WLHS / AP Bio / Monson
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Date
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CH 45 STUDY QUESTIONS: Chemical Signals in Animals / Endocrine System
1) Distinguish between the following types of signal molecules (in terms of distance traveled, function, etc.). Give an
example of each:
● local regulators:
● neurotransmitters:
● neurohormones:
● pheromones:
2) Complete the chart below comparing STEROID hormones, NONSTEROID hormones, & PROSTAGLANDINS.
Category:
Made from…
How do they interact Examples of target
Example(s):
with the target cell?
cell responses:
STEROID
HORMONES (lipidsoluble)
NONSTEROID
HORMONES
(water-soluble)
PROSTAGLANDINS
3) Using EPINEPHRINE as an example, summarize how one hormone may produce different responses in different
target cells. (HINT: see fig. 45.9)
4) Label the feedback loop
shown here to illustrate
how NEGATIVE FEEDBACK is
involved in the role of parathyroid
hormone in regulating blood
calcium levels in mammals.
(see fig. 45.20)
5) How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback? Describe 2 examples when the human body may
utilize positive feedback.
6) Complete the chart below comparing type I and type II diabetes. (see page 983)
Type:
How diagnosed?
Age of onset:
Cause:
Type I
Type II
7) List the short-term and long-term effects of STRESS. (see fig. 45.21, pg. 991))
Short-term effects:
Long-term effects:
8) Label the following anatomical diagram
showing the major endocrine glands (use the
left side of diagram), as well as organs that contain
endocrine cells (use the right side of diagram).
SEE Fig. 45.4 for guidance.
Treatment:
9) Complete the following chart, summarizing the various hormones of the endocrine system, their target cell or
organ, and their general function(s). (use Table 45.1 as well as info. in chapter / notes)
Hormone
HYPOTHALAMUS:
Releasing hormones
ANTERIOR PITUITARY:
Growth hormone
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
POSTERIOR PITUITARY:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
THYROID GLAND:
Thyroxine (T4) &
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin
PARATHYROID GLAND:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
ADRENAL GLANDS – ADRENAL MEDULLA:
Epinephrine & norepinephrine
ADRENAL GLANDS – ADRENAL CORTEX:
Aldosterone
(“mineralocorticoids”)
Cortisol
(“glucocorticoids”)
PANCREAS:
Glucagon
Insulin
PINEAL GLAND:
Melatonin
(one more diagram…!)…on back.
Target cell / organ
Action(s) / Function(s)
10) Label the following diagram showing the maintenance of glucose homeostasis by insulin and glucagon. (HINT:
see fig. 45.13)