Study Guide Biology 212 Lecture Exam #3: Chapters 32, 33 & 34
Use this as a helpful review of the key topics, but do not limit your studies to
this list. Your textbook, lab manual, and lecture notes will all help you
through this material. If you have questions, feel free to drop by my office
for assistance. Hint: start with the big picture then fill in details.
Be able to…
Chapter 32:
1. List basic identifying characteristics common to most animals:
nutritional mode (ingestion & digestion), cell specialization and
structure, locomotion, reproduction and development, Hox
genes, etc.
2. Summarize the half billion year history of animals in terms of
characteristic events during the following: Neoproterozoic era,
Paleozoic era (Cambrian “explosion”), Mesozoic era, and
Cenozoic era.
3. Describe the relevance of different types of symmetry,
segmentation, developmental stages, germ layers, and body
plans (and body cavities e.g. a coelom) in terms of lifestyle,
complexity, niche and inferring relationships among animal
phyla. Why is this structure the shape it is? How is that affected
by its function? Give examples.
4. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of: coelomates,
pseudocoelomates, and acoelomates; radial and bilateral
symmetry (be able to use the terms dorsal, ventral, anterior,
posterior, and cephalization); diploblastic and triploblastic
(explain what endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm give rise to).
Keep thinking about the importance of each novel
characteristic that arises as we continue studying the
increase in complexity.
5. Distinguish between the developmental patterns of the two
major animal clades: protostomes (ecdysozoans &
lophotrochozoans) and deuterostomes in terms of cleavage
patterns, coelom formation, and the fate of the blastopore.
6. Discuss the newest views on animal phylogeny in terms of
areas of agreement, contested clades, and the future of animal
systematics.
Chapter 33 – use the chapter review page at the end & Figure 33.3!
1. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of life in the
ocean, in fresh water, and on land.
2. identify the characteristics and representative organisms of
the two major clades of the old taxon, protostoma:
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa.
3. Which phyla have a complete digestive system?
4. Identify distinguishing characteristics of Porifera: silicaea
and calacarea.
5. Identify distinguishing characteristics of phylum Cnidaria,
describe three main classes of this phylum, and give
examples of animals that belong to each class.
6. Differentiate between a cnidocyte and a nematocyst.
7. Identify distinguishing characteristics of phylum Ctenophora.
8. Know the difference between a medusa and a polyp stage.
9. Know the feeding habits and feeding mechanisms of
sponges, cnidarians, platyhelminthes, nematodes, annelids,
arthropods, molluscs, and echinoderms.
10. Know special or distinguishing characteristics of each
phylum.
11. Memorize the names!!
12. Characterize the protostome coelomates, describe their two main
evolutionary branches, and give examples of animals assigned to
each branch.
13. Identify distinguishing characteristics of phylum
Platyhelminthes, describe the main classes of this phylum, and
give examples of animals that belong to each class.
14. Describe the adaptive advantages of a coelom.
15. Describe the adaptive advantages of cephalization.
16. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of phylum Mollusca,
and describe the classes discussed, giving examples.
17. Be able to explain how their specific habitat has influenced their
structural design, and how the structure affects function.
18. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of phylum Annelida,
and describe the three classes of annelids discussed, giving
examples.
19. Describe distinguishing characteristics of lophophorate phyla.
20. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of phylum Nematoda.
21. Be able to describe beneficial and harmful roles that they play in
the environment.
22. Review the primary and secondary host cycles of various parasitic
invertebrates (e.g. flukes, round worms, etc.).
23. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of phylum
Arthropoda; distinguish among the subphyla and classes of
arthropods, giving examples of animals that belong to each group.
24. Discuss factors that have contributed to the great biological
success of insects.
Chapter 34
Identify the three main branches of deuterostomes and list three shared
derived characteristics of echinoderms.
1. Describe and give examples of each of the main classes of
echinoderms (see end of chapter 33 & lecture notes)
2. Describe four shared derived characters of chordates.
3. Describe the invertebrate chordate subphyla.
4. Discuss the evolution of chordates.
5. Describe four shared derived characters of vertebrates.
6. Distinguish among the major groups of jawless fishes.
7. Trace the evolution of jawed fishes and early tetrapods, and identify
major taxa of jawed fishes and amphibians.
8. Describe as many vertebrate adaptations to terrestrial life as you can
list.
9. Describe the reptiles and birds, and give an argument for including the
birds in the reptile clade.
10. Contrast monotremes, Metatheria (marsupials), and Eutheria (placental
mammals), and give examples of animals that belong to each group.
11. Compare and contrast specific features / habits related to these
various vertebrate groups: Fish - jawless vs jawed & cartilaginous vs
bony; Amphibians; Reptiles; Birds; Mammals (monotreme, marsupial,
& placental)
12. Be able to give representative examples from each of the above, and
describe its distinguishing characteristics and unique adaptations
for its particular environment.
Fish - Habitat / environment:
What modifications are made for: Respiration (gas exchange),
Reproduction, Nervous system, Sensory Organs, Appendages &
locomotion, Ingestion of food, Digestion, and Circulation
Amphibians - Habitat / environment:
What modifications are made for: Respiration (gas exchange),
Reproduction, Nervous system, Sensory Organs, Appendages &
locomotion, Ingestion of food, Digestion, and Circulation
Reptiles - Habitat / environment:
What modifications are made for: Respiration (gas exchange),
Reproduction, Nervous system, Sensory Organs, Appendages &
locomotion, Ingestion of food, Digestion, and Circulation
Birds - Habitat / environment:
What modifications are made for: Respiration (gas exchange),
Reproduction, Nervous system, Sensory Organs, Appendages &
locomotion, Ingestion of food, Digestion, and Circulation
Mammals - Habitat / environment:
What modifications are made for: Respiration (gas exchange),
Reproduction, Nervous system, Sensory Organs, Appendages &
locomotion, Ingestion of food, Digestion &Excretion, and Circulation