Eras
..
AB
ACN
AD
Adep
AE
AH
Ainv
AL
AL
AM
AM
AM
AN
AO
AP
AR
AT
AUC
AY
AY
BC
BCE
BE
BE
BT
CE
Positivist Calendar started on January 1. Year 1 "of the Great Crisis" according to this
calendar would be equivalent to the year 1789 in the Gregorian system [#1788],
01.1. =Positivist Calendar New Year (Monday 1 Moses #1788)
Anno Benefacio, "Year of Blessing" of Abraham by Melchizedek (Masonic Calendars)
[#-1913 AB], 01.1. =Masonic, High Priesthood calendar New Year #-1913 AB
Ante Christum Natum [#0000 AD]
Anno Domini = Year of the Lord, or more completely Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi
(The Years of Our Lord Jesus Christ) [#0000 AD]
Anno Depositionis, "In the year of the Deposit" (Masonic Calendars) [#-1000 ADep],
01.1. =Masonic, Royal and Select Masters calendar New Year #-1000 ADep
Armenian Era, year 1 began on 9 July 552 AD [#0551 AE], 09.7. =Armenian New Year
#0551 AE
Anno Hegirae =year of the Hijra (years are conted since the Hijra, that is,
Mohammed's emigration to Medina in AD 622),
Anno Inventionis, "In the year of Discovery" (Masonic Calendars) [#-0530 AInv],
01.1. =Masonic, Royal Arch Masons calendar New Year #-0530 AInv
Anno Lucius, "In the year of Light" (Masonic Calendars) [#-4000 AL], 01.1. =Masonic,
Craft Masonry's calendar New Year #-4000 AL
Anno Lumina, Illuminati chronology (year one AL or 4000 BCE Gregorian) begins with
the birth of Hung Mung, the ancient Chaoist (pre-Taoist), Chinese philosopher [#4000 AL], 01.1. =Illuminati Calendar New Year (1 Verwirrung #-4000 AL)
Anno Martyrum, in the year of the martyrs (coptic) [#0283/0284 AM], The Coptic, or
Egyptian, calendar is 7/8 years behind the Gregorian calendar, 01 Thuout=11/12 Sept
Anno Mundi =year of the world (years are counted since the creation of the world,
which is assumed to have taken place in 3761 BC)
Anno Mundi, "In the year of the World" (Masonic Calendars) [#-3760 AM],
01.1. =Masonic, Scottish Rite calendar New Year #-3760 AM
Anno Nabonassari (26.2. =begindatum 'Nabonassar era' #-0747 jaar geleden) [#0747 AN],
Anno Ordinis, "In the year of the Order" (Masonic Calendars) [#1118 AO],
01.1. =Masonic, Knights Templar calendar New Year #1118 AO
Anno Persico/Anno Persarum =Persian Year (years are counted since Mohammed's
emigration to Medina in AD 622) [#0621/0622 AP]
Anno Renascent, "Year of Revival" (Masonic Calendars) [#1686 AR], 01.1. =Masonic,
Holy Royal Arch calendar New Year #1686 AR
After Tranquility, Tranquility Calendar, 21 July 1969 = 1 Archimedes 1 AT
[#1968/1969 AT], 21.7. =Tranquility Calendar New Year (Friday 1 Archimedes #1968
AT)
Ab Urbe Condita or Since the Founding of Rome, Calendae (=1) Januarius 1 AUC = 1
January 753 BC, invoering op 01.1.45 BC [#-0753 AUC]
"After Yazegird III", the last of the Zoroastrian Persian kings (The calendar year is set
to the coronation year of the last Zoroastrian King, Yazdegird III of Iran)
[#0630/0631 AY], 21.3. =1 Frawardin #0630 AY
Assyrian Year [#-4750-04749 AY], The Assyrian Calendar begins with the first
recorded year of the "beginning of civilization" (shooraya d'mdeetanayoota) as seen
through the eyes of the ancient Bet-Nahranaye (Mesopotamians) =the day the capital
Ashur of Assyria was born
Before Christ [#0000 AD]
Before the Common Era (=BC without the reference to Christ) [#0000 CE]
Bahá'í Era [#1843/1844 BE], Years in the Bahá'í calendar are counted from 21 March
1844 CE, the beginning of the Bahá'í Era, 21.3. =Bahá'í - Naw-Ruz (Bahá'ís New Year,
1 Bahá #1843 BE)
Buddhist Era, based on the death of Gautama Buddha, which is dated to 543 BC by
the Thai [#-0543 BE]
Before Tranquility, Tranquility Calendar, 21 July 1969 = 1 Archimedes 1 AT
[#1968/1969 AT], 21.7. =Tranquility Calendar New Year (Friday 1 Archimedes #1968
AT)
Common Era (=AD without the reference to Christ) [#0000 CE]
Eras
CE
EE
EP
EV
HE/JE
KE
KE
ME
NAY
NE
NE
psU
RE
RKE
SE
SR
Common Era, Primavera Calendar [#-0001/0000 CE], 22.12. =Primavera Calendar
New Year #-0001 CE (no day of the week)
Ethiopian Era [#0007/0008 EE], 01 Meskerem=11/12 Sept
Ere Pataphysique or 'Pataphysical Era', Sunday 1 Absolu 1 EP marks the birth of Alfred
Jarry (Designer of this calendar) [#1872/1873 EP], 08.9. =Pataphysical Calendar New
Year (1 Absolu #1872 EP)
Era Vulgaris, Thelemic Calendar [#0000 EV], Thelemites will often append "e.v." This
is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase "era vulgaris," or "common era", Each Thelemic
year starts on March 20th of the civil calendar, 20.3. =Thelemic Calendar New Year
(#0000 EV, #1904 New Aeon Year)
The Holocene calendar (HE) is a proposal for a calendar reform with a view to facilitate
counting of Gregorian years BC. It is putting the epoch of the current era 10 000 years
back in time at the dawn of the present human civilization. It is assumed to have
emerged during the Holocene. HE is thus applying similar motives as a Japanese
proposal entitled the Jomon Era (JE). The JE proposal relies on schemes for dating
historical events laid down in Japanese era names. Both systems claim that today is
the year 12006. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_calendar
Khalsa Era (Sikh Nanakshaki) [#1468/1469 KE], 14.3. =1 Chet #1468 KE, 14.3.
=Sikh - Nanakshaki New Year (1 Chet #1468 KE)
Kollam era (Malayalam Calendar) The Malayalam era called KollaVarsham (or Kollam
era) was established in 825 AD; Malayalam (Kerala) calendar is calculated from the
day that the city of Quilon (or Kollam) was established months are named after the
constellations in which the Sun is seen during the period Chingam is the first month of
the Malayalam calendar [#0824/0825 KE/ME], 17.8. =Malayalam Calendar New Year
(1 Chingam #0824 KE/ME, ±1 day solar observation)
Malayalam Era (Malayalam Calendar) The Malayalam era called KollaVarsham (or
Kollam era) was established in 825 AD; Malayalam (Kerala) calendar is calculated
from the day that the city of Quilon (or Kollam) was established months are named
after the constellations in which the Sun is seen during the period Chingam is the first
month of the Malayalam calendar [#0824/0825 KE/ME], 17.8. =Malayalam Calendar
New Year (1 Chingam #0824 KE/ME, ±1 day solar observation)
New Aeon Year, Thelemic Calendar [#1904 NAY], Thelemic calendar counts years
from 1904 EV (the year Liber AL was received), Each Thelemic year starts on March
20th of the civil calendar, 20.3. =Thelemic Calendar New Year (#0000 EV, #1904 New
Aeon Year)
Nanakshahi Era ? (Sikh Nanakshaki) [#1468/1469 NE/KE], 14.3. =1 Chet #1468
NE/KE
New Era, 1 January 0 NE = 22 December 2003 AD (New Age Calendar) [#2003/2004
NE], 22.12. =New Age Calendar New Year (Sunday 1 January #2003 NE)
post scriptum Ulysses (the day after Joyce finished writing Ulysses, thus marking the
end of the Christian Era), 1 Hephaistos 1 psU = Tuesday 1 November 1921 AD
(Poundian Calendar) [#1920/1921 psU], 01.11. =Poundian Calendar New Year (1
Hephaistos #1920 psU)
Republican Era (French Republican calendar) beginning (year 1 RE) on September 22,
1792 CE, the day of the proclamation of the French First Republic, one day after the
Convention abolished the monarchy [#1791/1792 RE]
Ratana Kosindra Era, in reference of the date of the founding of Bangkok (Ratana
Kosindra), April 6, 1782 CE [#1781 RKE], 06.4. =Ratana Kosindra Sok New Year (1st
day of year #1781 RKE
Saka Era (Indian Civil Calendar) [#0078/0079 SE], The calendar was officially
adopted on 1 Caitra, 1879 Saka Era, or March 22nd, 1957 Gregorian,
28.2.+22Dy =Indian Civil Calendar New Year (1 Caitra #0078 SE)
Shire-Reckoning (Shire Calendar) The Shire Calendar was a calendar used in J.R.R.
Tolkien's fictional Middle-earth by the Hobbits of Shire, Year 1 of the Shire Calendar
corresponded when the Shire was founded by the Bree Hobbits Marcho and Blanco in
the year 1601 of the Third Age [#1599/1600 SR], 22.12. =Shire Calendar New Year
(2 Yule #1599 SR)
Eras
YOLD
***
Year of Our Lady of Discord, designed by Malclypse the Younger, Sweetmorn 1 Chaos
1 YOLD marks the year of the original Snub, as explained on 'The Principai Discordia'
Erisian calendar, which we owe to the sublime genius of Malclypse the Younger, dates
events from 2816 AL (1184 BCE, Gregorain), the year of the Original Snub [#-1184
YOLD], 01.1. =Erisian Calendar New Year (1 Chaos #-1184 YOLD)
Eras
Japan replaced the traditional lunisolar calendar with the Gregorian calendar January 1, 1873,
but, like China, continued to number the months, and used reign names instead of the
Common Era:
Meiji 1=1867, Taisho 1=1912, Showa 1=1926, Heisei 1=1989, and so on.
The "western calendar" (??, seireki) is nonetheless widely accepted by civilians and to a less
extent by government agencies.
***
Era System (?? in Chinese or Japanese) is the dating system that is related to an Emperor's
crowning.
The system began in the Han Dynasty in 1 CE, but it was abolished by the People's Republic of
China in 1949, when it adopted the more internationalized Common Era System.
The only governments that use that system is Japan and the Republic of China.
How it works
When an emperor ascends to the throne, he will adopted a throne name
(for example, the throne name for Akihito, current Emperor of Japan, is Heisei).
From the day that the new emperor ascends to the throne to the end of the calendar year,
whether lunar or solar, will be considered the 1st year of his reign (--??), even though the
emperor's 1st year was not a complete year.
The year of the emperor continues until a new emperor is crowned.
***
The Republic of China Era
The Republic of China (ROC) uses the era system even though the fact that it does not use a
throne name.
The Republic of China uses the name "Republic" (??) for its officIal dating.
The 1st year of the "Republic Era" is in 1912.
Therefore, 2004 is "the 93rd year of the Republic Era" (??93?).
***
YEARS
In China, Japan, and Korea years are grouped into specific time periods called calendrical eras
for purposes of enumeration.
Every era has a name and years are numbered consecutively within each era.
The numbering of years begins over with each successive era.
There is no correspondence in numbering of years between the three countries.
The Chinese character for year is .
The Korean han'gul for year is .
The first year of an era is usually designated by the use of the character for "beginning" in
combination with the character for "year" i.e: . Succeeding years are numbered 2, 3, 4, etc.
The following discussion further illustrates how years are reckoned in East Asian calendars.
CHINA
The Republic of China was founded in 1912. 1912 is the first year of the Republican era which
is designated as Chung-hua min kuo or simply min kuo .
Chung-hua min kuo means Republic of China.
Consequently, min kuo 3 is equivalent to 1914 in the Western calendar.
This calendrical era was in use on mainland China from 1912 to 1949 and continues to be used
by the Republic of China on Taiwan.
The People's Republic of China uses the Western calendar.
Eras
JAPAN
The first calendrical era in modern Japan is called the Meiji era and runs from September 8,
1868 to July 29, 1912.
Thus, the first year of Meiji is 1868 in the Western calendar.
The second year of Meiji is 1869 and so on.
The next period is the Taisho era which began on July 30, 1912 and ended on December 24,
1926.
The following era, called Showa began on December 25, 1926 and ended on January 7, 1989.
The present era, known as Heisei began on January 8, 1989.
KOREA
The Republic of Korea and its predecessors have two main systems of designating years.
One employs the calendrical era.
The other enumerates years continuously from the legendary founding of Korea.
During the period of Japanese rule (1911 - 1945) both Japanese and Korean calendar dates
can be found on publications.
However, Japanese calendar dates are far more common during this period.
Materials from the Republic of Korea after 1945 employ the Western calendar or the
continuous enumeration method.
In some cases, dates using the continuous enumeration method are prefaced by Tang'i .
Conversion tables can be used to change East Asian years to the Western calendar.
In most cases, this is probably the most reliable way to determine equivalent dates.
There are, however, some short-cuts for converting dates to the Western calendar which
involve simple addition and a basic knowledge of the calendrical eras.
To convert years of the Republican era of the Republic of China add 11 to the min kuo year.
Example:
Min kuo 30 + 11 = 41 i.e. 1941 Min kuo 72 + 11 = 83 i.e. 1983
Years of the Meiji period in Japan are converted by adding 67.
Remember to bear in mind that the Meiji era began in 1868 and adjust your calculation
accordingly.
Example:
Meiji 11 + 67 = 78 i.e. 1878; Meiji 39 + 67 = 106 i.e. 1906
To convert Taisho period year add 11:
Taisho 6 + 11 = 17 i.e. 1917
To convert years of the Showa period add 25:
Showa 40 + 25 = 65 i.e. 1965
To convert years of the Heisei period add 88:
Heisei 2 + 88 = 90 i.e. 1990
To convert continuously numbered years in the Korean calendar, subtract 2333:
4321 - 2333 = 1988
http://fluffy.uoregon.edu/eddy/years.html
***
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikicalendar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year
***
Eras
Calendar era
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar.
For example, the Gregorian calendar numbers its years in the Western Christian era (the
Coptic and Ethiopic churches have their own Christian eras, see below).
The instant, date, or year from which time is marked is called the epoch of the era.
There are many different calendar eras.
Some are listed below along with their abbreviations (if any).
A.D. (or AD) — for the Latin Anno Domini, meaning in the year of the Lord. Years are counted
from the beginning of the dominant or Western Christian Era. AD is used in the Gregorian
calendar. The years are equivalent to years in the Common Era (CE).
Note: AD was also used in the medieval Julian Calendar as well, but the calendars are not
identical. To distinguish between them, O.S. and N.S. were often added to the date,
especially during the 17th and 18th centuries, when both calendars were in common use.
O.S. or Old Style was used for the Julian calendar. N.S. or New Style was used for the
Gregorian calendar.
C.E. (or CE) — meaning Common Era, which is used with the Gregorian calendar and coincides
exactly with the Christian Era.
A.C., B.C. (or BC), and B.C.E. (or BCE) — for the Latin Ante Christum, the English Before
Christ, and Before the Common Era, respectively. In all cases, years count backward from
the year AD 1 or, equivalently, 1 CE. Note that there is no year 0 in the Julian or Gregorian
calendars, but there is in astronomical year numbering, as well as in the Hindu and
Buddhist calendars.
A.U.C. (or AUC) — for the Latin Ab Urbe Condita, meaning from the founding of the city (of
Rome). The first day of its year was Founder's Day (April 21), although most modern
historians assume that it coincides with the modern historical year (January 1 to December
31). It was rarely used in the Roman calendar and in the early Julian calendar — naming
the two consuls that held office in a particular year was dominant. Dionysius Exiguus
implied, but did not explicitly state, that AD 1 was 754 AUC, so that the year 2005 is the
same as the year 2758 AUC (2005 + 753).
A.M. (or AM) — for the Latin Anno Mundi, meaning in the year of the world. This is used in the
Hebrew calendar which counts years from the creation of the world, which is assumed to
have taken place in the year 3761 BC. AM was also used for all first millennium world eras
of the early Christian chronographers. Related to this are the Anno Lucis of Freemasonry,
which adds 4000 years to the AD date, and the Aetos Kosmou of the Byzantine Greek
Calendar (in which the year 7514 begins in September 2005 AD), both of which claim to
date from Creation.
A.M. (or AM) — from the Latin Anno Martyrum (in the year of the martyrs). Used in the Coptic
calendar, which counts from 284 CE.
A.H. (or AH) — for the Latinized Anno Hegirae, meaning in the year of the Hijra, Prophet
Muhammad's migration from Mecca to Medina in September 622, which is taken to be the
beginning of the Muslim era. This is used in the Islamic calendar. (Note that, since the
Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, years are shorter than years in solar calendars.)
B.E. — for the Bahá'í Era beginning 21 March AD 1844. See Bahá'í calendar for more details.
B.E. — for the Buddhist Era, which has an epoch (origin) of 545 BC, but with an offset of one
year from this zero year the difference BE - AD is 543 in Thailand.
B.P. — for Before Present, specifically, the number of radiocarbon years before 1950, used in
radiocarbon dating.
Era of Martyrs — used by the Coptic Church. Its epoch is 29 August/30 August, AD 284 in the
Julian calendar.
Incarnation Era — used by Ethiopia. Its epoch is 29 August/30 August 8 in the Julian calendar.
The Republican Era of the French Republican Calendar was dated from 22 September 1792,
the day of the proclamation of the French First Republic.
The Seleucid Era, formerly used in much of the Middle East, uses the epoch 312 BC, the year
when Seleucus I Nicator captured Babylon and began his reign over the Asian portions of
Alexander the Great's empire.
Eras
Chinese eras or Nian Hao were used sporadically from 156 BC and continuously from 140 BC.
Until 1367 several were used during each emperor's reign. From 1368 until 1912 only one
era name was used by each emperor, who was posthumously known by his era name.
The Republic of China began to count its years in 1929, assigning year one to 1912, its first
year before a warlord period when it did not exist.
Expatriate Chinese use a continuous count of years from the reign of the legendary Yellow
Emperor, using the epoch 2698 BC (year 1). Western writers begin this count at either 2637
BC or 2697 BC (see Chinese calendar).
Japanese eras or Nengo were used sporadically from 645 and continuously from 701. Until
1867 several were used during each emperor's reign. From 1868 only one era name has
been used by each emperor. Since 1868, each emperor has been known posthumously by
his era name.
Korean eras or Dangi were used from 536 to 963 and from 1894 to 1910.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_era