BIOLOGY II: Chapter 5 Tissues Test Guidelines
For the CH5 Test you should be able to:
Describe the 4 basic types of tissues in terms of structure, function, and distribution. TABLE 5.1
Describe the basic function and characteristics of epithelial tissue
Identify and describe the types and shapes of epithelial tissue
Identify the distribution of the 7 basic types of epithelial tissue TABLE 5.4
Identify the types of epithelial tissue(s) in FIGURES 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.6, 5.7
Describe the Structure and Function of Glandular Tissue
Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands
Describe the various types of Exocrine glands TABLE 5.2
Identify the types of exocrine glands on the basis of structure FIGURE 5.10
Describe the general characteristics of connective tissue
Describe the role of fibroblasts and Differentiate between collagen,& elastin,
Describe the components of connective tissue TABLE 5.6
Compare the structure, function, and location of
dense regular, dense irregular, adipose, reticular and loose connective tissue
Define the role (and structure) of cartilage in the body
Compare and contrast the 3 different types of cartilage in the body
Identify the types of connective tissue (and associated fibers/cells) in
FIGURES 5.18, 5.20, 5.21, 5.22, 5.23, 5.24, 5.25
Describe the basic structure of bone
Describe the role of Osteocytes and Matrix in bone structure
Identify the major structures of bone tissue FIGURE 5.26
Describe bones ability to heal and change
Describe the major components of blood
Identify the major components of blood FIGURE 5.27
Describe the 3 types of muscle in the body in terms of structure and function
Identify the type of muscle in FIGURES 5.28, 5.29, 5.30.
Describe the basic structure and function of nervous tissue
Idenetify the major structures of a neuron FIGURE 5.31
Describe the basic function(s) of Epithelial and Synovial membranes
Tissue FAQ’s
Mr. Doc, Help! I don’t understand anything about tissues!
Why are we studying tissues?
Remember that in biology the basic unit of life is the cell. However, all cells are not the same. The cells in your eye and the
cells in your heart look and function differently. Different groups of cells in your body have to do different things (like
thinking, digesting, breathing, stretching, protecting etc…). These different groups of cells are called tissues. Different
tissues in the body do different things. We are taking a broad overview of these major tissues in the body.
I have no idea what epithelial means! What is an epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue is 1 specific kind of tissue in the body. Epithelial tissue generally covers (or lines) the inside and outside of
the body. The “meat” of the body is under the epithelial tissue.
What is the deal with simple and stratified?
Sometimes the cells in epithelial tissue exist in a single layer. That is called simple epithelial tissue. Sometimes the cells in
epithelial tissue exist in more than 1 layer. That is called stratified epithelial tissue. Generally (not always), simple tissues are
good at absorbing molecules and excreting molecules. Stratified tissue is good at protecting the deeper layers of the body
because there are several layers of cells standing in reserve.
Cuboidal, columnar, squamous? What is that all about?
These terms simply describe the shapes of cells. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped. Columnar cells are column shaped.
Squamous cells are flattened. If there are multiple layers of cube shaped cells, it is defined as stratified cuboidal tissue. A
single layer of flat cells is defined as simple squamous, and so forth.
What is the difference between epithelial tissue and connective tissue?
Epithelial tissue is the tissue that surrounds (or lines) your body. If your body were a pillow it would be the pillow case.
Remember though that your body had lots of openings and small spaces in it. Epithelial tissue lines those spaces as well.
Connective tissue is the tissue that holds your body together. There is lots of it in your body. The structures in connective
tissue that holds you together are the fibers (collagen and elastin). Collagen is thick and strong while elastin is thin and
flexible. Therefore we have 3 major types of connective tissue: Dense regular, dense irregular, and loose connective
tissue.
Where does cartilage fit in all of this?
Cartilage is a special type of connective tissue that tends to have more cells (called chondrocytes) in it than the 3 types of
connective tissue mentioned above. It does serve to hold things together, but its main job is to act as a shock absorber
between bones in the body. There are 3 different types of cartilage: Elastic cartilage (lots of elastin fibers), Fibrocartilage
(lots of collagen fibers), and hyaline cartilage (a mix of collagen and elastin). Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant
cartilage in the body.
What about the location of these tissues in the body?
I try to give an overview as to where each of these tissues are located in the body. Just an overview! If we went over every
location of every epithelial tissue this would be a histology class that would take us through the whole year, so I try to give
you some of the most important places in the body for each epithelial tissue type. I also try to match the location of the tissue
with its function. For example simple epithelial tissue is largely used for absorption and excretion. One place that simple
columnar tissue is found is in the stomach, where digestive enzymes are released from the columnar tissue.
Why should I have to color in the tissues? This isn’t kindergarten!
I want you to know what these tissues look like, not just what they do. I don’t want you to simply memorize the function of
each tissue type. I want you to understand how its structure affects its function. Many times biological research is dependant
upon keen observation. By looking, drawing, and coloring in these tissues from electron micrographs I think a) you will be
more likely to remember the material, b) better understand how structure is related to function in biology and c) develop
better observational skills, which is key to being a good biologist.
BIOLOGY II CHAPTER 5 : Tissues
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue that always faces a free surface
Examples: Skin; lining of mouth
Cells are layered on top of one another
Part of cells opposite the free surface attaches to a basement membrane
Basement membrane; membrane packed with proteins and carbohydrates
Types of Epithelial Tissue
1. Simple
single layer of cells
Used for absorption, diffusion, and excretion
2. Stratified
2 or more cell layers
Used for protection
3. Pseudostratified
single, staggered layer of cells
Usually ciliated; cilia sweep mucus across cell surface
Shapes of Epithelial Cells
1. Squamous epithelial Flattened cells
2. Cuboidal epithelial Cube shaped cells
3. Columnar epithelial Column shaped
Putting It Together
1. Simple Squamous cells
2. Simple Cuboidal Cells
3. Simple Columnar Cells
4. Stratified Squamous Cells
5. Stratified Cuboidal Cells
6. Stratified Columnar Cells
7. Pseudostratified Columnar Cells
lining of blood vessels; lungs
ducts and glands
stomach and intestines
skin
ducts of sweat glands
ducts of salivary glands
throat, nasal passages
Glands
Glands are cells that secrete substances; made from epithelial cells
Exocrine Glands; secrete substances to the free surface of epithelial cells through ducts
Example: Goblet Cells - secrete mucus into trachea
Saliva, earwax, and oil
Endocrine Glands; secrete substances directly into fluid
Example: Hormones are released directly into bloodstream
Thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary gland
Glands are categorized on the basis of number of ducts and shape
Unicellular
-Goblet 1 cell
Simple
-1duct
Compound
- Multiple ducts
Alveolar
- cul de sacs
Connective Tissues:
Connective Tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body by mass.
 Small numbers of cells embedded in connective fibers- collagen and elastin\
 3 Cell types Mast Cells- Secrete Heparin and Histamine
 Macrophages-Immune functio
 Fibroblasts - secrete jelly-like matrix and fibers
Collagen - structural protein fibers
Elastin- stretchable fibers that allow for elasticity
All connective tissue has the same ingredients, just in different proportions
Loose Connective Tissue Many Cells; few fibers
 Collagen & Elastin Fibers are loosely arranged
 Macrophages & Fibroblasts are the most common cells
 Surrounds blood vessels and nerves
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
 Lots of collagen fibers and fibroblasts
 Deep regions of the skin
Dense, Regular Connective Tissue
 Collagen fibers run parallel to each other
 Creates strong attachments between muscles and bones
 Found in ligaments and tendons
Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that cushions and maintains shape of body parts
Structure of Cartilage;
 Stretchable fibers similar in texture to rubber.
 Newly divided cells are called chondroblasts; mature into chondrocytes
 Very few blood vessels innervate cartilage; difficult to heal
3 Types of Cartilage
1. Hyaline Cartilage 
Consists of collagen fibers.
Found where bone meets bone or at joints in the body
Reduces friction between moving bones
Found on either side of femur; end of nose, in between ribs
2. Elastic Cartilage 
Consists of elastic fibers made from protein; also some collagen
Found in parts of the body where stretchability is important
Found in outer edge of ear, surrounding esophagus, epiglottis
3. Fibrocartilage 
Rigid and Resilient; can withstand large amounts of pressure
Densely packed with collagen fibers
Found in kneecaps, in between vertebrae
Adipose Tissue
Large clustered cells used for fat storage
Excess carbohydrates and proteins are converted to fat
Adipose tissue is innervated by lots of blood vessels
Collects at Hips, abdomen, thighs, under skin, around kidneys
Connective Tissue: ctd.
Bone is a specialized organ whose functional cells are called osteocytes
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Weight bearing tissue of body joined with muscles to bring about movement
Bones stores calcium salts & produces blood cells
Bones made from densely packed collagen fibers and calcium salts
Inside fibers are lacunae, cavities that contain the living bone cells, osteocytes
Bone is perfused by more blood vessels than cartilage
Lamellae are the concentric circles that indicate boney growth
Osteocytes join one another and capillaries via canaliculi
2 Types of Bone
Compact Bone
Found on the outside of larger bones, lots of blood vessels and nerves
Spongy Bone
Found at the ends of bones, loosely packed collagen and calcium
Blood is a specialized tissue that carries proteins, ions, oxygen, fibrin (clots tissue)
- cells are made in bone marrow (center of bone)
- carries nutrients and proteins to cells and carries waste away from cells
3 Cells of Blood
 Platelets -fragments of cells (called mekaryocytes) that aid in blood clotting
 White blood cells- function in immunity, cell defense
 Red Blood Cells - Carry Oxygen to muscles; adult cells are non-nucleated
Plasma - fluid portion of blood, mostly water with suspended proteins, lipids and carbs
Muscles are tissues that contract and relax to move body parts
Fibers are arranged in parallel for increased resiliency
3 Types of Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle: Muscle attached to bones that is under voluntary control
 Individual cells are called muscle fibers
 Each cell has multiple nuclei, caused from the fusion of juvenile muscle cells
 Proteins are embedded in the muscle fibers (called Actin & Myosin)
 Actin & Myosin form bands in skeletal muscle that make it striated
 Fibers are bundled together in fasicles & wrapped in connective tissue

Smooth Muscle: Muscle of stomach, blood vessels, & internal organs under autonomic control
 Fewer Actin & Myosin fibers, no banding; unstriated
 Maintains constant tension, smaller contractions
 Often called involuntary muscle
Cardiac Muscle: Heart Muscle under autronomic control
 Striated like skeletal muscle
 Involuntary like smooth muscle
 Muscle fibers are tightly packed together by specialized fibers called intercalated discs
Nerve Tissue
Nerve Tissue  exercises control over body’s activities
Individual cells called neurons
Structure of Neurons
Main Structure is cell body
Dendrites  branched “arms” that pick up incoming chemical information
Axons  “arms” that send out chemical information
Nerve  cluster of neurons
Sensory Neurons  Used to detect chemical changes
Examples  Olfactory neurons
Retinal Neurons in the eye
Epithelial Neurons embedded in the skin
Membranes: Organs composed of more than 1 tissue
Membranes  sheet-like coverings over organs
Mucous Membranes  line the cavity of digestive, respiratory systems; have ducts that release mucous
Serous Membranes  enclose organs
Tissue Terms Organization Quick Review
Directions: Identify each of the terms below with the correct category.
Epithelial
Glandular
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Tissue
Tissue
Tissue
E
Vocabulary Terms:
basement membrane
mast cells
stratified
simple tubular
squamous
exocrine
columnar
tendon
pituitary
canaliculi
haversian canal
Macrophages
sweat gland
G
C
mucous membrane
multinucleated
serous membrane
endocrine
lining of body
squamous
elastin
Axon
ligament
intercalated
lacunae
histiocytes
soma
M
N
Membranes
Me
fibroblasts
collagen
matrix
cuboidal
most abundant tissue
pseudostratified
skin
goblet cell
stratified
striated
RBC
heparin
glial
Connective Tissue Review
Tissue Type
Types of Cells or
Fibers
Loose
Connective
Dense
Irregular
Dense
Regular
Bone
Smooth
Muscle
Skeletal
Muscle
Hyaline
Cartilage
Elastic
Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Where would you find
it?
What does it do?
Tissue Terms Organization Quick Review
Directions: Read Pages 146-152 in your book and organize the words in the following
Epithelial
Glandular
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Membranes
Tissue
Tissue
Tissue
E
Cartilage
G
Bone
Ca
Vocabulary Terms:
Canaliculi
White blood cells
elastic
Osteon
Haversian Canal
vertebrae
Intercalated
Hyaline
Actin
Myosin
Striations
Fascicles
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Tendon
Intercalated Discs
Osteocytes
Platelets
Smooth Muscle
White blood Cells
Axon
Dendrite
Blood Cell
Neuron
Adipose
Bo
C
Blood
Bl
M
Skeletal
Muscle
Sk
platelets
intestines
Fibrocartilage
red blood cells
osteocytes
chondrocyte I
bladder
head & limb
Olfactory
Cardiac Muscle
Simple
Stratified
Basement Membrane
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Endocrine gland
Exocrine Gland
Mucous membrane
Serous
MembraneCollagen
Elastin
Red
Fibroblasts
Chondrocytes
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
N
Me
Smooth
Muscle
Cardiac
Muscle
Sm
Ca
red marrow
multinucleated
Striations
lamellae
voluntary
nvoluntary
Heart
Fibrocartilage
Dense Regular Tissue
Plasma
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Muscle Fiber
Actin
Myosin
Striations
Fascicles
Skeletal Muscle
Intercalated Discs
Osteocytes
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Tendon