Characters and Character-States
1.
Premaxilla, width at oral margin:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 1 modified; Head 1998: char. 1 modified; Norman 1998: char.
1 modified; Norman 2002: char. 1 and 2 modified; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 1
modified; You et al. 2003: char. 7 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 11 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 9 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 20 modified; Suzuki et al.
2004: char. 1 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 14 modified; Prieto-Marquez et
al. 2006b: char. 63 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 22 modified; Godefroit et al.
2008: char. 9.
0.
narrow, expanded laterally less than two times width at narrowest point (postoral
constriction), margin oriented nearly vertically
1.
expanded transversely to more than two times postoral constriction, margin flared
laterally into more horizontal orientation
2.
Premaxilla, reflected rim:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 3; Norman 1998: char. 4 modified; Norman 2002: char. 3
modified; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 12 modified; Horner et al., 2004: char. 21 modified;
Prieto-Marquez, 2005: char. 15 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 15 modified;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 64 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 23 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 10 modified.
0.
absent
1.
deflected at anterolateral corner and posteriorly reflected
2.
reflected along entire rim
3.
Premaxilla, anterior bill margin shape:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 22; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 16; Evans & Reisz 2007:
char. 2; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 24.
0.
horseshoe-shaped, forming continuous semicircle that curves smoothly to postoral
constriction
1.
broadly arcuate across anterior margin, constricts abruptly behind oral margin
4.
Premaxillary foramen ventral to anterior margin of external nares that opens onto the
palate and connected by a canal to the narial fossa:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 4 modified; Head 1998: char. 2; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char.
7 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 23; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 2 modified; PrietoMarquez 2005: char. 16; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 17; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b:
char. 67; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 25.
0.
absent
1.
present
5.
Premaxilla, accessory foramen entering premaxilla in outer narial fossa, located
anterior to premaxillary foramen:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 24; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 18; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 69; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 26.
0.
absent
1.
present, empties into common chamber with premaxillary foramen, then onto palate
6.
Premaxilla, oral margin with a "double layer" structure consisting of an external
denticle-bearing layer seen externally and an internal palatal layer of thickened bone
set back slightly from the oral margin and separated from the denticulate layer:
You et al. 2003: char. 11; Horner et al. 2004: char. 25; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char.
19; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 71; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 1; Gates & Sampson
2007: char. 27.
0.
absent
1.
present
7.
Premaxilla, outer (accessory) narial fossa anterior to circumnarial fossa:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 26; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 17 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 20; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 65 and 66; Gates & Sampson 2007: char.
28; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 12 modified.
0.
absent
1.
present, separated from circumnarial fossa by strong ridge
8.
Premaxilla, posterior processes (PM1, PM2) and construction of nasal passages:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 27 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 18 modified; PrietoMarquez et al. 2006a: char. 21 modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 13 modified; Evans &
Reisz 2007: char. 3; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 30.
0.
posterodorsal premaxillary process short, posterodorsal and posteroventral processes
do not meet posterior to external nares, nasal passages not enclosed ventrally,
external nares exposed in lateral view
1.
posteroventral and posterodorsal processes elongate and join behind external opening
of narial passages to exclude nasals, nasal vestibule completely enclosed by tubular
premaxillae, left nasal passage divided from right passage
9.
Premaxilla, lateral process:
Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 8; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 9; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 6
modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 14.
0.
stopping anterior to or at level of lacrimal
1.
extending further backward above skull roof
10.
Nasal-frontal contact:
Godefroit et al. 2004: char. 18 modified.
0.
relatively wide
1.
very narrow
2.
nasal displaced above frontal
11.
Nasal cavity, position:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 10 and 12 modified; Norman 2002: char. 8 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 10 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 9, 17 and 19 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 13 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 33 modified; Suzuki et
al. 2004: char. 8 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 7; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 38
modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 18 modified.
0.
nasals flat posterodorsally and restricted to area anterior to braincase, nasal cavity
anteromedial to orbits
1.
premaxilla extended posteriorly and nasals retracted posteriorly to lie over braincase
in adults resulting in convoluted, complex narial passage and hollow crest that
extends above orbit
12.
Nasal vestibule, s-loop in the enclosed premaxillary passages anterior to dorsal process
of maxilla:
Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 8
0.
absent
1.
present
13.
External naris, surrounding bones:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 6 modified; Norman 1998: char. 5; Norman 2002: char. 6;
Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 9; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 10 modified; Godefroit et al.
2004b: char. 11 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 29; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 6 modified;
Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 19; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 4 modified; Godefroit et al. 2008:
char. 11 modified.
0.
surrounded by both nasal and premaxilla
1.
completely surrounded by premaxilla
14.
External naris length to basal skull length ratio:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 5 modified; Norman 1998: char. 2 modified; You et al. 2003:
char. 3 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 13 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 10
modified; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 7 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 28; PrietoMarquez et al. 2006a: char. 22a; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 51 modified; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 32; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 15.
0.
20% or less
1.
30% or more
15.
External nares, shape of posterior margin:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 41; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 35; Gates & Sampson 2007:
char. 43.
0.
lunate
1.
V-shaped
16.
Circumnarial fossa, posterior margin:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 7 modified; Norman 1998: char. 6 modified; Godefroit et al.
2004a: char. 14 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 12 modified; Bolotsky & Godefroit
2004: char. 6 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 31; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 25;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 53 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 36.
0.
absent
1.
present
17.
Circumnarial fossa, posterior margin structure:
Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 17 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 15 modified;
Horner et al. 2004: char. 32; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 21; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 26; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 54 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 37;
Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 17 modified.
0.
circumnarial fossa absent
1.
present, lightly incised into nasals and premaxilla, often poorly demarcated
2.
present, well demarcated, deeply incised, and usually invaginated
18.
Circumnarial fossa, posterior end position:
Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 19; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 16.
0.
circumnarial fossa absent
1.
located anterior to anterior end of orbit
2.
located above or posterior to anterior end of orbit
19.
Hollow nasal crest, shape:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 36; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 30; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 57 and 60 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 9 and 10 modified.
0.
absent
1.
present, tubular and elongate
2.
present, raised into a large, vertical fan
20.
Hollow nasal crest, nasal-posterodorsal process of premaxilla (PM1) contact:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 34; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 28; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 58 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 17.
0.
absent
1.
present, anterior end of nasal fits along ventral edge of premaxilla
2.
present, premaxilla and nasal meet in a complex, W-shaped interfingering suture
21.
Hollow nasal crest, composition of posterior margin of crest:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 11 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 7 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 20 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 14 modified; Horner
et al. 2004: char. 37; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 31; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b:
char. 61; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 11 and 16 modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 19
modified.
0.
absent
1.
present, composed of premaxilla posterodorsal process (PM1)
2.
present, composed of nasal
22.
Solid nasal crest over snout or braincase (not housing portion of nasal passage):
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 8 and 9 modified; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 15 and 18
modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 38; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 24; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 32; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 55; Gates & Sampson, 2007: char. 39.
0.
absent
1.
present
23.
Solid nasal crest, association with posterior margin of circumnarial fossa:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 39; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 25; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 33; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 40; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 20.
0.
absent
1.
solid crest present but circumnarial fossa does not excavate side of crest, fossa
terminates anterior to solid crest
2.
solid crest present, excavated laterally by circumnarial fossa
24.
Solid nasal crest, composition:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 40; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 26; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 34; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 56 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 41.
0.
absent
1.
solid crest present, composed of nasals
2.
solid crest present, composed of frontals and nasals
25.
Frontal-nasal fontanelle in adults:
New
0.
absent
1.
present
26.
Prefrontal, shape:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 50; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 43; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 33; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 54.
0.
smoothly curved laterally
1.
anteriorly broad with square anteromedial corner
27.
Prefrontal shape at anterodorsal orbital rim:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 49; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 42; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 34; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 53.
0.
prefrontal lies flush with surrounding elements
1.
prefrontal flares dorsolaterally to form thin, everted, wing-like rim around
anterodorsal orbital margin
28.
Prefrontal, dorsal crest:
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 32.
0.
absent
1.
present
29.
Prefrontal, posterior portion:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 7 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 8; Godefroit et al. 2003:
char. 13; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 22; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 16; Godefroit et al.
2008: char. 22; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 32 modified.
0.
oriented horizontally
1.
participating in ventrolateral border of hollow crest
30.
Prefrontal, medial flange extending posteriorly over dorsal surface of frontal and above
prefrontal-postorbital joint in lateral view in adults:
Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 33.
0.
absent
1.
present
31.
Frontal, shape of ectocranial surface:
Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 6 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 6 modified; Godefroit
et al. 2004b: char. 6 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 42; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 7
modified.
0.
elongate with ectocranial length/width more than 0.8
1.
relatively short, with length/width less than 0.8
2.
greatly shortened, length/width ratio less than 0.4
32.
Frontal at orbital margin:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 6; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 5; Norman 2002: char. 19;
Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 3; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 21; Godefroit et al. 2004a:
char. 3; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 5; Horner et al. 2004: char. 57; Suzuki et al. 2004: char.
27; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 35; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 50; Prieto-Marquez et
al. 2006b: char. 49 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 39; Gates & Sampson 2007: char.
66; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 5.
0.
forming part of margin
1.
excluded by prefrontal-postorbital contact
33.
Frontal platform:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 5; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 5; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 5;
Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 10; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 7; Godefroit et al. 2004b:
char. 4; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 40 and 41 modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 8.
0.
deeply excavated frontal platform absent
1.
occupying anterior part of frontal in adult
2.
extending above anterior portion of supratemporal fenestra
34.
Frontals, upward doming over braincase in adults:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 58; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 25; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char.
51; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 47; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 38; Gates & Sampson
2007: char. 67.
0.
absent
1.
present
35.
Supraorbital articulation:
Norman 2002: char. 13 modified; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 12; You et al. 2003: char. 17;
Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 21; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 15; Horner et al. 2004: char.
59; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 19; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 34; Gates & Sampson 2007:
char. 68; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 21.
0.
freely articulating on orbital rim
1.
fused to orbital rim or absent
36.
Postorbital, dorsal surface:
Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 26; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 17; Evans & Reisz 2007: char.
37; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 28.
0.
flat
1.
thickened to form dorsal promontorium
37.
Postorbital, length of squamosal process:
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 37.
0.
short, postorbital-squamosal joint reaches point at mid-length of supratemporal
fenestra
1.
long, postorbital-squamosal joint near level of posterior border of supratemporal
fenestra
38.
Parietal, shape:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 23 modified; Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 3 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 4 modified; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 2 modified; Godefroit et
al. 2004a: char. 2 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 2 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007:
char. 46 modified.
0.
long, length/minimum width ratio greater than 2
1.
less than 2
39.
Parietal, sagittal crest:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 69 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 58 modified;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 91 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 44; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 83 modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 4 modified.
0.
straight and level with skull roof or slightly down-warped along length
1.
sagittal crest deepens posteriorly (strongly down-warped)
40.
Parietal sagittal crest, length:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 70 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 59 modified;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 92 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 45 modified;
Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 84 modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 3.
0.
short, less than 2/3 length of parietal
1.
long, more than 2/3 length of parietal
41.
Squamosals, separation on skull roof:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 63; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 33 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005:
char. 36; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 54; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 43; Gates
& Sampson 2007: char. 73.
0.
widely separated
1.
squamosals approaching midline, separated by narrow band of parietal
2.
squamosals in broad contact with each other
42.
Squamosal, medial ramus:
Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 23.
0.
lower than paroccipital process
1.
higher than paroccipital process
43.
Squamosal, height above quadrate cotylus:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 8 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 9 modified; Bolotsky &
Godefroit 2004: char. 12 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 18 modified; Evans & Reisz
2007: char. 49; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 23 modified.
0.
lateral side relatively low
1.
markedly expanded dorsally above cotylus
44.
Squamosal, separation of squamosals in posterior view:
Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 33; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 47.
0.
completely separated by parietal
1.
extensive Contact between squamosals present at midline
45.
Squamosal, shape of posteroventral surface:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 64; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 37 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 55; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 42; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 48; Gates
& Sampson 2007: char. 74.
0.
shallow exposure in posterior view
1.
forming deep, nearly vertical, well-exposed face in posterior view
46.
Antorbital fenestra, external opening:
Norman 1998: char. 13; Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 12 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char.
13 modified; Norman 2002: char. 10 modified; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 17 modified; You
et al. 2003: char. 4; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 2 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004a:
char. 32 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 21 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 43;
Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 46.
0.
present
1.
absent
47.
Maxilla, number and arrangement of lateral foramina:
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 21.
0.
four or more foramina arranged in a subhorizontal row along lateral wall of maxilla
1.
three or four foramina variously arranged
48.
Maxilla, anterodorsal process:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 19 modified; Head 1998: char. 4 modified; Godefroit et al.
2003: char. 19 modified; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 9 modified; Godefroit et al.
2004a: char. 34; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 23; Horner et al. 2004: char. 42; Suzuki et al.
2004: char. 13 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 27; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char.
36; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 17; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 19; Gates & Sampson
2007: char. 44; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 35.
0.
separate anterior process that extends medial to posteroventral process of premaxilla
to form part of medial floor of external naris
1.
anterior process absent, anterodorsal margin of maxilla forming sloping shelf that
underlies premaxilla
49.
Maxilla, location of large anterior maxillary foramen:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 44; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 14 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005:
char. 28; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 37; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 22; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 47; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 33.
0.
opens on anterolateral body of maxilla, exposed in lateral view
1.
opens on dorsal surface of maxilla along maxilla-premaxilla suture
50.
Maxilla-lacrimal contact:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 45; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 29 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 38; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 23; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 48.
0.
present externally
1.
largely covered externally by jugal-premaxilla contact
51.
Maxilla-jugal contact:
Norman 1998: char. 10 modified; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 3 modified; You et al.
2003: char. 15 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 46; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 39;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 27; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 49.
0.
restricted to finger-like jugal process on posterior margin of maxilla
1.
jugal process of maxilla reduced to short projection but retaining a distinct facet
2.
jugal process of maxilla absent, anterior jugal has extensive vertical contact with
maxilla anterior to orbit
52.
Maxilla, location of apex in lateral exposure:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 13 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 14 modified; Godefroit
et al. 2003: char. 18 modified; You et al. 2003: char. 12; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 8
modified; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 31 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 22
modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 47; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 30; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 40; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 21; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 50; Godefroit
et al. 2008: char. 32 modified.
0.
well anterior to center
1.
at or anterior to center
53.
Maxilla, shape of apex in lateral view:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 20 modified; Head 1998: char. 3 modified; Kobayashi &
Azuma 2003: char. 4 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 48 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005:
char. 31 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 41 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 18 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 20; Gates & Sampson, 2007: char. 51.
0.
tall and sharply peaked
1.
low and gently rounded
54.
Maxilla, ectopterygoid ridge on lateral side:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 14; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 15; Godefroit et al. 2003: char.
20; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 3; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 33; Godefroit et al.
2004b: char. 24; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 22; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 24;
Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 34.
0.
anteroposteriorly short, ending at half or less length of posterior region of maxilla
1.
well developed into lateral and well demarcated border continuous along posterior
region of maxilla
55.
Maxilla, location of line of alveolar ("special") foramina on medial side:
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 25 modified.
0.
located ventral to mid-height of maxilla
1.
located dorsal to mid-height of maxilla
56.
Ectopterygoid-jugal contact:
Head 1998: char. 6; Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 11; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 12; Norman
2002: char. 17; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 6; You et al. 2003: char. 20; Horner et al.
2004: char. 51; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 23; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 44; Evans &
Reisz 2007: char. 25; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 55.
0.
present
1.
absent, palatine-jugal contact enhanced
57.
Lacrimal-nasal contact:
Norman 2002: char. 12; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 16; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 26.
0.
present
1.
absent
58.
Jugal, expansion of anterior end below lacrimal:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 15 modified; Head 1998: char. 5 modified; Norman 1998:
char. 9 modified; Norman 2002: char. 14 modified; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 5
modified; You et al. 2003: char. 19 modified; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 1 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 27 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 19 modified; Horner
et al. 2004: char. 52; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 20 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 45; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 27; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 56.
0.
dorsoventrally narrow, forms little of the anterior orbital rim
1.
expanded dorsoventrally in front of orbit, lacrimal pushed dorsally to lie completely
above the level of the maxilla, jugal forms lower portion of orbital rim
59.
Jugal, anterior end shape:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 14 and 16 modified; Head 1998: char. 7 modified; Godefroit
et al. 2000: char. 10 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 10 and 11 modified; Godefroit et
al. 2003: char. 15 and 16 modified; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 13 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 28 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 20 modified; Horner
et al. 2004: char. 53 and 54 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 32; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 46; Gates & Sampson, 2007: char. 57; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 29 modified.
0.
with distinct, anteriorly pointed process fitting between maxilla and lacrimal
1.
truncated, rounded anterior margin
60.
Jugal, development of free ventral flange:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 55; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 34 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 48; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 30; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 61; Godefroit
et al. 2008: char. 31 modified.
0.
absent, jugal expands gradually below infratemporal fenestra to meet quadratojugalquadrate
1.
present, jugal dorsoventrally constricted beneath infratemporal fenestra to set off
flange anterior to constriction
61.
Jugal, ventral flange shape:
Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 21 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 31 modified.
0.
flange absent
1.
rounded or lobate
2.
angular
62.
Jugal flange size, ratio of depth of jugal at constriction below infratemporal fenestra to
length of free ventral flange on jugal:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 56 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 49 modified; Gates
& Sampson 2007: char. 62 modified.
0.
flange absent
1.
small, 0.70-0.90
2.
prominent, well set off from body of jugal, 0.55-0.66
63.
Jugal contribution to infratemporal fenestra, acute angle between postorbital bar and
jugular bar:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 71 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 60 modified; Gates
& Sampson 2007: char. 85 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 29.
0.
absent
1.
present
64.
Infratemporal fenestra, outline of dorsal half:
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 62.
0.
subrectangular, rounded or squared, as wide or wider than ventral margin
1.
triangular, narrower than ventral margin
65.
Quadratojugal (paraquadratic) foramen (opening between quadrate and
quadratojugal):
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 21; Head 1998: char. 9; Norman 1998: char. 14; Godefroit et
al. 2000: char. 15; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 16; Norman 2002: char. 20; Godefroit et al.
2003: char. 21; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 7; You et al. 2003: char. 5 modified;
Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 5; Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 35; Godefroit et al. 2004b:
char. 25; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 28; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 70; Godefroit et al.
2008: char. 36.
0.
present
1.
absent
66.
Quadrate, paraquadrate notch:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 61; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 53; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 40 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 71.
0.
ventral margin of notch extends dorsally to form acute and well-defined opening
1.
well-defined notch absent, reduced to poorly defined embayment of quadrate
67.
Quadrates, shape of mandibular condyle:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 22 modified; Head 1998: char. 8 modified; Godefroit et al.
2000: char. 16 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 17 modified; Norman 2002: char. 21
modified; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 22 modified; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 8
modified; You et al. 2003: char. 22 modified; Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 4 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2004a: char. 36 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 26 modified; Horner
et al. 2004: char. 60; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 32 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 52; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 50; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 69; Godefroit et al.
2008: char. 37 modified.
0.
mediolaterally broad, lateral and medial condyles subequal in size
1.
lateral condyle expanded anteroposteriorly so that condyles appear subtriangular in
distal view, lateral condyle longer than medial one
68.
Supraoccipital, inclination:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 65; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 56; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 81; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 75; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 25.
0.
posterior surface nearly vertical
1.
posterior surface inclined steeply forward at approximately 45º
69.
Supraoccipital, ventral margin:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 30; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 24; Evans & Reisz 2007:
char. 52; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 76.
0.
bowed or expanded ventrally along midline
1.
horizontal, strong ridge developed along supraoccipital-exoccipital suture
70.
Supraoccipital/exoccipital shelf:
Bolotsky & Godefroit 2004: char. 16; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 24; Godefroit et al. 2008:
char. 26.
0.
1.
limited
much expanded above foramen magnum
71.
Supraoccipital-exoccipital contact:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 66; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 77.
0.
straight suture that meets squamosal
1.
ventrolateral corner of supraoccipital inset into exoccipital so that supraoccipital is
"locked" between exoccipitals
72.
Paroccipital process and accompanying squamosal, orientation:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 62; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 72.
0.
straight and ventrally directed
1.
curved anteriorly
73.
Transverse width of the cranium in postorbital region in dorsal view:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 67; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 35 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007:
char. 53; Gates and Sampson 2007: char. 81.
0.
broad, width maintained from orbit to quadrate head
1.
distinctly narrowed at level of quadrate heads
74.
Basisphenoid, length of basipterygoid processes:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 2; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 2; You et al. 2003: char. 25;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 84.
0.
short
1.
extending well below level of ventral border of occipital condyle
75.
Occipital condyle, orientation:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 1; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 1; You et al. 2003: char. 24
modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 81.
0.
inclined posteroventrally
1.
condyle articular surface vertical
76.
Occiput, shape in posterior view:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 68; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 82.
0.
square
1.
triangular, narrow dorsally, distal portions of quadrates splayed distinctly laterally
77.
Predentary, shape:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 2 modified; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 25 modified;
Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 9 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 29 modified;
Horner et al. 2004: char. 13; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 5 modified; Evans & Reisz
2007: char. 54; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 14 and 15 modified.
0.
deep and robust, arcuate anterior margin, neurovascular foramina large and located
near midline of predentary body, dorsally directed spikelike denticles on anterior
margin that fit into slots on underside of premaxilla
1.
gracile and shovel-shaped, straight to gently rounded anterior margin, numerous
nutrient foramina across entire anterior margin, rounded, triangular denticles project
anteriorly and fit into a continuous transverse slot on underside of premaxilla
78.
Predentary triturating surface, orientation:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 14; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 9; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 3; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 16.
0.
horizontal, oral margin of premaxilla rests on dorsal predentary
1.
canted dorsolaterally to form a nearly vertical surface, oral margin of premaxilla
broadly overlaps lateral surface of predentary
79.
Dentary, orientation of dentary anterior to tooth row in lateral view:
Norman 2002: char. 23; Horner et al. 2004: char. 11 modified; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 37
modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 11 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 8;
Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 55 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 12 modified.
0.
approximately straight or moderately down-turned, dorsal margin of predentary rests
above ventral margin of dentary body
1.
strongly downturned, dorsal margin of anterior dentary extends below the ventral
margin of dentary body, premaxillary bill margin extends well below level of
maxillary tooth row
80.
Dentary, length of diastema between first dentary tooth and predentary:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 25 modified; Head 1998: char. 13 modified; Norman 1998:
char. 15 modified; Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 17 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 18
modified; Norman 2002: char. 22 modified; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 23 modified;
Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 11 modified; You et al. 2003: char. 26 modified; Godefroit
et al. 2004b: char. 27 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 9 modified; Suzuki et al. 2004:
char. 36 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 9 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 7 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 9 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char.
58; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 10 modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 38 modified.
0.
short, less than one-fifth length of tooth row
1.
long, greater than one-fifth length of tooth row
81.
Dentary tooth row, posterior extent of tooth row relative to apex of coronoid process:
Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 12 modified; You et al. 2003: char. 29 modified; Horner et
al. 2004: char. 10; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 38 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 10;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 6 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 11.
0.
tooth row terminating level with or anterior to apex
1.
tooth row terminating posterior to apex
82.
Dentary tooth row, shape in occlusal view:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 12; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 8 modified; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 13.
0.
bowed lingually
1.
straight
83.
Dentary, alveolar trough grooves:
Norman 2002: char. 33.
0.
shaped by tooth crowns
1.
narrow parallel-sided grooves
84.
Dentary, posterior extent of posteroventral portion of dentary:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 18; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 14; Gates & Sampson 2007: char.
20.
0.
1.
ending even with or anterior to apex of coronoid process
posteriorly expanded to terminate well behind the coronoid process
85.
Coronoid process configuration:
Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 13 modified; You et al. 2003: char. 27 modified; Horner et
al. 2004: char. 17; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 57; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 19.
0.
apex only slightly expanded anteriorly, surangular large and forms much of posterior
margin of coronoid process
1.
dentary forms nearly all of anteroposteriorly greatly expanded apex, surangular
reduced to thin sliver along posterior margin and does not reach distal end of
coronoid process
86.
Coronoid process orientation:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 18; Godefroit et al., 2001: char. 19; Godefroit et al. 2003: char.
24; You et al. 2003: char. 28; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 28; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 39
modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 7 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 56;
Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 39.
0.
subvertical
1.
inclined anteriorly
87.
Coronoid bone:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 16; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 18.
0.
present
1.
absent
88.
Surangular, lateral exposure of undersurface of quadrate articulation:
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 15.
0.
facing more laterally than ventrally
1.
facing lateroventrally or more ventrally than laterally
89.
Surangular foramen:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 27; Head 1998: char. 10 modified; Norman 1998: char. 17;
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 19; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 20; Norman 2002: char. 27;
Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 15; You et al. 2003: char. 6; Horner et al. 2004: char. 19;
Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 40 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 13; Prieto-Marquez
et al. 2006b: char. 16; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 64; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 21.
0.
present
1.
absent
90.
Accessory surangular foramen (near surangular-dentary suture):
Head 2001: char. 21; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 15.
0.
present
1.
absent
91.
Angular, position on mandibular ramus:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 26 modified; Head 1998: char. 11 modified; Norman 1998:
char. 16 modified; Norman 2002: char. 28 modified; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 16
modified; You et al. 2003: char. 30 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 15 modified; Suzuki
et al. 2004: char. 42 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 13 modified; Evans & Reisz
2007: char. 65; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 17.
0.
large and deep, exposed in lateral view below surangular
1.
dorsoventrally narrow and not visible in lateral view
92.
Dentition, number of tooth positions in dentary and maxillary tooth rows:
Head 1998: char. 17 and 19 modified; Norman 1998: char. 18 and 19 modified; Horner et al.
2004: char. 1 modified; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 46 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 1
modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 1 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char.
11 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 60; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 1 modified;
Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 41 modified.
0.
32 or less
1.
greater than 32
93.
Dentition, number of replacement teeth per tooth position:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 32; Head 1998: char. 14; Norman 1998: char. 21 modified;
Godefroit et al., 2000: char. 20; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 21; Norman 2002: char. 40
modified; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 20; You et al. 2003: char. 33 modified; Horner et
al. 2004: char. 2; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 45 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 2;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 12; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 59 modified; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 2.
0.
1 or 2
1.
3 or more
94.
Dentition, number of functional teeth per tooth position:
Norman 2002: char. 39 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 3; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 3;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 13 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 3.
0.
1
1.
at least 2, and often 3, teeth in vertical series contributing to occlusal surface
95.
Maxillary tooth crown height/width ratio at center of tooth row:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 28 modified; Horner et al. 2005: char. 4 modified; PrietoMarquez 2005: char. 4 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 2; Gates & Sampson
2007: char. 4 modified.
0.
broad relative to height, ratio less than 2.4
1.
elongate and lanceolate, ratio at least 2.5
96.
Maxillary teeth, ornamentation on labial surface:
Head 1998: char. 16; Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 21 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 22
modified; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 17 modified; You et al. 2003: char. 37 modified;
Horner et al. 2004: char. 7; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 7; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char.
5; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 8.
0.
subsidiary ridges present
1.
absence of all but primary carina
97.
Dentary crown shape (middle of toothrow):
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 29 modified; Head 1998: char. 18 modified; Norman 2002:
char. 35 modified; Kobayashi & Azuma 2003: char. 21 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 5
modified; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 49 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 5 modified;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 2 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 61; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 5 modified.
0.
diamond-shaped, with height/width ratio less than 3.0
1.
elongate lanceolate, with height/width ratio greater than 3.1
98.
Dentary teeth, position of apex:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 8 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 8 modified; Evans & Reisz
2007: char. 63; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 9 modified.
0.
offset to either mesial or distal side, or some teeth curved distally
1.
apex central, tooth straight and nearly symmetrical
99.
Dentary teeth, number of accessory ridges on lingual surface:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 30 modified; Norman 1998: char. 20 modified; Godefroit et
al. 2000: char. 22 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 23; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 26
modified; You et al. 2003: char. 38 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 30 modified;
Horner et al. 2004: char. 6 modified; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 48 modified; Prieto-Marquez
2005: char. 6 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 4 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 14 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 62; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 7
modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 42 modified.
0.
two or more prominent ridges
1.
tooth crown dominated by one primary ridge, secondary ridges faint if present
100.
Dentary teeth, median carina:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 23 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 24 modifed; Godefroit
et al. 2003: char. 27 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 31 modified; Godefroit et al.
2008: char. 43 modified.
0.
straight or slightly curved
1.
sinuous
101.
Cervical vertebrae, number:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 72 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 40 modified; PrietoMarquez et al. 2006b: char. 94 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 66 modified; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 87 modified.
0.
11 or fewer
1.
12-13
2.
greater than 13
102.
Cervical centra, axial length:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 73; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 61; Gates & Sampson 2007:
char. 88.
0.
long
1.
foreshortened so that axial length of centrum is less than height of neural arch
103.
Cervicals, shape of zygapophyseal peduncles on arches:
You et al. 2003: char. 42 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 74; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 62; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 89.
0.
low
1.
elevated, extend well above level of neural canal, zygapophyses long and dorsally
arched
104.
Dorsal (posterior) and sacral neural spines:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 34; Horner et al. 2004: char. 76; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char.
41; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 63; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 96; Evans &
Reisz 2007: char. 68; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 91; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 45.
0.
short, less than three times centrum height
1.
elongate, approximately three times centrum height or greater
105.
Sacral vertebrae, number:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 27 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 26 modified; Head
2001: char. 22; Norman 2002: char. 42; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 31; You et al. 2003:
char. 43 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 33; Horner et al. 2004: char. 75; Suzuki et
al. 2004: char. 52; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 97; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 69;
Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 90; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 44.
0.
7 or fewer
1.
8 or more
106.
Scapula, shape of proximal end:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 80; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 98; Evans & Reisz 2007:
char. 70; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 95.
0.
dorsoventrally deep, acromion process directed dorsally, articulation extensive
1.
dorsoventrally narrow (no wider than distal portion of scapula), acromion process
projects horizontally, anteroventral corner notched, articulation restricted
107.
Scapula, borders of distal blade:
Weishampel et al. 1993: char. 35 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 81; Prieto-Marquez et
al. 2006a: char. 66; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 99 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007:
char. 72; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 96.
0.
divergent
1.
subparallel to each other
108.
Coracoid size:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 77; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 75; Gates & Sampson 2007: char.
92.
0.
large, coracoid/scapula length ratio more than 0.2, length of articular surface greater
than length of glenoid
1.
coracoid reduced in length relative to scapula, glenoid equal to or longer than
articulation
109.
Coracoid, biceps tubercle size:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 78 modified; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 55; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 64 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 73; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 93
modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 47 modified.
0.
tubercle small
1.
arge, laterally projecting biceps tubercle
110.
Coracoid, anteroventral process ("hook"):
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 25 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 27 modified; Godefroit
et al. 2003: char. 29 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 34 modified; Horner et al. 2004:
char. 79; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 65; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 74; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 94; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 46 modified.
0.
short and weakly developed
1.
long, extends well below the glenoid
111.
Sternal plate, proximal portion:
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 100 modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 48.
0.
shorter than distal "handle"
1.
longer than distal "handle"
112.
Humerus, deltopectoral crest length:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 26; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 28; Godefroit et al. 2003: char.
30 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 35; Horner et al. 2004: char. 83 modified; Suzuki
et al. 2004: char. 58 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 42 modified; Prieto-Marquez et
al. 2006a: char. 68 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 103 modified; Evans &
Reisz 2007: char. 76; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 98 modified; Godefroit et al. 2008: char.
49.
0.
short, much less than half length of humerus
1.
extends at least to midshaft or longer
113.
Humerus, deltopectoral crest shape:
Norman 2002: char. 46 modified; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 59 modified; Prieto-Marquez et
al. 2006b: char. 104 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 77.
0.
relatively low
1.
angular and enlarged
114.
Humerus, distal condyles:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 84; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 69; Evans & Reisz 2007:
char. 78 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 99.
0.
mediolaterally broad, flare moderately from shaft of humerus
1.
compressed mediolaterally, flares little from shaft of humerus
115.
Antebrachium, length:
Norman 2002: char. 47 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 85; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 60
modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 70; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 79; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 100.
0.
humerus subequal to or longer than radius
1.
radius significantly longer than humerus
116.
Carpus:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 86 and 88 modified; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 57 modified; PrietoMarquez et al. 2006a: char. 71 and 73 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 108 and
109 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 80; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 101 and 103
modified.
0.
robust, with more than two small bones present and proximal ends of the metacarpals
aligned
1.
reduced to no more than two small carpals with metacarpal III offset distally relative
to metacarpals II and IV
117.
Manus, metacarpal shape:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 89; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 74; Gates & Sampson 2007:
char. 104.
0.
short and robust, width at midshaft/length ratio 0.2 or greater
1.
slender and elongate, width at midshaft/length 0.15 or less
118.
Manus, digit I:
Norman 2002: char. 51 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 87 modified; Suzuki et al. 2004:
char. 64 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 72 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007:
char. 81 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 102 modified.
0.
metacarpal and one phalanx present
1.
enlarged conical pollex ungual, with first phalanx reduced to flattened disc
2.
entire digit absent
119.
Manus, digit III, phalanx 1:
Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 66 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 114 modified;
Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 82.
0.
longer than wide
1.
as wide or wider than long
120.
Manus, penultimate phalanges of digits II and III, shape:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 90; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 65 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006a: char. 75; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 105.
0.
rectangular, lateral sides subequal in length
1.
wedge-shaped, medial side significantly shorter than lateral side
121.
Ilium, shape of dorsal margin:
Norman 2002: char. 55 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 100; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 70
modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 85; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 116;
Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 84; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 115.
0.
nearly straight or convex
1.
distinctly depressed over lateral (supracetabular) process and dorsally bowed over
base of preacetabular process
122.
Ilium, size of lateral (supracetabular or antitrochanter) process:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 28; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 29; Head 2001: char. 24;
Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 32; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 36; Horner et al. 2004: char. 91;
Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 71; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 76; Prieto-Marquez et al.
2006b: char. 115; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 83; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 106;
Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 50.
0.
small, projecting only as lateral swelling
1.
large, broadly overhanging lateral side of ilium and usually extending at least half
way down side of ilium
123.
Ilium, postacetabular process:
Norman 2002: char. 57 modified; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 34 modified; Horner et al.
2004: char. 93; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 72 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 78;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 120 and 121 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 85;
Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 108; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 52.
0.
1.
short and triangular in lateral view, with large brevis shelf
rectangular in outline, brevis shelf absent
124.
Ilium, postacetabular process size relative to total length of ilium:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 94; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 79; Gates & Sampson, 2007:
char. 109.
0.
less than 40%
1.
more than 40%
125.
Pubis, iliac peduncle:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 92 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 77 modified; Evans
& Reisz 2007: char. 86; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 107 modified.
0.
relatively small
1.
has form of large, dorsally directed process
126.
Pubis, height of anterior (prepubic) process:
Norman 2002: char. 58 modified; You et al. 2003: char. 64 modified; Horner et al. 2004:
char. 95 modified; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 44 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 80 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 123 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007:
char. 87; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 110 modified.
0.
maximum depth of prepubic blade less than twice height of minimum constriction
1.
expanded, more than twice height of minimum constriction
127.
Pubis, length of anterior (prepubic) process constriction:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 96; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 45; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 81; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 122 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 88;
Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 111.
0.
long, dorsoventral expansion restricted to distal process
1.
neck short, dorsoventral expansion beginning almost at base of process
128.
Pubis, obturator foramen:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 97; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 82; Gates & Sampson 2007:
char. 112.
0.
closed or partially closed ventrally by tubercle arising from pubic shaft
1.
fully open, tubercle absent
129.
Ischium, shape of shaft in lateral view:
Norman 2002: char. 60; Horner et al. 2004: char. 98; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 83
modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 125; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 113.
0.
strongly curved downward
1.
nearly straight
130.
Ischium, shape of distal end:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 30; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 31; Godefroit et al. 2004b:
char.38; Horner et al. 2004: char. 99 modified; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 73 modified; PrietoMarquez 2005: char. 43 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 84 modified; PrietoMarquez et al. 2006b: char. 126 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 89 modified; Gates &
Sampson 2007: char. 114 modified.
0.
small, knob-like foot
1.
2.
large, pendant foot
tapering distally
131.
Femur, anterior expansion of distal condyles and development of intercondylar
extensor groove:
Head 2001: char. 26 modified; Norman 2002: char. 64 modified; You et al. 2003: char. 66
modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 101 modified; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 86
modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 91 modified; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 116
modified.
0.
condyles relatevely unexpanded anteriorly, groove moderately deep, fully open
1.
condyles expanded anteriorly, with anterior ends meeting or fusing together and
enclosing extensor tunnel
132.
Tibia, cnemial crest:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 31 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 32.
0.
restricted to proximal head of tibia
1.
extending on diaphysis
133.
Tarsus, modified with anterior ascending process of astragalus equilateral in shape and
expanded distal fibular head:
Godefroit et al. 2000: char. 32 and 33 modified; Godefroit et al. 2001: char. 33 and 34
modified; Godefroit et al. 2003: char. 35 and 36 modified; Godefroit et al. 2004b: char. 39
and 40 modified; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 92; Godefroit et al. 2008: char. 54 and 55
modified.
0.
absent
1.
present
134.
Tarsus, distal tarsals 2 and 3:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 102; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 87; Gates & Sampson
2007: char. 117.
0.
present
1.
absent
135.
Metatarsal I, length:
Norman 2002: char. 66 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 103; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 88; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 118.
0.
short, thin splint
1.
absent
136.
Pes, distal phalanges of digits II-IV:
Horner et al. 2004: char. 104; Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 46; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a:
char. 89; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 93; Gates & Sampson 2007: char. 119.
0.
axially shortened to disc-like elements with width at least three times length
1.
greatly shortened, width at least four times length
137.
Pes, shape of unguals:
Norman 2002: char. 67 modified; Horner et al. 2004: char. 105; Suzuki et al. 2004: char. 78;
Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006a: char. 90; Evans & Reisz 2007: char. 94; Gates & Sampson
2007: char. 120.
0.
1.
138.
tapering evenly distally, claw-like
dorsoventrally flattened and broadened, hoof-like
Pes, plantar keels on unguals:
Prieto-Marquez 2005: char. 47; Prieto-Marquez et al. 2006b: char. 127; Godefroit et al.
2008: char. 56.
0.
absent
1.
present
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