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Objectives for Lecture 1
1. List the definitions for perspective terminology
2. List the system organization
3. Discuss the anatomical positions, directions, regions, & movements
4. Describe the cellular membrane structure
5. Explain the internal cellular components
6. Discuss the structure & function of DNA
7. Compare the 3 types of RNA and their function
8. Explain active & passive cellular movement
9. Describe the process of diffusion, osmosis, osmotic pressure, filtration
10 Explain the carrier-mediated transport
11. Explain homeostatic regulation
12. Discuss atoms & molecules in structure, & bonds
13. Explain the terms catabolism, anabolism, synthesis, kinetic energy
14. Compare the organic compounds carbohydrates, lipids, proteins in structure
& functions
15. Discuss the function & structure of epithelial tissue
16. Give examples of epithelial tissue types
17. Discuss the function & structure of connective tissue
18. List the connective tissue types
19. List the types of fluid connective tissue type
20. Compare cartilage & bone supportive connective tissue
21. Discuss the membrane tissue types
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22. Compare skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle
23. Describe the different neural tissue types
24. State the function of the integumentary system
25. Compare the layers of the skin & their function
26. Describe 2 primary & secondary lesions of the integumentary system
27. Explain the differences in the types of tissue trauma
28. Discuss the differences in the degree of a tissue burn
29. List the phases of wound healing
30. State at least 2 factors that affect wound healing
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Anatomy & Physiology: Unit 1
I. Terminology= anatomy – study of internal & external structure & physical
relationship; physiology – how things work
A. Perspective terms
1. Microscopic anatomy
2. Cytology
3. Histology
4. Gross anatomy
5. Surface anatomy
6. Regional anatomy
7. Systemic anatomy
B. Levels of Organization
1. Chemical or Molecular
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism Level
C. System Organization – dependent on each other
1. Integumentary
2. Skeletal
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
5. Endocrine
6. Cardiovascular
7. Respiratory
8. Lymphatic
9. Digestive
10. Urinary
11. Reproductive
D. Positional Language
1. Anatomical Position
a. Prone – face down
b. Supine – face up
2. Anatomical Directions
a. Anterior – toward front (ventral)
b. Posterior – towards back (dorsal)
c. Cranial - head
d. Superior – up toward head
e. Inferior – down toward foot
f. Lateral – away from mid-line
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g. Distal – from trunk
h. Medial – to midline
i. Proximal – to trunk
3. Anatomical Regions
a. Abdominal quadrants
1) 4 Quadrants
a. Right Upper
b. Left Upper
c. Right Lower
d. Left Lower
2) 9 Regions
a. R hypochondriac region
b. R lumbar region
c. R inguinal region
d. L hypochondriac
e. L lumbar
f. L inguinal
g. Epigastric
h. Umbilical
i. Hypogastric
4. Terminology of Body Movement
a. Flexion
b. Extension
c. Abduction
d. Adduction
e. Pronation
f. Supination
g. Opposition
i. Circumduction
j. Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion/ eversion & inversion
5. Topographical anatomy of chest
a. Anterior
1) Midsternal
2) Midclavicular
3) Anterior axillary
4) Costal margin
5) Costochondral junction
6) Xiphoid
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b. Posterior
1) Midscapular line
2) Midspinal line
3) Scapula
4) Spinous process
c. Lateral chest
1) Anterior axillary
2) Midaxillary line
3) Posterior axillary
d. Palnes/Sections
1) Transverse
2) Frontal
3) Sagittal
e. Cavities
1) Throacic
2) Abdominalpelvic
3) Cranial
4) Spinal
5) Pericardial
6) Pleural
7) Medialsternal- between lungs contains heart &
great vessels
8) Peritoneal
9) Periostium
E. Radiological Procedures
1. X-rays
2. Computed Tomography (CT)
3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
4. Ultrasound
F. Homeostasis
1. Terminology
a. Receptor
b. Control center
c. Effector
2. Feedback
a. Negative
b. Positive
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II. The Human Cell & Structure
A. Cell= the smallest functioning unit; the building block for plants &
Animals
1. Cytology= study of cells
2. Diversity
3. Matter
4. Mass
5. Elements
6. Atom
7. Enzymes
B. Cellular Structure
1. External Environment – extracellular
2. Cell Membrane (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates)
NOT RIGID STRUCTURE
a. Functions of membrane
1) Physical barrier
2) Regulation exchange
3) Sensitivity
4) Structural support
b. Phospholipid bilayer
1) Head (hydrophilic) & Tail (hydrophobic)
2) Phospholipid major component
b. Proteins
1) Receptors
2) Channels
3) Carriers
4) Anchors
5) Enzymes
6) Identifiers
c. Carbohydrates
1) Functions
3. Cytoplasm- inside stuff
a. Organelles
1) Cytoskeleton
a) Microfilaments
b) Microtubules
2) Microvilli
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3) Centrioles
4) Cilia
5) Flagella
6) Ribosomes
7) Endoplasmic Reticulum
a) Smooth
b) Rough
8) Golgi Apparatus
9) Lysosomes
10) Mitochondria – POWERHOUSE
a) Mitochondrial energy production
11) Peroxisomes
4. Nucleus – control center
a. Nucleus
1) Usually single nucleus
2) Exception – skeletal muscles
a) RBC = none
b. Nuclear envelope
1) Nucleoplasm – fluid (ions, enzymes, RNA/DNA
nucleotides, proteins, small amounts RNA/DNA
2) Nuclear pores
c. Chromosomes
d. Chromatin
e. Nucleoli – organelle synthesizes parts ribosomes
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f. Genetic Code
1) Gene
2) Histone
3) DNA
a) Base Pairs
(1) Adenine
(2) Thymine
(3) Guanine
(4) Cytosine
(5) Uracil (RNA)
b) Structure
4) RNA- protein synthesis (controls all functions cells)
a) Messenger RNA
b) Transfer RNA
c) Ribosomal RNA
b) Protein synthesis
(1) Transcription - nucleus
(2) Translocation – cytoplasm
(a) mRNA to rRNA
(a) Codon
(b) Stop signal
C. Cellular Movement
1. Types
a. Active
b. Passive
2. Transport (IV Fluids & Movement)
a. Diffusion
b. Osmosis
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c. Osmotic Pressure
d. Filtration – water forced out into interstitial space
1) hydrostatic pressure
2) Oncotic force – opposing force pull water in
e. Carrier-Mediated Transport
f. Active – energy needed (ATP) for ion movement
1) Pumps- (Na/K Pump)
2) Enzymes
3) Proteins
4) Channel
f. Vesicular Transport
1) Endocytosis
a) Pinocytosis
b) Phagocytosis
2) Exocytosis
g. Osmotic pressure – pressure exerted by concentration
solutes one side of semipermeable membrane
1) Colloid osmotic pressure – protein pressure
h. Hydrostatic pressure – pressure against vessel wall
created by contraction heart
3. Fluid types
a. Crystalloids
1) Isotonic – equal to blood (NS & LR)
2) Hypertonic – higher concentration
3) Hypotonic – lower concentration (D5W)
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b. Dextrose
c. Colloids – large proteins can't pass thru capillary ;
remain intravascular & have osmotic pressure
1) Plasmanate
2) Albumin
3) Dextran
4) Hetastarch
d. Blood
D. Cellular Division
1. Terminology
a. Mitosis- most cells involved in this reproduction
b. Meiosis – reproduction of sexual cells.
2. Phases
a. Interphase – beginning no actual movement
b. Prophase – chromosomes coil tightly and become visible
c. Metaphase – chromosomes align in metaphase plate
d. Anaphase – centromere pair split & daughter
chromosomes pull towards opposite ends of cell
e. Telophase – cell splits
3. Abnormal Division (cancer) – imbalanced cells
4. Differentiation - specialization
E. Chemical Nature of Cells
1. Structure of Atoms
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a. Particles
1) Protons – positive charge
2) Neutrons – neutral
3) Electrons – lighter & negative charge
b. Isotopes- atoms differ by number electrons/protons
c. Electron shells – number atoms outer shell = chemical
properties
2. Chemical Bonds & Compounds
a. Terms
1) Molecules
2) Compounds
b. Bonds
1) Ionic Bonds
2) Covalent Bonds
3) Hydrogen Bonds
4) Surfactant
3. Chemical Reactions
a. Terms
1) Catabolism – break down of substance
2) Anabolism – build up of substance
3) Synthesis – assemble large molecules
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4) Kinetic Energy – energy in motion
5) Potential energy
6) Reversible
7) Exchange
4. Acids & Bases
a. Terms
1) Acid – releases H ion
2) Base – receives H ion
3) pH – concentration of H ion
4) Buffers – stabilizes pH = neutral
REMEMBER THE BODY LOVES TO STAY IN HARMONY (HOMEOSTASIS)!!!
5. Electrolytes
a. Types
1) Na
2) K
3) Cl
4) Phosphorus
5) Glucose
6) Calcium
7) Magnesium
F. Inorganic Compounds in the Cell-don't have carbon & hydrogen atoms
1. Carbon Dioxide
2. Oxygen
3. Water
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a. Excellent Solvent
b. High Heat Capacity
c. Essential Reactant
4. Solutions – contains fluids & solutes
5. Salts (electrolytes)
6. Inorganic acid & bases
G. Organic Compounds in the Cell
1. Carbohydrates (3% body weight)
a. Monosaccharide
b. Disaccharide
c. Polysaccharide
2. Lipids (fat)- structural component all cells & energy store
a. Fatty Acids
1) Saturated
2) Unsaturated
3) Polyunsaturated
b. Fats
1) Glycerol
2) Triglycerol
c. Steroids
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d. Phospholipids
3. Proteins- most abundant organic compound
a. Function
1) Support
2) Movement
3) Transport
4) Buffering
5) Metabolic regulation
6) Coordination, communication, control
7) Defense
b. Structure
1) Amino Acids
2) Peptide bond
3) Enzymes- important body protein
4) Denatured proteins
4. Nucleic Acid (DNA & RNA)
5. Energy Compounds
a. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)= adenosine
monophophate (AMP) & 2 phosphate groups
b. Krebs Cycle
c. Glycogenolysis
d. Electron transport
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III. Tissue Organization
A. Epithelial Tissue
1. Function
a. Protection
b. Support
c. Control permeability
d. Provides Sensation
e. Produces Specialized Secretions (Endo/Exocrine)
2. Structure
a. Surface
b. Basement Membrane
c. Renewal (Stem Cells/ Germinative)
3. Classification
a. Layers
1) Simple
2) Stratified
b. Cells
1) Squamous
2) Cuboidal
3) Columnar
4) Pseudostratified- mixture of cells
c. Examples
1) Simple Squamous (lining heart and vessels)absorption
2) Simple Cuboidal (Glands) - secretions
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3) Simple Columnar (Lines stomach, kidneys)
4) Pseudostratified Columnar (lines nose)
5) Transitions (Urinary bladder)
6) Stratified Squamous (surface skin, mouth, throat)
physical barrier
d. Terminology
1) Atrophy
2) Hypertrophy
3) Hyperplasia
4) Metaplasia
5) Dysplasia
4. Glandular Epithelia
a. Mode of secretion
1) Merocrine
2) Apocrine
3) Holocrine
b. Types of secretions
B. Connective Tissue
1. Function
a. Support
b. Transport
c. Storing
d. Defense
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2. Classification
a. Connective Tissue Proper1) Cells
a) Fibroblasts – most abundant – production
& maintenance of connective tissue
b) Macrophages – phagocytize cells
c) Fat (adipose)
d) Mast – mobile connective tissue near vessel
release substances for defense
b. Fluid Connective Tissue (blood & lymph)
c. Supporting Connective Tissue (bone & cartilage)
d. Ground substance
3. Connective Tissue Type
a. Connective Tissue Fiber
1) Collagen
2) Elastic
3) Reticular
b. Types Tissue
1) Loose (cushion organs, support, phagocytic)
2) Adipose (padding, insulate)
3) Dense (attachment, stabilize, reduce friction)
4. Fluid Connective Tissue
a. Types
1) Blood
2) Lymph
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3) Plasma
4) Interstitial fluid
5. Supporting Connective Tissue
a. Cartilage
1) Hyaline – flexible between bones & supports
2) Elastic – resilient & flexible (earlobes)
3) Fibrocartilage- interwoven , durable & tough, pads
between vertebrae, pelvis bones, joints prevent
bone to bone contact
b. Bone – hard calcium compound & flexible collagen fiber
C. Membranes
1. Types
a. Mucous
b. Serous – lines sealed internal cavity (pleura)
c. Cutaneous (skin; thick & waterproof)
d. Synovial – viscous synovial fluid produced here
covers ends of bones for easier movement
1) Synovial fluid
D. Muscle
1. Types
a. Skeletal
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b. Cardiac
c. Smooth
E. Neural
1. Types
a. Neurons
1) Soma
2) Dendrites
3) Axons
4) Synapse
b. Neuroglia
IV. Integumentary- skin, hair, glands= Most Visible
A. Function
1. Protection
2. Temperature
3. Storage
4. Sensory
5. Excretion/Secretion
B. Layers
1. Epidermis
a. Layers (takes 2-4 weeks for skin reach surface)
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1) Stratum Germinativum
2) Stratum Spinosum
3) Stratum Granulosum
4) Stratum Lucidum
5) Stratum Corneum
b. Color
1) Melanocytes
2) Carotene
c. Circulation
d. Epidermis & Vitamin D3
1) UV light
2) D3 converted to calcitrol
3) Calcitrol
e. Cancer
1) Basal cell
2) Squamous cell
3) Melanoma
2. Dermis
a. Layers
1) Papillary
2) Reticular
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3. Subcutaneous
4. Accessory Structures
a. Hair
b. Sebaceous Glands
1) Sebum
c. Sweat Glands (Apocrine & Merocrine)
1) Apocrine (groin & axillary) – less numerous
open to surface via hair duct, deeper dermis
2) Merocrine (everywhere else) – open to surface
help control body heat
d. Nails
1) End product dead matrix cells
2) Grow from nail groove & floor nail matrix
3) Hardened keratinized plates
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B. Injury & Healing
1. Lesions
a. Primary
1) Macule – flat spot less than 1 cm
2) Patch – irregular flat greater 1 cm
3) Wheal – pink irregular various size
4) Papule – elevated spot various color less 1cm
5) Plaque – superficial papule more 1 cm & rough
6) Nodule – elevated firm spot 1-2 cm
7) Tumor – elevated solid more 2 cm
8) Pustule – elevated less 1 cm contains pus
9) Vesicle – elevated less 1 cm contains serous
10) Cyst – elevated contains liquid or viscous matter
11) Bulla – vesicle greater 1 cm
12) Telanglectasia – red threadlike line
b. Secondary
1) Fissure – linear red creack into dermis
2) Erosion – depression in epidermis tissue loss
3) Scar – fibrous depth color various
4) Keloid – elevated scar
5) Ulcer – red/purplish depression into dermis
6) Excoriation – linear hollow or crusted loss
epidermis leaving dermis exposed
7) Scale – elevated area excessive exfoliation
8) Crust – reddish brown/black/tan dry blood serous
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9) Lichenification – thickening/hardening epidermis
10) Atrophy – surface thins, semitransparent
3. Medical Conditions
a. Rashes
1) Herpes Zoster (shingles, chicken pox)
2) Small Pox
3) Staphylococcal
4) Exanthems (drugs, viruses, bacteria)
4. Trauma
a. Soft Tissue
1) Abrasion
2) Lacerations
3) Punctures
4) Avulsions
5) Amputation
6) Crush
b. Burns
1) Degrees
a) First
b) Second
c) Third
d) Fourth?
2) Severity of burns
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c. Fracture Blisters
5. Healing (limited to tissue that can undergo mitosis)
a. Phases
1) Inflammatory
2) Scab
3) Proliferative - granulation
4) Remodeling
b. Factors Affecting Wound Healing
1) Malnutrition
2) Impaired Blood Flow and Oxygenation
3) Infection
4) Foreign Bodies
5) Impaired Inflammatory and Immune Response
6) Age
c. Mechanisms cellular injury