F
Z
ISSN 0139-7893
I NTERNATIONAL J OURNAL OF V ERTEBRATE Z OOLOGY CODEN FOZODJ
Abbreviation: Folia Zool.
Folia Zoologica is a continuation of the periodical Entomologické Listy (Folia Entomologica,
1938-1951, vol. 1-14),
Zoologické a Entomologické Listy
(Folia Zoologica and Entomologica,
1952-1955, vol. 1-4, n.s.) and
Zoologické Listy
(Folia Zoologica, 1956-1976, vol. 5-25).
Publisher and address of Editorial Office
Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic
Kvetna 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
Telephone: ++420-5-4332 1306, ++420-5-4342 2500; Fax: ++420-5-4321 1346 home page: http://www.kvetna.brno.cas.cz/pubser_en.htm
Editor-in-Chief: Milan PENAZ, Brno, e-mail: penaz@brno.cas.cz
Associate Editors: Gordon H. COPP, Hatfield, e-mail: g.h.copp@herts.ac.uk
Richard H. K. MANN, Huntingdon, e-mail: r.h.k.mann@barclays.net
Huw I. GRIFFITHS, Kingston-upon-Hull, e-mail:
H.I.Griffiths@geo.hull.ac.uk
Managing Editor: Pavel BLAHAK, Brno, e-mail: editorfz@brno.cas.cz
Editors mammalogy, Jan ZIMA, Brno ornithology, Marcel HONZA, Brno ichthyology, Stanislav LUSK, Brno herpetology, Jaroslav PIALEK, Brno book reviews, Hana SLABAKOVA, Brno, e-mail: slabakova@brno.cas.cz monographs, Petr KOUBEK, Brno, e-mail: koubek@brno.cas.cz
Editorial Board
M.B. BAIN, Ithaca
P. BERREBI, Montpellier
S. BURES, Olomouc
K. DOBROWOLSKI, Warszawa
A. DUDICH, Zvolen
J. GAISLER, Brno
J. HOLCIK, Bratislava
R. HUTTERER, Bonn
M. KLIMA, Frankfurt am Main
A. KRISTIN, Zvolen
B. KRYSTUFEK, Ljubljana
Z. PUCEK, Bialowieza
F. SPITZENBERGER, Wien
O. STERBA, Brno
K. STASTNY, Praha
J.E. THORPE, Perthshire

Aims & Scopes
Folia Zoologica publishes articles containing original insight into any aspect of vertebrate zoology that are not published and not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The journal welcomes significant papers related mainly to vertebrates of Holarctic region, and papers of more than regional significance are preferred. The review papers should deal with topics of general interest or current importance and should by synthetic rather than comprehensive in emphasis. Occasional commemorative articles, book reviews and announcements are also accepted. FZ is published quarterly (one volume annually), FZ
Monographs is published occasionally. FZ Supplements also appear occasionally containing articles from important scientific meetings. There is no page charge in Folia Zoologica except for colour printings.
Folia Zoologica is indexed in Biological Abstracts, Elsevier BIOBASE/Current
Awareness in Biological Sciences, Current Contents (AB&ES), Current References in Fish
Research, Ecological Abstracts, Geo Abstracts, Referativnyi Zhurnal, Science Citation Index,
Zoological Record, Swiss Wildlife Information Service, and by Fish & Fisheries Worldwide by NISC South Africa.
Subscription information
Annual worldwide subscription rate for 2001 is USD 230.00 for the institutional and USD
50.00 for individual subscribers.
Supplements and Monographs, if published in current year, will be distributed to all subscribers free of charge.
Distributed by publisher. Subscription orders should be sent to the Institute of Vertebrate
Biology AS CR, Kvetna 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic (Fax ++420-5-4321 1346; e-mail: slabakova@brno.cas.cz ).
Na území České republiky rozšiřuje výhradně vydavatel (Ústav biologie obratlovců AV ČR Květná 8, 603 65
Brno, tel. 05-4342 2524, Ing. H. Slabáková). Ve Slovenské republice možno objednat na adrese Suweco SK , spol. s r.o., Miletičova 1, 821 08 Bratislava (Tel./fax. 07-566 9517).

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I
NSTRUCTIONS TO
A
UTHORS
Submission of manuscripts
All manuscripts must be conform to the present „Instructions to Authors“ (in a shortened version printed also on at back of each issue), in grammatically correct British English and should be submitted, in triplicate, to the Editorial Office. Each copy must be in final form and must include a complete set of illustrations and tables. After completion scientific and linguistic revision and acceptance of the manuscript, one final hard copy and a 3.5“ diskette with an identical file containing the manuscript and tables (DOS Format) must be provided and all pictorial and graphic illustrations should be delivered as hard copy originals.
Those reviewed manuscripts given to authors for corrections that will not be returned to the Editorial Office within three months, will be discarded and/or considered as newly submitted manuscripts if delivered after this deadline.
Format
General: Five categories of contributions are published in FZ with the following volume of standard manuscript pages:
1. research papers: 15 - 30 pages long including the list of literature, tables, figures and captions of figures (all on separate sheets),
2. review papers (invited or consulted with editor before submitting): 15 - 30 pages,
3. short communications (notes): up to 6 pages,
4. monographs: 75 - 150 pages,
5. book reviews: 2-3 pages.
The text of a manuscript should be Word processed, typed throughout in letter quality with font size 12, without special style settings and footnotes, double spaced (about 30 lines per page), on A4 (210 x 297 mm) paper and with margins at least 25 mm on each side. All pages should be numbered consecutively in the top-hand corner. Make certain that all references in the text are cited in the „Literature“ section, and vice versa . Standard nomenclature should be used in organisms for which normal rules have been established and published. Avoid using scientific names for domesticated animals. The metric system must be used, and SI units where appropriate. For statistics use the symbols and abbreviations as recommended in Appendix I , without definition. Unfamiliar or new terms, as well as abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols, should be defined at first mention.
Headings should be on separate line, and their hierarchy should not exceed three. In the text, figures of nine or less should be written out except as part of date, a fraction of decimal, a percent or a unit of measurements. Use Arabic numbers for those larger than nine, except as the first word in a sentence; however, try to avoid starting sentences with numbers.
The organisation of a manuscript intended as research paper is usually arranged as follows:
Title: Should be concise but enough informative. Where appropriate should include mention of the family or higher taxon (e.g. Rhinolophidae, Chiroptera). Authors of scientific taxa should be omitted. If both the vernacular and scientific names are used in the title, the latter is separated by comma (not in parentheses). Papers in numbered series will not be accepted.
Author(s): Give full first name(s), middle initials and surname(s) in capital letters. The names of two authors are connected by „and“; the names of three or more authors are separated by commas, with the last two separated by „and“. Transliteration of the names of authors from the Cyrillic alphabet should by made according to the British National System of

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Transliteration , e.g
.
Sergei Yu. USHAKOVICH. When a paper has joint authorship, one of the authors is appointed to accept responsibility for all correspondence.
Address(es): The name and address of institution where study was carried out should be given for each of authors and as complete as possible, including e-mail addresses. The superscript
Arabic numbers link the authors’ names with their affiliations. Each affiliation should be on separate line.
Abstract: It should consist of only one paragraph of up to 200 words briefly describing main results and conclusions with no description of methods, discussions, references and abbreviations. References should not be included unless they are absolutely essential.
Key words: normally 3-6 items suitable for an information-retrieval system, not repeating those already contained in the title.
Introduction: This briefly describes backgrounds and aims of research presented in the paper.
Provide the full scientific name (genus and species) of studied organisms at first mention of the vernacular name. The author of the scientific name of a taxon may be cited on first mention.
(Study Area): This section may be included if appropriate.
Material and Methods: Generally, information on organisms studied should be given first, followed by methods which should contain sufficient procedural and experimental details to enable other researchers to repeat the work. If not already done in foregoing section, full scientific names, including name of describer(s), should be given at first mentioning. Do not give excessive details of procedures and leave out types and make of instruments or chemicals used unless not widely available.
Results: The results section should contain only enough explanation and interpretation to allow reader to understand why observations and experiments were carried out and what they brought. Section should be concise, without methodological comments and discussion. All tables and figures must be referred to in the text (e.g., Table 1, Fig. 2). The approximate position of each figure and table should be indicated in pencil in the margins of the manuscript and repeated on proofs. Only those works cited in the Literature section should be included in the text and vice versa.
Discussion: This section should not contain any new findings which should be mentioned in the
„Results“
section. However, both of these sections may also be combined into one section
„Results and Discussion“.
Acknowledgements: This section should be as short as possible whilst fully acknowledging all appropriate persons, followed by collaborating and financially supporting institutions.
Literature: Personal communications and unpublished results should be referred to only in the body of the text, e.g. Black (pers. comm.). In the text, citations should give the author’s name and the year of publication, e.g. Black (1990) or (Black 1990), Black & White (1990) or
(Black & White 1990). Where there are three or more authors, the first author’s name plus „et al.“ need to be given, e.g. Black et al. (1990) or (Black et al. 1990). For multiple references cite in chronological order, e.g. (Black et. al. 1988, 1991, White et al. 1990, White & Black
1991, Black & White 1992). Where two or more papers abbreviate to the same citation (i.e.

- 5 - two or more papers produced by the same authors in the same year), use „a“, „b“, „c“, etc. in the order of their first appearance, e.g. (Black 1990a, b).
The works included in the list of literature should be ordered by the alphabetical order of the senior author’s name, then by the alphabetical order of the junior author’s name, and then chronologically by date. Type out the repeated name of an author; do not use long dashes.
Where references is made to more than one paper by the same author(s) with the same date, use the form 1990a, 1990b, etc. Names of cited journals should be abbreviated only according to the World List of Scientific Periodicals, published by Butterworths, London or according to
Biol. Abstracts or Current Contents . (For abbreviations of some in the FZ most frequently cited journals see Appendix II ). If not certain, do not abbreviate. For non-Roman alphabets, the names of authors, journals, and publishers should be given in transliteration ( British
National System for Transliteration ). For titles of such works, the original title, transliterated in Roman script, and the English translation (in brackets) should be cited. Provide your own translation into English if not supplied by the author reference. The original language of the work should be mentioned in brackets at the end of citation, e.g. (in Czech, with a summary in
English; in Bulgarian, with summaries in English and German). Avoid listing of publications in preparation or unpublished (in press) in the list of references.
Use the following formats and examples if citing different literary sources:
Articles in periodical journals:
SURNAME, A. B., Year: Title. Abbreviated Journal Name, Volume (issue): pagination. Specify the issue number of the journal only if pagination is not consecutive throughout volume.
ZEJDA, J & KOUBEK, P.,1988: On the geographical variability of roebucks (Capreolus capreolus).
Folia Zool ., 37: 219-229.
Books:
SURNAME, A. B. & SURNAME, C. D., Year: Title. Publisher, Place.
YABLOKOV, A. V., 1966: Variability in mammals. Nauka, Moscow ( in Russian, with a summary in
English).
Articles in books or proceedings:
SURNAME, A. B., SURNAME, C. D. & SURNAME, E. F., Year: Article Title. In: Editors, Book or
Proceeding Title, Publisher, Place, Pagination.
BAUEROVA, Z., GAISLER, J., KOVARIK, M. & ZIMA, J., 1989: Variations in numbers of hibernating bats in the Moravian Karst: results of visual censuses in 1983-1987. In: Horacek, I. &
Vohralik, V. (eds.), European bat research 1987. Charles University Press, Prague: 499-505.
For works published by an organisation with no individual author, cite by the publisher or title, whichever is more convenient:
International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, 1985: International code of zoological nomenclature. London
3rd ed.
Tables: Must not repeat information presented in figures or in the text. Each table should be typed double-spaced, without vertical lines, on a separate sheet of paper (A4 page size), with the caption given at the top. It must be self-explanatory and as simple as possible. No foldouts are accepted. Tables often require the use of abbreviations; these should be defined in the legend or placed at the bottom of the table. Example: Table 1.
The number of specimens (n), the mean standard length (SL), the standard error (SE) and the range of chub at sites on the
River Morava during summer 1993 are compared, with F value and probabilities (p) given.
Every column must be provided by explanatory heading. Explanations given at the bottom of tables should be in the following format: Explanations: n, number of observations; SL, standard length in mm.

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Illustrations: Figures must be submitted camera-ready for scanning, usually as laser printouts.
All internal structures, letters, graphic symbols must be well legible (at least 1.5 mm high) after size reduction. Line drawings should be in India ink on strong tracing paper or as laser printouts. Graphics produced by dot-matrix printers are unacceptable. In maximum size, figures are accepted on A3 paper (42 x 30 cm). Clear, contrasting, glossy prints of black-andwhite photographs for half-tone illustrations may be included. Label each figure with your name, paper title abbreviation, and figure number. Indicate „top“ where this is not obvious.
Captions to figures should be typed as a separate section of the manuscript. Each caption to a figure should start with the number of the figure, e.g. Fig. 2.
All tables and illustrations must be referred to in the text and their position indicated on the margin of the manuscript.
It is recommended not to send original illustrations until the paper has been accepted.
Illustrations are normally not returned to the authors.
Procedure of received manuscripts
Evaluation: All manuscripts, if not refused without review because of inappropriate topics or apparent insufficiencies in style, format, linguistic or scientific levels, are reviewed by at least two referees. The author(s) should consider all recommendations or corrections suggested by the referees and the respective Editor. After completed positive revision and receipt of improved final version of manuscript, the Editor makes a decision on acceptance usually within three months after the manuscript delivery. Author(s) will be informed about it.
Proofs: One galley proof will be sent to the first (or corresponding) author. Extensive alterations are not allowed. Corrected proofs must be returned with the least possible delay. If the proof was not received in time by the Editors, then publication may be postponed or the article may be published without author’s revision.
Offprints: After publication of the article, the first (or corresponding) author will receive 30 offprints free of charge ( Folia Zoologica and Folia Zoologica - Supplements ) or 10 issues
( Folia Zoologica - Monographs ). Electronic version (pdf) of article may be ordered at extra cost when returning the galley proof.
Ethics
Papers may be refused which are based on research associated with killing or damage of a species regarded as threatened or listed in Red Data Books appropriate to the geographic area concerned.
Copyright
Authors agree, after the manuscript acceptance, with the transfer of copyright to the publisher, including the right to reproduce the article in all forms and media.
Correspondence
Manuscripts, proofs, reviews etc. concerning editorial matters should be addressed to the
Editorial Office of Folia Zoologica , Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Kvetna 8, 603 65 Brno,
Czech Republic. Please, give your full telephone, fax numbers and e-mail address in the letter accompanying your manuscript.
Appendix I
Symbols and Abbreviations
Appendix II
Abbreviations of journals most frequently referred in Folia Zool .

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Appendix I
Descriptive statistics
N number of scores in a sample x (Mean)
Median
Mode
Midrange
SD
SE
Var
CV

f mean of the scores in a sample median mode midrange standard deviation of a set of sample values standard error of estimate variance of a set of sample values coefficient of variance summation frequency with which a value occurs sample proportion sample proportion equal to 1- p
P
Q
H'
Test statistics
H
0
H
1


df
NS
z
t
F
 2
U
W probability of an event or the population proportion probability or proportion equal to 1 - p
Shannon-Weaver index of diversity null hypothesis alternative hypothesis probability of a type I error or the area of the critical region probability of a type II error degrees of freedom non significant standard distribution
Student distribution
F distribution chi-square distribution
Mann-Whitney test
Wilkoxon test
Correlation, regression and analysis of variance
r (R) simple (multiple) linear correlation coefficient (Pearson’s)
r
2
(R
2
)
r
8 simple (multiple) coefficient of determination
Spearman’s rank correlation
cov
a covariance slope of the straight line with equation y = ax + b
b
SS
MS y intercept of the straight line with equation sum of squares mean square y = ax + b

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Appendix II
Full Title
Acta Oecologica
Abbreviation
Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae
Acta Theriologica
Acta Zoologica
Animal Behaviour
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
Ardea
Auk
Behavioral Ecology
Beiträge zur Vogelkunde
Bird Study
California Fish and Game
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
Canadian Journal of Zoology
Condor
Copeia
Czech Journal of Animal Science
Der Ornithologische Beobachter
Ecology
Ecology of Freshwater Fish
Ekológia /Bratislava/
Environmental Biology of Fishes
Ethology Ecology & Evolution
Fisheries
Folia Zoologica
Freshwater Biology
Herpetologica
Ibis
Journal für Ornithologie
Journal of Animal Ecology
Journal of Avian Biology
Journal of Experimental Zoology
Journal of Fish Biology
Journal of Mammalogy
Journal of Wildlife Management
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
Journal of Zoology
Lynx
Mammal Review
Oikos
Ornis Fennica
Ornithologische Mitteilungen
Revue Suisse de Zoologie
Sylvia
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
Wildlife Monographs
Zeitschrift für Jagdwissenschaft
Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde Z. Säugetierkd.
Zeitschrift für zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung Z. zool. Syst. Evol.
Zoologichesky Zhurnal
Zoologischer Anzeiger
Zool. Zh.
Zool. Anz.
Acta Oecol.
Acta Soc. Zool. Bohem.
Acta Theriol.
Acta Zool.
Anim. Behav.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
Ardea
Auk
Behav. Ecol.
Beitr. z. Vogelkde
Bird Study
Calif. Fish Game
Can. J. Fisheries Aquat. Sci.
Can. J. Zool.
Condor
Copeia
Czech. J. Anim. Sci.
Der Ornithol. Beob.
Ecology
Ecol. Freshw. Fish
Ekol. Bratislava
Environ. Biol. Fish
Ethol. Ecol. Evol.
Fisheries
Folia Zool.
Freshw. Biol.
Herpetologica
Ibis
J. Ornithol.
J. Anim. Ecol.
J. Avian Biol.
J. Exp. Zool.
J. Fish Biol.
J. Mammal.
J. Wildlife Manage.
J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res.
J. Zool.
Lynx
Mammal Rev.
Oikos
Ornis Fennica
Ornithol. Mitt.
Rev. Suisse Zool.
Sylvia
Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc.
Wildlife Monogr.
Z. Jagdwiss.