CHAPTER 4 REVIEW: THE SELF, IDENTITY, EMOTION, AND PERSONALITY
Multiple Choice
1. The individual’s cognitive representation of the self, the substance and content of self conceptions is
called
A) self-evaluation.
B) self-understanding.
C) self-esteem.
D) none of these.
2. Ben knows that he is a baseball player, a member of his church, an older brother, and a fan of jazz
music. This describes Ben’s
A) personality.
B) self concept.
C) self understanding.
D) self-assessment.
3. Which of the following statements regarding adolescent self-understanding is TRUE?
A) Over time, an adolescent’s self-understanding becomes more differentiated.
B) Adolescents understand that they possess different selves depending on the specific role or context.
C) The self fluctuates across situations and time.
D) All of these are true.
4. Sari goes through many different emotions in one day. One minute she is laughing with her friends, and
later she is edgy and snapping at her sister. Sari’s fluctuating self has been called the
A) barometric self.
B) bipolar self.
C) pendulum self.
D) unstable self.
5. Carl Rogers argued that a strong discrepancy between the real self and the ideal self is a sign of
A) maturity.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) maladjustment.
D) emerging adulthood.
7. Which of the following statements regarding possible selves is NOT true?
A) Possible selves include what individuals would like to become.
B) Possible selves include what individuals are afraid of becoming.
C) Possible selves that have a negative aspect are unhealthy and should be avoided.
D) Aspects of the future negative self can identify behaviors to be avoided.
14. What happens if youth from different ethic backgrounds are unable to effectively navigate among
their different worlds?
A) They develop bicultural selves.
B) They develop multicultural selves.
C) They become culture brokers for others.
D) They can experience alienation from family, peers, and school.
15. Melody moved to the United States from the Philippines with her family. Although she has
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encountered some barriers related to language and racism, she also has made some close friends and, in
general, moves easily between the two cultures. Which of the following is Melody LEAST likely to
develop?
A) alienation from family
B) abilities as a culture broker for others
C) a bicultural self
D) none of these
16. Markus and colleagues argue that
A) in Japanese culture, individuality is promoted and maintained.
B) in North American cultures, relatedness to others is stressed.
C) all selves are culture-specific.
D) all of these are true.
24. Research has shown that narcissism combined with high self-esteem is related to
A) major depression.
B) high aggression.
C) eating disorders.
B) truancy.
25. Research on trends in narcissism from 1980 to 2007 showed
A) no increase in narcissism among high-school and college students.
B) a significant increase in narcissism among high-school and college students.
C) a slight decrease in narcissism among high-school and college students.
D) none of these.
28. Research indicates that self-esteem among females in emerging adulthood may be due to
A) poor social skills.
B) negative body image.
C) conflict with parents.
D) conflict with peers.
29. Nick’s parents told him that he did a “good job” for everything, even when his performance was
mediocre or poor. Nick’s college sociology teacher gave him a C+ on a paper and included constructive
criticism on his writing and critical thinking skills. According to research, Nick will
A) be unhappy with his grade but appreciative of the feedback on his work.
B) understand that he did not do his best work on this paper.
C) have difficulty handling criticism.
D) be angry with his parents for not preparing him for the real world.
31. The most powerful contributor to global self-esteem in adolescence is
A) physical appearance.
B) academic achievement.
C) popularity with peers.
D) athletic achievement.
7. It is extremely important to Sean, age 19, to make the Dean’s List in college. His twin brother, Seamus,
is more focused on being chosen for the rugby team. According to Susan Harter, Sean and Seamus have
each identified their
A) vulnerable area for self-esteem.
B) domain important to the self.
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C) domain important to their parents.
D) domain important for social approval.
40. Erikson believed that _____ was the central issue for adolescents.
A) intimacy
B) autonomy
C) generativity
D) identity
42. Erikson called the gap between the security of childhood and adult autonomy
A) a psychosocial moratorium.
B) an identity crisis.
C) an identity-diffused period.
D) a psychological time-out.
44. Two core ingredients in Erikson’s theory of identity development are _____ and role experimentation.
A) rebellion
B) academic success
C) personality experimentation
D) none of these
50. William Damon, author of The Path to Purpose, is concerned that too many of today’s youth are
A) not moving towards any identity resolution.
B) without a sense of direction.
C) developing maladaptive habits.
D) all of these.
55. Tony has very little interest in choosing a career path. James Marcia would say that Tony’s identity
status is
A) identity moratorium.
B) identity foreclosure.
C) identity achievement.
D) identity diffusion.
56. Myra’s parents have always told her that she will be an engineer like her grandfather. Myra never
even considered any other career and she is now enrolled in a pre-engineering program at a community
college. James Marcia would classify Myra in which identity status?
A) identity achievement
B) identity moratorium
C) identity diffusion
D) identity foreclosure
58. Bob has explored a number of career paths in his senior year of high school and he has decided that he
wants to pursue a career as a forensic psychologist. James Marcia would classify Bob in which identity
status?
A) identity foreclosure
B) identity diffusion
C) identity moratorium
D) identity achievement
59. Stacy has explored a number of careers that involve helping other people but she has not yet made a
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commitment to an identity. According to James Marcia, Stacy is in which identity status?
A) identity moratorium
B) identity diffusion
C) identity foreclosure
D) identity achievement
62. What has been found to be a turning point in developing identity in late adolescence and emerging
adulthood?
A) relationships
B) autonomy
C) mortality events
D) all of these
63. Marcia identified at least three aspects of young adolescent development that are important to identity
formation. They are an established sense of industry, a self-reflective stance towards the future, and
A) confidence in parental support.
B) academic success.
C) positive peer relationships.
D) good health.
65. College produces key changes in identity, due to a wide range of new experiences and
A) increased social skills.
B) increased complexity in reasoning skills.
C) increased autonomy.
D) all of these.
66. James Cote argues that a positive identity in emerging adulthood requires
A) self discipline.
B) financial security.
C) autonomy.
D) job stability.
67. The process of refining and enhancing the identity choices made in emerging adulthood is known as
A) identity clarification.
B) identity solidification.
C) identity consolidation.
D) identity certainty.
69. Which of the following parenting styles has been associated with fostering identity achievement?
A) autocratic
B) democratic
C) permissive
D) none of these
70. Ross has parents who provide him with little guidance and who allow him to make his own decisions.
Ross is likely to be
A) identity achieved.
B) identity foreclosed.
C) identity diffused.
D) identity confused.
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73. Carroll and Gloria are first-generation immigrants from Poland. The degree to which they begin to
feel “American” may be related to
A) securing jobs in the United States.
B) learning to adapt to American food.
C) buying a home.
D) whether or not they develop social networks beyond their ethnic group.
80. Research by Heath and McLaughlin show that an important aspect of the social context, increases the
likelihood that they will develop a positive ethnic identity is
A) religious schools.
B) youth organizations.
C) inner-city basketball teams.
C) health education programs.
82. Which of the following statements about gender and identity in the 21st century is TRUE?
A) Vocational concerns are more central to male identity.
B) Affiliative concerns are more central to female identity.
C) Males are more oriented to ideological commitments.
D) Gender differences have begun to disappear.
83. Erikson argued that _____ must be established before adolescents can develop intimacy.
A) autonomy
B) generativity
C) identity
D) ego integrity
85. During which stage do emotional highs and lows occur most frequently?
A) early adolescence
B) middle adolescence
C) late adolescence
D) emerging adulthood
86. Christopher’s mother tells her friend that she does not understand why he is so moody and
changeable. Christopher is most likely in
A) late adolescence.
B) middle adolescence.
C) emerging adulthood.
D) early adolescence.
87. Which of the following statements regarding hormones and emotions is TRUE?
A) Hormonal influences are largely responsible for negative emotions that occur in puberty.
B) Hormonal changes and environment are about equal in accounting for negative emotions that occur in
puberty.
C) Hormonal factors are strongly associated with positive emotions.
D) Environmental experiences may contribute more to emotions of adolescents than hormonal changes.
90. Emotional competence includes all of the following skills EXCEPT
A) awareness of emotional expression’s role in relationships.
B) adequately coping with positive emotions by using strategies to moderate their intensity.
C) being aware of one’s emotional state.
D) not being overwhelmed by one’s emotional state.
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91. Jim is really angry with his friend for not returning a sports jacket that he borrowed. However, Jim
puts on his favorite CD and distracts himself from his negative emotion. Jim clearly has some
A) emotional competence.
B) self-control.
C) irresponsible friends.
D) all of these.
93. The _____ is the central aspect of the personality.
A) temperament
B) cardinal trait
C) self
D) ego
95. The BEST predictor of adjustment and competence in adolescents is
A) extraversion.
B) the emergence of conscientiousness.
C) agreeableness.
D) openness to experience.
96. A number of research studies have found that the most important Big Five factor of personality in
adolescent development is
A) openness to experience.
B) agreeableness.
C) conscientiousness.
D) extraversion.
98. Which of the following statements regarding stability of personality is TRUE?
A) Dominance and dependency tend to become less stable in adolescence than in late childhood.
B) Researchers find more change than stability in people ages 18-26.
C) Many adolescents become less socially comfortable as adults.
D) Sociability and shyness tend to remain stable from late childhood to adulthood.
100. Walter Mischel argued that personality
A) changes very little after early adulthood.
B) is mainly a product of innate biological traits.
C) changes most in middle age.
D) varies according to the situation.
102. An individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding is known as the person’s
A) personality.
B) trait patterns.
C) temperament.
D) emotional stability.
109. Jasmine, age 16, becomes upset easily and often appears to be unable to control her arousal. In the
newer classification of temperament, Jasmine would be seen as being low in
A) positive affect.
B) effortful control.
C) frustration tolerance.
D) all of these.
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111. Dan, age 17, was classified as an infant with a difficult temperament. From the longitudinal research
that was done on the relationship between temperament in childhood and adjustment in adolescence, we
might expect that Dan
A) probably grew out of this temperament by puberty.
B) is probably still having some problems relating to his childhood temperament, but they will be gone
within the next year or two.
C) is probably not a well-adjusted young man.
D) none of these
112. Research suggests that, compared to uninhibited children, individuals classified with inhibition in
childhood are
A) more likely to experience social support in adolescence.
B) less likely to experience social support in adolescence.
C) more likely to be assertive as adolescents.
D) more likely to enter a stable job tract early.
113. Patrick, age three, seems to have good control of his emotions and handles most situations with ease.
Research shows that as an adult, Patrick will most likely
A) have difficulty being assertive.
B) handle his emotions effectively.
C) be naïve and easily duped.
D) We cannot predict how adults will be based on their behavior at age three.
114. The match between an individual’s temperament and the demands of the individual’s environment
is called
A) congruence.
B) lock-and-key effect.
C) optimum environment.
D) goodness of fit.
Essay
115. Describe self-understanding, and list at least three ways adolescents are different from children in
their self-understanding.
119. What did Erik Erikson say were the two core ingredients in identity development? Give an example
of each.
126. Define what is meant by emotional competence, and give at least three examples to illustrate the
clearly differentiate their emotions and focus on their coping skills provide examples of this emotional
competency.
127. List the Big Five factors of personality. Which factor has research revealed as a key predictor of
adjustment and competence? List at least two outcomes that have been linked to that factor.
problems with substance abuse, more conduct problems, and a higher mortality risk than their
counterparts who are higher in this trait.
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