APEH Exam Review Terms
Chapter 22: The Age of Nation-States
Crimean War 1853-1856
Alsace-Lorraine
Young Turks
Napoleon III
authoritarian vs. liberal empire
Paris Commune
Third Republic
Dreyfus Affair 1894
Emile Zola: J’Accuse! 1898
Carbonari
Giuseppe Mazzini
romantic republicanism
Camillo Cavour
Piedmont
1860 war with Austria
Lombardy
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Unification of Italy
Venetia 1866
Rome 1870
Zollverein
Austria vs. Prussia in Germany
German Confederation
Otto von Bismarck
“blood and iron”
Realpolitik
Schleswig-Holstein (Danish War) 1864
Austro-Prussian War 1866
North German Confederation
naionalism vs. liberalism in Prussia
Ems telegram
Franco-Prussian War 1870
Compromise of 1867: Dual Monarchy
Nationalism in Austria-Hungary
Alexander II
Emancipation of the serfs 1861
Zemstvos
Alexander Herzen
populism
The People’s Will
Assassination of Alexander II
Alexander III
Second Reform Act 1867
Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative)
William Gladstone (Liberal)
Education Act 1870
Irish Question
Home Rule
Chapter 23: The Building of European Supremacy
migration
emigration
middle classes
petite bourgeoisie
Second Industrial Revolution
Bessemer process
electricity
“Long Depression” 1873-18961
Baron Haussmann
metro
Eiffel Tower vs. Sacré Coeur
suburbs
slums
cholera
sewers
1
Not given by this name in the book. Look on p.
765 for what I mean.
1882 Married Woman’s Property Act
Women and family law
Women and education
Pay of working women
Prostitution in late 19th Century
Cult of Domesticity
Women and Charity
JS Mill and Harriet Taylor: The
Subjugation of Women, 1869
Emmeline Pankhurst and WSPU
Suffragettes
1918 Reform Bill2
pogroms
lifting of legal restrictions on Jews
trade unions
strikes
mass democracy – political parties
Marx and First International
Revisionists vs. Revolutionaries
Fabians (Beatrice and Sydney Webb,
HG Wells, GB Shaw)
National Insurance Act 1911
Jean Jaurès
Second International and “opportunism”
Georges Sorel and syndicalism
Bismarck vs. SPD: repression and social
welfare
Erfurt Program: Karl Kautsky
Eduard Bernstein and Revisionism
Sergei Witte and his industrial program
Kulaks
Social Revolutionary Party (SR)
Constitutional Democrats (Cadets)
Social Democrats
VI Lenin: What Is to Be Done?, 1902
Bolsheviks
Mensheviks
2
Not given by this name in the book. Women
over 30 can vote
Russo-Japanese War 1904
Bloody Sunday 1905
1905 Revolution
soviets
Duma
Peter Stolypin
Grigory Rasputin
Chapter 24: The Birth of Modern European Thought
Literacy and public education
Auguste Comte – positivism
Charles Darwin, On the Origin of
Species
natural selection
Herbert Spencer – Social Darwinism
Secularism
Kuturkampf
1864 Syllabus of Errors
papal infallibility 1870
Rerum Novarum 1891
Ernest Rutherford
Max Planck (quantum theory of energy)
Albert Einstein (relativity / E=mC²)
Realist literature:
Charles Dickens
Honoré de Balzac
Gustav Flaubert, Madame Bovary
Emile Zola
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House
Modernist literature:
Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own
Marcel Proust, In Search of Lost Time
James Joyce, Ulysses
Impressionism
Claude Monet / Edgar Degas / PierreAugust Renoir
Eduard Manet, A Bar at the FoliesBergère
Post-Impressionism
Georges Seurat
Paul Cezanne
Vincent Van Gogh
Paul Gaugin
Pablo Picasso: Cubism
Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spake
Zarathustra, Beyond Good and Evil
“overman” and will to power
“God is dead”
Sigmund Freud, The Interpretation of
Dreams
Id
Ego
Superego
Psychoanalysis
Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and
the Spirit of Capitalism
“scientific” racism
Stewart Chamberlain
Anti-Semitism
Theodor Herzl
Zionism
antifeminism
Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own
Chapter 25: Imperialism, Alliances, and War
New Imperialism
Motives for imperialism
Scramble for Africa
Berlin Conference 1884-85
Suez Canal 1869
King Leopold II of Belgium
Congo Free State
Boer War (1899-1902)3
Apartheid
3
Not called this in book. Look for war with
Afrikaners on p.836 and a mention on p.842
Bismarck’s policy after 1871: “satisfied
power”
Russian goals in Balkans
jingoism
Congress of Berlin 1878
“Eastern Question”
Dual Alliance
Reinsurance Treaty 1887
Kaiser William II
“place in the sun”
Franco-Russian Alliance 1894
“world policy”
German naval program
Entente Cordiale 1904
Triple Entente 1907
“splendid isolation”
The Balkans
“sick man of Europe”4
Bosnian Crisis 1908
Dreadnought
First and Second Balkan Wars 19121913
Austria vs. Serbia
Francis Ferdinand
Sarajevo
Black Hand
Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg
“blank check”
Helmut von Moltke
Austrian ultimatum to Serbia
Pan-slavism5
Mobilization
who declared war on whom and in what
order
“encirclement”
Schlieffen Plan
Central Powers
Battle of Marne 1914
Stalemate
Trench warfare
Battle of Tannenberg
Ludendorff and Hindenburg
Battle of Gallipoli6
Armenian genocide7
Battle of Verdun
Battle of Somme
War of attrition8
Lusitania
Resumption of unrestricted submarine
warfare
US entry into WWI
Nicholas II and Alexandra
Rasputin
March 1917 Revolution (“February
Revolution”)
Provisional Government
soviets
Alexander Kerensky
VI Lenin and Bolsheviks
“Land, bread, peace”
Leon Trotsky
November 1917 Revolution (“October
Revolution”)
Constituent Assembly
Red Army
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
Russian Civil War: Reds vs. Whites
German offensive of 1918
14 Points
German revolution November 1918
“stab in the back”
End of Ottoman Empire
mandates
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
4
Not called this in book. Refers to slow decline
of Ottoman Empire and the greed of other
European powers (particularly Austria and
Russia) to control Ottoman territory, especially
in the Balkans
5
See p. 717 for clear explanation of this belief
6
Not mentioned by this name in book. See end
of p.853
7
Not mentioned in book.
8
Not mentioned by this name in book. See
strategy of Verdun on p.854
Versailles Conference
Wilson vs. Lloyd George and
Clemenceau
Balfour Declaration 1917
“peace without victors”
Spartacus revolt in Germany 1919
Versailles Treaty
League of Nations
German disarmament
Reparations
Article 231 (war guilt clause)
End of Austro-Hungarian Empire
John Maynard Keynes, Economic
Consequences of the Peace
Problems with Versailles Treaty
Chapter 26: Political Experiments of the 1920s
Revision of Versailles
Postwar economic problems:
Casualties
Trade patterns
Debt
WWI and labor unions
Easter Uprising (1916)
Sinn Fein
Irish Republican Army (IRA)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland
Irish Free State / Republic of Eire
War communism
Red Army
Civil War: Reds vs. Whites (vs. “Greens”)
Cheka
New Economic Policy (NEP)
“commanding heights”
Leon Trotsky – “left-wing”
Joseph Stalin – “socialism in one country”
Nikolai Bukharin – “right wing”
Third International – Comintern
Women in USSR
Poland: Marshal Pilsudski
Czechosolvakia
Hungary
Austria
Yugoslavia
Fascism
Benito Mussolini
Black Shirts
March on Rome 1922
Giacomo Matteotti
Lateran Accord 1929
Little Entente
Rapallo
Raymond Poincaré
Occupation of the Ruhr 1923
passive resistance
“the dole”
Ramsay McDonald
General Strike 1926
Weimar Republic
Reichstag
Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution
Social Democrats (SPD)
“stab in the back” legend
Reparations
Occupation of the Ruhr
Hyperinflation of 1923
Adolf Hitler
Nazi Party program
Ernst Roehm and the SA (“Brown Shirts”)
Beer Hall Putsch (Nov. 1923)
Adolf Hitler: Mein Kampf
“living space”
Gustav Stresemann
Dawes Plan
Paul von Hindenburg
Weimar prosperity 1925-1929
Locarno
Young Plan