Review Practical 2
1. Note the orientation of the echinoderm: oral versus aboral surface and identify the following
external structures and their functions: pentaradial body, rays, tube feet (podia) with ampulla,
mouth, ossicles, pedicellarie, central disc, madreporite plate, anus, ambulacral spines and groove,
epidermis, and eyespot.
2. Identify the following structures and their functions associated with the internal anatomy of an
echinoderm: pyloric and cardiac stomachs, rectal ceca, intestine, gonads, ring canal, radial canal,
lateral canals, and pyloric cecum
3. Note the orientation of a chondrichthyes: dorsal (back) to ventral (front) and head (cephalic) to tail
(caudal) and identify the following external structures and their functions: types of fins, nostrils,
eyes, rostrum, spiracles, operculum, gill slits, lateral lines, cloacal opening, placoid scales, and
claspers (male).
4. Identify the following structures and their functions associated with the internal anatomy of a
chondrichthyes: mouth, pharynx, liver, gallbladder, esophagus, stomach (with rugae), duodenum,
pyloric valve, pancreas, spleen, valvular intestine (with spiral valve), testes or ovaries, sperm duct or
oviducts, kidneys, major vessels branching from the dorsal aorta in the abdominal cavity, gill arches,
gill rakers, and gill rays.
5. Note the orientation of a osteichthyes: dorsal (back) to ventral (front) and head (cephalic) to tail
(caudal) and identify the following external structures and their functions: types of fins and rays,
eyes, nostrils, mouth, tongue, operculum, lateral lines, and ctenoid scales.
6. Identify the following structures and their functions associated with the internal anatomy of a
osteichthyes: pharynx, gill slits, gill rakers, gill filaments, liver, gallbladder, esophagus, stomach
(with rugae), duodenum, pyloric valve, pancreas, spleen, intestine, testes or ovaries, sperm duct or
oviducts, kidneys, gas gland, swim bladder, heart, major vessels branching from the dorsal aorta in
the abdominal cavity, urinary bladder.
7. Note the orientation of a amphibian: dorsal (back) to ventral (front) and head (cephalic) to tail
(caudal) and identify the following external structures and their functions: Fore versus hind legs,
tympanic membrane, eyes with nictitating membrane, external nares, maxilla with maxillary teeth,
mandible, vomerine teeth, tongue, glottis, eustachian tube openings, opening to esophagus,
opening to vocal sac, and internal nares.
8. Identify the following structures and their functions associated with the internal anatomy of an
amphibian: pharynx, esophagus, larynx, lungs, stomach, pyloric valve, small intestine, large
intestine, cloaca, cloacal opening, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, fat bodies, urinary
bladder, testis, ovaries, oviduct, major vessels branching from the aorta in the abdomen, and the
hepatic portal system.
9. Note the orientation of a mammalian: dorsal (back) to ventral (front) and head (cephalic) to tail
(caudal) and identify the following external structures and their functions: mouth, nostrils,
vibrissae, umbilical cord, mammary papilla, teeth, palates, epiglottis, glottis, esophagus, and
urogenital opening.
10. Identify the following structures and their functions associated with the internal anatomy of a
mammalian: Heart (chambers & valves), Blood Vessels (from vessel list), Gallbladder, Lung lobes
(How many?), Bronchi, Diaphragm, Liver (How many lobes?), Esophagus, Stomach, Sections of the
Intestine (small & large), spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Thymus (2 parts),
Thyroid, Larynx, Trachea, and Testicles or Ovaries.
Learning lets your mind take flight.
Biology& 212
Mr. Brumbaugh
1
Review Practical 2