369 AP US HISTORY AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT EIGHTH EDITION CHAPTER 14: THE SECTIONAL CRISIS LEARNING TARGETS 1. List and analyze the following suggestions made to solve the problem of extending slavery to new territories after the Mexican War: (a) Wilmot Proviso, (b) extension of the Missouri Compromise line, (c) squatter sovereignty, and (d) President Taylor’s solution 2. Describe the series of resolutions that resulted in the Compromise of 1850 3. Explain the motivations for and consequences of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 4. Contrast the intent and results of the Ostend Manifesto 5. Analyze the reasons for shifting political alignments in their era, specifically: (a) the rise and fall of the Free-Soil party; (b) the disintegration of the Whig party, (c) the appearance and brief success of the Know-Nothing party, and (d) the emergence and victory of the Republican Party. 6. Trace the development of attempts to win Kansas by the proslavery and antislavery forces, noting specifically: (a) the “sack of Lawrence,” (b) the role of John Brown, and (c) the Lecompton Constitution. 7. Discuss the effects of social and cultural sectionalism in preparing the path for southern secession 8. Discuss the background, final decision, criticisms, and implications of the Dred Scott case of 1857. 9. Contrast the position taken by Republican Abraham Lincoln and Democrat Stephen Douglas in the debates held for the Illinois Senate race of 1858. 10. Explain the intensification of southern fears regarding a possible Republican victory in the election of 1860, especially in light of Jon Brown’s 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, and the 1860 contest for Speaker of the House. 11. Contrast the various historical interpretations that have been advanced to explain the reasons for southern secession AP Topic Outline: 10. The Crisis of the Union Pro- and antislavery arguments and conflicts Compromise of 1850 and popular sovereignty The Kansas–Nebraska Act and the emergence of the Republican Party Abraham Lincoln, the election of 1860, and secession 11. Civil War Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, and internal dissent Military strategies and foreign diplomacy Emancipation and the role of African Americans in the war Social, political, and economic effects of war in the North, South, and West 12. Reconstruction Presidential and Radical Reconstruction Southern state governments: aspirations, achievements, failures Role of African Americans in politics, education, and the economy Compromise of 1877 Impact of Reconstruction Terms to know/Identifications: Tallmadge Amendment (1819) Missouri compromise (1820 Tariff of Abomination (1828-32) Gag Rule (1836) Panic of 1837 Wilmot Proviso (1846) Popular (Squatter) Sovereignty Election of 1848 Free Soilers (1848) Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law Election of 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin Underground Railroad (pre-1850—Civil War) Kansas-Nebraska Act Ostend Manifesto (1854) Know-Nothing Party (1854 Republican Party (1854) Bleeding Kansas (1856)/John Brown, Summer-Brooks Incident (1856) Election of 1856 Panic of 1857 Dred Scott Case (1857) Lecompton Controversy (1858), Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates/Freeport Doctrine (1858 Harpers Ferry, VA (1859), Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Rowe Helper (1859) Election of 1860 Crittendon compromise (1860-61) CHAPTER 14 ID’S 1819 Tallmadge Amendment Pgs. 270 The Tallmadge Amendment was a bill introduced to the House by New York Representative James Tallmadge. It was an amendment to the Missouri statehood bill. The Tallmadge Amendment provided for the banning of further introduction of slavery into Missouri while gradually emancipating the slaves already there. The amendment narrowly passed the House, but was voted down by the Senate. 1820 Missouri Compromise Pgs. 270 In 1870, Missouri applied for Statehood. There were two or three thousand slaves in the territory, and it appeared that Missouri would enter the union as a slave state. Missouri was the first state west of the Mississippi after Louisiana to apply for statehood. Whatever happened in Missouri would set a precedent for the rest of the territory west of the Mississippi. There was a great debate over whether to accept Missouri as a slave or free state. One of the attempts at compromise was the Tallmadge Amendment, but that didn’t pass. The compromise that was eventually reached was written basically by Henry Clay. It made Missouri a slave state while Maine was brought in as a free state. Also, any other state accepted into the union north of Missouri’s southern border was to be a free state. The line was at 3630. 1828-1832 Tariff of Abominations Pg. 292-93 The Congress in 1826 was faced with the problem of setting up a tariff. The industrializing Northeast wanted a tariff to protect their fledgling industries. Wool and hemp growers also wanted a tariff. The cotton-growing South didn’t want a tariff because they did a lot of trading with Europe, trading cotton to the textile mills of Britain for manufactured goods. The tariff that eventually passed Congress was intended to appease everybody by basically taxing everything. It didn’t work. Southerners were outraged and called it the “tariff of abominations”. 1836 Gag Rule In class The Gag Rule was a bill passed in Congress that had two parts. The first part said that House of Representatives wouldn’t hear any petitions against slavery. The second part was that the Senate wouldn’t hear any slavery bills at all. 1837 Panic of 1837 Pgs. 297 The Panic of 1837 was started in part of Jackson’s specie circular. The specie circular required that all land purchases be paid off with specie. The Panic of 1837 was a great depression. Cotton prices fell almost 50%. Banks all over the nation stopped specie payment. Business went bankrupt. The unemployed demonstrated all over. Now, the Panic of 1837 is thought to be part of a worldwide depression. The whole thing was blamed on Van Buren who couldn’t do anything because he was committed to laissez faire. Van Buren tried to create an independent sub treasury, but he was stopped by Congress. 1846 Wilmot Proviso Pg. 393 After winning the Mexican-American War, there was a large debate as to how the new territories were to be admitted to the Union. Texas would be admitted as a slave state, but Oregon would be admitted as a free state to counteract that. California and New Mexico posed problems. If they were admitted as free or slave states, there were no other territories ready to be admitted that would be the opposite. David Wilmot, a Congressman from Pennsylvania, started the Free Soil Movement. The movement called for all of the Mexican cession to be free. The Wilmot Proviso was an amendment to the military appropriations bill of 1846. The Proviso called for the ban of slavery in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico. The Proviso didn’t pass because the Senate voted it down. 1848 Popular (Squatter) Sovereignty Pgs. 391-92 One approach to determining slavery in new states was Popular Sovereignty. It was an idea developed by Michigan Senator Lewis Cass. The idea was that the settlers of the state would decide whether it would be slave or free. The decision would be made at the first meeting of a territorial legislature when the territory applied for statehood. 1838 Election of 1848 Pg. 391-92 In the election of 1848 Lewis Cass ran for the Democrats against Zachary Taylor of the Whigs and Martin Van Buren of the Free Spoilers. Cass ran on a platform of popular sovereignty. Taylor ran without a platform so the Democrats could avoid the issue of popular sovereignty. Van Buren ran on a platform of free soil. Taylor won. 1848 Free Soilers Pg. 391-92 The Free Soiler Party was started for the Election of 1848. The Free Soilers thought that all the territory that was carved up from the Mexican cession should have been slave free. The party was composed of antislavery Whigs, disgruntled Democrats, and former members of the abolitionist Liberty party. 1850 Compromise of 1850//Fugitive Slave Law Pgs. 393-94 Once Taylor became president, he decided to end the controversy over the Mexican cession once and for all. He tried to get California and New Mexico into the union as states, by passing the territorial stage. This idea was okay for California because people were flooding into the state looking for gold. Mexico, on the other hand was still sparsely populated by Americans. California applied for statehood as a free state. This made Southerners scared that all of the Mexican cession would become free states. John Calhoun once again started talking about secession. After Congress realized that Taylor wouldn’t back down, they went about forming a compromise. Henry Clay was a leader of the compromise movement. He offered a series of resolutions to hopefully make everybody happy. He said that California should be admitted as a free state, but the rest of the Mexican cession should be admitted without any specific prohibition of slavery. He pointed out that the climate was not good for growing cotton so slavery would most likely not develop there anyways. He also tried to settle a boundary dispute between Texas and New Mexico by granting the area to New Mexico and having the federal government assume Texas’ debt. He also recommended prohibiting the buying and selling of slaves in Washington D.C. Finally, he called for a more effective fugitive slave law. The compromise plan had trouble getting through Congress. The final copy that got through was changed only in that Utah and New Mexico were given popular sovereignty. The new fugitive slave law said that suspected slaves were denied a jury trial, the right to testify in their own behalf, and other constitutional rights. This meant that kidnapping free blacks and selling them into slavery became much easier. 1852 Election of 1852 Pgs. 395-96 In the election of 1852, General Winfield Scott ran for the Whigs, against Democrat Franklin Pierce. The election really wasn’t based on any issues because both parties avoided slavery. The Whigs had a problem because they couldn’t decide what to run on. The flood of immigration was bad for them because most of the immigrants voted Democratic. Scott tried to win immigrant support, but failed. He allied himself with the abolitionist Whigs from the North so he lost southern support. Pierce won in a landslide victory because people thought he would help uphold the compromise of 1850. Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Pgs. 402-03 Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852. The book was the pinnacle of literary abolitionism. It did a lot to form the North’s picture of Southern slave-holding society. Northerners saw every slaveholder as an evil Simon Legree. Beecher Stowe portrayed slavery as a threat to the family. As a response to Uncle Tom’s Cabin and other such attacks, Southerners formed an economic and cultural nationalism. They really started to separate from the North. They tried to develop their own industry and education. Pre 1850-1861 Underground Railroad Pgs. 314; 407 The Underground Railroad was a pseudo-organization formed and run by free blacks from the North. They would make forays into the South and help slaves escape to freedom. They would also help runaways by giving them food, shelter, and a way to get North. Two of the most famous runners on the underground railroad were Harriet Tubman and Josiah Henson. 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act Pgs. 396-98 In 1854, Stephen Douglas introduced a bill to organize the territory west of Missouri and Iowa. Douglas was a proponent of expansionism and wanted the bill passed as quickly as possible. He thought that a railroad was going to be built starting in Chicago and ending on the West coast. The railroad would have to go through the territory he was trying to organize, and he didn’t want a conflict over slavery to impede the railroad’s construction. He wanted to organize a territorial government in Kansas and Nebraska based on popular sovereignty. The southerners would only agree to the bill if it repealed the Missouri Compromise. Douglas added the amendment, and the bill passed. 1854 Ostend Manifesto Pg. 398 During the conflict over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Pierce decided to obtain Cuba from Spain. The American ministers to England, France, and Spain met in Ostend, Belgium. They drew up a recommendation to Pierce that the U.S. try to obtain Cuba at any cost. Pierce dropped the plan. 1854 Know-Nothing Party/American Party Pgs. 398-400 After the Whig party fell apart in 1854, ex-Whigs tried to put together another party. Originally, the party was going to be based on abolitionism, but that party didn’t surface right away. The party that first replaced the Whigs was the Know-Nothing Party. The KnowNothing Party developed from an anti-immigrant organization called the Order of the StarSpangled Banner founded in 1849. When members were asked about the organization, they replied, “I know nothing.” The objective of the Know-Nothing Party was to increase the naturalization period, so fewer immigrants could vote. The party took over much of the Northeast, but it died out in 1856. 1854 Republican Party Pgs. 400-01 The Republican Party took over after the Know-Nothing Party disappeared. The Republican Party was based on the idea of free soil. The Republicans said that the slaveholder conspiracy was more dangerous than the Popish plot. The party was led by experienced politicians, and had a following of most of the anti-Nebraska congressmen. The Republican Party used the conflict over the Kansas-Nebraska Act to increase its power. They used the conflict in Kansas over whether it would be a slave state or a free state to portray slaveholders as evil and aggressive. 1856 John Brown/Bleeding Kansas Pgs. 401, 406-07 When Kansas was being organized, the territorial legislature was set up by pro-slavery Missourians. They crossed over the border to vote illegally for the legislature. Abolitionists took up arms and set up another legislature. Pierce ignored the free soil government. A civil war broke out in Kansas ending a pro-slavery attack on Lawrence, the seat of the anti-slavery government. John Brown, I response to the “sack of Lawrence”, killed five slavery advocates in cold blood. During the next few months, there was guerilla war in Kansas. 1856 Sumner-Brooks Incident Pgs. 389 During the conflict over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, violence extended even to the floor of Congress. On May 22, 1856, Representative Preston Brooks from South Carolina approached Senator Charles Sumner from Massachusetts. Sumner had just given a speech condemning slavery advocates for trying to extend slavery to Kansas. Brooks took his cane and beat Sumner over the head repeatedly. Sumner was so hurt that he couldn’t return to work for three years. 1856 Election of 1856 Pgs. 401-02 The election of 1856 pitted Republican John C. Frémont against Democrat James Buchanan and Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore. Frémont ran on a platform of abolishing slavery from Kansas and having Congress abolish slavery in all territories. Buchanan ran on a platform of popular sovereignty in the territories. The race was divided into two. In the North, Frémont basically ran against Buchanan. In the South, Fillmore basically ran against Buchanan. Buchanan won, but Fremont did very well for a candidate from a one year old party. 1857 Dred Harriet Scott Case Pgs. 403-04 Dred Scott was a slave whose master had moved to the Wisconsin Territory from Missouri. The matter then died, and Scott sued for his freedom on the grounds that he was living in a territory where slavery was illegal. Roger B. Taney ruled against Scott. He said that Scott could not sue because he was not a citizen. Taney went on to say that no AfroAmerican could become a citizen whether they were a slave or a freeman. The fact that he lived in the Wisconsin territory did not make him a free man because the federal government had no right to make slavery illegal in a territory. In effect, Taney ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. 1858 Lecompton Controversy Pgs. 404-05 While the Dred Scott case was being decided, slavery advocates in Kansas decided to draft a constitution and submit an application for statehood to make Kansas a slave state. Slavery opponents were the great majority in Kansas, so the writers of the constitution rigged the election. When abolitionists found out, they boycotted the election. The proslavery factions got complete control and drew up a constitution at Lecompton. The constitution was sure to be voted down in a public referendum so the proslavery forces submitted just the slavery provision to a public vote. Once again, abolitionists boycotted the election. The constitution was ratified, making slavery legal, but abolitionists gained a majority in the territorial legislature. They held a second referendum on the constitution which proslavery forces boycotted, so the Lecompton constitution was rejected. Buchanan tried to push the constitution through Congress against the protests of Stephen Douglas. The Senate passed it, but the House voted it down. Finally, the constitution was resubmitted to the people of Kansas who killed it once and for all. 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates/Freeport Doctrine Pgs. 405-08 In 1858, Stephen Douglas ran for Senate Abraham Lincoln. They had a series of debates during which they brought out many points for and against slavery respectively, Lincoln said that slavery was morally wrong, and the only way to save the country was to kill slavery. He also said the first step was to contain it in the South and keep it out of the West. Douglas, in Freeport, Illinois, said that slavery could not exist without supportive legislation. If a territory didn’t want to be a slave state, it could vote to be a free state. Douglas said that Lincoln was for racial equality which Lincoln strenuously denied. Douglas won the election to the Senate. 1859 Harpers Ferry Raid Pgs. 408-09 John Brown saw himself as a prophet whom God told to purge the land with blood and eradicate the sin of slavery. In Kansas he showed that he wasn’t opposed to using violence to get rid of slavery. In October, 1859, he led a group of 18 men to Harpers Ferry and seized the federal arsenal and armory there. He wanted to arm the local slaves and get them to rise up in rebellion. His plan failed because the slaves didn’t support him, and he was driven out, convicted of treason, and hanged. 1859 Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Rowe Helper Pg. 409-10 After the raid on Harpers Ferry, Hinton Rowe Helper wrote a book that did even more to scare the South. His Impending Crisis of the South encouraged whites in the South that didn’t own slaves to rise up and topple the slaveholding elite. 1860 Election of 1860 Pgs. 410-11 During the election of 1860, Republican Abraham Lincoln ran against Southern Democrat James Breckinridge, Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas, and Constitutional Unionist John Bell. Lincoln ran on a platform that toned down the anti-slavery, but brought economic matters to the forefront. He called for a higher protective tariff, free homesteads, and federal aid for internal improvements. The Democrats split when they met in convention. The Northern Democrats went for Douglas while the Southern Democrats went for Breckenridge. The Constitutional Union Party was made up of Know-Nothings and ex-Whigs. Lincoln took the whole North and won the election. 1860-1861 Crittenden Compromise Pg. 423 After Lincoln became president, the Deep South immediately started calling for secession. The North frantically tried to come up with a compromise that would end talk of secession. Kentucky Senator John Crittenden proposed extending the Missouri Compromise line all the way to the Pacific to protect slavery in the West. He also said that the federal government should compensate the owners of escaped slaves and proposed a constitutional amendment prohibiting the federal government from abolishing or regulating slavery in the states. The Republicans killed the compromise in committee. MAJOR THEMES AND TIMELINE CONTINUAL SECTIONAL PROBLEMS: NORTH, SOUTH AND WEST CONTINUATION OF THE GROWTH OF AN INDUSTRIALIZED SOCIETY IN THE NORTH AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN THE SOUTH CIVIL WAR—TECHNOLOGICALLY VIEWED AD THE FIRST MODERN WAR FOCUS ON CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR RECONSTRUCTION PERIOD—HOW TO GO ABOUT MENDING THE WOUNDS BETWEEN THE VICTOR AND THE DEFEATED—COMPASSION VS. REVENGE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF THE RECONSTRUCTED SOUTH TIMELINE 1817 James Monroe—President during “the Era of Good Feelings” 1819 Tallmadge Amendment 1820 Missouri Compromise 1829 Andrew Jackson (Democrat) elected President 1857 Election of James Buchanon (Democrat) to the Presidency 1858 Lincoln-Douglas Senatorial Debates 1859 John Brown’s Raid at Harper’s Ferry, Va. 1828-32 Tariff Issue: Secession/Nullification Crisis 1860 Election of Abraham Lincoln (Republican) to the Presidency 1836 1861 Gag Rule 1837 Martin Van Buren (Democrat) inaugurated President Lincoln Inaugurated President Crittendon Compromise 1860-61 Secession of the Southern States 1840 William Henry Harrison (Whig) elected President and dies one month later 1861-65 Civil War 1845 James K. Polk (Democrat) inaugurated President 1846 Wilmot Proviso 1865 Assassination of Abraham Lincoln/Succeeded by Andrew Johnson who in 1868 is acquitted of Impeachment charges 1848 Emergence of the Free Soil Party 1868 1849 Zachary Taylor (Whig) elected President 1866-77 Reconstruction Era 1850 Millard Fillmore (Whig) assumes the Presidency 1876 Controversial Election of Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) Compromise of 1850 Underground Railroad becomes a very effective route for slaves 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin published 1853 Franklin Pierce (Democrat) elected President 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act 1855 Bleeding Kansas 1856 Sumner’s Crime Against Kansas Speech 1877 U.S. Grant (Republican) elected President Southern Reconstruction Ends CIVIL WAR MAP Develop your own key to Label the following areas Northern States (Union) Northern Border States (Union) Southern Border States (Confederacy) Southern States (Confederacy) In addition label the following: 1) Fort Sumter 6) 2) Richmond, VA 7) 3) Washington, D. C. 8) 4) Mississippi River 9) 5) Vicksburg, Mississippi 10) New Orleans Gettysburg Bull Run Appomattox Attietam Label each of the states and the year they entered the Union. Draw in the state of Kansas. Draw in the country of Cuba.