The following is a breakdown of Section C:
Applied Anatomy and Physiology
Ensure you learn all the parts listed and you will fly through
your exam!!!
This section needs to be linked to another section, ‘Factors
Affecting Participation and Performance’
Bones
You should be able to:
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Understand the term ossification
Identify the composition of bones
Explain the main functions of the skeleton
Be able to identify the main bones in the body and explain their
importance in relation to specific sporting activities
Be able to classify bones and provide examples
Relate different bones to joint movements during sporting activities
Explain the importance of diet and exercise in maintaining bone
strength
Joints, Tendons and Ligaments
You should be able to:
-
Define the term joint and understand its importance and usage in
exercise and sport
Name and locate the components of a synovial joint and explain its
structure
Describe cartilage and its function, in sporting activities and relation
to joints in the body
Recognise and describe the types of joints-hinge, pivot, ball and
socket
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Describe the range of movement at specific joionts: flexion,
extension, adduction, abduction, rotation as related to particular skills
and sporting actions
Recognise and describe the differences between ligaments and
tendons, in terms of structure to which they are attached
Muscle and Muscle Action
You should be able to:
-
Classify muscles-involuntary, voluntary and cardiac
Describe the whereabouts and functions of the main muscles in the
body
Give examples of each muscle type and identify their importance in
relation to sport
Explain the functioning of antagonistic pairs of muscles and be able to
explain their importance specifically to sporting actions
Explain what is meant by fast and slow twitch muscles and explain
their relevance to specific sports
Describe posture and explain its importance
Explain how muscle strength, endurance and size and action can be
improved by training for sports, daily life and rehab
The Circulatory System
You should be able to:
-
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Identify the atria, ventricles, septum, tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral) and
semi-lunar valves, aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery and pulmonary
vein and explain their importance in the circulatory system and
specifically understand how they can be affected by exercise
Describe how the heart acts as a pump in a double circulatory system,
specifically during the stress of exercise and physical activity
Define heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output and explain the
effects of physical exercise in relation to changes in them
-
-
Compare arteries, capillaries and veins (including reference to deoxygenated and oxygenated blood) in terms of thickness of vessel
wall, internal lumen, presence or absence of valves, blood pressure and
direction of blood flow. Explain how these might be affected under
the stress of exercise and competition
Describe the functions of red cells, white cells, platelets and plasma
in terms of transport and body defence. Describe their importance in
relation to sports potential, exercise, training and competiton
The Respiratory System
You should be able to:
Identify the positions of the larynx, trachea, bronchi bronchioles and
alveoli and explain the effects of exercise upon them
- Describe the functions of the naval passages and the lungs with
respect to sporting activities and the effects of exercise upon them
- Describe the mechanisms of breathing (inspiration and expiration) and
rest and explain, with reference to the ribs and diaphragm, the
adaptations resulting from exercise
- Describe the biomechanical aspects of respiration, especially the need
to support exercise, with particular reference to the use of glucose
and oxygen
- Describe the production of carbon dioxide, water and the release of
energy in response to physical activity and compare normal conditions
with training and competition
You should be able to show the importance of the following in relation to
planning, performing and evaluating a Personal Exercise Programme
-
The relative composition of inhaled and exhaled air
The terms:
Oxygen debt
Vital Capacity
Tidal Volume
As bought about by physical exercise
- The terms aerobic and anaerobic exercise and recognize their role in
relation to exercise
- Lactic acid production in muscles and its effects during exercise
-
The following is a breakdown of Section A:
Exercise and Training
Ensure you learn all the parts listed and you will fly through
your exam!!!
This section needs to be linked, ‘Factors Affecting
Participation and Performance’, make sure you know how to
and why people get involved in sport and understand why it is
important to have a healthy lifestyle. You should be able to
relate these factors to your chosen activity.
Reasons for Taking Part in Activity
You should be able to:
-
Recognise how physical activity:
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Helps the individual to feel good d look good
Enhances the body shape
Contributes to good health and enjoyment of life
Understand how physical activity can help relieve stress/tension and
stress related illness
-
Recognise and explain how membership of sporting clubs and
particiption in sporting activities stimulates:
-Co-operation
-Competition
-Physical challenge
-Aesthetic appreciation
-Recognise and explain how physical activity encourages the development
of friendships and social mixing
Health, Fitness, Exercise and Performance
You should be able to:
-
-
-
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Define health (“A complete state of complete mental, physical and
social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity)
and explain how it can be achieved
Define fitness (‘The ability to meet the demands of the environment’)
and explain this in respect of physical activity
Explain performance in terms of how a task is completed
Define exercise (‘A form of physical activity done primarily to improve
one’s health and physical fitness’) and explain this in respect to
physical activity
Define cardiovascular fitness and explain its importance to a healthy
lifestyle
Define the terms:
-Muscular strength
-Muscular endurance
-Flexibility
-Body composition
and explain how they are important in the performance of physical
activities
Identify specific activities and explain why they are suitable to
improve the above areas of fitness
Skill Related Fitness
You should be able to:
- Define the terms:
-Agility
-Balance
-Co-ordination
-Power
-Reaction time
-Speed
-
Explain how and why each factor is important and relate to a sporting
situation/skill
Principles of Training
You should be able to:
-
Define and explain the terms:
-Overload
-Progression
-Specificity
-
Describe what is meant by:
-Meeting individual needs
-Thresholds of training
-
Explain the FITT principle
- Understand and explain the use of these principles and show how
they may be applied in planning a PEP to improve cardiovascular fitness,
muscular strength, muscular endurance and flexibility.
Methods of Training
You should be able to:
-
-
Describe, with examples, isotonic and isometric contraction and
explain the difference between them in relation to sporting activities
Describe what is meant by, circuit, weight, interval, fartlek and
continuous training and explain why each is important to different
sports
Plan, perform, monitor and evaluate a 6 week Personal Exercise
Programme, relating it to the Principles of Training
Show an understanding of an exercise session (warm up, main section,
cool down)
-
-
Explain the role of aerobic and anaerobic activity in relation to
exercise
Describe the immediate effects of activity, effects of regular
training/exercise and the long term benefits of exercise on the
bones, joints and muscles
Describe the immediate effects and long term benefits of activity on
the respiratory and cardiovascular systems
Understand what is meant by recovery rates, plot examples on a graph
and evaluate results
Graphically demonstrate and explain the use of target zones
The following is a breakdown of Section B:
Safety Aspects and Risk Assessment in Sport and
Physical Activity
Ensure you learn all the parts listed and you will fly through
your exam!!!
Prevention of Injury
You should be able to:
- Understand the values of:
-The rules of different games
-Correct clothing/footwear, protective clothing/equipment for
different sports
-Balanced competition in terms of
grading/skills/levels/weight/sex
-Warm up and cool down practices
Sports Injuries
You should be able to recognize the basic signs and symptoms of the
conditions listed below. You should also be able to identify the risks and
explain the preventative measures that should be taken.
-Fractures
-Joint Injuries-dislocation, tennis elbow, cartilage of the knee,
twisted ankle
-Unconsciousness/concussion
-Soft tissue damage
-Skin damage: cuts/grazes/blisters
-Dehydration/hypothermia
-DRABC and resuscitation
-Recovery position
-RICE