Anatomy and Physiology
HBO Review
Fall 2014
Please answer the following questions as completely as you can and use examples from class as often as
possible.
Please define and give examples of the following terms
Anatomy: (2 points)
Physiology: (2 points)
Principle of Complementarity: (2 points)
Complementarity of Structure and Function:
Examples:
Why can bones support the body and its weight? (2 points)
Why does blood flow in only one direction? (2 points)
Why are the lungs an ideal site for gas exchange? (2 points)
Levels of Structural Organization
Please list the levels of organization of thee body in order of least complex to most complex.(6 points)
Chemical level:
Organismal level:
Example:
Body System Group Activity
The human body is the sum of all of its parts. In a general sense these parts can be broken down into
organ system levels. Please select three of the following systems and describe them completely.. Answer
AT LEAST the following questions: What is it, what organs/other structures is it made of? What does it
do? What can go wrong with it. How is it treated? Then give me two examples of systems working
together. (2 points each)(10 points total)
Integumentary SystemSkeletal SystemMuscular SystemNervous SystemEndocrine SystemCardiovascular SystemLymphatic System/ImmunityRespiratory SystemDigestive SystemUrinary SystemMale Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive SystemMaintaining Life
So what does the human body do? (2 points)
More specifically, how do these systems work together? Please describe how the body achieves the
following essential functions. Please include the systems that are responsible for each.(4 points each)
Maintaining Boundaries:
Movement:
Responsiveness (or irritability):
DigestionMetabolismExcretionReproduction
Growth
Survival Needs
Again, what is the ultimate goal of all body systems? (2 points)
There are some specific factors that need to be present. Tell me why and where the body gets them. (2
points each)
NutrientsOxygenExtra credit: Are there any exceptions to this? If so, please describe one here:
Water-accounts for what percent of body weight?
___________ percent of body weight (2 points)
It is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body.
Water is obtained through foods and liquids and is lost though evaporation from the lungs and skin.
Normal body temperature- is essential for chemical reactions to continue at life-sustaining rates.
Why? (2 points)
Most body heat is generated by __________ __________________.(2 points)
Atmospheric Pressure is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body. Please describe the
importance of constant air pressure to the human body. Please use AT LEAST one example we discussed
in class to support your explanation.(12 points)
Homeostasis
When we stop to think about it, it is pretty amazing that although the body is composed of trillions of cells
in constant activity, and that remarkably little goes wrong with it, we realize how amazing our bodies are.
Walter Cannon, a physiologist a really long time ago called it the “wisdom of the body” and created the
term homeostasis,
Homeostasis: (2 points)
As a result, internal conditions may very, but always within relatively narrow limits.
Maintaining homeostasis is more complicated that it seems at first. Every organ system plays its own role
in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment.
What would happen if they didn’t?
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Communication within the body is essential for homeostasis. Communication is accomplished chiefly by
______________and ____________________ systems.
Regardless of the factor or the event being regulated, the variable, all homeostatic control mechanisms
have at least three interdependent components (2 points each)
a) The first component is a receptor. The responsibility of the receptor is
b) The second component is the control center. The responsibility of the control center is
c) The third component is the effector. The responsibility of the effector is
Now, draw them here: And don’t forget to include the pathways. (6 points)
Negative Feedback Mechanisms. Please describe what happens in a negative feedback mechanism and
draw an example below. (6 points)
In negative feedback mechanisms,
Example:
What are some others?
Positive Feedback Mechanisms. Please describe what happens in a positive feedback mechanism and
draw an example below. (6 points)
In positive feedback mechanisms,
Example: Blood Clotting
Blood clotting is a normal response to a break in the lining of a blood vessel and is an excellent of a
positive feedback mechanism. Basically, it works like this:
Homeostatic Imbalance
Homeostasis is so important that most disease is regarded to as a result of its disturbance, a condition
called homeostatic imbalance. Another example of homeostatic imbalance happens as we age. What
happens as we get older?
Talkin’ the Talk: Anatomical Terminology
Define cytology:
Define systemic anatomy
Define anatomical pathology:
Directional terms. Please define the following directional terms: (2 points each)
Anterior:
Posterior:
Superior:
Inferior:
Lateral:
Medial:
Proximal:
Distal:
Superficial:
Deep:
Please describe the following anatomical positions: (2 points each)
Supine:
Prone:
Regional Terms
Please name the part of your body that each regional term describes: (2 points each)
Temporal:
Buccal:
Axillary:
Digital:
Crural:
Tarsal
Body Planes and Sections
Please define the following anatomical planes: (2 points each)
Tranverse:
Sagittal:
Medial:
Coronal or Frontal:
And put them on the following diagram:
Body Cavities and Linings
Membranes in the ventral body cavity
Please describe the following terms and draw a diagram that includes them. (2 points each)
Serosa:
Visceral serosa:
Pleural serosa:
Serous fluid:
Now give an example: (Think: the heart) (3 points)
Extending it…
37. We investigated two situations in which elite athletes pushed their bodies to and beyond the normal
limits of homeostasis with a little help from technology. (David Carter and Dave Shaw) Please describe
what happened in each situation and the specific challenges met, then if/ how they were dealt with. Then
answer the question: Are these experiences valuable learning opportunities, and if so, what can we learn
from them?
38. Suspended Animation/ The Edge of Medicine Please briefly describe what is involved in suspended
animation. Then tell me whether it is a useful technology. What ere some possibilities? Are you sold on
the idea? Why or why not?(12 points)
39. Now, please draw one of the organ systems of the shark you dissected. Please look at similarities and
differences between the structure of the shark and that of humans. Why are these differences in
structure necessary to each? (Think about where each lives and how it gathers food and other resources)
(12 points)