NAME _____________________________________________ PALEONTOLOGY FINAL LECTURE TEST
MATCHING:
___ 1. Compositae
A.survive dry season in a semi-inanimate state
___ 2. Labyrinthodont
B.ripened ovule
___ 3. Sacral Rib
C.skull bones supporting jaw
___ 4. Xenarthra
D.running
___ 5. Zygodactylous
E.found in dinosaur bones
___ 6. Stomata
F.feed on nonliving organic matter
___ 7. Diastema
G.low, rounded cusps
___ 8. Tarsus
H.vertebrae with anterior concavity
___ 9. Altricial
I.weeds
___ 10. Cursorial
J.extra vertebral articulations
___ 11. Megaphylls
K.dentition type
___ 12. Streptostyly
L.ventral portion of shell
___ 13. Cladodont
M.yoke-toed
___ 14. Notochord
N.elongate bones on posteroventral part of skull
___ 15. Haversian canals
O.immature developmental state
___ 16. Procoelous
P.ankle
___ 17. Saprophytes
Q.rod-shaped anti-telescoping structure
___ 18. Mesaxonic
R.with loose connection of posterior skull bones
___ 19. Seed
S.with leaf gaps
___ 20. Bunodont
T.connects pelvic girdle to vertebral column
___ 21. Brachydont
U.openings in leaves
___ 22. Paedomorphosis
V.adults retain juvenile characteristics
___ 23. Suspensorium W.gap in the toothrow
___ 24. Aestivation
X.axis of weight-bearing passes through the middle or third digit
___ 25. Branchiostegal rays Y.with infolded plicidentine
___ 26. Plastron
Z.low-crowned teeth
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
___ 27. Hedgehogs, shrews and moles are A.chiropterans B.strepsirhines C.liptotyphlans D.lagomorphs
E.creodonts
___ 28. Masseter attachment patterns and morphology of the lower jaw are important in classification of
A.chiropterans B.lagomorphs C.rodents D.perissodactyls E.carnivores
___ 29. ? had an Australopithecus - like face and palate; brain size was approximately 750 milliliters. A.Homo
rudolfensis B.Homo erectus C.Homo ergaster D.Australopithecus E.Paranthropus
___ 30. The gomphotheres and deinotheroids were A.elephants B.rhinos C.horses D.deer E.carnivores
___ 31. Entelodonts were pig-like A.artiodactyls B.perissodactyls C.litopterns D.notoungulates
E.diprotodonts
___ 32. The ramamorphs, pongids and hylobatids are A.plesiadapiforms B.strepsirhines C.haplorhines
D.hominoids E.platyrrhines
___ 33. The ? includes the sealions and fur seals. A.phocids B.ursids C.odobenids D.canids E.otariids
___ 34. The Edentata is A.monophyletic B.polyphyletic
___ 35. The baleen whales are A.mesonychids B.archeocetes C.sirenians D.mysticetes E.odontocetes
___ 36. The Mousterian Tradition is typically attributed to A.Homo rudolfensis B.Homo erectus C.Homo
ergaster D.Homo neanderthalensis E.Homo sapiens
___ 37. “Punch-struck” blade industries are characteristic of the ? Paleolithic. A.Lower B.Middle C.Upper
___ 38. The ? were sharks that had wierd dorsal fins shaped like brushes; they are the best known Paleozoic
sharks. A.iniopterygians B.eugeneodonts C.xenacanths D.hybodonts E.symmoriids
___ 39. Most primates ? a hypocone. A.have B.do not have
___ 40. The carnassials of ? usually involved M1+2/M2+3. A.chiropterans B.lagomorphs C.creodonts
D.perissodactyls E.carnivores
___ 41. The litopterns and notoungulates were most common in A.North America B.South America C.Europe
D.Asia E.Africa
___ 42. Moropus , a horse-sized clawed bipedal browser from the Miocene of North America, was a
A.elephant B.diprotodont C.rhino D.brontothere E.chalicothere
___ 43. The ? were giant, armadillo-like mammals of the Tertiary and Quaternary. A.dasypodids B.glyptodonts
C.pholidotans D.mylodontoids E.megalonychoids
___ 44. The largest known land carnivores (or scavengers) were A.cetaceans B.ursids C.canids D.felids
E.mesonychids
___ 45. Giraffes have A.horns B.antlers C.ossicones
___ 46. The formation of the ectotympanic into a tube leading outward from the auditory bulla is important in
classification of the A.Rodentia B.Primates C.Carnivora D.Perissodactyla E.Lagomorpha
___ 47. In the ?, the main branch of the internal carotid artery is reduced or lost and the external carotid has a
countercurrent exchanger in the vicinity of the orbit for cooling blood entering the brain. A.primates
B.arctoids C.rodents D.aeluroids E.lagomorphs
___ 48. The trimerorhacids, dissorophids and metoposaurs were A.ichthyostegids B.lissamphibians
C.temnospondyls D.lepospondyls E.seymouriamorphs
___ 49. ? have a “single-pulleyed” astragalus. A.artiodactyls B.perissodactyls C.litopterns D.notoungulates
E.diprotodonts
___ 50. Ursids have ? feet. A.plantigrade B.unguligrade C.digitigrade
___ 51. Many ? have a selenodont dentition. A.artiodactyls B.perissodactyls C.litopterns D.notoungulates
E.diprotodonts
___ 52. The “parareptiles” were A.synapsids B.diapsids C.euryapsids D.anapsids
___ 53. The thylacine, or “pouched wolf” and the Tasmanian Devil are A.dasyurids B.peramelemorphs
C.didelphimorphs D.sparassodonts E.diprotodonts
___ 54. The ? were aquatic reptiles that were utilized by Wegener as evidence of continental drift. A.Therapsids
B.Mesosaurs C.Placodonts D.Pelycosaurs E.Mosasaurs
___ 55. The snake-like aistopods and the wierd boomerang-headed Diplocaulus were A.ichthyostegids
B.lissamphibians C.temnospondyls D.lepospondyls E.seymouriamorphs
___ 56. All bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs are A.ornithopods B.pachycephalosaurs C.sauropodomorphs
D.theropods E.ankylosaurs
___ 57. ? were pteraspidomorphs with narrow oral plates, upon which there were tiny backward-pointing
denticles probably used in capturing prey. A.cyclostomes B.heterostracans C.osteostracans
D.anaspids E.thelodonts
___ 58. The ? were aquatic reptiles with a hypocercal tail and greatly-enlarged eyes; they appear to have given
birth to live young. A.Testudines B.Mesosauria C.Ichthyopterygia D.Lepidosauromorpha
E.Archosauromorpha
___ 59. The most important group of land birds are the A.falconiformes B.ratites C.passeriformes
D.strigiformes E.charadriiformes
___ 60. Some ? are syndactylous. A.marsupials B.placentals C.multituberculates D.tricondonts
E.monotremes
___ 61. The ? include the “fruit bats” or “flying foxes”. A.plesiadapiforms B.strepsirhines C.haplorhines
D.microchiropterans E.megachiropterans
___ 62. The “Crurotarsi” belonged to the A.Testudines B.Mesosauria C.Ichthyopterygia
D.Lepidosauromorpha E.Archosauromorpha
___ 63. Cattle and deer have ?-chambered stomachs. A.one B.two C.three D.four E.five
___ 64. Rhamphorhynchoids were types of A.bats B.birds C.pterosaurs D.saurischians E.ornithischians
___ 65. The last dinosaurs became extinct during the A.Pennsylvanian B.Permian C.Triassic D.Jurassic
E.Cretaceous
___ 66. The hypocondulid and entoconid are twinned and is separated from the hypoconid in the A.marsupials
B.placentals C.multituberculates D.tricondonts E.monotremes
___ 67. ? are heterotrophs that secrete enzymes which are able to break down external food sources into
molecules small enough to be absorbed by the cells. A.rhyniopsids B.lycopsids C.sphenopsids
D.filicopsids E.fungi
___ 68. In ?, there are pedicillate teeth and there is a muscular connection between the ear and the shoulder
girdle. A.ichthyostegids B.lissamphibians C.temnospondyls D.lepospondyls E.seymouriamorphs
___ 69. The ? were the largest land animals of all time. A.diplodocids B.cetiosaurids C.prosauropods
D.brachiosaurids E.camarasaurids
___ 70. The ? have “double fertilization”. A.Anthophyta B.Coniferales C.Ginkgoales D.Pteridospermophyta
E.Cycadophya
___ 71. The ? were microphylls in which bolsters were present on the trunks; they include the genera
Lepidodendron, Lepidophloios, Sigillaria and Stigmaria. A.Rhyniophyta B.Sphenopsida
C.Zosterophyllopsida D.Psilopsida E.Lycophyta
___ 72. Loss of the intertemporal bone, palatal “fangs”, and labyrinthine infolding of the teeth, coupled with the
development of the atlas and axis complex and astragalus and calcaneum is characteristic of
A.osteolepiforms B.amphibians C.reptiles D.birds E.mammals
___ 73. The ? were rodent-like Mesozoic mammals; they were the most diverse and numerous mammals of the
Mesozoic. A.symmetrodonts B.docodonts C.multituberculates D.tricondonts E.monotremes
___ 74. ? were robust australopithecines. A.Homo rudolfensis B.Homo erectus C.Homo ergaster
D.Australopithecus E.Paranthropus
___ 75. Brontotheres and chalicotheres were A.artiodactyls B.perissodactyls C.litopterns D.notoungulates
E.diprotodonts
___ 76. Parenchyma tissues, alternation of generations, and the presence of sporopollenin is characteristics of
the A.Chrysophyta B.Rhodophyta C.Phaeophyta D.Chlorophyta E.Plantae
___ 77. The “Great Faunal Interchange” was between A.Africa and Asia B.Africa and Europe C.Europe and
Asia D.Asia and North America E.North America and South America
___ 78. ? were pony-sized aquatic animals with short, stout limbs and short shovel-like tusked mouth; each
cheek tooth was made of a cluster of stout dentine tubules. A.desmostylians B.sirenians C.odobenids
D.cetaceans E.otariids
___ 79. The “fin-backed” reptiles, such as Dimetrodon, were A.Therapsids B.Mesosaurs C.Placodonts
D.Pelycosaurs E.Mosasaurs
___ 80. The “Turkana Boy” is often classified as A.Homo rudolfensis B.Homo habilis C.Homo ergaster
D.Australopithecus E.Paranthropus
___ 81. ? were ancestral to the microphyllous plants; the sporangia were kidney-shaped and they were “Hbranched”. A.Rhyniophyta B.Sphenopsida C.Zosterophyllopsida D.Psilopsida E.Lycophyta
___ 82. In the ?, the vertebrae and ribs are fused to the shell and the limbs and limb girdles are modified for a
sprawling posture. A.Testudines B.Mesosauria C.Ichthyopterygia D.Lepidosauromorpha
E.Archosauromorpha
___ 83. Arborescent lycopods, sphenopsids and most tree ferns became extinct during the A.Mississippian
B.Pennsylvanian C.Permian D.Cretaceous E.Pleistocene
___ 84. ? is capable of “expansional growth”. A.cartilage B.bone C.both bone and cartilage are capable of
“expansional growth”
___ 85. Most ? are evergreens; they include the pines, spruces and firs. A.Cordaitales B.Coniferales
C.Ginkgoales D.Pteridospermophyta E.Cycadophya
___ 86. During the Miocene, climate became ? in North America. A.wetter B.drier
___ 87. The “uintatheres” were A.taeniodonts B.dinoceratans C.embrithopods D.tillodonts E.condylarths
___ 88. The oldest amphibians were of ? age. A.Silurian B.Devonian C.Mississippian D.Pennsylvanian
E.Permian
___ 89. The duckbill platypus and echidna are A.symmetrodonts B.docodonts C.multituberculates
D.tricondonts E.monotremes
___ 90. The ? include the Tertiary-age “bear dogs”. A.mustelids B.ursids C.procyonids D.canids
E.amphicyonids
___ 91. In ?, there is an evolutionary trend in the posterior extension of the palatal bones. A.crocodiles
B.aetosaurs C.rauisuchians D.phytosaurs E.dinosaurs
___ 92. The ? was a “pebble tool” culture. A.Acheulian B.Mousterian C.Aurignacian D.Perigordian
E.Oldowan
___ 93. The ? have small leaves arranged in whorls around a photosynthetic stem; they include the ancient
genera Calamites and Annularia. A.Rhyniophyta B.Sphenopsida C.Zosterophyllopsida D.Psilopsida
E.Lycophyta
___ 94. ? have a double occipital condyle, a specialized axis-atlas complex, and the long bones have epiphyses.
A.placoderms B.amphibians C.reptiles D.birds E.mammals
___ 95. The borhyaenids and thylacosmilids were A.dasyurids B.peramelemorphs C.didelphimorphs
D.sparassodonts E.diprotodonts
___ 96. The typotheres, toxodonts and astrapotheres were A.notoungulates B.dinoceratans C.taeniodonts
D.litopterns E.tillodonts
___ 97. The Anura, Urodela and Apoda are types of A.ichthyostegids B.lissamphibians C.temnospondyls
D.lepospondyls E.seymouriamorphs
___ 98. The oldest undisputed eutherian is from the ? of Mongolia. A.Pennsylvanian B.Permian C.Triassic
D.Jurassic E.Cretaceous
___ 99. The adapids, lemurs and lorises are A.plesiadapiforms B.strepsirhines C.haplorhines
D.microchiropterans E.megachiropterans
___ 100. Which of the following is a pecoran? A.cattle B.deer C.giraffe D.antelope E.all of the above are
pecorans
___ 101. The kangaroos are A.thylacoleonids B.phascolarctoids C.macropodids D.didelphimorphs
E.sparassodonts
___ 102. The ? include the tree sloths, anteaters and armadillos, and the extinct glyptodonts and ground sloths.
A.Proboscidea B.Hyracoidea C.Sirenia D.Xenarthra E.Desmostylia
___ 103. The “Eve Hypothesis” concerns the origin of A.Homo rudolfensis B.Homo sapiens C.Homo ergaster
D.Australopithecus E.Paranthropus
___ 104. The ? have a “telescoped” skull; the maxillae may touch the bones at the back of the braincase.
A.cetaceans B.ursids C.canids D.felids E.sirenians
___ 105. Which of the following is not part of the pelvis? A.scapula B.ischium C.pubis D.ilium
___ 106. In ?, the fourth finger supports the wing membrane. A.birds B.pterosaurs C.bats
___ 107. Which of the following is an “afrothere”? A.tenrec B.aardvark C.elephant shrew D.elephant E.all of
the above are “afrotheres”
___ 108. The hyomandibular formed the A.stapes B.malleus C.incus D.the hyomandibular formed all of the
above
___ 109. The most common cephalaspidomorphs were the ?; these fish had dorsal eyes and dorsal and lateral
fields that probably functioned as sensory organs. A.cyclostomes B.heterostracans C.osteostracans
D.anaspids E.thelodonts
___ 110. Turtles are A.synapsids B.diapsids C.euryapsids D.anapsids
___ 111. ? are the oldest undisputed birds. A.archaeopterygids B.charadriiformes C.ichthyornithiformes
D.anseriformes E.hesperonithiformes
___ 112. The “Cetartiodactyla” includes A.whales B.mesonychids C.horses D.cattle E.all of the above are
“cetartiodactyls”
___ 113. Approximately 40% of all known modern mammalian species are A.chiropterans B.lagomorphs
C.rodents D.perissodactyls E.carnivores
___ 114. Ratites have a ? palate. A.palaeognathous B.neognathous C.it depends upon the type of ratite
___ 115. The “seed ferns” belonged to the A.Cordaitales B.Coniferales C.Ginkgoales D.Pteridospermophyta
E.Cycadophya
___ 116. The marsupials are sometimes classified as the A.Metatheria B.Tethytheria C.Prototheria D.Eutheria
E.Proboscidea
___ 117. The tetanurans, which have maxillary fenestra and pleurocoelous vertebrae, are A.ornithopods
B.pachycephalosaurs C.sauropodomorphs D.theropods E.ankylosaurs
___ 118. The xylem and phloem are characteristic of A.chrysophytes B.rhodophytes C.phaeophytes
D.chlorophytes E.tracheophytes
___ 119. ? are lobe-finned fish in which the braincase has an intracranial joint; they were believed to have
become extinct during the Cretaceous but a surviving genus was discovered during the 20th century.
A.acanthodians B.coelacanths C.placoderms D.actinopterygians E.osteolepiforms
___ 120. The cercopithecid, or “old world monkeys”, are A.creodonts B.platyrrhines C.catarrhines
D.pantodonts E.dinoceratans
___ 121. The oldest dinosaurs are of ? age. A.Pennsylvanian B.Permian C.Triassic D.Jurassic E.Cretaceous
___ 122. A ? is a symmetrical fish tail in which the vertebrae extend outward to the tip. A.heterocercal
B.hypocercal C.homocercal D.diphycercal
___ 123. ? have a diphyodont dentition. A.osteichthyes B.amphibians C.reptiles D.birds E.mammals
___ 124. Elephant tusks are A.canines B.incisors C.it depends upon the type of elephant
___ 125. The oldest fishes are of ? age. A.Proterozoic B.Cambrian C.Ordovician D.Silurian E.Devonian
___ 126. Which of the following have a “crocodile-normal” ankle joint? A.crocodiles B.aetosaurs
C.rauisuchians D.phytosaurs E.all of the above have a “crocodile-normal” ankle joint
___ 127. The ? were Jurassic-age, mouse-sized mammals that had an articular-quadrate and dentary-squamosal
articulation. A.symmetrodonts B.docodonts C.multituberculates D.tricondonts E.monotremes
___ 128. The earliest reptiles were probably ? in habits. A.amphibious B.terrestrial
___ 129. In the ? the pubis pointed backward and there was a predentary. A.saurischians B.ornithischians
___ 130. The angle of the jaw is usually inflected medially and there is a stylar shelf on the upper molars in
A.marsupials B.placentals C.multituberculates D.tricondonts E.monotremes
___ 131. The ichthyostegids ? ancestral to other tetrapod groups. A.were B.were not
___ 132. ? were typically dorsoventrally compressed fishes with head and trunk shields; in advanced types the
shields were connected by a ball-and-socket articulation. A.acanthodians B.chondrichthyans
C.placoderms D.actinopterygians E.sarcopterygians
___ 133. In teleosts, the ? becomes the primary tooth-bearing element in the upper jaw. A.maxilla B.squamosal
C.dentary D.articular E.premaxilla
___ 134. Which of the following is a “tethythere”? A.hyrax B.dugong C.manatee D.elephant E.all of these
are “tethytheres”
___ 135. The ? were aquatic reptiles of Jurassic and Cretaceous age; they had paddle-like appendages and their
ventral ribs formed a basket-like structure. A.mesosaurs B.mosasaurs C.nothosaurs D.placodonts
E.plesiosaurs
___ 136. ? had no leaves or roots, the stems were capped by sporangia, and they were homosporous.
A.Rhyniophyta B.Sphenopsida C.Zosterophyllopsida D.Psilopsida E.Lycophyta
___ 137. The oldest ceratopsians were ? age. A.Pennsylvanian B.Permian C.Triassic D.Jurassic E.Cretaceous
___ 138. ? have a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and an endostyle organ. A.echinoderms
B.hemichordates C.calcichordates D.chordates E.all of the above have a notochord, dorsal hollow
nerve cord, and an endostyle organ
___ 139. Most modern plants belong to the A.Anthophyta B.Coniferales C.Ginkgoales D.Pteridospermophyta
E.Cycadophya
___ 140. The bolosaurids, procolophonoids and pareisaurs were A.carnivores B.herbivores
___ 141. The primitive ray-finned fish tail was A.hypocercal B.diphycercal C.homocercal D.heterocercal
___ 142. Some ? are diprotodont. A.marsupials B.placentals C.multituberculates D.tricondonts
E.monotremes
___ 143. Pleurodonty is characteristic of many A.crocodilians B.dinosaurs C.phytosaurs D.lizards
E.rhynchosaurs
___ 144. In the ?, the wings are supported by four fingers. A.pterosaurs B.birds C.bats D.in all of the above,
the wings are supported by four fingers
___ 145. The ? were shrub- or tree-like plants with pinnately-compound, strap-like leaves; the male and female
cones were very similar. A.Cycadeoidophyta B.Coniferales C.Ginkgoales D.Pteridospermophyta
E.Cycadophya
___ 146. The ? were primarily freshwater sharks that had a diphycercal caudal fin; the teeth had two or three
pointed cusps and there were two anal fins. A.iniopterygians B.eugeneodonts C.xenacanths
D.hybodonts E.symmoriids
___ 147. ? have a urostyle and a rod-shaped ilium; the skull forms an “open” structure and there are only 5 to 9
ribless vertebrae. A.Urodela B.Seymouriamorpha C.Anura D.Apoda E.Aistopoda
___ 148. The Cerapoda and Thyreophora were types of A.aetosaurs B.crocodilians C.ornithischians
D.saurischians E.phytosaurs
___ 149. The ? gave rise to tetrapods. A.acanthodians B.coelacanths C.placoderms D.actinopterygians
E.osteolepiforms
___ 150. A synsacrum, pygostyle and furcula are characteristic of A.bats B.birds C.pterosaurs D.saurischians
E.ornithischians
___ 151. ? have a stapes, malleus and incus. A.osteichthyes B.amphibians C.reptiles D.birds E.mammals
___ 152. Dinocephalians and anomodonts were A.Therapsids B.Mesosaurs C.Placodonts D.Pelycosaurs
E.Mosasaurs
___ 153. Prismatic cartilage is characteristic of the ?; they also typically have placoid scales, claspers and fin
spines. A.acanthodians B.chondrichthyans C.placoderms D.actinopterygians E.sarcopterygians
___ 154. The ? were the giant Early Tertiary carnivorous “terror birds”. A.gruiformes B.diatrymiformes
C.ratites D.phorusrhacids E.moas
___ 155. Dinosaurs ? determinant growth. A.had B.did not have
___ 156. The antiarchs were mud-grubbing ? with “arthropod-like” appendages. A.acanthodians
B.chondrichthyans C.placoderms D.actinopterygians E.sarcopterygians
___ 157. The ? were heavily-built Triassic herbivorous lepidosaurians; advanced types had broad crushing
toothplates and a parrot-like edentulous beak. A.trilophosaurs B.rhynchosaurs C.phytosaurs
D.rauisuchians E.aetosaurs
___ 158. The “titanotheres” were A.elephants B.diprotodonts C.rhinos D.brontotheres E.chalicotheres
___ 159. The modern sharks, skates and rays are A.neoselachians B.eugeneodonts C.xenacanths D.hybodonts
E.symmoriids
___ 160. The phytosaurs, aetosaurs and rauisuchians were of ? age. A.Pennsylvanian B.Permian C.Triassic
D.Jurassic E.Cretaceous
___ 161. The Plantae evolved from A.chrysophytes B.rhodophytes C.phaeophytes D.chlorophytes
E.monerans
___ 162. ? have fused trunk vertebrae, termed the notarium, and a splint-like pteroid on the wrist. A.bats
B.birds C.pterosaurs D.saurischians E.ornithischians
___ 163. Modern sharks and ray-finned fish have ? jaws. A.hyostylic B.holostylic C.autostylic D.amphistylic
___ 164. Which of the following is not an aeluroid? A.hyaenid B.felid C.mustelid D.viverroid
___ 165. ? vertebrae have a wedge-shaped intercentrum and small paired pleurocentra. A.rhachitomous
B.lepospondylous C.anthracosaurian D.stereospondylous E.embolomerous
___ 166. In the ?, the floral parts occur in groups of four or five; the leaves are usually “net veined” and they
have two “seed leaves”. A.Monocotyledenoae B.Coniferales C.Ginkgoales D.Dicotyledonae
E.Cycadophya
___ 167. Theropods were ? dinosaurs. A.saurischian B.ornithischian
___ 168. In ? jaw articulation in fishes, the upper jaws are fused to the braincase. A.hyostylic B.holostylic
C.autostylic D.amphistylic
___ 169. ? had extensive development of a bony, armored carapace; they often had a tail club. A.ornithopods
B.pachycephalosaurs C.sauropodomorphs D.stegosaurs E.ankylosaurs
___ 170. The ? are aquatic mammals whose blunt mouths have thick overhanging lips, and the ribs are thick and
dense. A.desmostylians B.sirenians C.odobenids D.cetaceans E.otariids
___ 171. The most numerous Permian reptiles were A.synapsids B.diapsids C.euryapsids D.anapsids
___ 172. The formation of a trigon, trigonid and talonid are characteristic of A.osteichthyes B.amphibians
C.reptiles D.birds E.mammals
___ 173. Lungfish have a ? jaw articulation. A.hyostylic B.holostylic C.amphistylic D.autostylic
___ 174. ? have no keeled sternum; the scapulo-coracoid forms and obtuse angle and there is an ilioischiatic
fenestrum. A.falconiformes B.ratites C.passeriformes D.strigiformes E.charadriiformes
___ 175. Coelophysoids, ceratosaurs and ornithomimids were A.ornithopods B.pachycephalosaurs
C.sauropodomorphs D.theropods E.ankylosaurs
___ 176. The predator/prey ratios of carnivorous dinosaurs to their prey is most similar to A.reptiles
B.mammals
___ 177. The Sauropterygians belonged to the A.Testudines B.Mesosauria C.Ichthyopterygia
D.Lepidosauromorpha E.Archosauromorpha
___ 178. ? have an upper temporal opening with the postorbital and squamosal meeting below. A.synapsids
B.diapsids C.euryapsids D.anapsids
___ 179. The Gymnomycota, Mastigomycota and Amastigomycota are types of A.rhyniopsids B.lycopsids
C.sphenopsids D.filicopsids E.fungi
___ 180. The largest land mammals were A.elephants B.diprotodonts C.rhinos D.brontotheres E.acreodi
___ 181. ? scales lost the ganoin and cosmine layers; they are thin circular scales with growth rings. A.cosmoid
B.cycloid C.ganoid D.ctenoid
___ 182. The ? are paraxonic. A.artiodactyls B.perissodactyls C.litopterns D.notoungulates E.diprotodonts
___ 183. In ? vertebrae the pleurocentra were reduced or absent; these were found in many Late Permian and
Triassic amphibians. A.rhachitomous B.anthracosaurian C.embolomerous D.lepospondylous
E.stereospondylous
___ 184. The ? are megaphylls; the fronds are often pinnately compound and are circinate. A.Rhyniophyta
B.Sphenopsida C.Filicinophyta D.Psilopsida E.Lycophyta
___ 185. The ? were the “bone-headed” dinosaurs. A.ornithopods B.pachycephalosaurs C.sauropodomorphs
D.theropods E.ankylosaurs
___ 186. ? have a dentary condyle on the jaw articulating with a glenoid in the squamosal. A.osteichthyes
B.amphibians C.reptiles D.birds E.mammals