
Section 1: Reconstruction Plans: o Reconstruction Debate:
 The _______________ was saved. Now the challenge was reuniting and rebuilding the
______________. The ___________________ states needed to be
___________________. The Southern economy and society also needed to be rebuilt.
Americans ________________ on how this should happen. The period of rebuilding is called ____________________. It also refers to the various ____________ for readmitting the Southern states to the ________________. o Lincoln’s Plan:

December 1863, during the ________________, Lincoln introduced the
__________________. When 10% of the _____________ of a states took an oath of
________________ to the Union, the state could form a new ______________ and adopt a new ___________________ that banned _______________. Lincoln believed that
____________ the South would serve no purpose and would only delay healing the torn nation.

Lincoln offered _________________ (a pardon) to all white __________________ who were willing to swear _________________ to the Union. Did not include
_______________ leaders. In 1864, three states under Union occupation
(_________________, Arkansas, and Tennessee) set up governments under the plan, but the _______________ refused to seat the states’ _____________________. o The Radicals’ Plan:
 Some _______________ saw Lincoln’s plan too ___________. They favored a more
______________ approach and were called the __________________________. Radical
Republican _____________________ said that Southern institutions “must be broken up and relaid, or all out blood and treasure have been spent in vain.” ________________ was controlled by the Radical Republicans and voted to deny seats to
___________________ from any state that was readmitted under __________________ plan. o Wade-Davis Bill:
 July 1864: _______________ passed the Wade-Davis Bill. To rejoin the Union, a
___________ had to meet several requirements.
1.
A ________________ of the state’s ___________ males had to swear loyalty to the Union.
2.
Only _____________ males who swore they had not fought against the Union could ______________ for ________________ to a state constitutional convention.
3.
New state _________________ had to ban slavery.

The bill would also ban _____________________________ from holding public office. o Lincoln’s Response:
 ________________ refuse to sign the _____________________, but he wanted state
____________________ to form quickly. _________________ wanted order restored in the ______________ as soon as possible. Lincoln would have to _________________ with the Radical Republicans. o The Freedmen’s Bureau:
 March 1865: _______________ and ________________ set up the Freedmen’s Bureau.
The bureau helped _______________________ adjust to _____________________. It provided food, clothing, and _____________________. It helped freed people acquire
______________ or find ________________ for fair wages. It also helped set up
______________ and gave aid to new ____________________________ institutions of higher learning including Atlanta University, ___________________________, and Fisk
University.

 o April 14 th
, 1865:
 President ___________________ attended a play at Ford’s Theatre in
____________________. ________________________ entered the private box and
_______________ Lincoln in the head. Lincoln died hours later. Vice-President
___________________________ became President. Johnson soon revealed his plan for
____________________________ (called Restoration). o Restoration:

_____________________ plan would grant _____________ to most Southerners once they swore _____________ to the Union. High-ranking ____________________ could be __________________ only by appealing to the ______________________. This showed that Johnson wanted to __________________ the leaders who he believed had tricked the South’s people into __________________. Johnson said only loyal, pardoned whites could __________ for delegates to the state constitutional conventions. Johnson stated, “white men alone must manage the south.” _______________ opposed equal rights for _____________________.
 States had to ___________________ secession and ban _______________ before entering the Union. States also had to _____________ the ______________________
(Abolished slavery in the U.S.). By the end of 1865, all form confederate states had new
_______________ and were ready to rejoin the Union, except __________________.
Section 2: Radicals in Control: o African Americans’ Rights:

Some whites tried to terrorize ______________________ (burning churches and homes).
Many events happened like this and convinced _____________________________ that
President Johnson’s Reconstruction plan was not strong enough. Fall 1865: Southern states created new ___________________ based on Johnson’s plan. They also elected new ____________________ to Congress. When the representatives arrived in
_______________________, Congress refused to seat them. o Black Codes:

Early 1866: Southern states passed __________________. They were laws to control freed men and women. They allowed ____________________________ to exploit
___________________ workers. They also allowed _______________ to arrest and fine jobless African Americans. They ____________ African Americans from owning or renting _______________. To many, the black codes resembled _______________. o Freedmen’s Bureau:

Early 1866: ______________ passed a bill giving the _______________________ new powers. The Bureau could set up ___________ and try people charged with violating the rights of _______________________. African Americans could serve on
_______________ in these courts. Congress passed the
______________________________ which granted full citizenship to African
Americans. The federal government could also intervene in state affairs to protect their rights. It also overturned the ___________________ and contradicted the 1857
___________________________. o The Two Bills:
 Johnson ___________ both. Johnson argued that both the Freedmen’s Bureau bill and the Civil Rights Act were ____________________ because they were approved by a
________________ that did not include representatives from all the states.
_________________ in Congress had enough votes to _______________ both vetoes and the bills became _____________. Congress and the ________________ were not working together, Radical Republicans abandoned the idea of ________________ and drafted their own Reconstruction plan. o The 14 th
Amendment:


Fearing the ____________________ might be overturned in court, Congress passed the
14 th
Amendment in 1866 (enacted in 1868). It granted full citizenship to all born in the
_______________. Most African Americans became full _____________. It also gave all _________________ to African Americans including life, ___________, and property. Every citizen was entitled to “equal protection of the laws.”
 If a state prevented any adult male citizen from ______________, then it could lose representation in Congress. The ______________ also barred former Confederate leaders from holding office (unless pardoned by Congress). The ___________________ excluded Native Americans. Southern states had to ______________ the amendment to rejoin the Union. Of the 11 Southern states, only _________________ ratified it. It did not take effect until 1868. o Republican Victory:

Congressional elections of 1866. President __________________ campaigned against
Radical Republicans. Many _____________ objected to the nasty tone of Johnson’s campaign. The also feared clashes between whites and ___________________. The
Republicans won a solid victory, and took Reconstruction into their own hands. o Reconstruction Acts of 1867:

________________ had no power (overrides). Congress passed the First Reconstruction
Act and the Second Reconstruction Act. The 10 Southern _____________ that didn’t
_______________ the 14 th
Amendment had new governments created. The 10 states were divided into 5 ___________________, each run by a military commander. African
American men were guaranteed the right to ___________. It also banned former
Confederate leaders from holding _____________________. To rejoin the Union, the states had to ratify the 14 th
Amendment and submit new state constitutions to Congress for __________________. Military commanders prepared state constitutional convention. o Readmitting the States:

Many white Southerners refused to _____________. 1000s of newly registered
________________ voters voted. Republicans gained control of Southern state
____________________. By 1868: 7 states were _________________ (Alabama,
Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina).

By 1870: Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas were ______________ to the Union. o President Johnson:

Johnson opposed Radical Reconstruction. Johnson used his power of
___________________________ of the army to direct the military governors. Congress passed laws to limit the president’s power such as the
_________________________________. This act ________________ the president from removing government officials, including members of his own ________________ without a ___________________ approval. Conflict between Johnson and the Radicals grew more __________________. o Johnson and the Radicals:

August 1867: Congress was not in ________________. Johnson ________________
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton without the Senate’s _______________. Congress met again and refused to approve the ________________, Johnson removed Stanton from office. This violated the ___________________________. Johnson also appointed people the Radical Republicans ______________ to command some of the Southern military districts. o Impeaching the President:
 Outraged by Johnson’s actions, the _________________________ voted to __________ the president. Formally charged him of wrongdoings. 1868: the case went to the
________________ for a trail that lasted almost 3 months. Both sides made their
_________________. The senators failed to achieve the _______________________

 required for conviction (1 vote). As a result, Johnson stayed in office until the end of
1869. o Election of 1868:

The Republicans nominated _______________________, the Civil War hero. The
Democrats chose _____________________. Grant won the most of the African
American votes in the South and won the ____________________. This election showed that ______________ supported the ___________________ approach to
Reconstruction. o 15 th
Amendment:

1869: Congress passed the ______________________. Prohibited state and federal
__________________ from denying the right to vote to any male citizen because of
“_______________, color, or previous condition of servitude.” African American men won the right to vote in _______________. Republicans believed the power of the vote would enable African Americans to protect themselves. This belief was too
_______________.
Section 3: The South During Reconstruction: o African Americans in Government:

African American ________________ played an important role in Reconstruct. They contributed to Republican ________________ in the South. Some African Americans were able to win seats as elected ________________. In ___________________,
African Americans held a majority n the lower _____________ of legislature. In other states, African Americans held important ________________, but never in proportion to their numbers. o At the National Level:

____________ African Americans served in the House of Representatives (1869-1880).
__________ African Americans served in the _______________ (1869-1880). One was
___________________ - an ordained minister. Revels had recruited African Americans for the Union army. He also started a _________________ for freed African Americans in ________________. He also served as chaplain of an African American
_______________ in Mississippi. Revels stayed in Mississippi and was elected to the
U.S. _______________ in 1870. o Blanche K. Bruce:
 Was the other African American ______________ who was also from
_________________. He was a former escaped ___________________. He taught in a
_____________ for African Americans in ______________. In 1869, he went to
Mississippi, entered politics, and was elected to the U.S. ________________ in 1874. o Scalawags and Carpetbaggers:

Some Southern whites backed the _____________________. Former Confederates called them ____________________ (scoundrel or worthless rascal). Some Northern whites moved to the ________________ after the war and supported the
_______________________. Critics called these Northerners
______________________. Some were _________________, but many were reformers who wanted to help the South. Many Southerners accused the Reconstruction governments of _______________________. o Resistance to Reconstruction:
 Most Southerners opposed efforts to expand African Americans’ _____________. Most white landowners refused to rent ____________ to freed people. Store owners refused them _______________ and employers would not hire them. _____________________, such as the ________________________, used fear and violence to deny
_______________ to freed men and women. The ___________ wore white
______________ and hoods. o The KKK:



Klan members killed _____________ of African Americans and their white __________.
They wounded many more and burned African American _____________, schools, and churches. Many Southerners, especially planters and the ________________ backed the
KKK. They saw _________________ as a defense against Republican rule. 1870 and
1871- Laws were passes to stop the ________________ of the Klan, but most
Southerners refused to testify against those who attacked African Americans and their white _______________. o Education:

During ___________________, African Americans created their own _____________.
The Freedmen’s Bureau also helped spread _________________. 1870s- Reconstruction governments created __________________________ for both races. Within a few years about 50% of white children and 40% of African American children in the South were
_______________. Northern missionary societies set up ________________. These academies grew into African American _________________ and universities.
______________________ in Tennessee and Morehouse College in ________________ are two examples. Only a few states required that schools be ________________, but the laws were not _______________. o Farming:

Some African Americans purchased ___________ with the help of the
______________________. Most were unable to get _____________. The most common form of farm work for freed people was ________________. A landowner rented a plot of land to a ________________. The sharecropper would also receive a crude shack, __________________, and tools (also maybe a mule). In return, sharecroppers shared a ___________________ of their _____________ with the landowners. After paying the landowner, ________________ often had little left to sell.
For many, sharecropping was little better than _________________.
Section 4: Change in the South: o Grant’s Administration:
 During Grant’s administration, Northerners began losing interest in
_____________________. It was time for the South to solve its own
___________________. Radical leaders began to disappear from _______________.
(Thaddeus Stevens died). Southerners felt they knew how to deal with
_____________________. Southerners ________________ what they called the
“bayonet rule.” The use of ______________________ to support Reconstruction
___________________. o Republican Revolt:
 1870s: Rumors of __________________ in Grant’s administration and in Reconstruction
________________ spread. Some Republicans split the _____________ over the issue of corruption. Another broke away over Reconstruction and called themselves
___________________________. They nominated ________________________ to run against Grant in 1872. _________________ was reelected. o Amnesty Act:
 Pardoned most former ______________________. Full rights were granted including
____________________. Most were in the Democratic Party. ___________________ soon gained control of state governments in the South. The ______________ helped the
Democrats take power by terrorizing Republican ______________. o Republican Problems:

1873: A series of political _____________ came to light. One scandal was with the
____________________. These scandals damaged the ______________ administration and the Republicans. Grant and the _____________ also endured a serve economic
________________. Started with the _________________________ when a series of

bad railroad investments forced the powerful banking firm of _________________ and
Company to declare __________________. o Panic of 1873:

Forced small _____________ to close and the stock market to plummet. 1000s of businesses shut down. Tens of 1000s of Americans were out of ________________.
Blame for the hard times fell on the __________________. Congressional election of1874: Democrats gained seats in the _______________ and House of Representatives.
This weakened _________________ commitment to Reconstruction and on protecting
African American ___________________. o Election of 1876:

The Republicans wanted someone beside ________________. Republicans wanted to win back _________________________ and unite the party. The Republicans nominated ________________________, governor of Ohio. Hayes was honest and had moderate views of ___________________. Democrats nominated
_______________________, governor of New York. ________________ gained fame by fighting corruption in New York City.

________________ looked like the winner (250,000 more votes). ________ states had disputed results and kept the _______________ in doubt. ________________ had 184 electoral votes. He was _________ vote short of winning. _____________ needed all of
20 of the disputed votes to win. A ________________ was set up to decide and they voted 8 to 7 to award all 20 votes to _______________. o Compromise of 1877:

________________ in Congress threatened to fight the decision. Republicans and
Southern Democrats reportedly met in secret to work out an _________________.
March 2, 1877: Hayes was declared the ______________. The
__________________________ said the new government would give more
___________ to the South and that the Republicans would withdraw all remaining
_____________ from Southern states. The ________________ promised to maintain
African American rights. o A New Policy:

In his Inaugural Address, _______________ declared that what the South need most was…The restoration of “wise, ______________, and peaceful local self-government.”
Hayes deiced to let the Southerners handle _____________ issues. The federal government would no longer attempt to reshape ___________________________.
Reconstruction was ______________. o Democrats in Control:

Large landowning Democrats took ________________, but also merchants,
_____________, and other business leaders who supported economic _______________.
They called themselves “__________________.” They redeemed the South from
Republican rule. They adopted conservative ____________ (lower taxes and reduced government spending). They cut services from __________________ (Including public education). These ______________ dominated Southern politics into the 1990s. o Rise of the New South:
 Southerners looked to develop a strong industrial economy. This “New South” would have _________________ based on the region’s abundant coal, _____________, tobacco, cotton, and lumber. Textile and _________________ sprang up across the
South. _______________ grew because there was a cheap and reliable workforce.
__________________________ put in long hours for low wages. The
______________________ was rebuilt and double in 10 years. ____________ remained the South’s main economic activity. o Rural Economy:


Supporters of the New South wanted to have the small ___________ raise a variety of crops rather than _____________, but most went to unprofitable
_____________________. _______________ caused problems for poor farmers. To repay _______________, farmers grew cash crops. The main cash crop was
_____________. Too much cotton was produced and prices ______________. o A Divided Society:

Dreams of justice faded for African Americans when Reconstruction faded. The
______________________ prohibited states from denying the right to vote because of
__________________. Southerners found a way to get around this
______________________. Southerners required a _________________ (many African
Americans and poor whites couldn’t vote) Another approach was to make prospective
______________ take a _________________ (Had to read difficult parts of the
Constitution). _______________________ also kept some whites from voting so some states passed _________________________. If your father or grandfather voted, it gave you the right to vote. These ___________ and threat of violence caused African
American voting to decline drastically. o Jim Crow Laws:

By 1890s __________________ was a common feature of the ________________. The
South passed _______________________________ that required African Americans and whites to be separated in almost every public place. 1896: Plessy vs. Ferguson
Segregation was ______________ as long as it was ____________. The facilities were in no way equal. White __________________ rose including ______________. o Reconstructions Impact:

Reconstruction was a success and a _______________. It helped the South
____________ its economy, but most of the South remained ______________________ and poor. African Americans gained greater ________________, created their own institutions, and shared in government with ______________. Their advancements did not last. Civil rights leader _________________________ said “The slave went free, stood a brief moment in the sun: then moved back again toward slavery.”