Human Anatomy and Physiology Pacing Guide

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PACING GUIDE
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Susan Millward
Page 1 of 13
PACING GUIDE
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CYCLES
LEARNER OUTCOMES
TEXT
SECTIONS
INDICATORS OF
LEARNING
RESOURCES OF
DIFFERENTIATION
1
(Sept)
Glencoe: Hole’s Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology
UNIT 1: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION


INTRODUCTION, HOMEOSTASIS,
AND THE LANGUAGE OF
ANATOMY
CELLS
INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES

Define anatomy and physiology and
explain their relationship

Describe various levels of structural
organization within the human body,
and explain how they are related

Define and identify the importance
of homeostasis to health and
describe an example of a
homeostatic mechanism

Use proper anatomical terminology
to describe directional terms, body
regions, planes of reference and
body cavities
LAB OBJECTIVES

Identify correct organ systems for
each organ using a human torso
model or diagrams

Identify major body cavities and the
organs within
Glencoe: Hole’s Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory
Manual, 8th edition
1.2
SG 4-8
1.3
CW 2-5, 8-12
Glencoe: Hole’s Essentials of Human
Anatomy & Physiology Student Study Guide
(SG)
Online Learning Center (OLC) (quizzes,
website links, clinical applications,
interactive activities, labeling activities)
1.5
Essential Study Partner (animations,
learning activities-available through
OLC)
1.7
Digital Content Manager (DCM) for
Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy
& Physiology
Lab 2: Body
Organization and
Terminology
Diploma 6 for Windows (Exam 6 for
Macintosh)
Marieb, Elaine N., Anatomy and Physiology
Coloring Book (CW)
Review of any chapter content at
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Lab 1: Scientific Method and Measurements
Identify organs in 3 planes of the body
from digitized body sections
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CELL OBJECTIVES

Describe the structure of the plasma
membrane and how structure
relates to function

Identify the major organelles of a
cell, their structure and their function

Define the types of movement
through a membrane, including
osmosis, active transport, diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, filtration,
endocytosis, and
exocytosis

Identify and describe the stages of
mitosis and cytokinesis
LAB OBJECTIVES

Locate, identify and describe the
function of major parts of a
compound microscope

Demonstrate proper care and use of
a microscope by examining cheek
cells

Distinguish between hypertonic,
hypotonic and isotonic solutions and
describe their impact on cells

Identify the stages of mitosis using
microscopic slides or other
appropriate models
3.2
SG 19-23
CW 30-36
3.2
3.3
3.4
Lab 3: Care and use of
the Compound
Microscope
Lab 4: Cell Structure and
Function
Lab 5: Movements
Through Cell Membranes
(Parts A, B, D)
Lab 6: The Cell Cycle
Page 3 of 13
Virtual Physiology Lab: 9, Diffusion,
Osmosis, and Tonicity
Review cell cycle phases and events
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2
(Oct)
UNIT 1: LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
(CONT)


TISSUES
SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES
TISSUE OBJECTIVES

Identify the four primary tissue
families of the body (epithelial,
connective, muscular, nervous)
and their chief subcategories.

Explain how the four major tissue
types differ structurally and
functionally.

Discuss the process of tissue repair
and the inflammatory response
LAB OBJECTIVES

Examine and differentiate between
various kinds of tissue using a
microscope and prepared slides
including:
epithelial: squamous, stratified,
cuboidal, columnar, and
transitional
connective: adipose, blood,
cartilage, bone, dense,
areolar
nervous: neuron, neuroglia
muscular: smooth, skeletal, cardiac

State the location of the tissue types
in the body
SKIN AND BODY MEMBRANES
OBJECTIVES

List the general functions of each
membrane type-cutaneous,
mucous, serous, and synovial-and
give its location in the body

Compare the structure (tissue
makeup)of the major membrane
types

Summarize the functions of the skin
and explain how these functions are
accomplished

Describe the structure and function
of the dermis and epidermal layers

Name the factors that determine
skin color, and describe the function
of melanin.

Name the glands of the skin, their
function, and describe the
secretions they produce
(sebaceous, sweat, apocrine,
eccrine)

Describe the accessory organs of
the skin and their function (nails,
hair)

Identify some health disorders of the
integumentary system and their
causes, such as skin cancer, burns,
acne, color changes
LAB OBJECTIVES

Distinguish between the epidermis,
dermis and subcutaneous layers of
the skin using anatomical structures
and function

Identify the layers of the skin, hair
follicles and glands in a prepared
slide and diagram
Chapter 5
SG 33-36, 41
CW 38-43
CW 45-47
Lab 7: Epithelial Tissues
Identify tissues from micrographs and
examine the structural components of
tissues
6.4
Lab 8: Connective
Tissues
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Lab 9: Muscle and
Nervous Tissues
5.6
SG 36, 38-41
CW 49-54
CW 56-59
Lab 10: Integumentary
System
Identify skin layers from micrographs
and review the functions of the skin
structures
5.6
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.3-6.4
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3
(Nov)
UNIT II: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

SKELETAL SYSTEM

ARTICULATIONS

MUSCULAR SYSTEM
SKELETAL SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

List and explain the function of the
skeletal system

Differentiate between the basic
structure of compact and cancellous
bone

Identify microscopic bone
structures including Haversian
systems, osteocytes, osteoclasts,
osteoblasts, bone matrix,
periosteum

Explain the process of bone
formation, growth and repair

List and identify the bones which
make up the appendicular and axial
skeleton

Describe some disorders/diseases
affecting the skeletal system such
as
osteomalacia, rickets, osteoarthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis,
compound/simple fractures, bursitis,
osteoporosis
7.1, 7.4
SG 45-49, 52
7.2
CW 62-83
CW 86-88
Lab 12: Organization of
the Skeleton
Lab 11: Structure of Bone
7.2
7.3
7.5-7.12
p. 131, 133
LAB OBJECTIVES

Distinguish between the axial
skeleton and the appendicular
skeleton

Locate and name the major bones
of the human skeleton

Distinguish by examination the
different types of vertebrae

Identify bones and their major
processes from an assembled and
disarticulated
skeleton
ARTICULATIONS OBJECTIVES

Describe and locate the different
types of joints including synovial,
fibrous, and cartilaginous, and
compare the amount of movement
allowed by each

Distinguish between the following
movements: flexion/extension,
rotation/circumduction,
abduction/adduction, and
supination/pronation

compare major categories of joints
as to their structure and mobility

Demonstrate or identify the various
body movements
Select sections from
each of the following
labs:
Lab 13: The skull
Lab 14: Vertebral
Column and Thoracic
Cage
Lab 15: Pectoral Girdle
and Upper Limb
Lab 16: Pectoral Girdle
and Lower Limb
Review skeletal anatomy and the
functions and features of individual
bones
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SG 53
7.13
CW 83-85
Lab 17: The Joints
7.13
7.13
7.13
Page 5 of 13
Review joints
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MUSCULAR SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

Describe similarities and differences
in the structure and function of the
three types of muscle tissue, and
indicate where they are found in the
body





Describe the gross and microscopic
anatomy of skeletal muscle
Describe how an action potential is
initiated in a muscle cell and the
events of muscle cell contraction
Describe graded response, tetanus,
isotonic and isometric contractions,
and muscle tone as these terms
apply to a skeletal muscle
Identify some human superficial
muscles including their name,
origin, insertion , antagonist muscle
group, and primary action
List and describe some
problems/diseases of the muscular
system such as cerebral palsy,
muscular dystrophy, and the use of
anabolic steroids
review 5.4
(Dec)
CW 89-96, 97-111
CW 112-114
Lab 18: Skeletal Muscle
Structure
Virtual Physiology Lab: 3, Frog Muscle
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.7-8.8
p. 178, 183
LAB OBJECTIVES

Identify and describe each type of
muscle tissue microscopically

Name and locate the major
structures of a skeletal muscle fiber

Distinguish between the origin and
insertion of a muscle

Describe the general actions of
prime movers, synergists, and
antagonists
4
SG 58-61
Select sections from
each of the following
labs:
Lab 19: Muscles of the
Face, Head, and Neck
Lab 20: Muscles of the
Chest, shoulder, and
Upper Limb
Lab 21: Muscles of the
Abdominal Wall and
Pelvic Outlet
Lab 22: Muscles of the
Hip and Lower Limb
Determine the origin, insertion, action,
nerve innervation, blood supply of
major muscles,
identify muscles (interactive site)
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UNIT III: REGULATION AND INTEGRATION



NERVOUS SYSTEM
SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

Name and describe the functions of
the two major divisions of the
nervous system

Describe the structure of neurons
and the function of their
components

Explain how a nerve impulse is
conducted along a neuron as well
as from one neuron to another
(resting potential, action potential,
synaptic transmission)

List the parts of a reflex arc and
describe its function

Discuss the meningeal layers of the
central nervous system
9.1-9.2
SG 67-76, 78-79
9.3-9.4
9.5-9.8
9.10
9.11
Page 6 of 13
CW 115-117, 118-123,
126-131
CW 136-140
PACING GUIDE
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




Name the major parts of the brain
and spinal cord and state the
function of each
Discuss the formation of
cerebrospinal fluid and its circulation
Contrast the structure and function
of the autonomic and somatic
nervous system
Distinguish between sympathetic
and parasympathetic divisions of
the autonomic system
Identify disorders of the nervous
system and their causes such as
Parkinson’s disease, multiple
sclerosis, tetanus, Alzheimer’s,
strokes, poliomyelitis
9.12-9.13
9.13
9.14-9.15
9.15
Lab 23: Nervous Tissue
and Nerves
LAB OBJECTIVES

Distinguish between neurons and
neuroglial cells on prepared slides

Identify the major parts of a neuron
on slides or diagrams

Demonstrate several reflex actions

Identify important anatomical areas
on a spinal cord such as nerve
plexuses, connective tissue
coverings, and white/grey matter
SOMATIC AND SPECIAL SENSES
OBJECTIVES

Distinguish between somatic
senses and special senses

Name the five kinds of receptors
and explain their functions

Explain the relationship between
the senses of smell and taste and
the mechanism for each

Name the parts of the ear and the
function of each

Name the parts of the eye and the
function of each
Lab 24: The Reflex Arc
and Reflexes
Select sections from
each of the following
labs:
Lab 25: the Meninges
and spinal Cord
Lab 26: The Brain and
Cranial Nerves
Lab 27: Dissection of the Sheep Brain
Review the brain, cranial nerves,
spinal cord, and CSF
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10.1
SG 83-87
10.2-10.3
CW 141-142, 143, 145148
CW 154-156
Lab 28: The Ear and
Hearing
Lab 29: The eye (Procedure B)
10.5-10.6
10.7
10.9
LAB OBJECTIVES

Identify the major ear structures

Trace the pathway of sound
vibrations from the tympanic
membrane to the hearing
receptors

Identify the major eye structures

List the structures through which
light passes as it travels from the
cornea to the retina
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

Name and locate the major
endocrine glands and tissues of
the body

Differentiate between the effects
of steroid and non-steroid
hormones on target cells

List hormones produced by the
endocrine glands and the
physiological effects of each

Describe how the hypothalamus
regulates hormone secretion from
the pituitary gland
Virtual Physiology Lab: 1, Action
Potential
Lab 29: The Eye
(Procedure A)
Lab 30: Visual Tests and Demonstrations
Review the anatomy and physiology of
the ear and the causes of hearing
impairment.
Review the anatomy and physiology of
the eye and how we see
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p. 298
SG 92-95
CW 157-163
11.3
11.3-11.6
11.4-11.5
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CW 165-166
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

Describe pathological
consequences of hypersecretion
and hyposecretion of various
hormones
Describe and give an example of a
negative feedback mechanism in
hormonal production and control
11.3-11.5
p. 282, 291
LAB OBJECTIVES

Locate and identify each of the
endocrine glands in the body from
a model or diagram

Name the hormones secreted by
each of the major glands and the
principal functions of each
hormone
Optional: examine glandular tissue under
a microscope
5
(Jan)
Lab 31: Endocrine
System
Review the endocrine system and
common endocrine disorders
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UNIT IV: TRANSPORT

BLOOD

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
BLOOD OBJECTIVES

List the functions of blood

Describe the structure, function and
life cycle of erythrocytes

Identify the various types of
leukocytes and the role each plays
in the body

Describe the components of plasma
and give their functions

Describe the major events of
hemostasis

Explain the basis of ABO and Rh
incompatibilities

Identify various disorders of the
blood such as anemia, leukemia,
hemophilia, polycythemia
LAB OBJECTIVES

Examine blood cells, identifying
erythrocytes and the five types of
leukocytes

Perform a differential white blood
cell count and give examples of
disorders that produce abnormal
blood test values
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

Describe the structure and function
of the heart

Describe the flow of blood through
the heart, naming each chamber,
valve, and vessel through which the
blood passes

Explain the structure and function of
the conduction system of the heart

Distinguish between systemic,
cardiac, and pulmonary circulation

Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic
regulation of the heart

Distinguish between an artery, vein,
and capillary based on structure,
location, and function

Describe the exchange of material
across the capillary membrane
12.1
12.2
SG 100-104
CW 167-173
12.2
CW 174-176
12.3
12.4
12.5
p. 311, 316
Lab 32: Blood Cells
(Procedure A and B)
Review blood cell identification,
functions, and related abnormalities
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Blood Typing Kit-such as Understanding the
Genetics of Blood Groups Using
Neo/Blood (NeoSci #20-2133)
13.2
SG 109-114
13.2
CW 177-181, 184, 186187
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.4
13.4
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CW 197-200
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
Explain the mechanisms of return of
venous blood to the heart

Describe how blood pressure is
created, monitored, and controlled

Identify some major vessels of the
body and the areas they service

Identify various disorders such as
tachycardia, heart murmurs,
pericarditis, coronary heart disease,
heart failure, aneurysm,
hypertension, arteriosclerosis
LAB OBJECTIVES

Identify major structural features of
the heart using a model

Examine pulse, determine pulse
rates

If possible, use a stethoscope to
identify cardiac cycle sounds and a
sphygmomanometer to measure
blood pressure

Locate major arteries and veins in
the pulmonary and systemic circuits
using a chart or model

Distinguish between a cross section
of an artery and vein
microscopically
6
(Feb)
UNIT V: PROTECTION

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

IMMUNE SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

Describe the structure and principal
functions of the lymph system

Describe how lymph is formed and
transported

Name three lymphatic organs and
explain the functions of each
LAB OBJECTIVES

Locate and identify the major
lymphatic pathways

Describe the structure of a lymph
node

Identify the major microscopic
structures of a lymph node,
thymus, and spleen

IMMUNE SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

Distinguish between innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific)
defenses and provide examples of
each

Differentiate between antibody and
antigen

Compare the functions of the B- and
T-cell lymphocytes

Discuss the relationship between
the HIV virus and the immune
system
diseases, AIDS
13.4
13.5
13.7-13.8
p. 340
Lab 35: Structure of the
Heart (Procedure A)
Lab 35: Structure of the Heart
(Procedure B)
Select sections from the
following labs:
Lab 37: Blood Vessels
Lab 38: Pulse Rate and
Blood Pressure
Lab 39: Major Arteries
and Veins
Lab 36: The Cardiac Cycle
Trace blood flow through an animated
heart at various rates. Identify heart
structures and take an animated tour
of the heart. Identify heart sounds.
Compare normal and abnormal ECG’s.
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14.1
SG 118-120
14.2-14.3
CW 201-203, 206-207,
209-211, 214
CW 216-222
Lab 40: Lymphatic
System
Locate the 6 major areas of lymph
nodes,
and identify the lymphatic system
components
14.5-14.6
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14.7-14.9
14.9
14.9
p. 376, 378-379
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SG 120-124
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7
UNIT I: NUTRIENT AND GAS EXCHANGE

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
(Mar)
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

Describe the location and functions
of the organs of the alimentary
canal

Explain the difference between
mechanical and enzymatic digestion
and the organs which perform each

Describe mastication, deglutition,
and peristalsis

Label the parts of a typical tooth and
describe the functions of the
different types of teeth

Explain the role of the accessory
organs in the digestive process,
including the salivary glands,
pancreas, gall bladder, and liver

Discuss the functions and sources
of the major enzymes including
amylase, pepsin, lipase, trypsin,
proteases

List the stomach secretions,
describe their functions, and explain
how each is regulated

Identify the major components of
pancreatic secretion, their functions
and how they are regulated

Describe bile, its source,
composition, function and regulation

List the major functions of the liver

List the anatomical and histological
characteristics of the small intestine
that account for its large surface
area

List the anatomical and histological
characteristics and functions of the
large intestine

Explain the hepatic portal system
and its relation to the digestive
system

Describe the processes of
carbohydrate, lipid, and protein
digestion, absorption, and
metabolism

Describe the diseases/disorders of
the digestive system such as
heartburn, gastric/duodenal ulcers,
hepatitis, appendicitis, jaundice,
cirrhosis, constipation, diarrhea
LAB OBJECTIVES

Locate and identify digestive and
accessory organs with a model

Describe the histology of the
gastrointestinal wall, including the
four layers, villi, and microvilli

Investigate the action of pancreatic
enzymes on carbohydrates and/or
lipids and the effect of temperature
on enzymatic activity
IF TIME PERMITS, INCLUDE NUTRITION
15.1
SG 129-138
CW 239-245, 248-250
CW 259-262
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4, 15.7, 15.8
in individual
sections of text
15.6
15.7
15.8
15.8
15.9
15.10
review p. 353-354
throughout chapter
15
p. 397, 402, 409412
Lab 41: Organs of the
Digestive System
Lab 42: Action of a
Digestive Enzyme
15.11
Virtual Physiology Lab: 8, Digestion of
Fat
Virtual Physiology lab: 10, Enzyme
Characteristics
Summarize the functions of the digestive
system organs
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OBJECTIVES

Name the structures and describe
the functions of the upper and lower
respiratory tracts

Identify respiratory air volumes
during normal and forceful breathing
efforts

Describe the mechanisms
responsible for inspiration and
expiration, including pressure
changes, muscular contractions,
and nervous control

Explain how alterations in blood
carbon dioxide levels, blood pH, and
blood oxygen levels effect
respiration

Discuss the role of partial pressure
in the exchange of gasses in lungs
and tissues

Explain the role of hemoglobin in
the transport of gases

Describe three ways in which
carbon dioxide is carried in the
blood

Identify respiratory problems and
causes of conditions such as
tuberculosis, emphysema, asthma,
pneumonia, pleurisy, lung cancer,
hyperventilation, and cystic fibrosis
LAB OBJECTIVES

Label the major respiratory system
structures on a diagram or model

Recognize ciliated epithelium and
lung tissue on a microscopic slide

Trace the movement of air through
the respiratory tract
16.1-16.2
SG 138-142
16.3
SG 145-150
CW 225-226, 228, 233
CW 236-238
Lab 43: Organs of the
Respiratory System
Virtual Physiology Lab: 6, Pulmonary
Function
Virtual Physiology Lab: 7, Respiration
and Exercise
16.3
16.4
16.5
16.6
16.6
p. 439, 448
Review the structure and function of the
respiratory system
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8
(Apr)
UNIT VII: WASTE REMOVAL

URINARY SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES

List the organs of the urinary system and
state a function of each

Describe the structure and location of the
nephron within the kidney and explain the
functions of its parts

Trace the path of blood through the renal
blood vessels

Explain the production and composition
of glomerular filtrate

Identify principal factors that influence
filtration pressure and explain how they
affect the rate of filtration

Trace the path of filtrate through a renal
tubule

Explain tubular reabsorption and
secretion and how they affect the
composition of urine

Explain the regulation of urine
concentration and volume dealing with
hormonal, neural, and chemical controls

Describe the micturition reflex

Discuss disorders such as renal failure,
dialysis, kidney stones, and cystitis
LAB OBJECTIVES

Describe the location of the kidneys

Locate and identify the gross anatomical
features of a kidney using a model or
diagram

Describe the features of a nephron and
locate them in a model

Conduct urinalysis tests and use them to
determine the substances present in a

urine specimen
17.1
SG 154-158
17.2
CW 263-269, 272
CW 274-276
Lab 45: Structure of the
Kidney
Urinary system review
17.2
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.4
p. 467
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Lab 46: Urinalysis
Lab 45: Kidney dissection
Page 12 of 13
PACING GUIDE
HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
CYCLES
LEARNER OUTCOMES
TEXT
SECTIONS
INDICATORS OF
LEARNING
RESOURCES OF
DIFFERENTIATION
UNIT IX: REPRODUCTION

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
9
(May)
REPRODUCTION OBJECTIVES

Name the parts of the male and female
reproductive system and their functions

Describe the structure of the testes and
ovaries and the formation of gametes

Describe the route sperm cells follow
from the site of their production to outside
the body

Describe the structure of the penis

Explain the hormonal control of male and
female reproduction

Describe the process of ovulation and
fertilization

Trace the pathway of an egg after
ovulation

List major events of the menstrual cycle

Discuss disorders such as breast cancer,
pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility,
prostate cancer, and sexually transmitted
diseases

19.2, 19.4, 19.6
SG 168-175
19.2
CW 277-280, 282-285,
290-292
CW 296-298
Lab 47: Male
Reproductive System
Lab 48: Female
Reproductive System
Review the structures and functions
of the male and female reproductive
systems. Examine topics of infertility,
fetal development, pregnancy,
and birth.
19.2
19.2
19.3, 19.5
19.4
19.4
19.5
p. 496, 497, 511
IF TIME, describe human development,
pregnancy, labor ,and contraception
LAB OBJECTIVES

Examine microscopic structures of
mammalian ovary and sperm, relating
structure to function

Locate and name the structures of the
male and female reproductive systems
using a model or diagram

Describe the effects of FSH and LH on
ovarian and testicular function
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