Troubles of Youth:
Young People, Crime and Justice
A Level Two Unit
Manchester Metropolitan University
B.A. (Honours) Criminology
B.A. (Honours) Criminology and Sociology,
B.A. (Honours) Criminology and Contemporary Culture
B.A./ BSc (Honours) Criminology in Combined Honours
2008 /09
Unit Tutor:
Dan Ellingworth
Room 403
Geoffrey Manton Building
Email: d.m.ellingworth@mmu.ac.uk
Tel: 247 3001
Other Staff:
Chris Fox
Room 411
Geoffrey Manton Building
Email: c.fox@mmu.ac.uk
Tel 247 3031
Wikisite: http://troublesofyouth.pbwiki.com
Contents Page
Introduction ……………………………………………………………. p3
Session Outline ……………………………………………………….. p4
Assessment …................................................................................ p5
Reading List …................................................................................ p6
Troubles of Youth
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Introduction
Welcome to the brand new unit “Troubles of Youth: Young People, Crime and
Justice”. The unit will deal with a range of interconnected areas of study, but
the core material of the unit will consider the strong relationships that are
observed between the experience of being a young person, and the
experience of crime.
You should be familiar enough, now, with critical approach implicit in the
subject of sociology, and as such, you should recognise that the two terms
“young person” and “crime” are both social constructions. By this we mean
that the terms do not exist in a vacuum: both terms are subject to individual
and societal emphases and interpretations.
At times, young people are seen in a positive light: enthusiastic, untainted by
the errors of older generations, and vigorous in pursuing personal and moral
ideals. However, as I am sure you are aware, young people are also, at other
times, seen as ‘yobs’, rejecting of all values society hold true, and the source
of a huge range of social ills – teenage pregnancy, anti-social behaviour and
the cause of the elderly generation cowering in their homes as ‘feral youth’ run
riot in their neighbourhoods. And who do we mean when we talk about ‘young
people’ or ‘youth’? Are these different or overlapping groups of people? Are
we interested in issues relating to children? When does ‘youth’ end? Do we
define ‘youth’ by age, by rights or by responsibilities? What are wider society’s
responsibilities to young people, and how do these vary for different groups of
young people?
Similarly (as you will be aware after your first year of study) the history of
crime control demonstrates that those behaviours subject to formal censure
and punishment are not a given. It all depends…. on who committed the act,
who or what the target was, at what point in history, and in what wider social
context. Acts of drug use, assault, embezzlement, theft, anti-social behaviour
sexual crime etc. have all been responded to with different levels of formal
zeal in different situations. As criminologists, we need to consider issues
relating to offenders (potential and actual), victims (potential and actual),
society more widely (the ‘contexts’ in which crime does or doesn’t occur), and
politics.
As a criminology unit, “Troubles of Youth” has, as already stated, crime at its
core. We need, though, to consider some related, but wider questions. How
do young people’s experiences of education impact on their experiences of
crime, as either offender or victim? Does the world of work represent an
alternative to a life of crime, opportunities for greater levels of offending, or
indeed a source of personal risk to the young person? What divergent forms
of social control are young people subject to, and in what arenas (e.g.
sexuality, politics, leisure activity etc)? What different situations do people find
themselves in, in different parts of the world?
In short, therefore, we are looking to understand the specific and varied
experiences that young people go through in a range of different areas of
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society, and in particular, how these experiences impact on areas of
criminological interest.
Session Outline (this may well be amended)
Term One
29th Sept
6th Oct
17th Nov
Lecture
Intro
Criminological Theory and
Young People
Trends in the Experience of
Youth
Social Construction of Youth
Video – You’re not splitting up
my family
Coursework Week
Age-Crime Curve: Onset and
Desistance
Young people and Risk
24th Nov
Youth Culture and Identity
1st Dec
8th Dec
Gender and Youth
Family and Crime
Term Two
12th Jan
19th Jan
Lecture
The Politics of Youth Justice
Youth Incarceration
26th Jan
Evaluating Youth Policy
2nd Feb
9th Feb
Restorative Justice
Schools and Delinquent
Behaviour
Drug and Alcohol Use
13th Oct
20th Oct
27th Oct
3rd Nov
10th Nov
16th Feb
23rd Feb
2nd March
9th March
16th March
Anti-social Behaviour
Youth Violence
Working with Young
Offenders
Resettlement and Reoffending
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Seminar
No Seminar
Intro
Youth & Crime: Public
Opinion and yours!
Outlining Key Issues
Images of Youth
Essay Planning
Feedback from Essay
Palling
Video – Cotton-wool
kids
Risk Aversion and its
impact
Gangs and Identity
Youth& Crime: Gender
Seminar
Parenting
Political Approaches to
Young People – Every
Child Matters
Experience of Youth
Incarceration
Evaluation Exercise
RJ Video
School based
interventions
Report Planning
ASB Debate
Community
Interventions
Report Planning
Assessment
The assessment for the unit is carried out through two 3000 pieces of
coursework. For submission dates, please refer to:
http://www.hlss.mmu.ac.uk/support/acw-schedule/
Assessment One
Answer ONE of the following questions: word limit is 2000 words.
1. To what extent are young people’s lives affected by ‘risk aversion’, and
what are the effects of this?
2. How useful is the concept of ‘gangs’ to explaining young people’s
deviance?
3. What significance should be placed on economic and political shifts
since 1980 in understanding the experiences of young people?
4. How can an understanding of the age-crime curve inform appropriate
ways of responding to young offenders?
5. What are the important differences in the experience of young women
and young men?
6. Critically assess the links drawn between parenting and youth
deviance.
7. Why do youth justice professionals argue for a reduction in the use of
incarceration for young people, and why has this been unsuccessful?
Assessment Two
Word limit is 2000 words
Choose ONE of the following ‘social problems’ that relating to young people,
and evaluate how effective policy and practice has been in responding to it.
 Disengagement with school
 Drug and/or alcohol abuse
 “At-risk-of-offending” young people
 The resettlement of incarcerated youth
 Cutting re-offending
 Knife and/or gun Violence
 Gang Crime
Write a report on this topic which has two sections:
i. an analysis of the dimensions and causes of the problem.
ii. a critical evaluation of the policy response to this problem
 You can interpret ‘policy response’ in a range of ways: this can include
legal changes, changes in practice made nationally or more locally,
and/or local innovative projects.
 You should provide a clear description of the aim(s) of the policy
response, and an evaluation of whether this aim(s) have been met
 Your research for the case study can combine standard academic
sources (books, journal articles, research monographs) with
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information gained from contact with agencies working in the subject
area.
Reading List
The following reading list is far from complete, and you should only treat this
as a guide. A number of criminological texts that you should be familiar from
your first year units will have chapters of direct relevance to issues relating to
this unit, but there will also be chapters that you may find of considerable help.
One particular area is criminological theory: these are not directly referred to
here, but you will need to apply these theories to the specific concerns of this
unit.
Also note that considerable amounts of the reading list is available online:
most of the journals listed here are available through the library computer
catalogue, and reports by organisations such as NACRO, the Youth Justice
Board, IPPR and the Home Office are nearly always published online in their
entirety, or occasionally in summary.
General Texts
Bateman, T. and Pitts, J (2005) The RHP Companion to Youth Justice, Lyme Regis,
RHP
Brown, S (2005) Understanding youth and crime, Buckingham , OUP
Goldson, B (ed) (2000) The New Youth Justice, Lyme Regis, Russell House
Publishing
Kirton, D (2005) Young people and crime in Hale, C et al (eds) (2005) Criminology,
OUP, Oxford
Muncie, J (1999) Youth and Crime: A Critical Introduction, Sage, London
Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings,
London, Sage
Scraton, P (ed) (1997) Childhood in Crisis?, London, UCL Press
Smith, R (2003) Youth Justice: Ideas, Policy, Practice, Willan, Cullompton
Context Setting
Aries, P (1973) Centuries of Childhood, Harmondsworth, Penguin
Boyle, J (1977) A Sense of Freedom, Canongate Press, Edinburgh
Brooks, L (2006) The Story of Childhood: Growing up in Modern Britain,
Bloomsbury, London
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Campbell, B (1993) Goliath: Britain’s Dangerous Places, London, Methuen
Davis, J (1990) Youth and the Condition of Britain, Athlone Press, London
Flood-Page, C., Campbell, S., Harrington, V., and Miller, J. (2000) Youth Crime:
Findings from the 1998/99 Youth Lifestyles Survey, Home Office Research Study
209, London, Home Office
Jenks, C (2005) Childhood, Routledge, London
Kozol, J (1995) Amazing Grace: The Lives of Children and the Conscience of a
Nation, New York, Harper Perennial
Newburn, T (2002) Disaffected Young People in Poor Communities, PPRU Paper
No.1, Goldsmiths College, Public Policy Research Unit
MacDonald, R (ed) (1997) Youth, the Underclass and Social Exlusion, London,
Routledge
MacDonald, R and Marsh, J (2005) Disconnected Youth: Growing up in Britain’s
poor neighbourhoods, Basingstoke, Macmillan
Nakou, S. and Pantelakis, S. (1997) The Child in the World of Tomrorrow, Oxford,
Pergamon Press
Postman, N (1994) The Disappearance of Childhood, Vintage, New York
Roche, J and Tucker, S (1997) Youth in society: contemporary theory, policy and
practice, London: Sage
Wyn, J and White, R (1997) Rethinking Youth, Sage, London
Wyn, J and White, R (2000) ‘Negotiating Social Change: The Paradox of Youth’,
Youth and Society, Vol. 32, No 2 165-183
Patterns of Young People’s Offending
Bachelor, S, Burman, M and Brown, J. (2001) ‘Discussing Violence: Let’s Hear it
from the Girls’, Probation Journal, 48 (2): pp 125-34
Bachelor, S and Burman, M (2004) Working with Girls and Young Women in
McIvor, G (ed.) Women who Offend, Jessica Kingsley, London
Curtis, S (1999) Children who Break the Law, Waterside Press
Davies, B (1996) Threatening Youth, Milton Keynes, Open University Press
East, K and Campbell, S (2000) Aspects of Crime: Young Offenders 1999, Home
Office, London
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Estrada, F. (2001) ‘Juvenile violence as a social problem: Trends, media attention and
societal response’, British Journal of Criminology, 41: 639-55
Farrington D. (1992) `Trends in English juvenile delinquency and their explanation'
International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice Vol. 16, No 2 pp.
151-163
FitzGerald, M.,Stockdale, J. and Hale, C. (2003) Young People and Street Crime.
Youth Justice Board for England and Wales: London.
Graham J. and Bowling, B (1995) Young People and Crime, HORS 145, London,
Home Office
Hagell, A and Newburn, T (1994) Persistent Young Offenders, London, Policy
Studies Institute
Jeffrey C., and Mcdowell, L ‘Youth in a Comparative Perspective: Global Change,
Local Lives’, Youth & Society, Vol. 36 No. 2, December 2004 131-142
McNeill, F., and Batchelor, S. (2004) Persistent Offending by Young People, London,
National Association of Probation Officers
NACRO (2004) Some Facts About Young People who Offend 2002, Youth Crime
Briefing, London, NACRO
Shaw, C and McKay, H. (1942) Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas, Chicago:
University of Chicago Press
Tonry, M and Doob A. (eds) (2004) Youth Crime and Youth Justice. Comparative
and Cross National Perspectives, Vol. 31 Crime and Justice: a Review of Research.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Wikstrom, P-O and Loeber, R. (2000) ‘Do disadvantaged neighbourhoods cause welladjusted children to become adolescent delinquents? A study of male serious juvenile
offending, individual risk and protective factor, and neighbourhood context,
Criminology, 38: 1109-42
Wright, R., Brookman, F. and Bennett, T.H. (2006) ‘The foreground dynamics of
street robbery in Britain’, British Journal of Criminology. Vol. 46, no. 1. pp.1-15.
Young People in Political and Media Discourse
Audit Commission (1996) Misspent Youth: Young People and Crime, Audit
Commission, London
Audit Commission (1998) Misspent Youth ‘98: the Challenge for Youth Justice,
Audit Commission, London
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Chief Secretary to the Treasury (2003) Every Child Matters (Green Paper), Cm 5860,
HMSO, London
Clarke, J (1975) ‘The three Rs – repression, rescue and rehabilitation: ideologies of
control for working class youth’ in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds)
(2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage
Edwards, L and Becky Hatch (2003) Passing Time: A report about young people and
communities, IPPR, London
Franklin, B., and Petley, J., (1996) ‘Killing the age of innocence: newspaper reporting
of the death of James Bulger’ in in J. Pilcher and S.Wagg (eds) Thatcher’s Children?
Politics, childhood and society in the 1908s and 1990s, Falmer Press, London
Goldson, B.; Lavalette, M.; McKechnie, J. (eds) (2002) Children, Welfare and the
State, London, Sage
Hendrick, H. (1997) Constructions and Reconstructions of British childhood: an
interpretative survey, 1800 to the present, in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E.
(eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage
Home Office (1997) Tackling Youth Crime: A Consultation Paper, London, Home
Office
Home Office (2003) Using Powers to Take a Stand against Yobs, London, Home
Office
Jewkes, Y. (2004) Crime and the Media, Sage, London esp. Ch4. “Media
Constructions of Children: ‘Evil Monsters’ and ‘Tragic Victims’”
Labour Party (1996) Tackling Youth Crime: Reforming Youth Justice, London,
Labour Party
Magarey, S (1978) ‘The invention of juvenile delinquency in early nineteenth-century
England’ in Labour History No 34. pp11-25 (also available abridged in Muncie, J.;
Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London,
Sage
McRobbie, A. and Thornton, S. (1995) Rethinking ‘moral panic’ for multi-mediated
social worlds, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 46, No 4, pp 559-74 (also available
in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical
Readings, London, Sage)
Mizen, P (2003) ‘The best days of your life? Youth, policy and Blair’s New Labour’,
Critical Social Policy, 23(4): 453-76
Morrison, B (1997) As If, London, Granta
Newburn, T. (1996) ‘Back to the Future? Youth crime, youth justice and the
rediscovery of ‘authoritarian populism’’ in J. Pilcher and S.Wagg (eds) Thatcher’s
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Children? Politics, childhood and society in eth 1908s and 1990s, Falmer Press,
London
Pearson, G (1983) Hooligan, a History of Respectable Fears, Macmillan, London
Pearson, G (1993/4) Youth Crime and moral decline: permissiveness and tradition, in
Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings,
London, Sage
Pitts, J (2001) The new politics of youth crime: discipline or solidarity? Basingstoke :
Palgrave
Platt, A (1969) The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency, Chicago, Il, Chicago
University Press
Rose, N (1989) Governing the Soul, London: Routledge
Scraton, P. and Haydon, D. (2002) Challenging the criminalization of children and
young people available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth
Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage
Welch, M., Price, E., and Yankey, N. (2002) ‘Moral Panic over Youth Violence:
Wilding and the Manufacture of Menace in the Media’, Youth and Society, Vol. 34,
No 1, 3-30
Age and development
Agnew, R (2003) ‘An integrated theory of the adolescent peak in offending’, Youth
and Society, Vol. 34, No 3 pp263-299
Farrington, D.P. (2002) Ch 19 Developmental Criminology and Risk-focused
prevention, in Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and Reiner, R (2002) The Oxford Handbook
of Criminology, 3rd edition, Oxford, OUP
Farrington D.P.(1992) Criminal Career Research in the United Kingdom; Brit. J. of
Crim. Vol 32. No 4.
Hirschi, T and M.Gottfredson (1983) Age and the Explanation of Crime, The
American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 89, No. 3.
Homel, R (2005) Ch 4. ‘Developmental crime prevention’ in Tilley, N (2005)
Handbook of Crime Prevention and Community Safety, Cullompton, Willan
Moffitt, T.E (1993) Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial
Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy, Psychological Review, Vol. 100, No. 4.
Rutherford, A (1992) Growing out of crime: Society and young people in trouble,
Penguin, Harmondsworth
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Sampson, R.J. and Laub, J.H. (1993) Crime in the making: pathways and turning
points through life, London : Harvard University Press
Sampson, R.J. and Laub, J.H. (2003) Shared beginnings, divergent lives: delinquent
boys to age 70; London: Harvard University Press
Smith, D.J. (2002) Ch 20 Crime and the Life Course, in Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and
Reiner, R (2002) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, 3rd edition, Oxford, OUP
Young People and Risk
Cieslek, M and Pollock, G (eds) (2002) Young People in Risk Society: The
Restructuring of Youth Identities and Transitions in Late Modernity, Aldershot,
Ashgate
Collinshaw, S., Maughan, B., Goodman, R. and Pickles, A. (2004) ‘Time Trends in
adolescent mental health’, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45(8):1350-62
Fleming, M et al (2006) Safety in Cyberspace: Adolescents’ Safety and Exposure
Online; Youth & Society, Volume 38 Number 2
France, A (2000) Towards a sociological understanding of youth and their risk taking,
Journal of Youth Studies, 3(3): 317-31
Furedi, F (2001) Paranoid Parenting, London, Allen Lane
Gill, T (2007) No Fear: Growing Up in a Risk Averse Society; London, Calouste
Gulbenkian Foundation
Green, E., Mitcehll, W., and Bunton, R. (2000) ’Contextualising risk and danger: an
analysis of young people’s perceptions of risk, Journal of Youth studies, 3 (2): 109-26
Hazard, B.P and Lee, C ‘Understanding Youth’s Health-Compromising Behaviours in
Germany: an application of the risk-behaviour framework’ Youth and Society, Vol.
30, No 3, pp348-366
Mitchell, W., Burton, R., and Green, E. (eds) Young People, Risk and Leisure:
Constructing Identities in Everyday Life’, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan
Palmer, S (2007) Toxic Childhood: How The Modern World Is Damaging Our
Children And What We Can Do About It, London, Orion
Plant, M. and Plant, M. (1992) Risk Takers: Alcohol, Drugs, Sex and Youth, London:
Routledge
Thom, B, Sales, R and Pearce, J (eds) (2007) Growing up with Risk, Bristol, Policy
Press
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The Youth Justice System
‘Juvenile Crime and the State’s Response’ in Joyce, P. (2006) Criminal Justice: and
introduction to crime and the criminal justice system, Cullompton, Willan
‘Youth Crime and Youth Justice’ in Newburn, T (2003) Crime and Criminal Justice
Policy (2nd ed.), Harlow, Longman
Ch 2 Youth Justice: discretion in pre-court decision making (Vicky Kemp and
Lorraine Gelsthorpe) in Gelsthorpe and Padfield (ed.) “Exercising Discretion”
Ashford, M (1998) Making Criminals out of Children: abolishing the presumption of
doli incapax, Criminal Justice, 16, 16-17
Austin, J and Krisberg, B. (1981) Wider, stronger and different nets: the dialectics of
criminal justice reform’ Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, Vol. 18, No
1, pp 165-196 (also available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002)
Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage)
Burnett, R and Appleton, C (2004) Joined up Youth Justice: Tackling Youth Crime in
Partnership, Lyme Regis, RHP
Burnett, R and Catherine Appleton (2004) Joined-Up Services to Tackle Youth Crime
The British Journal of Criminology; 44, 1
Davies, Z and McMahon, W (eds) (2007) Debating Youth Justice: From punishment
to problem solving?, Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, KCL
Easton, S. and Piper, C. (2005) Sentencing and Punishment: The Quest for Justice,
Oxford, OUP Ch 7 & 9
Holdaway, S. et al. (2001) New Strategies to Address Youth Offending: The National
Evaluation of the Pilot Youth Offending tams, Home Office RDS Occasional Paper
no.69, Home Office, London
Hough, M and Roberts, J.V. (2004) Youth Crime and Youth Justice: Public Opinion
in England and Wales, Policy Press, London (summary available online at
http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/fileLibrary/pdf/summary.pdf )
Morgan, R (2007) ‘Youth Justice: Rearranging the deckchairs or real reform?’
Criminal Justice Matters no. 69 Autumn
NACRO (2000) Proportionality in the Youth Justice System, Youth Justice Briefing,
London, NACRO
O’Mahoney, D (2000) Young People, Crime and Criminal Justice: Patterns and
Prospects for the Future, Youth & Society, Vol 32, No 1
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Platt, A (1974) The Triumph of benevolence: the origins of the juvenile justice system
in the United States, available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002)
Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage
Tonry, M and Doob A. (eds)(2004) Youth Crime and Youth Justice. Comparative and
Cross National Perspectives, Vol. 31 Crime and Justice: a Review of Research.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
United Nations (2002) Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Right of the
Child: UK, United Nations (UNCRC/C15 Add.188)
Youth Incarceration
‘The Werrington Experience’ in Ramsbottom, D (2003) Prisongate: The Shocking
State of Britain’s Prisons and the need for Visionary Change, Simon and Schuster,
London
Farrington, D (et al) (2000) Evaluation of Intensive Regimes for Young Offenders,
Research Findings No.121, Home Office RDS, London, Home Office
Goldson, B (2002a) Vulnerable Inside: Children in Secure and Penal Settings,
London, The Children’s Society
Goldson, B (20002b) ‘New punitiveness: the politics of child incarceration’ in
Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings,
London, Sage
Howard League (1995) Banged Up, Beaten Up, Cutting Up: The Report of the
Howard League Commission of Inquiry into violence in penal institutions for
teenagers under 18, London, Howard League for Penal Reform
Lyon, J., Dennison, C., and Wilson, A (2000) Tell Them so they Listen: Messages
from Young People in Custody, Research Study 2001, London, Home Office
Muncie, J (1990) ‘Failure never matters’, Critical Social Policy, No 28, pp53-60
(available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice:
Critical Readings, London, Sage)
NACRO (2003) A Failure of Justice: Reducing Child Imprisonment, London:
NACRO
National Audit Office (2004) Youth Offending: The Delivery of Community and
Custodial Services, HC 190 Session 2003-2004
Neustatter, A (2002) Locked in Locked Out: the experience of young offenders out of
society and in prison, London, Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
Simon, J (1995) The boot camp and the limits of modern penality, Social Justice, Vol.
22 No. 2 pp 25-48 (available in Muncie, J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002)
Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London, Sage)
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Stewart, G., and Tutt, N. (1987) Children in Custody, Aldershot, Avebury
Youth Justice Board (2000) Factors Associated with Differential Rates of Youth
Custodial Sentencing, London, Youth Justice Board
Youth Justice Board (2001) Risk and Protective Factors Associated with Youth Crime
and Effective Interventions to Prevent it, Research Note 5, London, Youth Justice
Board
Working with Young Offenders
Baker, K., Jones, S, Roberts, C. and Merrington, S. (2000) The Evaluation of the
Validity and Reliability of the Youth Justice Board’s Assessment for Young People
who Offend: Findings from the first Two Years of the Use of ASSET, London, Youth
Justice Board
Feilzer, M., Appleton, C., Roberts, C. and Hoyle, C. (2004) The National Evaluation
of the Youth Justice Board’s Cognitive Behavioural Projects, London, Youth Justice
Board
Pitts, J (1999) Working with Young Offenders, 2nd ed. London, MacMillan
Utting, D (1996) Reducing Criminality Among Young People: A Sample of Relevant
Programmes in the UK, Home Office Research Study No. 161, London: HMSO
Wikstrom, P-O (2002) Adolescent Crime in Context. The Peterborough Youth Study:
Report to the Home Office, Cambridge, University of Cambridge Institute of
Criminology
Gangs
Bjerregaard B. (2002) Self-Definitions of Gang Membership and Involvement in
Delinquent Activities, Youth and Society, Vol34, No1 pp31-54
Cloward, R.A. and Ohlin, L.E. (1960) Delinquency and Opportunity: A theory of
Delinquent gangs, Free Press, New York
Cohen, A (1955) Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang, New York, Free Press
Miller, W.B. (1958) Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang
Delinquency, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 15 No 1
Morash, M. (1983) Gangs, Groups, And Delinquency, British Journal of Criminology,
Vol. 23 No. 4
Culture, Lifestyle and Identity
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Brake, M (1980) The Sociology of Youth Culture and Youth Subcultures, Routledge
and Kegan Paul, London
Cohen, S (1980) Folk Devils and Moral Panics, Martin Robertson, London
Currie, E (2004) The Road to Whatever: Middle-class Culture and the Crisis of
Adolescence, Metropolitan Books, New York
Erikson, E (1968) Identity: Youth in Crisis, Norton, New York
Flood-Page, C. et al (2000) Findings from the 1998/99 Youth Lifestyles Survey,
London, Home Office
Hall, S and Jefferson, T (1976) Resistance through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in
Post-War Britain, Hutchison, London
Hayward (2002) The vilification and pleasures of youthful transgression in Muncie,
J.; Hughes, G.; McLaughlin E. (eds) (2002) Youth Justice: Critical Readings, London,
Sage
Hebdige, D (1987) Subculture: The Meaning of Style, Methuen London
Katz, J (1988) The Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions of doing Evil,
New York, Basic Books
Matza, D (1964) Delinquency and Drift, Wiley, New York
Matza, D (1969) Becoming Deviant, Prentice Hall, New Jersey
McRobbie, A (1991) Feminism and Youth Culture, Macmillan, London
McRobbie, A (1994) A Cultural Sociology of youth’ in A McRobbie (ed)
Postmodernism and Popular Culture, Routledge, London
Miles, S (2000) Youth Lifestyles in a Changing World, Buckingham, Open University
Press
Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone, New York, Simon & Schuster
Raffo, C and Reeves, M. (2000) ‘Youth Transitions and social exclusion:
developments in social capital theory’, Journal of Youth Studies, 3(2): 147-66
Redhead, S (1993) Rave Off: Politics and Deviance in Contemporary Youth Culture,
Avebury, Aldershot
Families and Parenting
Barrett, H. (2003) Parenting Programmes for Families at Risk, London: National
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