environment, travel, culture & current events. Students will continue to practice expressing likes and dislikes, socializing, asking for and offering information, and giving opinions. There is an increasing emphasis on grammar at this level.
SPANISH LEVEL A/B1 1-2 UNIT(S) OF CREDIT
This is an extremely accelerated course geared toward students learning a 3 rd or 4 th language. All topics listed in the descriptions for levels A1 and A2 will be covered as well as those listed below in level B1.
This course places a strong emphasis on grammar. Students will take the level A final sometime between the midterm and the end of the 3 rd marking period. Students will take the B1 level final in June. In order to

receive B1 credit and continue on to the B2 level students must pass the course, complete and submit a major project and score no less than an 85% on the B1 final exam.
SPANISH LEVEL B1 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is the first half of a two-year track leading to the NYS Regents examination. Language instruction will focus on personal identification, community & neighborhood, sports & leisure, education, health & welfare, meal-taking, family life, travel & transportation, shopping, physical environment, culture
& current events. Proper usage of the language is stressed, with a growing emphasis on grammar, writing and speaking.
SPANISH LEVEL B2 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course is the second half of a two-year track and culminates in the NYS Regents examination.
Language instruction will polish the student’s proficiency in the areas of personal identification, family life, physical environment, meal-taking, heath & welfare, education, earning a living, sports & leisure, public & private services, travel, culture & current events. There will be a greater emphasis on the written and spoken language, with more focus on correct grammar and pronunciation. Students must pass both the course and the Comprehensive Regents examination to receive Regents credit.
SPANISH LEVEL C1 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Language instruction at this level will fine tune students proficiency in all NYS topic areas. In addition to review and enhancement of vocabulary, students will be expected master all forms of the present, past, future, conditional simple and compound verb tenses in the indicative mood, and will be introduced to the present and past subjunctive. Students with paid tuition and a final, unweighted average of “C” or better may receive college credit for this course through SUNY Albany.
SPANISH LEVEL C2 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Language instruction at this level will allow for further, detailed study in all NYS topic areas along with an in-depth review and refinement of grammar and intense practice in the skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing in the target language. Though not specifically geared towards the Advanced Placement examination, students may opt to pay for and take this examination in May. Students with paid tuition and a final, unweighted average of “C” or better may receive college credit for this course through SUNY
Albany.

The Art Department offers both half and full year courses of study as well as base level and advanced level courses. Art History, Drawing and Design I and Studio Art are the courses that satisfy the 1 unit graduation credit requirement.
To graduate: All students must successfully complete one unit of credit in either Art or Music .
ART HISTORY 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Entry Level Course
Art History is designed for the student interested in learning about art from a historical viewpoint. Its emphasis is on the culture and art of the Stone Age, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Medieval, Renaissance,
Baroque, Asian and 18th and 19th centuries, as well as modern and post-modern art movements. These areas are reviewed in relation and correlation to today’s society. Material is presented through power points, discussions, books and videos. The course is designed for the student interested in learning art from history rather than from production of art projects. This course is recommended for any art major, college bound students, and students who enjoy history.
STUDIO ART-
Entry Level Course
1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a basic course for all other art courses in the program. It is the fine arts foundation course for the department. Studio Art concentrates on the creation of art in relation to the elements of art and the principles of design. Projects emphasize technique and skills, while incorporating creative thought processes. Studio Art explores drawing, painting, graphics and the history of art. Each student keeps a sketchbook to track their progress and allow them to think visually.
DESIGN & DRAWING FOR PRODUCTION I
Entry Level Course
1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a design foundation course in which students build confidence in their drawing ability from both observation and imagination. Students will learn the language of technical and perspective drawing to describe forms from a variety of problems, which encourage imaginative and practical solutions. Students learn how design affects their daily lives and how it relates to the past, present and future. Each student keeps a sketchbook to track their progress and allow them to think visually.
CRAFTS 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level one-satisfies 1 unit for sequence in art requirement for 3 or 5 sequence.
Prerequisite: Studio
Art or Design and Drawing for Production I

This is a full year course for students interested in gaining skill and knowledge in traditional and contemporary three-dimensional crafts. The elements and principles of design, pattern development and craft techniques are mastered. Students learn to use equipment and tools with skill, through hands-on experiences. Evaluation is based on effort, knowledge of the medium and techniques, as well as craftsmanship. Prerequisite: Studio Art or Design and Drawing for Production I
CERAMICS I 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level one-satisfies 1 unit for art sequence requirement for 3 or 5 sequence. Prerequisites: Studio Art or Design and Drawing for Production I
This course is both technical and artistic. Students will learn to work with clay, using a variety of hand building methods. Students will be working with the pinch method, coil, slab building and additive and subtractive sculpture. Students will learn about glazing and various decorative methods used in finishing clay including, stains, underglaze, and color silica glazes. Students will make a variety of decorative and utilitarian pieces using techniques used by entry level ceramic artists as well as college level and professional techniques. Students will also learn how to fire their work in the kiln. Students interested in three-dimensional work in the art area will be interested in this class.
DESIGN AND DRAWING FOR PRODUCTION II 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level one-satisfies 1 unit for art sequence requirement for 3 or 5 sequences. Prerequisites: Studio
Art or Design and Drawing for Production I.
This is a second year concentration of design, which builds on the basic principles and elements of design previously taught. Model Making techniques and technical drawing will be introduced and applied to a series of long-term design problems throughout the year. Connections between design, materials and technology will be learned as well as an understanding of the process and how design works in both historical context and future vision.
DRAWING & PAINTING 1 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level one-satisfies 1 unit for sequence in art requirement for 3 or 5 sequence. Prerequisite: Studio
Art or Design or Drawing for Production I
This course is designed for the serious art student interested in exploring areas in greater depth previously covered in Studio Art. Students in this course will be given experiences in acrylic, pastel, conte, pencil, watercolor, pen and ink, oil paint, etc. Painting experience in oil and acrylic will be new to the drawing and painting students . Art history will be covered as it relates to various art projects and movement.
Students taking Drawing and Painting I will improve skills and be prepared to find areas that they wish to concentrate on in Drawing & Painting II and be part of a portfolio building sequence.
FASHION DESIGN 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level one-satisfies 1 unit for sequence in art requirement for 3 or 5 sequence. Prerequisite: Studio
Art or Design or Drawing for Production I
In this course, students will encounter design problems specific to fashion and the psychology/sociology of fashion. This course will cover the drawing of the figure, visualization techniques , exploration of color, texture and pattern, fashion history, and the merchandising of fashion and style. A confidence in drawing ability and drawing of the figure is necessary for student success.
SCULPTURE 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level one-satisfies 1 unit for art sequence requirement for 3 or 5 sequence. Prerequisites: Studio
Art, Crafts or Drawing and Design I.
This is a full year course designed for the student who wishes to pursue an art curriculum specifically in three dimensional work. The course will provide tactile, aesthetic and technical experiences in order that students may come to understand, and be sensitive, to the processes involved in creating sculpture in both resistant and plastic materials. Students will explore studio projects in paper, plaster, ceramic and plasticine clay, recycled/acquired materials, etc.
1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level one-satisfies 1 unit for art sequence requirement for 3 or 5 sequences. Prerequisites: Studio

Art or Design or Drawing for Production I.
Illustration is a full year course for the student who wants to develop their skills in illustration in various color media. The creative process is stressed as students solve problems in which the only means of communicating an idea is visually. The focus of the course is hands-on illustration: some computer work will be introduced. Students must be confident of their ability to draw.
CERAMICS II 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level two-satisfies 1 unit for art sequence requirement for 3 or 5 sequence. Prerequisites: Ceramics I
Ceramics II is designed to give students an opportunity to use basic skills mastered in Ceramics I in a more in depth and creative way. The first half of the year the students will create complex and challenging projects using hand-building methods. The second half of the year students will spend time learning to use the potters’ wheels to produce ceramic works of art and utilitarian pieces. Students will produce wheel made bowls, mugs, teapots and other useful wares.
DRAWING & PAINTING II 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level two-satisfies 1 unit for art sequence requirement for 3 or 5 sequence. Successful completion of
Drawing and Painting I is a prerequisite for this course. Students are creating work for their portfolios in this course
This course is designed for the serious art major interested in a continuation and exploration of a wide variety of art experiences in the drawing and painting area. Students at this level will be challenged to awaken creative abilities as well as develop skills necessary to produce quality work for use in college entry portfolios or to master drawing and painting techniques learned in Drawing and Painting I. Art
History will be covered in this course as independent assignments relating to students’ individual areas of concentration. Students will use oil paints, acrylics, charcoal, colored pencils, scratchboard, and graphite in this course and will be encouraged to explore areas of interest using these materials while developing their creative and problem solving skills.
TRADITIONAL and DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level two course-satisfies 1 unit of art for sequence requirement of 3 or 5. Pre-requisites : Studio Art or Design and Drawing for Production I. This course is offered to Juniors and Seniors only
This course teaches both Traditional Photography and Digital Photography. When Traditional Photo is being taught the creative possibilities of traditional photographic methods in a wet darkroom as an art form are stressed. When Digital Photography is a being taught the course focuses on the diverse creative concepts that digital photography has to offer. Technical methods and photographic aesthetics will be explored, as well as the use of the computer to manipulate and produce printed images. Historical, technical and aesthetic principles will be explored. Students must have a digital camera to complete the course work as well as provide their own 35mm camera and is fully responsible for the purchase of film and paper for the course. Homework is an essential component of the course for image acquisition. All assignments require work beyond the classroom. Homework is a vital aspect of the work load.
COMPUTER GRAPHICS 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level two- satisfies 1 unit of art for sequence requirement of 3 or 5. Pre-requisite is one of the following: Visual Communications or Drawing Painting I or Design and Drawing II or either Photo course. This course is offered to Juniors and Seniors only
Computer Graphics is a full year course for the student who wants to become proficient in graphic design and computer art. This course will give the student a full understanding of design programs and digital accessories. Projects will include computer illustration, typography, page layout and digital manipulation.
Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign and web design will be utilized .

PORTFOLIO PREPARATION 1UNIT OF CREDIT
Level three-satisfies 1 unit art sequence requirement 3 or 5 sequence. Prerequisite: Any advanced courses (Level One and/or Level Two) This course is offered to Juniors and Seniors only
Portfolio Preparation is a course designed for seniors who wish to continue working in an art sequence more in depth and concentrating on areas the individual student wishes to improve on and explore. This course is customized to individual needs of the college bound student as well as those just seeking a greater understanding or more experience in the arts. Student will have an opportunity to direct the art experience they have and utilize experimental techniques that students may not have had to opportunity to explore at the lower levels. This course is offered for both the art major and for those taking AP ART to give college bound students the much needed time for college portfolio preparation. This course will also help students to “round out” portfolios.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT ART 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Level three- satisfies 1 unit of art for sequence requirement of 3 or 5. Prerequisite: At least two credits of Level One or Level Two courses.
This course is offered to Juniors and Seniors only
This course is taken by juniors and seniors wishing to prepare a portfolio for college credit within the curriculum of this class. Students will be preparing new work and reworking previous projects to create the required portfolio in the areas of quality, breadth, and concentration. Students will submit the portfolio to the AP board for review. This class should be taken in conjunction with Portfolio Preparation. Students may sign up as Juniors and Seniors for this course. The portfolio is submitted in May of the senior year.

Career Development and Occupational Studies courses are designed to assist students in their transition to college and/or the workforce. Suggested sequences are as follows (*required) :
All classes are full-year.
General Business
Keyboarding/Comm.*
Career & Financial Mgmt.*
Advanced Keyboarding
College Keyboarding
Accounting I
Accounting II
Accounting
Keyboarding/Comm.*
Career & Financial Mgmt.*
Accounting I
Accounting II
College Acct. Prin. I
College Acct. Prin. II
Office/Secretarial
Keyboarding/Comm.*
Career & Financial Mgmt.*
Advanced Keyboarding
Marketing
KEYBOARDING/COMMUNICATIONS 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course engages the student in hands-on experience with the popular Microsoft Office software.
Students learn introductory keyboarding skills and basic word processing applications, business communications, tables, academic and business reports, language skills, timed writings, composing at the computer and Internet activities. Career clusters are emphasized with all Internet activities. Integrated learning encourages students to use concepts, facts, and applications related to life skills and the world of work. THIS COURSE IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED FOR ALL STUDENTS.
ADVANCED KEYBOARDING 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
If you want to improve your word processing skills for job entry or college report typing, then this course is for you. Emphasis is placed on advanced word processing skills, office correspondence, proofreading applications, interview and resume preparation. Students will gain increased keyboarding speed and accuracy. Realistic office simulations are used as a cumulative assessment.
Prerequisite: Keyboarding/Communications
CAREER AND FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Students will learn occupational skills, human relations, career planning, exploring occupations, and responsible citizenship. In addition, students will learn success skills such as communications, math and measurements, leadership, computer, and entrepreneurial skills. Students will learn how to manage money, with an emphasis on consumerism, banking and credit, budgeting, insurance, and taxes.
This course will be required as part of every career and technical education (CTE) program, including fiveunit CTE programs used as a substitution for the additional two units of foreign language needed for a
Regents diploma with advanced designation.

MARKETING 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Students will understand costs and elements of marketing, buying motives, and lifestyles, and how businesses find customers or target markets. Students will learn innovative and creative marketing strategies used in stores and on the Internet, and marketing conditions that cause market prices to change.
ACCOUNTING I 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Accounting is the “language of business.” Accounting skills learned in this course will enable the student to perform basic bookkeeping procedures, balance a checkbook, and prepare financial statements and tax returns. Coursework is completed using Microsoft Excel and Automated Accounting programs. Upon completion of this course, students will be prepared to enter the workforce as an assistant bookkeeper.
THIS COURSE IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED FOR COLLEGE-BOUND STUDENTS .
ACCOUNTING II 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This second-year accounting course is designed to strengthen the students’ understanding of accounting principles. Emphasis is placed on computer applications using accounting software packages for class work and projects. THIS COURSE IS HIGHLY RECOMMENDED FOR COLLEGE-BOUND
STUDENTS.
Prerequisite: Accounting I
PREREQUISITES FOR COLLEGE CLASSES: Students must be recommended by their teachers and approved by their guidance counselors. Seniors need a minimum combined course average
(cumulative GPA) of 85 in all Regents courses, and juniors need a minimum combined course average of 90 (cumulative GPA) in all Regents courses. SUNY Orange tuition must be paid, as well.
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES I (ACC 101) 4 SUNY ORANGE CREDITS
This is an introduction to accounting practice and theory using the model of the sole proprietorship in a service business. The accounting process for recording, summarizing, and reporting financial data is analyzed. Specialized systems in cash controls, payroll, and the use of multipurpose combination journals are examined. Emphasis is placed on identifying and correcting errors and omissions and understanding their impact on financial statements.
ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES II (ACC 102) 4 SUNY ORANGE CREDITS
This is a continuation of accounting practice using the model of the sole proprietorship in a merchandising business. Use of special purpose journals and related subsidiary ledgers in support of merchandising operations and an analysis of payables, receivables, and inventory valuation unique to this area are examined. Additional content in the areas of note financing, long-term assets, and payroll are included.
The topic of corporations and the specific equity issues related to them are discussed.
Prerequisite: Accounting Principles I
ELEMENTARY COMPUTER KEYBOARDING 3 SUNY ORANGE CREDITS
The course objective is mastery of the computer keyboard. Topics include personal and business letter arrangements, manuscript writings, and basic centering and tabulation problems. For a grade of C on straight copy writings, the student must achieve a minimum speed of 30 words per minute with a maximum of 5 errors on a five-minute timing.
SPORTS MANAGEMENT 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This new course will afford students the opportunity to learn all aspects related to the sports industry including marketing strategies, management, distribution, recruitment, advertising, promotion and economics. Topics include: sports marketing, economics of sports, promotional planning, sports legal issues, creating, owning, and operating a sports business, and careers in sports management. In a capstone project, students will create their own sports franchise, design a plan to construct a new stadium, implement a marketing plan, and design an actual team uniform.

INTRO TO COMPUTERS/APPLICATIONS 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
An entry level computer literacy and hands-on applications course which concentrates on the operations, applications, and capabilities of microcomputers including networks and the Internet and digital media.
Students will learn word processing, electronic spreadsheet, graphical user presentation software using numerous laboratory assignments.
Prerequisite to College Computer Classes and to Computer Languages & WPD
COMPUTER LANGUAGES & WEB PAGE DESIGN 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Students will be introduced to the evolution of computer programming languages, program development cycle, algorithms, and program flowcharting. Students will learn how to create programs using Visual
Basic, and how to debug programs. Students will design web pages incorporating graphics, animations, and sound using Dreamweaver software, and they will learn HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) elements. This course is a prerequisite to College Computers 102.
Prerequisite OR Co-requisite: Intro to Computers/Applications or Keyboarding/Communications
COLLEGE COMPUTERS 101 – MICROCOMPUTER SOFTWARE 3 COLLEGE CREDITS/ ½ HS
CREDIT
This course meets daily for one period (40 minutes) for one semester. Students will learn theory and practice of spreadsheets and relational database packages where the student is responsible for learning Query languages for database access. Word processing applications will be emphasized. Upon successful completion, 3 college credits will be received from SUNY Albany.
Prerequisites: Junior or Senior with a “B” average who has taken Intro to Computers/Applications or
Keyboarding/Communication course, Computer Languages and Web Page Design course and instructor approval.
COLLEGE COMPUTERS 102 – ELEMENTS OF COMPUTING 3 COLLEGE CREDITS/1/2
HS CREDIT
This course meets daily for one period (40 minutes) for one semester. This introductory programming course introduces students to the program development cycle and to programming tools using Microsoft’s Visual
Basic programming language. Topics include: structured program design, event-driven programming, and
Visual Basic programming components. At SUNY Albany, this course satisfies the general education requirement for natural science. Upon successful completion, 3 college credits will be received from SUNY
Albany.
Prerequisites: Junior or Senior with an average grade of “B” who has taken Intro to
Computers/Applications or Keyboarding/Communications course, Computer Languages and Web
Page Design course and instructor approval.

MUSIC DEPARTMENT
To graduate: All students must complete one unit of credit in either Art or Music. Students may satisfy this requirement by completing 1/2 unit in Music and 1/2 unit in Art or one unit in Music or Art.
To earn a sequence in Music: A sequence in Music must include one (1) unit of Music Theory.
MUSIC THEORY: Grades 10-12 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Music theory is the entry level course that introduces students to notation, harmonic structure, ear training and dictation. Students will be introduced to music history elements such as form, texture and style based upon how they relate to the units of theory skills. Students of music theory will be asked to learn piano skills, composition, and music analysis techniques. Music theory emphasizes the fundamentals of music including pitch, rhythm, harmony, and form. Enrollment is suggested for students in grades 10-12 who are currently studying an instrument or voice privately or within one of our school ensembles.
ADVANCED PLACEMENT MUSIC THEORY: Grades 11-12 1 UNIT OFCREDIT
Advanced Placement Theory is a structured college level music theory and history course for the musician who plans to pursue a post secondary degree in music or who has strong individual performing skills.
Students will work on mastering skills and concepts based upon the written principles of traditional western music including of: key signature identification, chord and interval structure, four part harmony rules, motive and phrase analysis and overall music format and style. Students will develop strong aural and audio skills through melodic dictation, rhythmic dictation, harmonic dictation, and sight singing. As a final course requirement students will be asked to analyze and compose individual music compositions with the content learned from this course.
CONCERT BAND: Grades 9-12 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
Concert Band is a performing ensemble for instrumental music students who have achieved a level 3 in proficiency based on the MENC standards for music instruction. Such basic level skills for high school instrumentalists include playing rhythms accurately with a steady beat, playing pitches accurately with no technical difficulty, and playing with a tone that is characteristic for the instrument. Concert Band meets every day. All instrumental students enrolled in this course are required to attend small group lessons that meet at least four times per quarter. Attendance at all concerts and graduation is mandatory. Students are required to audition to enroll. School rented instruments are available on a limited basis. Freshmen are expected to play at least one year in Concert Band before moving up to the select ensembles.
JAZZ LAB: Grades 9-12 ½ UNIT OF CREDIT

Jazz lab is a performance course that focuses on improvisational techniques and methods for improving musicianship including ear training, small group performance, and listening skills. It is open to any student who has at least 2 years of previous musical training and wants to learn how to improvise over chord changes and construct meaningful solos through improvisation. Jazz history, culture, and tradition are covered along with practice techniques and jazz theory. Students who enroll in this course must have the ability to play all major scales from memory. THIS IS NOT A BEGINNING INSTRUMENTAL
COURSE.
JAZZ ENSEMBLE: Grades 9-12 ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Jazz Ensemble is made up of 15 - 20 advanced instrumentalists and vocalists by audition. The ensemble meets regularly on alternate days and play/studies music from all styles of jazz. Many public performances are scheduled each year. Because of the emphasis on individual parts, performance attendance is mandatory. Those students who audition but are not accepted are encouraged to enroll in JAZZ LAB as an alternate for Jazz Ensemble .
WIND ENSEMBLE: Grades 9-12 ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Wind Ensemble is a select group of students performing on wind and percussion instruments by audition.
The ensemble meets on alternate days and prepares and performs the most challenging works from the wind band literature. Numerous performances are scheduled each year. Because of the emphasis on individual parts, performance attendance is mandatory.
CHAMBER CHOIR: Grades 9-12 ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Is a select four part vocal ensemble which consists of four equal voice parts (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) all students must audition to become a member. Audition requirements include: consistent rhythm recall exercises, a clear vocal tone free of restriction, pitch recognition and support of intonation. It is recommended that students enter with a basic knowledge of music notation and fundamentals. As a member students will continue to develop musical skills that will assist them in their personal growth as a singer and ensemble member. Repertoire will be selected from classical to contemporary literature and will be both challenging and entertaining. All student members of this ensemble should be prepared to maintain their individual vocal line at all times. Periodic part checks will be performed thru the use of quartet singing throughout the year. This ensemble will participate in two mandatory concerts and one voluntary competition trip.
WOMEN'S CHORALE: Grades 9-12 ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Is a select ensemble consisting of 3 or 4 equal women's voices: (soprano I, soprano II, alto I and possibly alto II) A placement audition is required for entrance in which vocal technique is assessed based on tone quality, rhythm awareness and sight-singing skills. It is recommended but not mandatory that students enter with basic knowledge of music notation and fundamentals of choir singing. As a member students will continue to develop musical skills that will assist them in their personal growth as a singer and ensemble member. Students must exhibit a strong sense of pride and commitment and be prepared to work toward the success of the ensemble at all times. This ensemble will participate in two mandatory concerts and one voluntary competition trip.
MIXED CHORUS: Grades 9-12 ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
M ixed Chorus is an instructional voice ensemble which is open to any student who would like to learn the techniques of proper singing and have the opportunity to perform as a group in the spring concert. Students will learn the basic concepts of breath control, tone production, sight-singing and notational reading during the first semester to gain strong overall vocal skills. Students in this ensemble will work toward one mandatory performance to be held during the choral spring concert in May.

DRAMA WORKSHOP: Grades 9-12 ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Drama workshop is a comprehensive theatre course that will allow students to learn the many facets of theatre production. Students will receive the tools necessary for character analysis by the use of creative drama techniques; these will include the development of voice production, body movement, sensory memory and concentration. The Drama Workshop class will stimulate the student's creative abilities through the use of pantomime, improvisation and theatre activities, and will provide the student with social and individual development. Solo and group activities will allow the student to achieve qualities that will demand team-work, cooperation and dependability. Students do not need any prior experience to enroll in this class; the only pre-requisite is a creative imagination.
DRAMA II: Grades 10 – 12 ½ UNIT OF CREDIT

FAMILY AND CONSUMER SCIENCE
FOOD AND NUTRITION CORE ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Food and Nutrition Core is a laboratory class in which students practice basic culinary skills, management and safety. This course must be taken before taking any other food classes.
FOOD PREPARATION AND NUTRITION ½ UNT OF CREDIT
This course provides the student with a more in-depth study of the concepts presented in Food and
Nutrition Core. It will challenge the student with a wide variety of food preparation experiences and meal management techniques.
Prerequisite: Food and Nutrition Core
CULTURE AND FOODS ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This course will introduce students to the foods of various regions of the United States and other countries of the world. The students will become familiar with different meal patterns and food preparation used in regional and international cooking. A wide variety of foods will be prepared in this course.
Prerequisite: Food and Nutrition Core
GOURMET FOODS ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Gourmet Foods is an exploratory food preparation course focusing on advanced preparation techniques, the appearance and preparation of foods, and the uses of specialized equipment.
Prerequisite: Food and Nutrition Core
CHILD DEVELOPMENT ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This course provides a study of the physical, emotional, intellectual and social development of the pre-natal through the school age child. Projects, guest speakers and a field trip in combination with a daily homework assignment are used to provide a thorough understanding of the material. Recommended for anyone who is going to work with or have children in the future.
PARENTING ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
This course will focus on the art of parenting and what it takes to provide care, support and love to a child in a stimulating and nurturing environment. This course also includes information that will help the students make healthy choices in relationships and parenting styles. Projects, guest speakers and a daily homework sheet are used to help them develop an understanding of the curriculum. Recommended to anyone who is, will be, or knows someone who is a parent.
FASHION AND CLOTHING I 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This full year course is a laboratory class that will introduce students to fashion and sewing. It offers the students the opportunity to explore the role of fashion in everyday life and develop a personal style while learning basic sewing skills. Students will be exposed to careers in the fashion industry such as clothing production, marketing and merchandising.

FASHION AND CLOTHING II 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This is a full year laboratory class for students who have successfully completed Clothing and Fashion I.
This course offers the students the opportunity to further their skills in clothing construction by making pattern adaptations, lining a garment, altering, repairing or creating their own design.
FASHION AND CLOTHING III 1 UNITY OF CREDIT
Fashion III is designed to give students an opportunity to apply the skills they have mastered in Clothing and Fashion I and II in a more in depth and creative way. Students will work on redesigning existing patterns and designing their own garments. This full year class is for students who are looking to pursue a career in the fashion industry.
HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
To graduate: All students must successfully complete physical education each semester of each year in high school. Students participate in activities designed to promote fitness throughout life. Students are not graded on skill levels but are graded on participation, cooperation, effort and knowledge of various activities, such as soccer, touch football, track and field, tennis golf, volleyball, basketball, softball, weight training, fitness tests, aquatics, project adventure and recreational games. Classes meet every other day.
HEALTH ½ UNIT OF CREDIT
Health is designed to help the student become more aware of contemporary health related issues as they pertain to the individual, the family and society in general. Through individual and group activities, class discussion and lecture, students will become more aware of their own ideas and values as they are exposed to information that will help them make choices regarding a healthy lifestyle.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION ¼ UNIT OF CREDIT PER SEMESTER
New York State requires all students to successfully complete physical education each semester of each year in high school in order to graduate. Classes meet every other day. Students must be enrolled in physical education every semester they attend public school. Students who fall behind in credit are not permitted to double up in physical education until their senior year. Opportunities for make ups including
Saturday morning swim, evening high school and post session makeup are available throughout the school year. Students must demonstrate proficiency in the curriculum and are graded on participation, cooperation, effort and knowledge of lifetime fitness and various activities.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 9 th Grade
Students participate in activities designed to promote health and fitness throughout life. Freshmen are introduced to skills required for various sports throughout the year including soccer, football, tennis, golf, volleyball, basketball, softball, lacrosse, badminton, table tennis, pilates, toning, weight training, fitness tests, aquatics, project adventure and recreational games. The curriculum also requires them to demonstrate proficiency for social responsibility, problem solving and cooperative activities.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION 10 th Grade through 12 th Grade
Students apply the skills acquired in 9 th grade to various units of study. All 10 th graders are scheduled for a three week unit in the pool. Students are given the opportunity to sign up each semester for two quarters of unit combinations offered during the Fall and Spring semesters. These units include an emphasis on improving physical fitness and developing a personal fitness plan. Activities include team sports, racket sports, lifetime fitness activities, aquatics, recreational games, project adventure activities, Life Saving,
CPR/First Aid, Athletic Training, Sociology of Sport and the VC Fitness Challenge. Every unit of study concludes with an assessment. Students will demonstrate the necessary knowledge and skills to establish and maintain personal health and fitness, a safe and healthy environment, and manage personal and community resources for a healthy and productive life.
CONTRACT PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Students in grade 12 may be eligible to receive credit through the Contract Physical Educational Program.
The following criteria are applicable in considering eligibility for this program:
A.
B.
Students’ schedule constraints
Alternative Education students
C.
D.
Long term medical circumstances
Special circumstances as determined by the District Coordinator of Physical Education.
Involvement in this program requires that students demonstrate a standard of knowledge and physical fitness in the area of Physical Education. The following are required components of the
Contract Physical Education Program: Students must demonstrate an acceptable level of physical fitness and acknowledge of Physical Education activities. All applications must be reviewed and approved by the Director of Health and Physical Education prior to participation.
JUNIOR RESERVE OFFICER TRAINING CORPS DEPARTMENT
To Graduate: Students successfully completing the yearly course of instruction will earn 1 full credit toward graduation in an elective category.
LEADERSHIP EDUCATION AND TRAINING I 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course consists of instruction in The Spirit of American Citizenship which helps develop new skills you can use in school and throughout life. This introductory course gives you a greater appreciation of your American heritage as well as the history and purpose of Army JROTC. Other subjects covered are first aid, map reading, communications techniques, drug abuse prevention and Army physical fitness and wellness.
Prerequisite: None
LEADERSHIP EDUCATION AND TRAINING II 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course discusses American Military History, roles of the US Army and its organization, military career opportunities and reviews in map reading, first aid and other subjects chosen by the Senior Army
Instructor.
Prerequisite: Successful completion of LET I or permission of SAI
LEADERSHIP EDUCATION AND TRAINING III (LET-III) 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course discusses self awareness and communication techniques, implements leadership principles into a military setting, service learning and its impact on the local community, further involvement in military history and citizenship development. You will also begin to actually develop and implement training plans which align with a master training program.
Prerequisite: Successful completion of LET II or permission of SAI
LEADERSHIP EDUCATION AND TRAINING IV (LET-IV) 1 UNIT OF CREDIT
This course practically applies all aspects of leadership, communication and leadership through classroom preparation and presentations in leadership, citizenship, character development, communication skills, first aid, map reading and military history. Students will receive hands-on experience preparing and conducting both formal and informal instruction, truly leading by example.
Prerequisite: Successful completion of LET III or permission of SAI