Chapter 7:
The Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Completion
1. endocrine, exocrine
2. internal
3. peptide, lipid
4. releasers, anterior pituitary
5. calcitonin, parathyroid hormone
6. alpha, insulin, lowers, beta, glucagon, raises
7. serotonin, melatonin
8. minerocorticoids, glucocorticoids, epinephrine, norepinephrine
9. Addison's disease, Cushing’s syndrome
10. estrogen, soybeans, aging
Matching
a.
regulates potassium and sodium levels
b. blocks hormone action
c.
secretion that allows cellular self-control
d. controls lipid and protein metabolism
e.
insufficient antidiuretic hormone production
f.
promotes the formation of eggs and sperm
g.
inflammation of the thyroid
h. insufficient thyroxine production
i.
stimulates uterine contractions
j.
produces antidiuretic hormone
k. menstrual cycle regulation and pregnancy
l.
allows cells to detect stimuli
m. detects specific hormone secretion
n. stimulates T-cell production
o. produces thyroxin
Key Terms Table
Key Term
adrenal medulla
adrenocorticotropic hormone
agonist
antidiuretic hormone
diabetes mellitus
growth hormone
Definition
the interior region of the adrenal glands
a hormone produced by the anterior
pituitary that stimulates the adrenal cortex
a chemical that behaves like a hormone
a hormone produced by the posterior
pituitary that causes the kidneys to retain
water
a disease caused by either insufficient
insulin production or faulty insulin
receptors
a hormone produced by the anterior
pituitary that is necessary for proper
growth of most body cells
hormones
islets
ligand
paracrine
parathyroid gland
pheromones
rennin
thymosin
thyroxine
a chemical secretion produced inside the
body that acts as a stimulus to initiate a
response
endocrine cell clusters in the pancreas
a chemical that attaches to a receptor
secretions that travel via the blood or body
fluids to their target cells
an endocrine gland that is responsible for
increasing blood calcium levels
secretions that leave the body and signal
the cells of other organisms
a hormone secreted by the kidneys in
response to a decrease in blood pressure
a hormone produced by the thymus gland
that stimulates T-cell differentiation in
white blood cells
a hormone produced by the thyroid gland
that controls the cellular metabolic rate
Label the Graphic: See the PDF in the Chapter 07 folder on the Instructor’s CD.
1. No. Neither the thymus nor the adrenal medulla receives a stimulatory hormone from
the pituitary; they respond to sympathetic nerve innervation.
2. No. Most body systems have "pockets" of cells distributed throughout the tissues of
their various organs that also produce hormones. For example, the kidneys produce
the hormone rennin, which helps regulate aldosterone production, and special cells in
digestive organs produce hormones that are important to digestion and appetite
control.
Color the Graphic: A color-coded answer key is available on the Instructor’s Guide
CD accompanying this text.
Practical Application Questions
1. The pituitary gland is known as the master gland because most of the hormones that it
releases are "stimulating" hormones; their target cells are located on other endocrine
organs, and they function to "turn on" production of hormones in those organs. The
ultimate control center, however, is really the hypothalamus of the brain because it
produces releasing hormones that initiate the pituitary gland's production of
hormones.
2. The hypothalamic innervation leads only to the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
Therefore, the anterior pituitary lobe is not under neural control by the hypothalamus.
The anterior and posterior lobes are often regarded as two separate organs because
they are stimulated by the hypothalamus, and each is responsible for the production of
different hormones.
3. Chemical signals, or releasers, that the hypothalamus produces are sent to the
pituitary gland through a special capillary network that leads to only the anterior lobe.
Therefore, the anterior pituitary is under this form of hypothalamic control compared
with the hypothalamic neural control of the posterior lobe.
4. The anterior pituitary produces adrenocorticotropic stimulating hormone (ACTH),
which signals the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids and minerocorticoids.
Without the influence of this hormone, the adrenal cortex will begin to atrophy.
5. Hormones are ligands, chemicals that bind to receptors. For binding to take place, the
hormones must literally "fit" the receptors. The hormones must have the correct
chemical properties and specific shapes to match the receptors of the target cells.
Each endocrine organ has special target cells that match only the qualities of specific
hormones. However, when other chemicals called agonists are introduced into the
body, they mimic the effects of particular hormones. This occurs because agonists
possess binding qualities similar to those of certain hormones.
6. The most obvious role of the cardiovascular system is its delivery of hormones
throughout the body. Most hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and reach
their target organs by traveling through the general circulation. The second important
function is also one of delivery, but on the initiation end of hormone production.
Environmental signals, such as atmospheric gases and nutrients, reach their receptor
cells to stimulate the production of certain hormones.
7. A hand and wrist x-ray would allow a medical practitioner to evaluate the epiphysial
plate and determine the child’s growth rate. If the bone age is significantly behind the
chronological age of the child, it could indicate a growth hormone deficiency.
8. Addison's disease is characterized by a depression in the level of adrenal cortex
hormones. If circulating levels of this hormone are lower than normal, the pituitary
gland will sense the need to produce more ACTH. This stimulates the adrenal cortex
to increase the amount of its hormones. In essence, the ability of the negative
feedback system to shut down ACTH production is lost. The ACTH would be
stimulating receptors of melanocyte-stimulating hormone, which, when activated,
produce and release melanin pigment in skin.
9. Insufficient insulin production, or faulty insulin receptors, is the cause of diabetes
mellitus. The result is the inability of the body to remove glucose from the blood.
Therefore, circulating blood glucose is removed from the blood during urine
formation. Without the ability to use glucose as an energy source, the body breaks
down lipids (and proteins) for energy. The breakdown of the fatty acids of lipids
produces ketones, which would be excreted and, therefore, detectable in urine.
10. Hypoparathyroidism results from deficient production of parathyroid hormones
whose action is to elevate blood calcium levels by removing calcium from bone.
Therefore, blood calcium levels would decrease. This would adversely affect
electrical conduction in the body, and adversely affect the nervous and muscular
systems. The inability of these systems to function properly could, in turn, affect all
other body systems.
Crossword Puzzle: A completed puzzle is available in the Chapter 07 folder on the
Instructor’s CD.
Quiz
1. False
2. b
3. c
4. a
5. d
6. b
7. c
8. a
9. d
10. b
11. c
12. b
13. a
14. d
15. b
16. c
17. d
18. d
19. a
20. d
21. a
22. c
23. b
24. d
25. c