Anth 480
HYOID
Body - attachment for many muscle with the term "hyoid" in them (geniohyoid, stylohyoid,
omohyoid, mylohyoid, sternohyoid)
Greater cornu(a)
VERTEBRAE
Your garden variety vertebra has the following parts:
vertebral body - not quite synonymous with centrum (which lacks portion made up by neural
arch)
Annular epiphyses - on body
vertebral arch - not quite synonymous with neural arch (which includes part of body)
vertebral foramen - for spinal cord and its meninges
intervertebral foramen - though it takes two to tango, transmits spinal nerves
pedicle
lamina
spinous process
superior and inferior articular facets
transverse process
TYPICAL CERVICAL
vertebral foramen - large and triangular (base anterior, apex posterior)
spinous process - short, usually bifid
superior and inferior articular facets - form a pillar
transverse foramen with anterior and posterior tubercles - transmits vertebral artery
ATLAS
(Note: no body or spinous process)
anterior arch, facet for dens, posterior arch
AXIS
dens or odontoid process
C3-7
THORACIC VERTEBRAE
costal facets (fovea) on sides of bodies
Facets on transverse processes (except for T10-T12 or so)
Vertebral foramen - small, circular
Spinous process - slants back and down
Pedicles - don't diverge (unlike in cervicals)
Large club-like transverse processes
2
FIRST THORACIC
Complete circular costal facet (for first rib) and semilunar demi-facet below. "Rectangularish"
body, and large spinous process (like C7)
T2-9
TENTH THORACIC
If it is "textbook," large semicircular facet for head of 10th rib and costal facet for tubercle of
tenth rib.
ELEVENTH THORACIC
Complete circular facet for 11th rib, no facet on transverse process
TWELFTH THORACIC
Large circular facet (near pedicle). Inferior articular processes look like lumbar.
LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
No costal facets or transverse foramina
Large bodies
Look like moose (mooses?) rather than giraffes
Triangular vertebral foramen again (larger than thoracic, but smaller than cervical)
Short pedicles
"Distinctive" spinous processes
Superior articular facets - concave, facing medially and posteriorly
Inferior articular facets - convex, face laterally and anteriorly
Transverse processes - thin and long
STERNUM
manubrium
jugular notch - internal jugular veins run deep to this, hence the name
clavicular notches - for articulation with proximal clavicle
articulation for first costal cartilage
demi-facet for second costal cartilage
body (gladiolus)
three transverse ridges anteriorly (marking division into 4 sternebrae)
sternal foramen (variation) (usu. between 3rd and 4th sternebrae)
demi-facet for second costal cartilage
four complete facets on each side - for costal cartilages 3,4,5, and 6
demi-facet for 7th costal cartilage
xiphoid process
RIBS
In theory, 7 true ribs, and 5 false (of which latter two are floating).
3
TYPICAL RIB
head - has two facets separated by a crest, lower facet (usually the larger of the two) artics. with
thoracic vert of same number
neck
tubercle - medial articular facet for transverse process, and lateral non-articular part for
ligaments
angle - about 5-6 cm. lateral to tubercle
shaft
costal groove - for intercostal nerve, artery, and vein (actually, v.a.n. from sup. to inf.)
sternal end
FIRST RIB
head - single rounded articular facet
scalene tubercle - attachment of anterior scalene muscle, groove anterior to it carries subclavian
vein, posterior to it the subclavian artery (and lower trunk of brachial plexus)
SECOND RIB
Attachment for serratus anterior (also posterior scalene)
CLAVICLE
conoid tubercle - distal, postero-inferior - for conoid part of coracoclavicular ligament
trapezoid line - runs anterior and lateral from conoid tubercle - for the other part (the trapezoid
part) of the coracoclavicular ligament
costal impression or tuberosity – for costoclavicular ligament
acromial end
sternal end
subclavian groove
SCAPULA
subscapular fossa – for subscapularis muscle
scapular spine - supraspinous fossa supeior, infraspinous fossa inferior
lateral (axillary) border
medial (vertebral) border
superior border
suprascapular notch - for nerve of same name
glenoid fossa
Supraglenoid tubercle - for long head of biceps
acromion process - with facet for clavicle
coracoid process - short head of biceps and coracobrachialis attach here
HUMERUS
head
anatomical neck
4
surgical neck
lesser tubercle - medial to intertubercular sulcus, attachment for subscapularis
greater tubercle - lateral to sulcus, attachment for supraspinatus superiorly, infraspinatus
posteriorly, and teres minor inferiorly (on posterior)
intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove) -well, that cat is outa the bag. Long tendon of biceps
runs though
shaft
deltoid tuberosity - insertion of deltoid muscle (and origin of triceps lateral head more
inferiorly)
radial sulcus (spiral groove) - for radial nerve, medial head of triceps attaches below all the way
down to just above distal end
nutrient foramen – “to the elbow I go, from the knee I flee”
medial epicondyle - honkerous, common (superficial) flexors attach here, ulnar nerve runs
posterior in slight groove
medial supracondylar ridge - pronator teres attaches here
lateral epicondyle - superficial extensors attach here
lateral supracondylar ridge - extensor carpi radialis longus inferiorly (brevis comes off lateral
epicondyle), brachioradialis superiorly
olecranon fossa - for olecranon process of ulna (possibly a septal aperture present)
coronoid fossa - for coronoid process of ulna
radial fossa - for head of radius
capitulum - for artic. w/ head of radius
trochlea - for artic w/ ulna (trochlear notch thereof)
RADIUS
head - artics. w/ capitulum of humerus.
neck
radial tuberosity - attachment of biceps
shaft
nutrient foramen
interosseous crest - for interosseous membrane
oblique line - attachment of flexor digitorum superficialis, and supinator laterally
styloid process
carpal articular surface - divided (?) by faint ridge for artics. with scaphoid (by styloid,
triangular) and lunate (quadrangular)
ulnar notch - for head of ulna
dorsal tubercle - toward styloid side. Bunch of grooves here for extensor tendons
ULNA
olecranon process - triceps attaches
coronoid process
trochlear notch
radial notch
ulnar tuberosity - on ant. surface (non-artic) of coronoid, brachialis inserts here
shaft
5
nutrient foramen
interosseous crest
pronator crest
styloid process
groove for extensor carpi ulnaris
SCAPHOID (or one might call it a navicular)
LUNATE
TRIQUETRAL
PISIFORM
Is "shaped like a pea," and I don't know many peas that can be sided
TRAPEZIUM (rhymes with thumb)(also called the greater multangular)
TRAPEZOID
CAPITATE
HAMATE
MC 1
Base - concavoconvex (i.e., sellar, is convex medial/laterally, and concave palmar/dorsally)
Head - broader than for other MCs
Siding - the convexity is carried further on the side not facing the fingers
MC2
To know the proximal articulations is to love the bone.
For trapezium - this is a small facet at one end of "the triangle" (i.e., at the thumb side), just
disto-dorsal is a small tubercle for attachment of extensor carpi radialis longus., and
just disto-palmar is area of attachment for flexor carpi radialis
For trapezoid - the large concave part of "the triangle"
For capitate and 3rd MC - these are to "the pinky" side. With artic. for capitate being more
proximal
Siding - anatomical
MC3
Styloid process - the only MC with one of these. Is proximal, radio (thumb) dorsal, so it alone
would allow for siding
Base - articulates with capitate
Artic. w/ MC 2 - strip to styloid side
Artic. w/ MC 4 - classically, is two small ovals., but beware of violations
Siding - anatomical
MC4
Artic. w/ 3rd MC - with any luck, two oval facets
Base - artics. with hamate
Artic. w/ 5th MC - single strip
Siding - anatomical
6
MC5
Tubercle - for extensor carpi ulnaris
Base - artic. w/ hamate
Artic. w/ 4th MC - strip
Siding - anatomical
PHALANGES
proximal, middle, distal (or terminal)
INNOMINATE
ilium, ischium, and pubis
iliac crest
anterior superior iliac spine - attachment of sartorius
anterior inferior iliac spine - attachment of rectus femoris (part of quads)
posterior superior iliac spine
posterior inferior iliac spine
greater sciatic notch
arcuate line
Iliopubic (or iliopectineal) eminence - where ilium meets pubis
posterior gluteal line - gluteus maximus attached posterior to line
anterior gluteal line - gluteus medius attaches between anterior and posterior lines
inferior gluteal line - less well marked. Glut. minimus attaches between inferior and anterior
lines
iliac fossa - iliacus attaches here
iliac tuberosity
auricular surface
pre-auricular sulcus - for ventral sacro-iliac ligament
pubic tubercle - attachment of inguinal lig.
pubic symphysis
obturator foramen
obturator groove - converted into a canal (by obturator membrane), carries vessels and nerve
ischial tuberosity
ischial spine - for sacrospinous ligament (separating lesser and greater sciatic foramina)
lesser sciatic notch
acetabulum - superior/anterior 1/5 is from pubis, ischium forms lower/posterior 2/5, and ilium
the remainder
acetabular fossa
lunate surface
SACRUM
sacral promontory - the anterior projecting edge of the base
superior articular facets - concave, directed dorso-medially
alae
auricular surfaces (sacroiliac joint)
7
anterior (pelvic) sacral foramina - for ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves
median sacral crest w/ 3 or 4 spinous tubercles - fused spinous processes
sacral hiatus
intermediate sacral crest - just medial to dorsal sacral foramina, remnant of superior and inferior
lateral sacral crest - fused transverse processes
COCCYX
FEMUR
head
fovea capitis - for ligament of head (or ligamentum teres)
neck
greater trochanter - Glut. minimus on rough impression on ant. surface, Glut. medius laterally
trochanteric fossa - obturator externus attaches here
lesser trochanter - psoas major
intertrochanteric crest - on posterior surface
gluteal line (tuberosity) - gluteus maximus attaches here, a third trochanter?
shaft
nutrient foramen
linea aspera - lots o' stuff attaches here, vastus muscles and adductors
spiral line - origin of vastus medialis
popliteal surface
lateral condyle
lateral epicondyle - lateral collateral (fibular collateral) ligament attaches here, gastroc usually
leaves impression nearby, and popliteus leaves a groove
medial condyle
adductor tubercle - adductor magnus
medial epicondyle - medial (tibial) collateral ligament
intercondylar fossa (notch)
patellar surface - extends higher on lateral side (basis of siding trick)
attachments for cruciate ligaments - anterior is lateral, posterior is medial
TIBIA
medial condyle
lateral condyle
intercondylar eminence
medial intercondylar tubercle
lateral intercondylar tubercle
superior fibular articular facet
tibial tuberosity - lower area roughened, upper area smooth
shaft
soleal (popliteal) line - popliteus from above, soleus from below
nutrient foramen – near interosseous crest
anterior crest
interosseus crest
8
medial malleolus
fibular notch
medial border - indistinct except around midshaft area
medial surface - between anterior crest and medial border, is subcutaneous
lateral surface - between anterior and interosseous crests, runs around to the anterior side as you
go distally (because anterior crest runs medially, and interosseous crest runs anteriorly)
posterior surface - between interosseous crest and medial border, and is crossed by the. . .
“vertical line” - divides flexor digitorum longus (medial) from tibialis posterior (medial)
groove for the tibialis posterior tendon - note that tib. post. and flex. digit. tendons must have
crossed, which they do
PATELLA
lateral and medial articular facets - the lateral is larger, hence the siding trick
apex - tells you distal, so another part of the siding trick
FIBULA
head
styloid process - lateral and posterior, so there is a siding trick there
proximal fibular articular surface – helpful with the siding trick
shaft
nutrient foramen
lateral malleolus
malleolar (distal) articular surface – for talus
malleolar fossa
interosseous crest
peroneal groove – not to be confused with malleolar fossa, for peroneus longus tendon
TALUS
head
neck - sulcus tali inferiorly
body – has trochlear surface (artics. w/ tibia), facet for lateral malleolus, facet for medial
malleolus
groove for flexor hallucis longus tendon (w/ medial and lateral tubercles)
CALCANEUS
calcaneal tuberosity – smoothish (bursa), “spikey” (tendo calcaneus), rough (subcutaneous
weight bearing) , note broad medial process, narrow lateral process on plantar surface
sustentaculum tali
sustentacular sulcus - for flex. hallucis longus, runs inferior to sustentaculum tali
CUBOID
cuboid tuberosity – goes lateral
groove for peroneus longus tendon – is proximal
facets for 4th and 5th MTs – are distal
9
NAVICULAR
tuberosity - attachment for tibialis posterior tendon, and goes medial
distal surface – convex surface (has three facets - one for each cuneiform, medial is largest and
apex of triangle points medial, other triangles point inferior)
proximal surface - artics. w/ head of talus, so concave
FIRST CUNEIFORM
distal surface - artics. w/ 1st MT, large kidney shaped
proximal surface - artics. w/ navicular, so small triangular, slightly concave
SECOND CUNEIFORM ("the small one," I really hate this bone, it never does what it is
supposed to)
dorsal surface - wide and flat (note shape for siding purposes)
distal surface - artics. w/ 2nd MT, longish narrow and pretty straight articular surface
proximal surface - artics. w/ Navicular, smaller and kinda' triangular and concave
medial surface - "L" shaped articular strip for 1st cuneiform, that may be divided into two
(and there is the rub)
THIRD CUNEIFORM
dorsal surface - wide and flat
distal surface - artics. w/ 3rd MT
proximal surface - dorsal 2/3 artic. with navicular
lateral surface - large oval or triangular prox. facet for cuboid, small distal/dorsal facet for 4th
MT
METATARSALS
There are few named landmarks, here. The trick is distinguishing metatarsals from metacarpals,
siding the suckers, and identifying as to number.
MT vs. MC - medial/lateral compressed heads (except in MT1) is the trick here. Shafts are also
less tubular.
Siding - "Stupid siding trick" is the best here, though if you want to call it “anatomical,” prox.
end slopes off to lateral side. For First MT the “hilus” of the reniform prox. end points laterally,
as does flat side of "prismatically" shaped body.
Number - Know the shape of the prox. ends and the articular facets and you can i.d. number. If
you do not have the prox. end you can still tell MT1 (and maybe MT5?) from the others, but not
much else.
FIRST METATARSAL
head - sesamoid grooves (for sesamoids in the flexor hallucis brevis)
10
shaft - prismatic shaped, with base of prism pointing laterally
prox. surface - "kidney" shaped, articulates w/ first cuneiform.
SECOND METATARSAL
Four articular surfaces(usually):
1) Proximal - a concave triangle, for 2nd cuneiform
2) Dorsal part of medial side, prox. end - for first cuneiform.
3) Dorsal part of lateral side, prox. end - continuous facet divided by vertical ridge. Distal
part is for 3rd MT, prox. part is for 3rd cuneiform
4) Plantar part of lateral side, prox. end - same story as #3 above, though that "vertical"
ridge may be very indistinct.
THIRD METATARSAL
Proximal - flat triangular base, for 3rd cuneiform
Medial side - dorsal and plantar facets for 2nd MT, but the plantar facet is often absent
Lateral side - larger dorsal facet for 4th MT
FOURTH METATARSAL
Proximal - "oblique quadrilateral facet" for cuboid
Medial side - Oval facet for 3rd MT, may be divided by vertical ridge, in which case distal
part artics. w/ 3rd MT, and prox. w/ 3rd cuneiform. If no vertical ridge, then artics.
w/ 3rd MT only
Lateral side - single large facet for 5th MT
FIFTH METATARSAL
styloid process (or tuberosity) - plantar aponeurosis attaches here
"The base articulates proximally with the cuboid by a triangular, obliquely cut surface and
medially with the fourth metatarsal."
PHALANGES (or PHALANX if ya' only got one)
Hand versus foot, and proximal versus middle versus distal are the only real questions. For
siding, throw to the heavens. If they stay up they are lefts, if they come down they cannot be
sided.
Foot phalanges - shorter and less flattened shafts (w/out those medial and lateral volar [palmar]
ridges you sometimes find on hand phalanges for the digital sheath).
Proximal - Longer of the three types
Middle - Very short
Distal - No articular head (instead, a flattened distal extremity), very difficult to tell apart from
distal hand phalanges