University of Salahaddin
College of Science
Department of Chemistry
Course Book
Organic Chemistry for Second Stage
M.Sc. in Chemistry
Ph.D. in Chemistry
Academic Year: 2013-2014
Lecturer Dr. Rostam Rasul Braim
E-mail: lozanr@yahoo.co.uk
Mob: +964 (0) 750 4611339
Office hours:
Sunday & Monday
Tuesday
Thursday
8:30 – 5:30 Practical
8:30 – 12:30 Theory
8:30 – 10:30 Theory
Course Objective
The following objectives should be achieved by the student during academic
year. All of the objectives are preceded by the phrase, "The student should
be able to:"
1-Structure and Properties
2-Organic compounds
3-Aliphatic hydrocarbons
4-Alkanes
5-Alkenes
6-Alkynes
7-Aromatic hydrocarbons
8-Benzene
9-Arenes
10-Alkyl halides
11-Ethers and Epoxide
12-Aldehydes and ketone
13-Carboxylic acid
14-Functional derivative of carboxylic acid
A- Acid chloride
B- Acid Anhydride
C- Amides
D- Esters
15-Phenols
16-Amines
Grading
The students are required to do at least three closed exam at the mid of all
year besides other assignments and each student must prepare ready for
quiz's. All exams have 13 marks, preparation of the copybook has 2 marks,
Activity in classroom has 3 marks, and quiz tests have 4 marks, the
attendance, classroom, activities count 3 marks. So that the final grade will
be based upon the following criteria:
Mid- semester exam: 13%
Classroom participation and assignments 12%
Practical Course 15%
Final Exam: 60% which include 45% for theoretical and 15% for practical.
Course Material
Required books:
1- Organic Chemistry, Morrison & Boyd
2- Organic Chemistry, Fifth edition, Paula Y. Bruice
3- Organic Chemistry, Ninth edition, Solomons and Fryhle
4- Organic Chemistry, sixth edition, John McMurry
5- Organic Chemistry, sixth edition, Francisa Carey
Course Program
Week 1:
Structure and Properties
Organic chemistry
Electronic configuration. Pauli exclusion principle
The covalent bond
Hybrid orbitals
Unshared pair of electrons
Intramolecular forces
Homolysis and Heterolysis
Week 2:
Polarity of the bonds
Polarity of molecules
Structure and Physical properties
Melting Point
Intermolecular forces
Boiling Point
Solubility
Acids and bases
Isomerism
Week 3:
Methane
Energy of Activation.
Transition State
Hydrocarbons
Structure of methane
Physical properties
Source
Reactions
Oxidation Heat of combustion
Chlorination: a substitution reaction
Inhibitors
Heat of reaction
Energy of activation
Week 4:
Alkanes
Free-Radical substitution
Classification by structure:
Structure of ethane
.Propane and the butanes
Higher alkanes. The homologous series
Nomenclature
Alkyl groups
Common names of alkanes
IUPAC names of alkanes
Week 5:
Preparation
Reactions
Stability of free radicals
Ease of formation of free radicals
Alkenes
Structure and Preparation
Elimination
Propylene
The butylenes
Week 6:
Higher alkenes
Names of alkenes
Physical properties
Preparation
Alkenes
Reactions of the Carbon-Carbon Double Bond
Electrophilic and Free-Rodical Addition
Reactions of alkenes
Week 7:
Alkynes
Introduction
Structure of acetylene
Higher alkynes
Nomenclature
Physical properties of alkynes
Preparation of alkynes
Reactions of alkynes
Acidity of alkynes
Very weak acids
Week 8:
Cyclic Aliphatic Compounds
Nomenclature
Preparation
Reactions
Orbital picture of angle strain Structure and Properties
Week 9:
1. Aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene)
2. Aromaticity
3. Molecular Formula
4. Orbital Picture
1. Stability of benzene ring
2. Aromatic character (Huckel rule)
3. Nomenclature
1. Electrophilic aromatic substitution
2. Nitration
3. Sulphonation
4. Friedel-Craft Reactions
5. Halogenation
Week 10:
1. Effect of substitution group
2. Activity and deactivitaing groups
3. Reactivity and orientation
1. Arenes (Aryl halids)
2. Nomenclature
3. Physical Properties
1. Preparation and rearrangement of carbonium ion
2. Reactions
3. Side-chain substitution
Week 11:
a. Alkyl halides
b. Physical properties
c. Preparation
d. Reactions
1. Nucleophilic substitution reaction
2. Mechanism
3. Elimination reaction
Week 12:
1. Alcohols
2. Nomenclature
3. Physical Properties
4. Preparation
5. Reaction
1. Ethers and Epoxides
2. Nomenclature
3. Physical Properties
4. Preparation
5. Reaction
6. Cyclic ethers
Week 13:
1. Epoxides
2. Preparation
3. Reaction
4. Acid-catalyzed cleavegae
5. Base-catalyzed cleavegae
6. Reaction with Grignrad reagent
7. Orientation and cleavage
Week 14:
1. Aldehyde and ketones
2. Nomenclature
3. Preparation
4. Reaction
5. Nucleophilic Addition
6. Oxidataion
7. Reduction
Week 15:
1- Acidity and hydrogen
2- Aldol Condensation
3- Parkin Condensation
4- Benzoin Condensation
5- Cannizaro reaction
Week 16:
1. Carboxylic acids
2. Nomenclature
3. Physical Properties
4. Salt of carboxylic acids
5. Preparations
Week 17:
6. Reactions
7. Acidity
8. Conversion to functional derivatives
9. Reduction substitution in alkyl or any group
Week 18:
1. Fuctional derivatives of carboxylic acid
2. structure
3. Nomenclature
4. Physical Properties
5. Nucleophilic acyl substitution
6. Role of carbonyl group
Week 19:
1. Nucleophilic substitution
2. Alkyl versus acyl
3. Acid chloride
4. Preparation
5. Reactions
Week 20:
6. Conversion into acids and derivatives
7. Formation of ketones
8. Reduction
Week 21:
1. Acid anhydride
2. Preparation
3. Reaction
4. Conversion into acids
5. Amides
6. Hydrolysis
7. Conversion into amid
Week 22:
1. Esters
2. Preparation
3. Transesterification
4. Reactions
5. Conversion into acid and derivatives
6. Reaction with Grignad reagent
7. Reduction
Week 23:
1. Phenols
2. Structure
3. Nomenclature
4. Physical Properties
5. Salts of Phenol
Week 24:
a. Preparation
b. Reaction
c. Acidity
d. Ester Formation
e. Ring substitution
f. Nitrosation
g. Ether formation
Week 25:
1. Amines
2. Nomenclature
3. Aliphatic amines
4. Aromatic amines
5. Physical properties
6. Preparation
Week 26:
1. Reaction
2. Basicity
3. Akylation
4. Conversion into amides
5. Hydrolysis
Week 27:
1. Ring substitution
2. Reaction with Nitric acid
3. Hinsberg Test
4. Synthesis of azo compounds