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'Drdkua&pDusvmap&ef a&S;&Iaom
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ulnDyHhydk;ay;zdkY t"du vdktyfygonf/ xdkYtjyif
t&yfbuftzGJUtpnf;rsm; wdk;wufxGef;um;vmap&ef
tqifhwdkif; tqifhwdkif;ü vlxkyg0ifqHk;
jzwfcGifh&Sda&; ESifh owif;vGwfvyfyGifhvif;a&;
wdkYudkvnf; tm;ay;oifhygonf/
rdrdwdkY\ opfESifh opfxGufypönf;
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zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom tpkd;&wpf&yftm;
aiGaBu;axmufyhHay;&m ra&mufatmif EkdifiHwum
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ydkrdkqif;&JrGJaw roGm;ap&ef? odkYr[kwf
jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif; opfawmrsm; tBuD;tus,f
jyKef;wD; roGm;ap&efudkvnf; txl; owdjyKtyfygonf/
,if;tcsufwdkYrSm þtpD&ifcHvTmu txl;jyK
aZmif;ay;xm;onfh tcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/
EkdifiHwumtodkuft0ef;onf...
1989 ckeSpfwGif ppftpdk;&u bm;rm; udk jrefrm
[ktrnfajymif;cJhonf/ xdktrnfudk ukvor*¾ u oHk;pGJonf/
odkYaomf t*Fvdyfbmom tpD&ifcHpmwGif bm;rm; [koHk;pGJjyD;?
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oHk;pGJygonf/
1
2
 trsKd;om;Oya'rsm; udk csdK;azmufí ckwfvSJ? o,f,l?
a&mif;? 0,f onfh opfrsm;udk
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Mum;EdkifiHrsm;rSwpfqifh wifydkYaomopfjzpfap
tusHK;0ifoifhayonf/
 jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif; w&m;r0ifopfckwfvSJrI
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 j*dKvfwk yHkaz:csuf ESifh "mwfyHk?
avaMumif;"gwfyHk ESifh ajray:t&Sd
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ygonf/
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oifhygonf/ (tuGuf(7)/opfawmwefzdk;rsm;? pmrsufESm
44 Munfh)
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u OD;aqmifí jyKjyifoifYygonf/
2
3
 obm0ywf0ef;usif todEdk;Mum;rI yg0ifaom
ynmay;pDrHcsufrsm; udk wdk;jrSifhvkyfaqmifjcif;?
obm0&if;jrpf toHk;ESifhtxdef;
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obm00ef;usifqdkif&m tm;xkwfvkyfaqmifvmrIrsm;udk
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jyefvnfwnfaqmufoifhygonf/
 w&m;r0if e,fpyfausmfopfa&mif;0,frI udk
udkifwG,f&ef aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; tygt0if
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w&m;r0ifwifydkYaomopfrsm;rS xkwfvkyfonfh
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w&kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH
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jrefrmjynfolrsm;tm; xdcdkufepfemapjcif;
tvsOf;r&Sd&apjcif;iSm aocsmapoifhygonf/
jrefrmjynfopfawmrsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESifh
ywfoufí w&kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiH tpkd;&onf...
atmufwdkbmv(2)&ufaeY 13Mudrfajrmuf pDtkdifwDtD;tufpf
tzGJU0ifrsm;nDvmcHü xdkif;0efMuD;csKyf oufpif½Sifem 0yfw&m
u þ uGef,ufrsdK;ay:aygufa&;twGuf xdkif;edkifiHu
a½SUaqmifrnfhtjyif tao;pdwf pDrH&ef 2005 ckESpfü
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3
4
 ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd opfckwfvkyfief;tm;vHk;\
w&m;Oya'ESifh avsmfnDrItay: jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;
rwdkifrD? opfvHk;ESifhopfcGJom;rsm;
w&kwfjrefrme,fpyf udk jzwfausmfwifoGif;jcif;tay:
qdkif;iHh xm;oifhygonf/
 jrefrmjynfrS opfwifoGif;jcif;qkdif&m
tcsuftvufrsm; udk trsm;jynfol &,lod&SdEdkifap
oifhygonf/ þtcsufrsm;wGif opfxkxnf? wefzdk;?
a&mif;0,fvkyfudkifolrsm;\ Oya'qdkif&mZpfjrpf
ESifh tao;pdwf tcsuftvufrsm; yg0ifapoifhygonf/
 typf&yftzGJUrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfh a'orsm;twGif;
obm0o,HZmwrsm;tay: tjrwfxkwfaeonfh
w&kwfukrÜPDrsm; tygt0if?
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a&mif;0,frIqkdif&m EdkifiHwumoabmwlnDcsuf
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EdkifiHwumobm00ef;usifqdkif&m uwdu0wfrsm;udk
vdkufem
oifhygonf/
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oufa&mufa&; ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; (tufzftufvftD;*sD)
aMunmcsufwGif jyKcJhonfhuwdu0wft&
w&kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiH tpdk;&onf…
 jrefrmhopfawmXmeESifh ESpfOD;ESpfbuf
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&; udk tjrefqHk;
tm;pdkufoifhygonf/ oufqdkif&m typf&yftzGJU
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm;ESifhvnf;
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; Oya'rJhopfckwfrI?
w&kwfEdkifiHESifh w&m;r0ifopfa&mif;0,frI?
opfESifhywfoufaom rormrIjyóemrsm;udk tjyeftvSef
aqG;aEG;oifhygonf/
5
 tufzftufvftD;*sD aMunmcsufyg &nfrSef;csufrsm;
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oufa&mufa&; ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&; a'oqdkif&m
txl;vkyfief;tzGJUwGif ydkí pOD;vIyf½Sm;
ajymif;vJEkdifaomu@ rS yg0ifoifhygonf/
 opfvHk; ESifh opfwifoGif;jcif; tcsuftvufrsm;
tygt0if owif;rsm;? opfawmxdef;odrf;a&; ESifh
opfawmynmqdkif&m tawGYtBuHKrsm;
xdxda&mufa&mufzvS,fEdkifa&; twGuf
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm; az:aqmifoifhygonf/
 jrefrmhopfawmXme? oufqdkif&mtypf&yftzGJUrS
tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m&Sdrsm; ESifh tufzftufvftD;*sD
twGif;&Sd t&yfbuftzGJYtpnf;rsm;\
yl;aygif;yg0ifrIudk tm;ay;oifhygonf/ (pmrsufESm
116 aemufqufwGJMunfh)
EdkifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&; ESifh
zGHUjzdK;a&;aumifpD
a&&Snfajz&Sif;a&; y#dyu©rsm;jzpfonfh rQwaom
obm0o,HZmw pDrHcefYcGJrI ESifh t&yfzuftkyfcsKyfa&;
toGiful;ajymif;rIw&yf ay:aygufvm&eftvdkYiSm e?t?z
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txl;ojzifh w&kwfjynfodkY
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rvkyfEdkifjcif;\ tusdK;quf aMumifh opfawmysufpD;rI
us,fjyefYvmonfhESifhtnD ucsifjynfe,fvlxktwGif;
pkd;&drfylyefrIrsm;vnf; wdk;yGg;vmayonf/ etz
ajrmufydkif;wdkif;\ xdef;csKyfrIatmuf&Sd vlenf;pk
ppfom;rsm;rSmum; vlxktusdK;pD;yGm; udk paw;vsuf
olwdkYudk,folwdkY csrf;om<u,f0atmif
vkyfaqmifaeMuayonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH opfawmrsm;pDrHcefYcGJa&;
ESifhywfoufí etz onf---6
 ucsifjynfe,fwGif;&Sd etz wyfrsm;\ ya,m*jzifh
Oya'rJh xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& opfckwfvSJaerI udk
&yfypfoifhygonf/
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a&&SnfwnfwHhonfhyHkpHjzifh taotcsm
pDrHcefYcGJapoifhygonf/
 typftcwf &yfpJxm;aom a'orsm; ESifh tjcm;
qif;&JrGJawjzpfcJh&onfh e,fpyfa'orsm;ü zGHUjzdK;
wdk;wufa&; tultnDrsm; wdk;wuf &&Sdapoifhygonf/
xdkYjyif xdka'orsm;\ pD;yGm;a&; rSm obm0
o,HZmwrsm;tm; tEdkifhtxuf tjrwfxkwfjcif;tay:
tm;rxm;ap&efudkvnf; taotcsm pDrHoifhygonf/
ucsifjynfe,f typftcwf&yfpJxm;aomtzGJYrsm;
opfawmqHk;&IH;rI us,fjyefYvmjcif;onf
obm00ef;usifa&;&m ESifh vlrIa&;qdkif&m jyif;xefonfh
jyóemrsm;qDodkY OD;wnfaeonfhjyif
typf&yfa'orsm;udkyif ausmfvGefí
zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrIudk tonf;toef avsmhyg;apayonf/
þw&m;r0ifaom? zsufqD;cH&jcif;om tzwfwifaom?
ukefoG,frIrsdK;udk &yfwef;u&yf&ef --- txl;ojzifh
typf&yftzGJYrsm; xdef;csKyfxm;onfh e,fajrrsm;twGif;
opfxkwfvkyfjcif; ESifh xdke,fajrrsm;udkjzwfí
opfwifydkYaejcif;wdkYudk &yfqdkif;&eftwGuf
typf&yftzGJUrsm;rSm ulnDzdkYwm0ef&Sdayonf/
ucsifjynfe,f&Sdtypf&yftzGJUrsm;onf-- jrefrmbuf? w&kwfbuf oufqdkif&m tmPmydkifrsm;tm;
rdrdwdkYe,fajrtwGif; w&m;r0if
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w&kwfjynfodkY rwifydkYrDjzpfap? today;
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7
txl;vkyfief;tzGJU0ifrsm; ESifh jynfolvlxk rSm
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zGHUjzdK;a&; pDrHudef;rsm; ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm; udk qdkif;iHhxm;oifhygonf/
 typf&yfa'orsm;twGif; rnfonfh zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&;
pDrHudef;rSjzpfap? obm0o,HZmwrsm;udk tjrwfxkwf
pD;yGm;&Smjcif;rSjzpfap? &&SdaomtusdK;aus;Zl;rsm;
udk omwlnDrQ&&Sdatmif aocsmapoifhygonf/
 &yftqifh&Gmtqifh atmufajcydkif;\ obm0
0ef;usifumuG,fapmifha&SmufrI?
a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifonfh zGHUjzdK; wdk;wufa&;
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ay;oifh? &&Sdapoifhygonf/
2/ rmwdum
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2
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17
17
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w&kwftpkd;&OD;aqmifrI/
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tuGuf
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7.2/
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25
26
28
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30
33
33
34
38
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oD;oefY opfckwfrI ESifh ab*sif; tdkvHypf
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9.1.3/
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40
41
43
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44
45
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
53
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55
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9.1.4/
9.2/
9.2.1/
9.2.2/
9.2.3/
9.2.4/
9.2.5/
9.2.6/
9.3/
9.3.1/
9.3.2/
9.3.3/
9.3.4/
9.3.5/
9.3.6/
9.3.7/
1
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10.1/
10.2/
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20
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jrefrmhucsifjynfe,ftm; urÇmhtzdk;twefqHk; ajrae&m
wpfcktjzpfaz:jyxm;Muonfh t"dutaMumif;rSm
opfawmrsm;aMumifh jzpfaomfvnf; ausmufpdrf; ESifh
owåKodkufrsm; &Sdaeonfuvnf; wpfaMumif;jzpfonf/
ucsifjynfe,f opfawmrsm;onf ]urÇmay:wGif
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t<u,f0qHk; e,fajr}3 [kqdkMuaom e,fajrwpfpdwfwpfa'o
udk yHkaz:aeonfhwdkif jrefrmjynf\ tjrifhrm;qHk;
jyKef;wD;rI'Pfudk cHpm;aeMu&ygonf/
2004 ESifh 2005 ckESpfrsm;twGif; w&kwfESifh
jrefrmEdkifiHwdkYü jyKvkyfcJhaom pHkprf;avhvmrIrsm;
tay: t"du tajcjyKxm;aom þtpD&ifcHpmwGif
ucsifjynfe,fopfxkwfvkyfrI yrmP ESifh vnfywfyHk?
w&kwfjynfESifh w&m;r0ife,fpyfausmf
opfta&mif;t0,fjyKyHkwdkUudk jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
az:jyxm;ygonf/ opfckwfjcif;onf opfawmudkrSDae&aom
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tem*wfzGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrI a&&SnfwnfwHha&;
tvm;tvmtay: rnfokdYvIdufpm;aeonf
qdkonfhtusdK;qufudkvnf; &IjrifMunfhygonf/
2003ckESpf atmufwdkbmvxkwf
]tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; y#dyu© / jrefrmhopfawmrsm;\
ra&&maom a&SUa&;} tpD&ifcHpmudk zwf½Izl;olwdkYonf
,ck ]tydkif;wpf/ ajymif;vJoifhonfhtaMumif;} ü
pdwf0ifpm; zG,fwpHkw&mudk awGU&Sdygvdrfhrnf/
]ajymif;vJoifhonfh taMumif;} ü ucsifjynfe,fwGif;
w&m;r0ifopfckwf vSJaejcif;udk tqHk;owfjcif;onf
,leefjynfe,f ESifh ab*sif; rS w&kwftmPmydkifrsm;
twGuf vHk;0OóHk aumif;zdkYjzpfaMumif;
axmufjyxm;ygonf/ þtzsuf"mwfudef;aom a&mif;0,frI udk
tqHk;owfjcif;onf w&kwftmPmydkifrsm;tzdkY
wdkuf&dkuftusdK;&Sd&HkrQru ¤if;wdkY\EdkifiHwum
tqifhtwef;? jrefrmjynfolwdkY ESifh qufqHa&;?
a'owGif; a'ovGefwdkif;jynfrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;
wdkYudkyg wdk;wufaumif;rGef vmapvdrfhrnf jzpfayonf/
21
þtpD&ifcHpmrSm ]tusdK;pD;yGm;csif; y#dyu©}
wGifyg0ifaom owif;tcsuftay: tajccHí quf
vufwdk;csJYcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmjynf
e,fpGefe,fzsm; opfawmrsm;zsufqD;&mü yg0ifaom
w&kwftmPmydkifwdkY\ tcef;u@ jzpfygonf/ (tydkif;(2)/
urÇmvHk;qdkif&moufaoouúm,tzGJYMuD;\ okawoe ESifh
pHkprf;ppfaq;csufrsm;?pmrsufeSm---Munfh)/
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]tusdK;pD;yGmcsif; y#dyu©} wGif yg0ifaom
tcsuftvuftcsdKUudk ,ckpmxJü tusOf;csHK;
xnfhoGif;xm;ygonf/ ,if;tESpfcsKyfrSm pmzwfoltwGuf
toHk;usygvdrfhrnf/ vuf&Sd w&kwfjrefrm
opfta&mif;t0,f udk qufpyfpOf;&mwGif aemufcH0ef;usif
todwpf&yf ay;ygvdrfhrnf/ ]aemufqufwGJrsm;/
aemufcH} (pmrsufESm93-124) wGif awGYEdkif ygonf/
EdkifiHwum opfukefoG,frI pm&if;Z,m;
pdppfoHk;oyfcsuf tygt0if jrefrmh
opfvkyfief;ESifhqdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm; udkvnf;
]aemufqufwGJrsm;} wGifawGYEdkifygonf/
5/tESpfcsKyf
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w&kwfudkydkYzdkY tjrwfxkwfcH&w,fqdkwmu
o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;u trsm;MuD;vG,fw,f/ p&dwfusOf;w,f/
w&kwftvkyform;awG jrefrmjynfxJ ac:jyD;cdkif;&wm
tqifajyw,f/jrefrmu olYopfawmawGudk w&kwfeJY
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awmif;qdkwmawG &Sdw,f/ jrefrmjynfuae
opfwifoGif;&wm enf;enf;aemaem tusdK;tjrwfr[kwfbl;/
yxr -opfyiftrsdK;tpm; odyfpHkw,f/ t&nftaoG;
aumif;w,f/ aps;csdKcsdKeJY &w,f/ 'kwd, 0,fvdktm;aumif;onfxuf aumif;vmaewJh w&kwfjynfwGif;
aps;uGufudk jrefrmjynfu opfawGeJY
jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifw,f/ jyD;awmh w&kwfjynf
taemufawmifydkif;rSm w&kwf u udk,fhopfudk,fckwfp&m
odyfrvdkawmhbl;aygh/ ywf0ef;usif udk 'Denf;eJY
usaemfwdkY xdef;odrf;aewmyg/ wwd, - usaemfwdkY
opfpufvkyfief;awG xlaxmifEdkifw,f/ wu,fawmh
22
,leefjynfe,frSm usaemfwdkU ukefcef;cJhorQ
opfawmyrmPtwGuf jrefrmu'dkifcHjyD;
avsmfaMu;0ifay;aewmygyJ/}
csif0if;½Sd? wuúodkvfq&m? 1993
oD;oefYtuGuf 1/ t"duawGY&Sdcsufrsm;
o 2003-04 ckESpftwGif; opfonf etz\ wwd,ta&;MuD;qHk;
EdkkifiHjcm;aiG&&m &if;jrpfjzpfcJhonf/ yrmP
tm;jzifh tar&duefa':vm 377 oef;cefY&Sdonf/
o 2004-05 ü opfawmxGufypönf;rsm;onf etz\
'kwd,ta&;MuD;qHk; EdkifiHaiG&&m &if;jrpfjzpf
cJhonf/ yrmPtm;jzifh tar&duefa':vm 427.81
oef;&SdjyD; EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGt&yf&yf\ 15
&mcdkifEIef;&Sdonf/
o jrefrmOya't& 2003-04 ckESpfü wifydkUcJhaom 1.3 oef;
ukArDwm tm&f'AvsLtD; tenf;qHk; &Sdonfhopfrsm;onf
w&m;r0if wifydkUjcif;jzpfonf/ pkpkaygif;
opfwifydkUrI\ oHk;yHkESpfyHk&Sdonf/
o jrefrmjynfrS w&m;r0if wifydkU opftrsm;pkonf
w&kwfodkU wifydkUjcif;jzpfonf/
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EdkifiHhoGif;ukefwefzdk; tMurf;zsOf; tar&duefa':vm
oef;300ESifh tcsdK;nDonf/
o 2003ckESpfü w&kwfu jrefrmjynfrS wifoGif;aomopfvHk;
ESifY opfcGJom; 96&mcdkifEIef;onf w&kwfjynf
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0ifa&mufcJhonf/
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ukArDwmtm&f'AvsLtD; wifoGif;onf[k w&kwfu pm&if;wif
cJhonf/ þopfta&mif;t0,f\ 98&mcdkifEIef; cefY rSm
w&m;r0ifcdk;oGif;jcif;jzpfonf/
23
o 2002 ESifh 2004 ckESpf twGif; w&m;r0if e,fpyfausmf
opfa&mif;0,frIonf 60&mcdkifEIef;eD;yg;
jrifhwufcJhonf/
o opfukrÜPDrsm;tm; jrefrmhopfawmrsm;twGif;
eufonfxufeufatmif 0ifa&mufopf&SmazGapjcif;
jzifh w&kwf jrefrm e,fpyfwavQmuf
opfawm{&d,mtrsm;pk ysufpD;cJh&jyDjzpfonf/
o zsufqD;&ma&mufavmufatmif opfckwfvSJjcif; ESifh
w&m;r0ifopfa&mif;0,fjcif;rSm etz? w&kwf
tmPmydkifrsm;ESifhwuG? typftcwf &yfpJxm;aom
tzGJYrsm;udk,fwdkif ododMuD;ESifh yg0ifusL;vGefMu
ojzifh ay:ayguf&jcif;jzpfonf/
1984ckESpfu w&kwfe,fjcm;jrdKUjzpfonfh
zDarmfwGif opfukrÜPDav;ck&SdcJhonf/ 1996 ckESpfwGif
,leefjynfe,fü¤if;? 1998 ckESpfwGif
w&kwfwjynfvHk;ü¤if;? opfckwfcGifh
ydwfyifvdkufcJhonfhwdkif ,cktcg zDarmfwGif
24
opfukrÜPDaygif; wpf&mausmfaejyDjzpfonf/
zDarmfESifhwuG w&kwfjrefrm e,fpyfwavQmuf
tjcm;jrdKUrsm;&Sd opfvkyfief;rsm;rSm
ucsifjynfe,fwGif opfawGckwfum
yGaygufwdk;aeMuavonf/e,fpyfwbuf jrefrmjynfxJu
rzGHUjzdK;aom a'orsm;ESifh EIdifffff;,SOfp&myif
jzpfonf/ þtaetxm;wGif jrefrmjynf ajrmufydkif;ü
jzpfay:aeaom y#dyu© u w&kwf \
e,fpyfjynfe,frsm; zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrI tvm;vmudk
avsmhyg;aponf/ avsmhyg;yHkrSm y#dyu©aMumifh
jrefrmjynfrS obm0o,HZmwrsm; a&mif;0,frItm;
tuefYtowf jzpfapjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? w&kwfjynfrS
ukefacsmypönf;rsm;twGuf aps;uGufMuD;wpfckodkY
0if&mvrf; ydwfqdkUoGm;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;
avsmhyg;&jcif;jzpfonf/
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vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm; ESifh &efukefppftkyfpk tMum;
typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDrIrsm;wGif
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ucsif vGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf^tzGJU (autdkifat^tdk)
uJhodkYaom tzGJUrsm;rSm tay;t,ludk oabmwlvdkuf&ef
w&kwf\ zdtm;ay;jcif; cHcJh&onf[k qdkMuygonf/
pdwf0ifpm;zG,f tcsufrSm ucsifjynfe,f
vuf&Sdopfxkwfvkyfjcif; tqifhrSm
1987ckESpfw0dkufuwnf;u pwifcJhonf qdkaomfvnf;
trSefrSm 1989 ckESpf 'Drdku&ufwpf wyfrawmfopf
(ucsif) typftcwf&yfpJa&; vkyfjyD;csdefxd ,ckuJYodkU
axmifwufroGm;cJhao;ay/ xdktcsdefwGif w&kwfjynfonf
jrefrmjynfESifh e,fpyfukefoG,fa&; oabmwlpmcsKyfudk
1988 ckESpf aESmif;ydkif;wGif vufrSwfxdk;xm;cJhjyD;
jzpfonf/ vufeufudkifvlrsdK;pk tzGJUrsm;\
taxmuftuljzifh w&kwftpkd;&onf jrefrmppftkyfpk\ t"du
r[mrdwfjzpfvmcJhonf/
typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDrIrsm;ü vlrsdK;pk
vufeufudkiftzGJYrsm;\ EdkifiHa&;&m epfemcsuf?
rauseyfcsuf atmufcHtaMumif;&if;rsm; udk
25
ajymqdkxm;jcif;vnf;r&Sd/ opfawmpDrHcefYcGJa&;
tygt0if obm0 o,HZmwpDrHcefYcGJa&; taMumif;vnf;
ryg0ifay/ jrefrmhopfvkyfief;onf
ucsifjynfe,fopfawmrsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;ü
vHk;0ryg0ifay/ odkYr[kwf ryg0ifoavmufjzpfonf/
&v'ftm;jzifh xdkopfawmrsm;rSm xdef;rEdkifodrf;r&
tjrwfxkwfrIudk ckcHEdkifpGrf;r&SdaawmhbJ
zsufqD;&ma&mufavmufatmif opfckwfvSJjcif;u tawmrowf
ysHUESHYoGm;awmhonf/
tjyifrSMunfhvQif ucsifjynfe,fopfckwfrIrSm
y&rf;ywmESifh jzpfcsifovdk jzpfaeyHkay:aeonf/
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wyfpdwfrsm;? 'Drdku&ufwpf wyfrawmf (ucsif) ESifh
ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;wyfrawmf^tzGJUwdkU yg0ifonfh
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wpfpdwfwpfydkif; yg0ifonf/ w&kwfukrÜPDrsm;ESifh
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vpf[mcsufudk tcGifhaumif;,lí
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(7/w&kwfjrefrmw&m;r0ifopfta&mif;t0,f?pmrsufESm 2943 Munfh)/ e,fjcm;ay:ü w&m;0if wifydkYa&;
ae&mwpfae&mwnf;om &Sdaomfvnf; ajrmufydkif;&Sd
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[dkacsmif – wGif opfyrmP rsm;jym;vSpGm
odkavSmifxm;onfudk jrifawGYcJh&onf/
w&kwftaumuftcGefXme pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& ESpfpOf
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&Spfodef;rS wpfoef;txd&SdjyD;? þ
a':vmoef;aygif;rsm;pGmwefaom ta&mif;t0,f trsm;pkrSm
w&m;r0ifjzpfonf/ w&kwfjynftaumufcGefESifh
26
ppfaq;cGJjcm;a&; Oya't&vnf; xdkopfwifydkUrIrSm
w&m;r0ifjzpfonf/ jrefrmjynf&Sd w&kwfukrÜPDrsm;
OD;pD;vkyfudkifaeaom opfvkyfief;\ w&m;r0ifrI
oabmobm0ESifh? xdkta&mif;t0,ftay: w&kwf\ w&m;0if
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jzpfaeapygonf/
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tzsuf"mwf MuD;rm;vSjyD; a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifonf
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ysufpD;rIonf xdka'o\ a&&SnfwnfwHhaom
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opfcGJom;vkyfief;rsm; jydKuJGoGm;jyD; xdka'oESifh
w&kwfjynf tjcm;ae&mrsm;ü tvkyfvufrJh
jzpfay:rIqDodkY OD;wnfoGm;ygvdrfhrnf/
w&kwfjrefrme,fpyf jrefrmbufjcrf;ü zsufqD;&m
a&mufavmufatmif opfxkwfvkyfjcif; u obm0
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tvm;tvm tygt0if opfawmpDrHcefYcGJa&;
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typftcwf&yfpJa&; jzpfpOfobm0 ESifh
jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif; opfxkwfvkyfief;wdkYonf
w&kwfjynftwGuf a&wdk pD;yGm;a&; tusdK;tjrwf
jzpfxGef;aponf rSefaomfvnf;? ,if;wdkYwGif e?t?z
eSifh w&kwf tmPmydkifrsm; twGufomru
vufeufudkifqefYusiftkyfpkrsm; ESifh
obm00ef;usif ESifh zGHU`zdk;wdk;wufrIqdkif&m
urÇmhaumfr½Sif tvdkt& a&½SnfwnfwHhEdkifaom
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udk,fhvdktyfcsuf udk,fjznfUqnf;EdkifpGrf; udk rxdcdkufapbJ
,ck ypöKyÜef vdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifonfh
zGHU`zdk;wdk;wufrI} jzpfonf/
4
27
a'ocHvlxktwGufyg euf&Idif;aom jyóemrsm;
udef;atmif;vsuf&Sdaeygonf/ ucsifvlxkudk
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zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI uif;rJhjcif; ESifh
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vufeufudkifqefYusiftkyfpkrsm;wGif
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opfxkwfvkyfief;rS tusdK;aus;Zl; rcHpm;&oavmufyif
jzpfonf/ &HcgwGif opfvkyfief;aMumifh
tusdK;r&onfxuf ydkí qif;&JrGJaw oGm;&onfrsm;yif
&SdcJhonf/ xdkYjyif ucsifjynfe,f ESifh
,leefjynfe,fü a&TUajymif;tvkyform;
rsm;jym;pGm&Sdaejcif;u jynfhwefqmvkyfief;?
tdyfcsftdkifAGD^attdkif'Dtufpf? rl;,pfaq;0g; ESifh
avmif;upm;rsm; wdk;yGg;vmapygonf/
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wdk;wufrIvnf; r&Sdonfhtcg atmufajcxk
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jyef&a&; ESifh useforQopfawm{&d,mrsm;udk
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w&kwfe,fjcm;ay:ü rauseyfrIrsm; us,fjyefYvmum?
rwnfjidrfrIvnf; wopfqef;vmjyefavawmYonf/
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a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifaom zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrI tvm;tvm
rSeforQvnf; uG,faysmufoGm;rnfom jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfopfawmrsm; ysufokOf;jcif;onf
opfvkyfief;jydKvJjcif; ESifhtwl
opfckwfvkyfom;rsm;pGm ay:xGef;&m ,leefjynfe,f ESifh
28
qpfcRrf; jynfe,fuJhokdUaom ae&mrsm;wGif tvkyfvufrJh
wdk;yGm;rsm;jym; oGm;apEdkifay&m w&kwfjynf\
rlv&nf&G,fcsufrsm; ESifh ajzmifhajzmifhMuD;
qefYusifaeayawmhonf/
tydkif;wpf/
ajymif;vJoifhonfhtaMumif;
jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;ü w&kwfukrÜPDwdkU\
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ESifh w&m;r0if e,fpyfausmf opfa&mif;0,fjcif; wdkYu
w&kwfjrefrme,fpyf ESpfbufvHk;\ pD;yGm;a&;
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44
w&kwfu jrefrmtm; tar&duef a':vm 1.2 bDvsHzdk;
vufeufrsm; axmufyHhcJhonf[k cefYrSef;Muonf/
trsm;pkrSm avQmhaps;jzifh ay;jcif;jzpfjyD;
twdk;rJhacs;aiG odkYr[kwf ypönf;csif;
zvS,fjcif;jzifh axmufyHhcJhayonf/
1989 ckESpf tef'Dat(au) typftcwf&yfpJa&;
vkyfjyD;aemuf 1994 ü autdkifat^tdk typftcwf
&yfpJonf/ xdkaemufwGif w&kwfe,fpyf&Sd jrefrmh
jynfe,frsm;üf tMuD;pm; opfckwfvkyfief;
pwifavawmhonf/ 1996 ckESpf ,leefjynfe,fü¤if;?
1998wGif w&kwfEdkifiHvHk;ü¤if;? opfckwfcGifh
ydwfyifvdkufjyD;onfhaemuf jrefrm rS w&kwf okdY opf
twiftydkYrSm rsm;onfxuf rsm;vmavawmhonf/ wcsdefu
Auy uJhodkYaom vufeufudkif qefYusiftkyfpkrsm; udk
axmufyHhcJhaom w&kwftpkd;&onf jrefjrefqefqefyif
jrefrmppftpkd;&\ t"du r[mrdwfMuD; jzpfvmcJhonf/
þonfrSm opftygt0if jrefrmh obm0 o,HZmwrsm;tm;
wdk;wuf&,lvdkaom vdktifqE´aMumifhvnf; tenf;qHk;
wpfpdwfwpfydkif;awmh yg0ifayvdrfhrnf/ þodkYjzifh
1980 ckESpfrsm; tukefydkif;upí jrefrmjynfajrmufzsm;
opfawmrsm;rSm tMuD;tus,f ysufpD;udef;
qdkuf&avawmhonf/
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xdef;rEdkifodrf;r& opfxkwfvkyfjcif;? y#dyu©
ESifh rwnfjidrfrI
w&kwfESifh e,fpyfausmf opfa&mif;0,fjcif;rS &aom
0ifaiGonf ucsifjynfe,fwGif; y#dyu© udk
axmufyHhay;onf/ vlYtcGifhta&; csdK;azmufrIqDodkY
a&SU&Ionf/ qif;&JrGJawrI udk wdk;wuf jrifhrm;aponf/
ukefoG,fa&;udk xdef;csKyf&efMudK;pm;&if;jzifh
vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;? pD;yGm;a&; ESifh
tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;twGif; e,fvkMujcif;rSm
tMurf;zufvkyf&yfrsm; ay:ayguf&jcif;\ teD;uyfqHk;
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aqGrsdK;a&mif;&if; aumif;pm;jcif;0g' udk tm;ay;onf/
xdkYjyif ucsifrsdK;EG,fpkrsm;twGif;
45
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xdkywf0ef;usifwGif e,fpyfwnfjidrfrIvnf;
rjzpfay:Edkif? jrefrmjynf EdkifiHa&;wdk;wufrIvnf;
ray:aygufEdkifay/ typftcwf &yfpJa&;vkyfjcif;onf
vufeufudkifawmfvSef&jcif;\
tajccHtaMumif;&if;rsm;tm; udkifwG,fajz&Sif;zdkYxuf
ucsifjynfe,f\ obm0o,HZmwrsm;tm; w&kwfu
tjrwfxkkwf&eftwGuf vrf;zGifhay;jcif; u ydkuJaeonf[k
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aygif;rdaomtcg ,leefjynfe,f wpfckwnf;üyif vl 63000
tvkyfjyKwfí wpfEdkifiHvHk;ü vlaygif; 1.2 oef;
tvkyfvufr jzpfoGm;Muavonf/ tvkyfvufrJh
jrifhwufvmjcif;onf vlxkwGif; rauseyfrI ESifh
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w&kwfjynf EdkifiHa&; ESifh vHkjcHKa&; tydkif;wdkYü
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tvkyftudkif&&Sda&; tcGifhtvrf; wpf&yftjzpf
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ucsifjynfe,fü opfckwf? vrf;azmuftvkyfrsm;
vkyfudkifaeMuonf[k ,HkMunfMuonf/51 odkY&mwGif
46
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opfckwfjcif;tvkyfrSm a&&SnfvkyfEdkifonfh
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opfckwf? vrf;azmuf? o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;wdkYü
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t"du yifudk,fvu©Pmjzpfaom vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;?
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pD;yGm;a&;taqmufttHkrsm;? ppfwyf ESifh
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tusdK;qufjyóem toGifaqmifvmjyD; rlvxdcdkufcH&onfh
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52
EdkifiHwum tusyftwnf;qdkif&mtzGJU? 2001ckESpf
jrefrmEdkifiH vlOD;a& oef;ig;q,fcefYxJrS
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tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u cefYrSef;Muonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH
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udk,f0efapmifha&Smufa&; aq;cef;vm
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a&m*gul;pufaeaMumif; od&onf/ 56
w&kwfjynfwGif ,leefjynfe,fonf tdyfcsftdkifAGD
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tdyfcsftdkifAGD ul;pufcH&ol ig;yHkav;yHk ESifh
pm&if;0if attdkif'Dtufpf a0'em&Sif ig;yHkoHk;yHkudk
,leefjynfe,fwGif awGY&jcif;jzpfonf/57 ,leefrSwqifh
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trsdK;tpm; av;rsdK;teuf oHk;rsdK;rSm jrefrm rS
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48
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cdkifrmaomqufpyfrI&Sdaeonf/ tvkyftiftm; trsm;pkrSm
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z&HkqifhvdkufMuonf/ opf ESifh tjcm; obm0
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49
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bdef;txGufqHk; EdkifiHjzpfaeonf/ 64
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ajcmufEdkifiHjzpfonfh w&kwf? jrefrm? xdkif;? vmtdk?
50
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vdktifudk avsmhyg;apa&;enf;vrf;rsm;?
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51
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52
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53
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&Gmom;wOD;u þodkY wkefYjyefonf/ ](Arm)
ppftpkd;&aygh?? AdkvfcsKyfawGYeJY tvGrf;oifh&if?
ppftpkd;&eJY ajyvnf&if Oya'eJYnDw,f/ w&m;0ifw,f/
tqifrajybl;aemf- wcgwnf; cdk;xkwfw,f jzpfa&myJ/
Oya'eJYrnD w&m;vnf; r0ifawmhbl;/
autdkifatbufuqkd&ifvnf; rxl;ygbl;/ ArmawG
vkyfwJhtwdkif;ygyJ/} 99
77
8/ jrefrmjynf ajrmufydkif;ü tvGeftuRH
opfxkwfvkyfjcif; \ obm00ef;usif ESifh
vlrIa&;&m tusdK;qufrsm;/
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ajrmufydkif;opfawmawG/ 'g a&&SnfcHwJh udpör[kwfbl;/
bmjzpfvdkY 'DtrSm;awG xyfxyfausmh ae&wmvJ?
bmusefawmhrSmvJ/} 100
w&kwf ZD0rsdK;uGJ uRrf;usifol ynm&Sif 2004
ckESpf
oD;oefYtuGuf (7)/ opfawmwefzdk;rsm;
opfawmrsm;ü opfckwfvSJjcif;rS&aom 0ifaiGtjyif
tjcm;wefzdk;wpf&yf ½Sdao;onf/ aiGpm&if; pepfrsm;onf
xdkwefzdk;udkvnf; xif[yfoifYonf/ opfawm
xGufukefrsm; ESifh 0efaqmifrIrsm;\
wefzdk;tjynfhwGif opfomvQif yg0ifonfr[kwf/
opfr[kwfaom opfawmxGufypönf;rsm; ESifY a&pD;a&vm
pDrHcefYcGJrI? ZD0rsdK;uGJ pHkvifaxGjym;rI ponfh
,Ofaus;rIqdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm; ESifh
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;vnf; yg0ifMuonf/
ajroHk;pGJa&; pDrHudef;a&;qGJ&mü opfawmwefzdk;
owfrSwfjcif;onf yxrtqifh vdktyfcsuf jzpfonf/
opfawmZkef ydkif;jcm;jcif;\ yef;wdkifrSm
tusdK;wl tajccHonfh &yfwnfcsufwpf&yf zefwD;&ef
jzpfonf/ xdk&yfwnfcsufonf pkaygif;
oabmxm;tjriftwGuf jzpfonf/ pdwfyg0ifpm;onfh
tzGJUtm;vHk;twGuf? a½G;cs,fp&m tm;vHk;twGuf
zGifYay;xm;&ef jzpfonf/ opfawmzHk;e,fajrrsm;tm;
taumif;qHk; toHk;cs&efjzpfonf/ twlpkaygif;
aqmif½Gufjcif; ESifh aqG;aEG;ndSEIdif;jcif;tay:
tav;xm;onf/ odkYrSom tqdkjyKxm;aom
Zkefydkif;jcm;a&; pDrHcsufonf vlrIa&;&m?
ywf0ef;usifa&;&m? pD;yGm;a&;&m wefzdk;rsm;udk
xif[yfEdkifayrnf/ xdkYjyif a'otqifh? trsdK;om;tqifh
78
ESifh EkdifiHwumtqifh wdkYrS yg0ifol trsdK;rsdK;\
arQmfvifhxm;csufrsm;udkvnf; xif[yfrnfjzpfonf/
tvGeftuRH opfxkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh
qufpyfywfoufaeonfh vlrIpD;yGm; tusdK;qufrsm;
ywf0ef;usif a*[pepf edrfhusysufpD;jcif;rsm; udk
w&kwftpkd;& aumif;pGm od&Sdygonf/ 1996 ESifh 1997
ckESpf a&vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;u ,leefjynfe,ftm; ,Grf 3.2
bDvsH (tar&duefa':vm 403 oef;) ESifh ,Grf 4.5 bDvsH
(tar&duefa':vm 542 oef;) toD;oD; qHk;&HI;cJhonf/101
1998 wGif ,efZDjrpf qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; a&vQHojzifh
w&kwf vlOD;a& ig;yHkwpfyHk a&vTrf;rdk;rI'Pf
cHcJhMu&onf/ vlaygif; 3600 ausmf aojyD;? oD;ESH
[ufwm 5oef;cefY ysufpD;cJh&onf/ w&kwfwpfjynfvHk;
pD;yGm;a&;t& qHk;&HI;rIrSm tar&duef a':vm 36
bDvsHausmf [k cefYrSef;cJhMuonf/102
opfckwfvSJrIaMumifh jzpf&aom ajrqDvTm wdkufpm;rIonf
a&BuD;jcif;udk jzpfaponfh taMumif;wpfcktjzpf
awGY&Sd&onf/ 103
þa&vTrf;rIrsm;u w&kwftpkd;&tm;
usef&Sdaeao;onfh obm0opfawmrsm;
apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;rI\ ta&;ygyHkukd
todtrSwfjyKatmif aphaqmfvdkufonf/ tusdK;quftm;jzifh
79
1998 ckESpfwGif wpfEdkifiHvHk; opfckwfvSJrI
ydwfyifvdkufonf/ t"du a&a0a&vJ a'orsm;ü
obm00ef;usif a*[pepf ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vmjcif;onf
EdkifiH\ wdk;wufaeaom pD;yGm;a&;twGuf tuefYtowf
jzpfapaom taMumif;&if;cH jzpfvmaeaMumif;
w&kwftpkd;& odjrif oabmaygufoGm;onf/104 opfckwfjcif;
ydwfyifvkdufjyD; rMumcifrSmyif ,leefodkY
w&kwf0efBuD;csKyf usL;½kHusD oGm;a&mufMunfh&IjyD;
]obm0opfawmawGudk xdef;odrf;umuG,fzdkY qdkwm
txl;ojzifh vkyf&r,fhtvkyf/ wpf&ufuav;aemufus&if
wdkY&JhtqHk;t&HI;u wpfvufr xyfwufoGm;vdrfhr,f/
jyD;awmh wdkY&Jh jrpf0g eJY ,efZDuvnf; wdkYudk
jidrf;csrf;om,mwJh aeY&ufawG ay;awmhrSmr[kwfbl;/}
105 [k ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdkYjyif
]opfawmxdef;odrf;a&;udk EdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;&Jh
pD;yGm;a&; eJY vlrIa&;
zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&; ½Ia'gifhuae Munfhjrifoifhw,f}
106 [kvnf; qufvuf ajymMum;cJhonf/
w&kwftpkd;&u us,fus,fjyefYjyefY tpGrf;ukef
tm;xkwf vkyfaqmifcJhaomfvnf; 2004 ckESpf Zlvdkifvü
a&vTrf;rdk;rI jzpfcJh&jyefonf/ ]12em&DrQ
ajcvsifc&D; avQmufcJhjyD;emuf qif0Smowif;axmufonf
a&vTrf;'Pftqdk;&Gm;qHk;cH&aom ,if;usef;e,fajr?
uspfemYpD&ifpk? vlqef;&GmodkY a&muf&SdcJhonf/
&GmodkYvm&m vrf;wavQmuf owif;axmuf 0rfcsef;qef;onf
ae&m200 ausmfü vrf;ajrjydKaeonfudk awGYcJh&onf/
&GmxJwGif &SdorQ wHwm;tm;vHk;? ajrmif;tm;vHk;
jydKus ysufoGm;onfESifhtrQ ajrjydKjcif;rSmvnf;
ydkíydkí jzpfyGg;vsuf&Sdonf/ ]w&kwf jrefrme,fpyf&Sd
t"du opfxkwfvkyfa&; e,fwpfckjzpfaom zDarmfwGif
vlwpfaomif;ajcmufaxmif ydwfrdaeonf/ (]9.1.2/
zDarmf}? pmrsufESm 56 Munfh)/ 107
w&kwf\ opfawm umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;rSm
tajccHtm;jzifY tjcm;opfxkwfvkyfaom EdkifiHrsm;tm;
txdcdkfuf tqHk;&HI; tepfem cHapvsuf
vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ txl;tm;jzifh &k&Sm; ESifh
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80
tBuD;tus,f oHk;pGJonf/ w&kwfjynf\ opftajccH
jynfyydkYukefvkyfief; tvsiftjref BuD;xGm;
jrifhwufvmjcif;uvnf; raumif;aom tusdK;qufudk
jzpfay:apjyefonf/ xdktusdK;qufonf t"dutm;jzifh
tylydkif; opfxkwfvkyfaom EdkifiHrsm;tay:
usa&mufonf/ tif'dkeD;&Sm;? rav;&Sm;? uifr&Gef;
ESifh tjcm;ae&mwdkYrS opfrmrsm;rSm wefzdk;jrifh
opfxGufypönf;rsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJ&mü toHk;awmf
cH&avh&Sdum jynfyodkY wzefjyefydkY a&mif;cs avonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHonf opfrm ESifh opfyG ESpfrsdkK;pvHk;
jynfyodkY wifydkYonf/
8.1/ r[mrJacgif atmufydkif;a'o (*sDtrftufpf)
wGif w&kwf\ obm00ef;usifqdkif&m
uwdu0wfrsm;/18
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oifhwifhaumif;rGefaom obm0pepfrsm;tm;
xdef;odrf;jcif;? jznhfqnf; yHhydk;jcif;wdkYay:wGif
t"du rlwnfonf[k tckdiftrm ,HkMunfvsuf¤if;? obm0
o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;ay:wGif trSDjyKí
oufarG;0rf;ausmif;Mu&ol trsm;pkrSm
vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif tm;tenf;qHk; tydkif;jzpfonf[k
todtrSwfjyKvsuf¤if;? ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom
obm00ef;usif ESifh a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifaom
zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrIwdkYtwGuf uREkfyfwdkY\ uwdu0wf
ESifh EdkifiHa&;qE´udk xyfavmif; twnfjyKonf/} 108
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2005ckESpfar 25&uf/
r[mrJacgif atmufydkif;a'
oEdkifiH(6)EdkifiHrS19 obm0 0ef;usifqdkif&m
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rSD;wif;aexdkifol oef; 205 ausmf&Sdonf/
18
uarÇm'D;,m; uif;'rf;EdkifiH? w&kwfjynfolYor®wEdkifiH?
avmjynfolY 'Drdku&ufwpfor®wEdkifiH?
19
81
tBuD;wef;t&m&Sdrsm; ESifh 0efBuD;rsm;onf 2005
ckESpfarv 24-26 &ufü &Sef[dkif;wGif
awGUqHkcJhMuonf/ tpnf;ta0;\ t"du tmabmfrSm
]a&&SnfwnfwHhEdkifaom zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufrItwGuf
pkaygif;ydkifqkdifaom obm0 o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;tm;
pDrHcefYcGJjcif;} jzpfonf/ w&kwf jynfolYor®wEdkifiH
EdkifiHawmf obm0 ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;tkyfcsKyfrI
yxr'kwd,0efBuD; usL;uGrf;a,muf u a'owGif;
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m jyóemrsm; udkifwG,fajz&Sif;a&;ü
w&kwfjynf\ wdusjywfom;aom u@tay: txl;jyK
ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/ 109
tpnf;ta0;\ &vm'fwpfckrSm 0efBuD;rsm;tqifh
yl;wGJaMunmcsufjzpfonf/ ,if;wGif 0efBuD;rsm; onf
wpfEdkifiHcsif; ESifh pkaygif; obm0 o,HZmw
&if;jrpfrsm;tm; pDrHcefYcGJ
xdef;odrf;oGm;Mu&eftwGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;
t&SdefjrifhzdkY pdwfydkif;jzwfxm;Muonf/ xdkYjyif
*sDtrftufpf a'owGif; obm0pepfrsm; xdef;odrf;&ef
zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufr r[mAsL[mtjzpf 2006 ckESpf
tapmydkif;ü ]A[dkyifr obm0 ywf0ef;usif tpDtpOf}
(pDtD;yD) yPmrajcvSrf; pwif&efudkvnf; tpnf;ta0;u
axmufcH twnfjyKcJhonf/ ZD0rsdK;uGJpHk xdef;odrf;a&;
pBuøywfvrf; yPmr ajcvSrf;onf pDtD;yD\ t"du
tpdwftydkif; jzpfonf/ ]obm0 a*[pepfqdkif&m
(tyifowå0gwdkY aexdkifaygufyGm;&m) qufpyfrI ESifh
wnfwHhckdifjrJrI jyefvnf&&Sda&;twGuf
wnfwHhaom pDrHcefYcGJa&;pepfrsm; xlaxmif&mwGif
vG,fulacsmarGU tm;jznfhay;a&;}108
vkyfudkifenf;rsm;xJu wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/
*sDtrftufpf 0efBuD;rsm;tqifh ywf0ef;usif
pnf;a0;yGJtjyD; ZlvdkifvwGif tpkd;& tBuD;tuJrsm;
tpnf;ta0;wpf&yf ,leefjynfe,fjrdKYawmf ulrif;ü
usif;ycJhonf/ ulrif;aMunmcsufu
*sDtrftufpfEdkifiHrsm;\ ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;
uwdu0wfudk xyfrH twnfjyKvdkufonf/ ]uREkyfwdkY\
obm00ef;usifudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&ef ESifh
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH? xdkif;uif;'rf;EdkifiH ESifh
AD,uferf qdk&S,fvpfor®wEdkifiH
82
obm0 o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;udk
tajrmftjrif&Sd&SdoHk;pGJ&ef uREfkyfwdkY oEédXmef
csvdkufonf/ 110
w&kwf tmPmydkifrsm;twGuf
xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh ywfoufvmvQif ,leefjynfe,fudk
OD;pm;ay;e,fajrtjzpf jrifMujrJjzpfonf/
jrefrme,fpyf&Sd Ekusef; ESifh aumif;vdukef;qef;
trsdK;om; obm0 BudK;0dkif;opfawmESpfckudk ,leefü
xlaxmifxm;onf/ ,leefjynfe,f&Sd ]trsm;qkdif
ajrmufydkif;opfawm}udk ZD0rsdK;uGJpHk
pBuøywfvrf;wpfcktjzpf *sDtrftufpfu
owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;
opfawmrsm;udkrl xdkodkY owfrSwfrxm;yg/111
,leefjynfe,f ESifh &Snfvsm;pGm e,fpyfcsif;
qufpyfaeaom ucsifjynfe,fwGif tifrdkifckpDrHudef;
xlaxmifa&;twGuf w&kwfwdkYu ulnDxm;onf/
xdkpDrHudef;rSm opfvkyfief; ESifh owåKwl;
az:a&;vkyfief; yl;wJGxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
pDrHudef;e,fajrrSm ,leefjynfe,fü ta&;wBuD;
umuG,fxdef; odrf;xm;aom ajrwpfvufrwdkif;avmufyif
ta&;BuD;aomajrrsm;&Sdonfh e,fajrjzpfonf/ þodkYaom
tqDtai: rwnfhonfh vkyf&yfrsdK;rSm
ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; a'owcGifvHk; odkYr[kwf
EdkifiHwumtxdyg w&kwf\ *kPfowif;
nId;rSdefapvdrfhrnf jzpfonf/
8.2/ jrefrmjynf e,fpyfopfawmrsm;\ obm0
a*[pepfqdkif&m ta&;ygrI/
]awmfawmfudk t"dyÜg,frJhw,f? w½kwfbufrSmusawmh
umuG,fxdef;odrf;xm;wJhopfawm?
w&kwfawGe,fpyfausmfjyD; opfoGm;ckwfawmY
jrefrmjynfbuf? txift&Sm; epfemqHk;&HI;&olu obm0
ywf0ef;usif} 112
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jAdwdoQudkvHbD,mwuúodkvf 2003ckESpf atmufwdkbm/
83
ucsifjynfe,fonf urÇmay:wGif ZD0aA't& t<u,f0qHk;
ESifh obm0 ywf0ef;usiftwGuf
tEå&m,f&ifqdkifae&qHk; ae&mrsm;xJu wpfae&mjzpfonf/
]tif'dkjrefrm} ESifh A[dkw&kwfjynf awmifydkif;
awmifwef; rsm;} e,fedrdwfü &Sdaeonf/20?113
tif'dkjrefrmae&mrSm tEå&m,ftMuHKqHk;
ae&m&Spfae&mxJu wpfae&m[k owfrSwfcHxm;&jyD;
A[dkw&kwfawmifydkif; ae&mudkrl ]urÇmwGif
ZD0rsdK;uGJ tpHktvif t<u,f0qHk; ESifh tyltat;
trQwqHk; jzpfzG,f&Sd} aMumif; owfrSwfcH&ayonf/3
aumif;vdukef;qef;awmifwef;onf xdkae&mESpfck
qHkonfht&yfü &Sdonf/ xdkawmifwef;onf w&kwfbufjcrf;ü
Elusef; ESifh aumif;vdukef;qef;
trsdK;om;obm0BudK;0dkif;rsm;tm;jzifh BuD;rm;pGm
tapmifha&SmufcHxm;&onf/ jrefrmbufjcrf;ürl
umuG,fapmifha&SmufrI tvsOf;r&Sdonfhjyif
opfxkwfvkyfjcif; ESifh owåKwl;az:jcif;
tBuD;tus,fvkyfudkifonfh tifrdkifck pDrHudef;BuD;uom
vTrf;rdk;xm;vsuf &Sdaeygonf/ (]10.4.6/ tifrdkifck
(jrpfzsm;) pDrHudef;}/ pmrsufESm 84 Munfh)
]tyltat;rQaom ajrmufydkif;Bwd*H obm0a*[
opfawmrsm;a'o} onf awmifukekf;xlxyf&m
jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif; ucsifjynfe,fü &Sdonf/
csif;wGif;? rvdc ESifh tifrdkifcjrpfwdkYonf
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pD;qif;oGm;MujyD; atmufydkif;ü {&m0wDjrpftjzpf
aygif;qHkoGm;Mu onf/
ausmufaqmifausmufurf;yg;rsm;jzifh Murf;wrf;aom
ajrrsufESmoGifjyif ESifh vwfwavmEdkifiHa&;
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xdkYaMumifh vuf&SdZD0rsdK;uGJ tuJjzwfcsufrsm;rSm
avQmhaygh cefYrSef;rIrsm;om jzpfzG,f&m&Sdonf/114
urÇmhobm0 &HyHkaiGtzGJU tvdkt& þa'owGif ][dr0Eåm
xdkae&mrSm tyifowå0g rsdK;pdwftpkaygif; tenf;qHk; 1500
rSDwif;aexdkifonfh a'orsm;jzpfjyD; 70%ausmfaom
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fxdkuJhodkYaom ae&m 25 ae&m&Sdonf/
20
84
ta&SYydkif; a*[pepftwGif; a*[pepfqdkif&m
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rDwmatmufwGifrl wpfqifhedrfh tylydkif;opfawm
&Sdonf/ tyltat;rQ opfawmrsm;rSm eDaygbkZywf (Alnus
nepalensis)? bkZywf (Betulindrostachya)? opft,f (Castanopsis Spp.),
ESifh tjcm; tyifrsm; [ jeedlewood (Schima spp.), Callophylus spp.,
Michelia spp. ESifh Bucklandia Populnea ] wdkYjzifh xl;jcm;onfh
oGifjyifvu©Pmudk aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/115 [Epiphytic rhododendron]
csHKrsm;uvnf; ae&mtESHY aygufa&mufonf/ rDwm
2100txuf&Sd &Gufa<uopfawmü 0ufopfcs (Quercus)?
wwdkif;arT;? Acer? Prunus? Holly (Ilex) ESifh tjcm;tyifrsm;
[Rhososensron wdkYtjyif Sargent Apruce (Picea brachythla), Himalayam
Hemlock (Tsuga dumosa), Sikkim Larch (Larix griffithiana) ESifh Coffin Tree
(Taiwania Flousiana)] wdkYvnf;a&maESmaygufa&mufMuonf/
aygufaeusa'o&if; csHKEG,fyifrsm;wGif Acer, Berberis, Clethra,
Enkianthus, Spindle Tree (Euonymus), Hydrangea, Photinia, Rubus, Rhododendron,
Birch (Betula) ESifh White beam ESifh^odkYr[kwf Mountain Ash
(Sorbus) wdkY\ rsdK;pdwfrsm;yg0ifMuonf/ 116
tyltat;rQ opfawmrsm;\ a'o&if;
aygufyifrsm;rSmvnf; tvGefw&m trsdK;tpm;
pHkvifvSonf/ ajrrsufESmoGifjyifuvnf;
trsdK;rsdK;jzpfonf/ pdkYxefYxefY taetxm;&Sdojzifh
opfyifaygufa&mufrI vGefpGmxlxyfonf/
EdkYwdkufowå0grsdK;pdwf 91 rsdK;&SdjyD;
ESpfrsdK;rSm tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf awGY&onf/
¤if;wdkYrSm Gonshan Muntjac (Muntiacus gongshanensis) ESifh Leaf deer
wdkYjzpfonf/ rMumao;rDurS awGY&SdcJhaom Leaf deer rSm
urÇmay:wGiftao;i,fqHk; ESifh
a&S;tusqHk;orifjzpfonf/117 þa'o&Sd
tjcm;EdkYwdkufowå0g tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm tjcdrf;ajcmuf
85
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usm;opfwrsdK; (Pardofelis neebulosa)? yef'g0uf0HeD (Ailurus
fulgens)? tdE´d,aMumifuwdk;BuD; (Viverra zibetha)?
teufpif;zsH (Mustela strigidirsa) ESifh {&m0wD&SOfh (Callosciurus
pygerylhrus) wdkYyg0ifMuonf/ þ0ef;usifa'o&Sd
od&Sdxm;jyD; iSufrsdK; 365 rsdK;xJu
wpfrsdK;jzpfonfh Rusty Bellied Shorotwing (Brachypteryz hyperythra)
rSm txl;aygrsm;onf/ 114
ucsifjynfe,fonf jrefrmh tBuD;qHk;
xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcH e,fajrrsm;xJu
ESpfckjzpfonfh
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txl;jcdrf;ajcmufcHae&onfh usm;wdkYtm;
apmifha&SmufrIay;onf/ 2004 ckESpf rwfvü
xdkab;rJhawmudk Mum;cHe,fajr 5500 ywfvnfrdkif
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rnfonfhtwGufaMumifh pdwf0ifpm;onfjzpfap? rnfodkYaom
qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;jzpfpOfürqdk ppfrSefaom
86
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txl;vdktyfonf[k ¤if;wdkYuqdkonf/
8.3/ jrefrmjynf ajrmufydkif;
ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m tusdK;qufrsm;
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ckwfypfawmhrSm” 240
w&kwfvkyfief;&Sif? aygufqef;pD&ifpk?
,leefjynfe,f? 2004
opfckwfvSJrIrsm; jzpfyGm;aeaom awmydkif;a'oodkY
ta&muftaygufr&Sdojzifh ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;
opfxkwfvkyfrI\ tusdK;quftm; aumif;aumif;rGefrGef
avhvmxm;jcif; r&SdcJhyg/ odkY&mwGif
opfxkwfvkyfjcif;u a'ocHvlxk ESifh obm0
ywf0ef;usifwdkYtay: qdk;usdK;ay;yHk
Zmwfvrf;om"ursm; &Sdygonf/ ae&muGufí
rdk;acgifjcif;? pdkufysdK;oD;ESH ysufpD;jcif;?
jrpfa& edrfhusoGm;jcif;? opfawmrsm;udk trSDjyKaeaom
obm0 awm&dkif;wd&dpämefrsm; ESifh iSufrsm;
aysmufuG,fukefMujcif;? ponfh jzpfysufyHk
wyHkwacgif;BuD;udk ucsifjynfe,fwvTm;
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od&SdcJhygonf/121 rdk;acgifjcif; ESifh
opfawmpDrHrIenf;pepfrsm; nHhzsif;jcif;wdkYuvnf;
awmrD;tEå&m,fudk wdk;jrifhapygonf/ 2004 ckESpfrwfvü
ucsifjynfe,fwGif awmrD;tBuD;tus,f avmifuRrf;cJhonf/
w&kwfjynfbufu xdefjcHK;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif
e,fedrdwfrSwfwdkif trSwf (4) ESifh trSwf (8) Mum;ü
jzpfyGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ w&kwfjynfxJodkY
awmrD;ul;pufrvmap&ef aygufqef;jrdKUrS rD;owform;
2000 cefYudk e,fpyfodkY apvTwfí wm;qD;cJh&onf/ 122
jyD;cJhonfh oHk;ESpftwGif;
tifrdkifcke,fajrtwGif; &moDOwk
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þ&moDOwk azgufjyefjcif;rSm a'owGif;
opfawmjyKef;wD;rI us,fjyefYvmjcif;ESifh
wdkufqdkifaeonf/ odkYaomf ywfoufrIr&SdbJvnf;
87
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pkaqmif;ay;aom pm;eyf&du©m tultnDay:ü rSDcdkvm&aom
a'ocHvlxkurl þudpöonf opfxkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh
wenf;wzHk ywfoufqufEG,faeonf[k xifjrif,lqMuonf/ 238
odkYaomf opfawmjyKef;wD;jcif;aMumifh
rdk;onf;xef a&vTrf;rdk;rI
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2004 ckESpf Zlvdkifv ü jrefrmjynfonf
q,fpkESpfrsm;pGmtwGif; tqdk;&Gm;qHk;
a&vTrf;rdk;rIrsm;\ 'PfudkcHcJh&onf/ tajctae
ydkqdk;&Gm;oGm;cJh&onfrSm {&m0wDjrpfzsm;ydkif;
opfxkwfvkyfjcif;aMumifh tjzpfEdkifqHk;jzpfonf/
xdkodkYjzpfyGg;tjyD; etztwGif;a&;rSL;(2)
'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD;odef;pdef u ucsifjynfe,f
a&ab;'PfcH jrdKYe,frsm;tm; tvSLaiG ESifh
axmufyHhypönf;rsm; ay;tyfyGJtcrf;tem;odkY
wufa&mufjyD; opfawmjyKef;wD;rI ESifh a&BuD;jcif;
qufpyfyHktay: ol\&Sif;vif;aomtjrifudk
ajymMum;cJhonf/ ]]ucsifvdk awmifukef;xlxyfwJY
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usef&pfcJhygawmhonf/” 124
88
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a&muf&SdcJhMuonf/ 124? 125
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opfvHk; ESifh ausmufwHk;rsm;aMumifh tajctae
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a'ocHoHk;OD;tm; a'o etz tmPmydkifrsm;u oHk;&ufMum
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a'owGif;&Sd rlvwef;ausmif; 188 ausmif;teuf 112
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15000 a&ab;'ku©onf jzpfcJh&onf/ 132 {&m0wD
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zsufqD;oGm;cJhavonf/ 134
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21
ydkrdkod&Sd&ef Forest Trends Publications; F.Kahrl & S-Yufang, Forest Trends; "jarigating
The Border: An Analysis of the china-Myanmar Timber Trade" 2004 ESifh "Amoverview of the Market
China for China's Timber Product Imports from Muanmar", 2005 Munfh/
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qdkifjyKwfMuawmhrnf[k qdkonf/ 2004 ckESpf
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tcsdKUu tajymif&Sif;ypfvdkufMuonf/ 152
opfvHk;trsm;pkudk ulrif;odkY ro,fydkYrD
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30ç000omvQif &Sdonf[k qdkonf/ 154
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ukef;qef;odkYrMumcP vma&mufoljzpfonf/157?158
ukef;qef;qnfjyD;onfh ESpftenf;i,ftwGif; tvsiftjref
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xd wufvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhcJhMuonf/158?159 ukef;qef;
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tcsdKUowif;&yfuGuf tvdkt& ukefoG,frItrsm;pkrSm
pm&if;rSwfwrf;r0ifbJ jzpfaeMuaomfvnf; w&kwfOya't&
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ajrjydKí vrf;ydwfoGm;wwfonf/ 2004 ckESpf
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ukArDwm o,faqmifaom opfwifum; ig;axmif rS wpfaomif;
tMum; ukef;qef;rS aeYpOf xGufcGgaecJhMuonf/ 158
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wnf&Sdonf/ 2001 ckESpfu xdkjrdKUwGif tMurf;xnf
opfpufuav;aygif; 100 cefY &SdcJhonf/ 144 2001 ESifh
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ckESpf tzGJYBuD; a&muf&SdoGm;csdefwGif pD;yGm;a&;
aumif;aeao;yHk&aomfvnf; vkyfief;&moDOwk
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ESifh uGrfwHk;odkY jzpfonf/ 151
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jzpfonf/ 143?151
uefydkifonf e,fjcm;vrf;ESifh
wpfbufwpfcsufwGif&SdjyD; xdefjcHK;odkY
vrf;aumif;aumif;ESifh qufxm;onf/ [kdacsmif ESifh
wefZm;wdkYonf ul½Hk; udk auR;arG;xm;MuonfjzpfjyD;
e,fpyfay:ü opfwifoGif;&ef ta&;ygqHk;
e,fpyf0ifaygufrsm;xJu ESpfcktjzpf xifay:vmaeonf/
2004 ckESpf {jyDvü a'ocH ukefonfwpfOD;u
tzGJYBuD;tm; ajymjy&mwGif [dkacsmifodkY
ESpfpOfopfukArDwm 100ç000 cefY &Sdrnf
cefYrSef;ygonf/ 162 þjrdKUrsm;odkY a&mufvmaom
opftrsm;tjym;rSm 2004 ckESpfuwnf;u opfxkwfvkyfief;
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10.44.1? awmifydkif;Bwd*H}? pmrsufESm---Munfh) rS
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aemufqHk; a&muf&SdpOfuwnf;uyif opfpuf ESifh
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uDdvdkrDwm 130 cefYtxd 0ifí vkyfudkifaeMuonf/ 164
a'ocH ukefonfrsm;u toGm;tjyefc&D;rSm
oHk;&ufMumonf[k qdkonf/ wpfESpfvQif
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tzGJUBuD;u awGYqHkar;jref;cJhaom
opfukefonftcsdKUum; taumif;jrifMuqJ jzpfonf/ Oyrm
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&rnfjzpfonfh pDrHudef;onf wif;xef; ESifh
xdefYjcHK;tMum; o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;p&dwfudk
wpfukArDwmvQif ,Grf30 (tar&duefa':vm 3.6)
avQmhcsayvdrfhrnf/ ,Grf50 (6a':vm) rS ,Grf20
(2.4a':vm) jzpfoGm; vdrfhrnf/164 vuf&Sdopft0ifrSm
70ç000 ESifh 80ç000 ukArDwm Mum;wGif&Sdonf/ 2000
jynfhESpf&Sd 100ç000 ukArDwm rS usqif;oGm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ 164?165 xdkYjyif tzdk;wef opfrsdK;pdwfudk
wif;xef;rSwqifh oGif;jcif;jzifh zDarmfuJhodkY
taemufzsm;jrdKUrsm;xuf ta&mif;t0,fudk ydkí
oefpGrf;cdkifrm? ydkí aysmhajymif;oGm;aponf/151
opfpufrsm;\ ta&twGufrSm tzGJUBuD;\ rSwfwrf;t& 2001
ckESpfwGif 70 &SdcJh&mrS 2004ckESpfwGif 80 rS 90
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9.2.6/ Zpf*spD
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jrdKYi,fuav;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHbuf 30 rS 100
uDvdkrDwmMum; e,fajrrsm;rS ESpfpOf tenf;qHk;
opfyrmP 10ç000 ukArDwm Zpf*spDodkY 0ifa&mufonf/
166?167?168 opftrsm;pkudk ulrif; ESifh tjcm;ydka0;aom
jrdKUrsm;odkY rydkYrD Zpf*spDwGif tacsmudkifonf/
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vrf;tcsdKU azgufvkyf&mwGif aiGaMu;xnfh0ifMuonf/ 169?
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pD&ifpkoHk;ckteuf awmifbuftusqHk; jzpfonf/
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e,fajrrsm;tm; autdkiftdk? etz^wyfrawmf ESifh
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ucsifjynfe,f Aef;armf ESifh
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tjcm;jrefrmjynftpdwftydkif;rsm;udk
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qufoG,fxm;onf/
wJh[kefwGif EdkifiHawmftqifh
ppfaq;a&;*dwfESpfck ESifh jynfe,ftqifh
ppfaq;a&;*dwf ESpfck&Sdonf/ 143 xdkYjyif
ucsifjynfe,f ESifh &Srf;jynfe,fodkY oGm;aom
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e,fpyfta&mif;t0,frSm ajrmufzsm;ydkif;xufydkí
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tjcm;typfcwf&yftzGJUrsm; ESifh etz wdkYudk,fpD
xdef;csKyfxm;onfh e,fajrrsm;rSvmaom opfrsm; rSm
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e,fpyfodkY aygufaomvrf;onf jrefrmjynfrrS
vrf;uGef,ufESifh csdwfqufaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
&vm'ftm;jzifh opfta&mif;t0,fonf ajrmufydkif;xuf
ydkwnfjidrfjyD; opftrsdK;trnf ydkí
pHkvifrsm;jym;pGm wifoGif;Edkifonf/ w&m;0if
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& 2002 ckESpfwGif wJh[kefpD&ifpk u
opfukArDwm 259ç503 wifoGif;cJhonf/ odkYaomf
,if;usef;jrdKUodkY opft0ifrsm;cJhonfrSwyg; 2001
ckESpfrSpí opfta&mif;t0,fa&csdef tenf;i,f
tajymif;tvJ&SdcJhonf/ ,if;usef; ESifh a&TvD wdkYrSm
t"du opfvkyfief;r@dKifrsm; jzpfMujyD;
e,fpyfESifhxdqufaeMuaom jrdKYuav;aygif;rsm;pGmrS
opfrsm; pD;0ifaejcif; jzpfonf/
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24em&DausmfwmeJY vmydkYwJhum;BuD;
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vTwdkufcH&eftoifh? yHkoGif; cH&eftoifh/}} 171
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ckESpf Zefe0g&D
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us,fa*gifESifh tvm;wlyif þjrdKUBuD;onf ,lleef ESifh
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t"du& tul;tajymif; vrf;aMumif;jzpfonf/
opfta&mif;t0,fom &Sifoefonf r[kwfao;/
ausmufjzpfopfom;rsm;vnf; jrefrmjynfrS arSmifcdk
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a&TvDü usif;y&m jyyGJxJwGifjrefrmjynfrS
opfom;xnfrsm;vnf; jyoonf/ owif;az:jycsufrsm;t&
jrefrm ESifh w&kwfukefonfrsm;tMum; opfom;yef;yk
wefcsdef 600 ESifh y&dabm* wefcsdef 300 tygt0if
tar&duefa':vm 360ç000 zdk; wifydkY&ef oabmwlnDcsuf
&cJhMuonf/ xdkopfom;xnfrsm;udk jrefrmjynf rEåav;
ESifh ppfudkif;wdkif;&Sd or0g,rvkyfief;
tzGJUig;zGJUu xkwfvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ 172
us,fa*gifESifh wpfbufwpfcsuf a&TvDteD;&Sd
jrefrme,fpyfjrdKU rlq,f u etz u xdef;csKyfxm;onf/
jrefrm]uypy} jynfolYppf wyfzGJUrsm;uvnf;
e,fpyfwavQmufu e,fpyfausmf ae&mav;rsm;udk
xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ 173 vrf;uGef,ufonf
ucsifjynfe,fwGif rlq,f rS Aef;armf? awmifbufwGif
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jynfhwefqmrsm; ESifh aqmufvkyfa&; tvkyform;rsm;udk
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jrefrmopfrsm;udk wlvufudkif&dk;rsm; jyKvkyfjyD;
*smrPDodkY wifydkYavonf/ 151?174
vHkawmif;&GmwGif opfpuf tenf;qHk;
ig;vHk;&SdjyD; opfodkrSD;onfh ae&m tenf;i,f
&Sdonf/151 2005 ckESpf tapmydkif;u vHkawmif; rS
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opfwifum;rsm;jzifh jynfhusyf ydwfqdkYaecJhonf/
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awGY&onf/ vrf;wavQmuf &yfem;aeaom opfwif
um;tvGwfrsm;yif tpD; 100cefY &Sdayvdrfhrnf/ 175
a&TvDrS w&kwfjrefrme,fpyfudk jzwfoef;aeonfrSm
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w&kwfppfoHk; w&yfum; 200ausmf e,fpyfrSwqifh
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,cktcg ta&mif;t0,f wef;aeonf/ e,fpyfrS uDdvdkrDwm
200-300 tuGmü tajcpdkufonfh opfpufydkifwpfOD;u
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cefY&Sdrnf[ cefYrSef;onf/ tcsdKUopfrsm;rSm e,fpyfrS
ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; uDvdkrDwm 50 cefY tuGmrS
jzpfjyD; w&kwf ESifh jrefrm opfukrÜPDrsm;u
ckwfvSJMujcif; jzpfonf/ usef;zkef;odkY0ifaom opfrSm
etz qDrSvnf; vmonf/ awmifbufzsm; ]0} wdkY
xdef;csKyfonfh e,fajrrsm;qDrSvnf; vmonf/ 177 2006
ckESpf usef;zkef; Aef;armf ta0;ajy;vrf;rBuD;
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&SdcJhaMumif; xif&Sm;vSaomfvnf; 2004 ckESpf {jyDv
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wifaqmifaeonfudk jrifawGY&onf/ ajcmufaoGY&moDwGif
opfvHk;rsm;tm; jrpfudkjzwfí qGJaeonfudkvnf;
jrif&Edkifonf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif tzGJYBuD; þa'oodkY
jyefa&mufpOfu xdkokdY jrifcJh&onf/
tifzmbl; ac:ae&mopfwcktm; jrefrmbufjcrf;
jrpfurf;yg;ay:wGif wnfaqmufvdkufonf/ xdkae&mwGif
autdkifat^tdku opfrsm;udk w&kwfjynf rydkYrD
tcGefaumufonf/ opfrmopfvHk;rsm;tm; a&Sma&Sm&SL&SL
cGifhjyKjyD;
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ckESpf tzGJUBuD; a&muf&SdpOftwGif; jrefrmhopfrsm;
þvrf;ay:ü yHkxm;onfudk jrifcJh&onf/ 151
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wpf*dwf&Sdonf/ 143?151 ,if;usef;rS ucsifbufjcrf;&Sd
vdkifZmodkY t"du OD;pm;ay; vrf;wpfvrf; 2003
ckESpftv,favmufu pwifazmufvkyfae&m 2004
ckESpfukefwGi ftjyD;owf&ef pDpOfxm;onf/ odkYjzifh
toGm;tvm rsm;jym;jyD;jzpfaom
þe,fpyfausmfae&mrSwqifh xGef;um;vsuf&Sdonfh e,fpyf
ta&mif;t0,fudk acsmarGU vG,fulapvdrfhrnfjzpfonf/
tenf;i,faomopfwdkYrSm avmufusdKufZm?
[kefbkrfacsmif;? ½SD;rm ESifh pl;wifjrdKUrsm;rS
wqifh 0ifMuonf/ 2001 rSpí o,f,la&;p&dwf
jrifhwufvmjyD; opfpuftawmfrsm;rsm; tenf;i,f
usqif;vmonf/ 2004ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfrS 0ifvmaom
opfjrpfrsm;? a'oayguf opftcsdKUY ESifh ab; oifhcH
ausmufxif;&l;rsm;udk tacsmxnfxkwfvkyfonf/ 92?178
9.3.5/ cgZef
cgZefonf ta&;ygaom opfvkyfief;jrdKU jzpfonf/
opfpuf 20 ESifh 30 Mum; &Sdonf/ opfvkyfief;ESifh
ywfoufaecJhonfrSm q,fESpfausmfjyDjzpfonf/
autdkiftdk xdef;csKyfe,fajrrsm;qDodkY rcif;&ao;aom
vrf;ESpfvrf;ESifh qufaeonf/ 2004 ckESpf {jyDv
tzGJYBuD; a&muf&SdpOfu xdkvrf;rsm;udk jyifqif
tqifhjrSifhaeonf/ arSmifcdkoGif; uRef;opf tygt0if
opfyHkBuD;rsm;udkvnf; awGYcJh&onf/ odkYaomf
opfukefonfrsm;u a&SUa&; pdwfrat;aMumif; ajymMuonf/
taMumif;rSm e,fpyfteD; e,fajrrsm;ü opfyifrsm;
ajymif&Sif;oGm;onfuwpfaMumif;? e,fajrtwGif; etz
MoZm ydkrdkoufa&mufvmí wpfaMumif;jzpfonf/ etz u
tzdk;wef opfrsdK;pdwfrsm; a&mif;csrIudk ododomom
usyfusyfwnf;wnf; xdef;csKyfxm;onf/ 179? 180
9.3.6/ pl;wif
2003 ckESpfu BuD;rm;us,fjyefYaom
opfodkfrSD;e,fajrudk pl;wifü zGifhvSpfcJhonf/ 2004
ckESpf tapmydkif; tzGJUBuD; a&muf&SdoGm;onfh
opfxkwf&moD ukefqHk;csdefwGif xdkae&mü tenf;qHk;
117
opfwifum; 75 pD;&yfxm;onfu awGU&onf/
opfyHkBuD;tcsdKUudkvnf; jrif&onf/ odkYaomf tcktxd
opfpuf tenf;i,fomvQif &Sdaeonf/ jrdKUjyif
qifajczHk;ü 50 rS 70 xd&Sdrnfh wJukyfi,fav;rsm;rSm
tvkyf&Hk;cef;tjzpf¤if;? x&yfum;rsm;
&yfem;pcef;tjzpf¤if;? um;'&dkifbmrsm; ESifh
opfukefonfrsm; wnf;cdk&eftjzpf¤if;?
toHk;awmfcHMuonf/ 151
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vHkvifjrdKUonf zefpD\ajrmufbuf 20 uDvdkrDwm
tuGmwGif &Sdonf/ a&TvD ESifh ta&SUbuf
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ysOfcsyf xkwfvkyfa&;orm;wdkY\ ae&m jzpfonf/ w&kwf
jrefrm e,fpyfrSwfwdkif 17?18?19 ESifh 22 wdkYrS
wefzdk;BuD;opfrsm; o,faqmifonfh vm;wef;?
jrif;wef;wdkY c&D;pwif&efvnf;jzpfonf/
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jzwfí yga*smifawmifrSvnf; vmMuonf/ 150
10/ucsifjynfe,f
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ysufpD;oGm;awmhr,f/ 'De,fajrrSm jzpfysufaewm
awGUjrifcJh&wm odyfaMuuGJrdygw,f/ opfyifawG
tukeftajymif &Sif;vdkufMujyD/ 'g aumif;wJhudpö
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aygufqef;ESifh uyfvsuf ucsifjynfe,fodkY
a&muf&SdcJhonfh tay: w&kw &ku©aA' ynm&SifwpfOD;\
ajymqdkcsuf? 2004 ckESpf
o,HZmw ayg<u,f0vsuf w&kwf ESifh tdE´d,wnf;[laom
EdkifiHBuD;ESpfEdkifiH 0ef;&Haeonfh ucsifjynfe,frSm
ppfaMumifh zGwfzGwfaMuum ab;a&mufaeonfh jrefrmjynf
ajrmufydkif;a'owpfcktjzpfrS w&kwfjynfBuD;
BuD;yGg;csrf;oma&;twGuf obm0o,HZmwrsm; odkrSD;&m
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þtoGifajymif;vJjcif;rSm ,cifESifh EIdif;pmvQif
jidrf;csrf;vmonf[k qdk&rnf/ aemufcHjzpf&yfay:wGif
ay:aygufoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ vufeufudkifwdkufyGJumv
twGif;ü obm0o,HZmwrsm;tm; tjrwfxkwfcGifh romcJhay/
118
jidrf;csrf;a&; ,lvdkufjcif;u xdkt[efYtwm;rsm;udk
z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufonf/ typftcwf &yfpJa&;
oabmwlnDcsufrsm; rwdkifrDu ydkifeufxdef;csKyfrIrSm
tajctae tcsdeftcg udk vdkufí jzpfysufaecJhonf/
a&a&&m&m owffrSwfxm;jcif;vnf; r&Sdoavmufjzpfum
tajymif;tvJvnf; jzpfwwfonf/ e,fajrtrsm;tjym;ü
e,fvkyGJrsm; qifETJaeMuonf/ vufeufudkif vlrsdK;pkk
twdkuftcHtzGJUrsm;u oD;oefYa'oudk
xdef;csKyfxm;Muonf/ olwdkYydkifeuf\ jyifyudk
typf&yfe,fajrrsm;[k owfrSwf onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm
ucsifjynfe,fwpfckvHk;pmrQavmufyif&SdjyD; etz u t"du
pDrHtkyfcsKyfonf/
ucsifjynfe,fwGif attdkifat^tdk ESifh tef'Dat
(au) [lí vufeufudkif qefYusiftkyfpk ESpfck&Sdonf/
au'Dat rSm &Srf;jynfe,f ajrmufydkif;wGif
tajcpdkufonf/ þtzGJYrsm;xJwGif autdkiftdk u
tjcm;ESpfzGJYxuf EdkifiHa&;pdwf"mwf
ydkrdkcdkifrmonf/ usefESpfzGJUudkum; pD;yGm;a&;u
aphaqmfarmif;ESifaom
vufeufudkiftzGJUrsm;[kqdkjcif;u ydkíoifhawmfayonf/
tiftm;t&vnf; autdkifat^tdk u r,SOfomatmif
tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ ¤if;tm; ucsiftrsdK;om;a&;
&nfrSef;csuftwGuf t"duvIyf&Sm;rItjzpf jrifxm;MujyD;
tef'Dat (au) ESifh au'DatwdkYxuf vlxkaxmufcHrI
tus,ftjyefY ydkrdk&&Sdayonf/ xdkYaMumifh etz ESifh
EdkifiHa&;&m aqG;aEG;nIdEIdif; tajz&Sma&;wGif
tjcm;ucsiftzGJYrsm;xuf autdkiftdk OD;aqmifrItay:
ydkrdk tav;ay; arQmfvifhxm;Muonf/ EdkifiHa&;
ajyvnfrIwpf&yfqDodkY ra&mufEdkifao;rD etz u
typf&yftzGJUrsm;tm; ajymxm;onfrSm trsdK;om;nDvmcHu
zGJYpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'rlMurf;
a&;qGJjyD;onfxd? tpkd;&opfzGJUpnf;onfxd?
apmifhqdkif;Muyg&ef [líjzpfonf/ 181
autdkiftdkonf tef'Dat (au) ESifh au'Dat wdkYxuf
rdrdxdef;csKyf&m e,fajra'orsm;
wdk;wufzGHYjzdK;a&;tay: tyHkBuD;ydkí tav;xm;onf/
odkYaomf vrf;yef; ESifh qnfajrmif;wmwr aqmufvkyfa&;
pDrHudef;rSm tatmifjrifBuD; r[kwfvSay/ þonfrSm
119
wpfydkif;tm;jzifh enf;pepfydkif; uRrf;usifrI
csdKUwJhjcif; ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrI
ruRrf;usifjcif;wdkYaMumifh jzpf&ouJhodkY etz \
&nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sdjzifh wm;qD;ydwfyifjcif;vnf;
yg0ifonf[k ,lq&onf/ 268
typftcwf &yfpJjyD;aemuf autdkiftdk\ t"du
0ifaiG&if;jrpfrSm ausmufpdrf;qDrS opf?
a&TwGif;tenf;i,f ESifh e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;odkY
a&TYajymif;oGm;onf/ etzESifh w&m;0if
tjrwfcGJa0,laom uRef;opfxkwfvkyfa&; tygt0if bl;*g;
(*sdef;azgucsifbmomjzifh ]Zmwdajr}) ukrÜPD
vufatmuf&Sd tao;pm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
tpysdK;xm;onfrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/
0rf;enf;zG,faumif;onfrSm vwfwavmESpfrsm;twGif;
autdkiftdkxJü tusifhysufjcpm; rormrIrsm;
wdk;yGm;vmjcif; jzpfonf/ jcpm;rItrsm;pkrSm
obm0oH,Zmw&if;jrpfrsm; xkwf,ljcif;ESifh
ywfoufqufEG,faeonf/ autdkiftdk\
vufawGUvkyfief;qdkif&m ESifh EdkifiHa&;&m
aqmif&GufEdkifpGrf;rsm;jzpfaom vrf;? wHwm;? aq;&Hk?
ausmif;ponfh jynfolYaqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;
pDrHaqmif&Gufa&;? EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf
qkyfudkifxdef;odrf;xm;a&; ESifh etz tm;
twdkuftcHjyKa&; ESifh tjcm;a&G;cs,fp&menf;vrf;rsm;
pDpOfay;a&; wdkYudk tusifhysufjcpm;rIrsm;u 0ifa&muf
yl;owf jzdKzsuf oGm;Muavonf/ urÇmh
oufaoouúm,tzGJUBuD;ESifh ajymqdkcJholtcsdKU tvdkt&
autdkiftdkrSm 0g;tpnf;ajyouJhodkY nDnGwfrI
avQmhyg;vmaejyD;? bmawGjzpfaeonfudk ododvmMuaom
atmufajcxkrSmvnf; rcsifhr&J pdwfysuf&jcif;om
tzwfwifaeMuawmhonf/182 EdkifiHawmftqifh EdkifiHa&;
wdk;wufjzpfxGef;rI uif;rJhjcif;uvnf; tajctaeudk
ydkqdk;aponf/
etzESifh eD;eD;uyfuyfqufEG,faeaom tef'Dat (au)
rSm pD;yGm;a&;udk ydkítav;ay;onf/ typftcwf
&yfpJjyD;csdefrSpí tef'Dat (au) onf
ucsifjynfe,ftwGif; ¤if;\ pD;yGm;a&;
120
tusdK;pD;yGm;rsm;tm; wuf<uxufoefpGm
csJUxGifxm;ygonf/
10.1. ucsifjynfe,f jyóem orkdif;tusOf;
]]typf&yf tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;u tckqdk ydkufqHudk
A[dkxm;aeMuw,f/ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD (Auy)
ydkufqHudk tm&HkpdkufcJhvdkY ysufpD;cJh&w,f/ 'Dawmh
'DtzGJYtpnf;awGudk ydkufqHu zsufqD;vdkufjyDaygh/}}
ucsif&Gm acgif;aqmifwpfOD;? 2004 ckESpf
1961ckESpfwGif &Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;ü
ucsifausmif;om; tajrmuftrsm;jzifh autkdiftdkudk
zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ vlrsm;\ cGJjcm;qufqHrItay:
em;usnf;aomaMumifh? ucsifjynfe,ftm; pD;yGm;a&;t&
ab;odkY yxkwfxm;jcif;aMumifh? A[dktpdk;&udk
vufeufpGJudkif qefYusifcJhMuonf/ OD;Ektpkd;& u
Ak'¨bmomudk EdkifiHawmfbmomtjzpf ausjim&ef
qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif; ESifh e,fjcm;owfrSwfa&;
oabmwlnDcsuf aqmif&GufaepOftwGif; ucsif&GmtcsdKUudk
w&kwfbufodkY ay;vdkuf&jcif;wdkYuvnf; ta&;ygaomu@ u
yg0ifMuayonf/ awmfvSefykefuefrIrSm vsifjrefpGm
ysHUESHUoGm;onf/ autdkiftdkonf ¤if;\
vufeufudkiftkyfpk ucsifvGwfajrmufa&; wyfrawmf
ESifhtwl pwk&ef;rdkif 15ç000 ESifh vl 300ç000
ausmfudk odrf;ydkufvdkufjyD;? zm;uefY
ausmufpdrf;wGif;rsm;udk xdef;csKyfjcif;jzifh b@maiG
wpfpdwfwpfydkif; &&Sdonf/ 183 1990 ckESpfrsm;
tapmydkif;wGif autdkifat onf 6ç000 ESifh 7ç000 Mum;
vltiftm;&SdjyD; jynfolYppfuJhodkY
vufeufudkiftzGJYrsm; vnf;&Sdonf/ 184
Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD (Auy) onf ,leefjynfe,frS
&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmjyD;
w&kwfe,fpyfwavQmuf e,fajrrsm;ü Auy\
ta&SUajrmufppfa'oudk xlaxmifcJhonf/ Auy EdkifiHa&;
OD;aqmifrIudk vufcHvQif autdkiftdktm; vufeuf ESifh
cJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; axmufyHhrnf[k Auy u
urf;vSrf;onf/ ,if;urf;vSrf;csuftm; autdkiftdk u
jiif;y,fvdkufonf/ 1968 wGif autdkifat ESifh Auy
tMum; tjyif;txef wdkufyGJjzpfcJhMu&m ESpfbuf
121
typftcwf&yfpJa&; vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muonfh 1976 ckESpf
wdkifatmif jzpfonf/ xdkESpfrSmyif autdkiftdkonf
trsdK;om;'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (tef'Dtufzf) wnfaxmifol
tzGJU0if jzpfcJhonf/
1968 ckESpfwGif uefydkifwnf a'otajcpdkuf
wdefY,def; OD;aqmifonfh autdkifat^tdkwyfzGJYrsm;
onf autdkifat^tdkrS cGJxGufoGm;um Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwDESifh yl;aygif;vdkufjyD; Auy 101
ppfa'o jzpfoGm;onf/ 1989 ckESpf 'DZifbmv Auy
jydKuJGoGm;aomtcg 101 ppfa'oonf 'Drdku&ufwpf
wyfrawmfopf (ucsif) [k rdrdudk,fudk
trnfajymif;vdkufjyD; e0w ESifh typftcwf &yfpJ&ef
oabmwlnDcJhonf/ tef'Dat (au) ü tiftm; 800 cefY
&Sdonf/ tef'Dat (au) e,fajr udk etz u ucsifjynfe,
ftxl;a'o(1)[k &nfnTef;onf/ xdke,fajrrSm uefydkifwnf
ESifh zDarmfawmifMum;vrf; ESpfckMum; w&kwfe,fpyf&Sd
tvSrf;a0;vSaom ae&mjzpfonf/ XmecsKyfrSm
w&kwfe,fpyfay:u yef0g jzpfonf/ opfxkwfvkyfjcif;?
a&TwGif; ESifh pdkufysdK;a&;wdkYrSm tef'Dat (au) \
t"du0ifaiG jzpfonf/ cGJxGufjyD;uwnf;u tef'Dat (au)
ESifh autdkiftdktMum; qufqHa&;rSm wif;rmvsuf&SdjyD;
ypfvm;cwfvm;tajcodkY qdkufoGm;cJhonfrsm;yif
&SdcJhonf/ (atmufwGifMunfh)
1991 ckESpfwGif autdkifat\ trSwf(4) wyfr[monf
vufusef autdkifatrS cGJxGufoGm;jyD; e0w ESifh
typf&yfvufrSwf a&;xdk;vdkufonf/ trnfudkvnf;
ucsifumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf (au'Dat)
[kajymif;vJvdkufjyD; tpkd;&\
w&m;0ifjynfolYppftzGJUuJhodkY jzpfvmonf/ au'Datonf
e,fpyfa'orsm; udk rxdef;csKyfay/ typf&yfcsdefü
au'DatwGif tiftm; cefYrSef;ajc 2000 cefY&Sdonf/
au'Dat udk ay;xm;onfh e,fajrtm;
&Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; txl;a'o (5) [k etz u
&nfnTef;onf/ XmecsKyfrSm uGrf;cgü &Sdonf/
opfxkwfvkyfjcif;rSm t"du 0ifaiGjzpfjyD;
bdef;rSvnf;&onf[k qdkMuonf/
122
1994 azaz:0g&DwGif autdkiftdkonf e0w ESifh
typf&yf vufrSwfxdk;onf/ autdkiftdk^at
xdef;csKyfe,fajrudk etz u ucsifjynfe,f txl;a'o (2)
[k &nfnTef;onf/ ucsifvGwfajrmufa&; wyf rawmf
(autdkifat) XmerSm vkdifZmü &SdjyD;
autdkiftdkXmecsKyfrSm w&kwfe,fpyfteD; vdkifpifü
&Sdonf/ odkYaomf jynfe,ftESHYtjym;ü
autdkifatpcef;rsm; &Sdonf/
10.2/ typftcwf &yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsufrsm;\
oabmobm0
þtpD&ifcHpm a&;om;aecsdefü etz ESifh typftcwf
&yfpJoGm;Muaom vufeufudkif twdkuftcH
tkyfpkaygif;rSm 28 ck &Sdonf[k ,lq&onf/ xdktxJu
tkyfpkESpfckrSm ucsifjynfe,f
tajcpdkufjzpfonf/ ]typf&yftkyfpk} qdkonfrSm
e0w^etzESifh typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsuf
jyKxm;Muol xdktkyfpkrsm; tm;vHk;udk jcHKíac:onfh
a0g[m& jzpfonf/ þoabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk
jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yxrajcvSrf;[k trsm;u
jrifxm;Muonf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh
þoabmwlnDcsufrsm;\ pnf;urf;
owfrSwfcsufrsm;atmufwGif vlrsdK;pk wyfzGJYrsm;tm;
olwdkYydkifeuf ESifh vufeufrsm;ukd qufvuf
ydkifqdkifcGifhjyKonf/ odkYaomf wyfom;pkaqmif;jcif;
ESifh vufeuf 0,f,lwyfqifjcif;wdkYudkrl
&yfqdkif;&efvdkonf/ tcsdKUtkyfpkrsm; -Oyrm
autdkifat^tdkü pmjzifha&;om;xm;aom
typf&yfoabmwlnDcsuf &Sdonf/ 185 odkY&mwGif trsm;
jynfolod&Sdatmif xkwfjyefjcif; rjyKay/
oabmwlnDcsufyg tcsuftvuf twdtusqdkonfrSm ya[Vd
jzpfonf/23
2004ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 24&uf etz \ ]tjynfhtpHk
&Sif;vif;csuf} ac: w&m;0if owif;xkwfjyef ausjimcsufwGif
“Oya'abmifwGif;odkY
jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmaom”vufeufudkiftkyfpkrsm;ESifh w&m;0if
typftcwf&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDcsuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif; r&Sdyg[k
az:jyxm;onf/
23
123
arQmfvifhxm;wef&monfESifh ajymif;jyef
ucsifjynfe,f typf&yf oabmwlnDcsufaMumifh
jynfe,ftwGif; etz ppfwyf ajAmifusus
ydkrdk&SdvmaeonfhtusdK;quf ay:aygufonf/ Oyrm-2001
ckESpfwGif jrpfBuD;em;jrdKU\ taemufbuf ESifh
awmifbufodkY um;jzifh wpf&ufc&D; tuGmü ppfwyfpcef;
aygif;rsm;pGm awGYEdkifonf[kk od&onf/ 1994 ckESpf
etz ESifha ttdkifat^tdk typf&yf oabmwlnDrI
rwdkifcifu xdkppfpcef;rsm; r&SdcJhay/ 186 2003
ckESpfwGif Aef;armfw0dkuf u jrdKYe,frsm;wGif
wyfrawmfwyf&if; ta&twGufonf av;ckrS wq,fhESpfcktxd
oHk;qwufoGm;onf/ 187 ucsif &yf&GmvlBuD;wpfOD;url “'gjidrf;csrf;a&;oabm raqmifygbl;”44 [kqdkavonf/
odkYaomf typftcwf&yfpJrIaMumifh
twdkuftcdkufrsm; edXdwHum vlUtou fqHk;&HI;rI? t"r®
ay:wmqGJrI? rk'drf;rI ESifh ESdyfpufnSOf;qJrIrsm;
odomxif&Sm;pGm avsmhenf; usqif;oGm;onf/
&yf&Gme,fajrrsm;rSmvnf; aeYw"l0 tMurf;zuf
aESmifh,SufrIrsm; r&SdawmhbJ wpfpdwfwpfa'otm;jzifh
udk,fhbmomudk,f jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifpGrf;
&SdvmMuonf/ typf&yfjyD;csdefrSpí t&yfom;tzGJUtpnf;
xlaxmifzGJUpnf;rIrsm; ESifh uGef,ufrsm;
jyefvnfEdk;xvmMuonfudk ucsifjynfe,f
awGYBuHKcJh&onf/ c&pf,mefbk&m;ausmif;
tquftoG,frsm;? tef*sDtdkrsm;? vli,ftzGJYtpnf;?
trsdK;orD;tzGJYtpnf;? obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf; jyefvnfay:xGef;vmonf/ xdkodkY
ydkrdkcdkifrm oefpGrf;aom &yf&GmtajccH
tzGJYtpnf;rsm; jyefvnfay:xGufvmjcif;u vlawGudk
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csDazG oGm;&mvrf; 52rdkifpcef;? ruf*&ef&Gm *sLbvD
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usif;&Sif;opfukrÜPDu ,Grf 12oef; (1ç430ç000a':vm)
ay;onf/ odkYaomf autdkiftdku opfvHk;rsm;jzifh
jyefqyf&rnfjzpfonf/207 usif;&Sif;onf
vrf;tqifhjrSifh&ef &SpfESpf oabmwlnDcsufwpfck
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wHwm;rSm csDazGwHwm; jzpfonf/ jrpfBuD;em;r rdkif
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2004-05 opfckwf&moD (pufwifbm- {jyD) twGif;
waeYvQif opfwifum; 50-100 wHwm;udk jzwfonf/
csDazGwHwm;rS taemufpl;pl; Bwd*He,fajrxJodkY rdkif
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xdkvrf;onf autdkifat\ yxrwyfr[m ppfpcef;cs&m
tif*rfvjrdKUtxd aygufonf/232
tifrdkifc ESifh rvdcjrpfESpfoG,fqHk&mrS
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a&tm;vQyfppf wmwrH pDrHudef;BuD;rSmvnf;
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aqmif&GufaeqJ jzpfonf/ jrpfqHke,fajrrSm ucsif
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tdrfajc5000ukd a&vTrf;ypfjyD; vl 8000 udk
tdk;tdrfrJh jzpfaprnfjzpfonf/ xdkYjyif
pdkufysdK;Edkifaom ajr{u 18000 ESifh opfawmrsm;vnf;
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aumufcHonfhtcrsm;/ 2004ckESpf207
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autdkiftdkudk xkwfypf&ef tif'Dat(au) \
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tif'Dat(au) ESifh autdkiftdkwdkY ypfcwfrI
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ajymqdkcGifhudk csKyfcs,fuefYowfonf[ kqdkum 1995ckESpfwGif
nDvmcHrS xGufcJhonf/ etz u 2004 ckESpfvnfydkif;wGif
nDvmcHudk jyefac:onf/ t,ft,fvf'Du rwufa&mufcJh/
nDvmcHwufa&mufol trsm;pkrSm etz pdwfwdkif;us a&G;cs,fxm;
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opfvkyfief; 0efxrf;wpfOD;? aygufqef;a'o?
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opfxkwfcGifh csay;a&;twGuf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
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tpDtpOfrsm;rSm &dk;&dk;omjzpfonf/ odkYaomf
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xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkif&udef; &Sdaeonf/ autdkiftdku
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enf;pHepf (1) cGifhjyKcsufrsm;u
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opfudk rnfodkYoHk;pGJEdkifaMumif; owfrSwfonf/
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151
opfawmXme? jynfolY&J? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&; ESifh
a'owyfrawmf,lepfrsm;udk jyozdkY vdktyfonf/268
opform;rsm;onf opfwpfweftwGuf usyf 20ç000
(22a':vm) udk jrpfBuD;em; etz
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usyf20ç000 (22a':vm) ESifh o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;twGuf
usyf 100ç000 (111a':vm) vnf;ay;&onf/ þtcrsm;aMumifh
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pepfudk yl;ow fzsufqD;ypfvkdufonf/ uRef;opfudk
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xyfcgausmhí ausmhí oHk;onf/ aqmufvkyfa&;ae&m
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etz xdef;csKyfaom opfawmrsm;rS opfudk
w&yfum;jzifh w&kwfodkY o,fydkY&mwGif vrf;c&D;ü
typf&yfe,fajrrsm;udk jzwfoef;oGm;&onf/205?241?242 etz
xdef;csKyfe,fajr&Sd t"duvrf;rsm;ay:u
ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;wGif etz u opftcGefaumufonf/
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xdef;csKyfaome,fajrrsm;tm; jzwfoef;oGm;onfh
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opfawmXme? wyfrawmf? taumuftcGef?
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raESmuf,Suf&ef? ]w&m;r0if} opfxkwfvkyfonf udk
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e,fajrxJr0ifrDuyif opfawmxJu ydkufqHay;rnfh
vlawGtaMumif; owif;BudK&xm;jyD; jzpfonf/140
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tMurf;ywrf;jzpfvmaMumif; od&onf/ Oyrm- 2003
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wdkuf&dkuf tpD&ifcHcJh&onfjzpf\/207 opfxkwfvkyfrIudk
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odkYaomf þonfrSmvnf; opfxkwfvkyfrIudk wm;qD;zdkY
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taxmuftxm;jyzdkY ESifh opform;rsm;xHrS
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pifppf opfawmrsm; ysufjyKef; aysufuG,foGm;onfESifh
ucsifjynfe,f\ a&&SnfzGHUjzdK; wdk;wufrI
xdcdkufoGm;onfom r[kwfao;? w&kwfopfvkyfief;üvnf;
tvkyfaygif; axmifcsDí qHk;&IH;oGm;Edkifayonf/
yxrajcvSrf;taeESifh w&kwftpkd;&onf jrefrmjynfrS
opfwifydkYrIudk &yfqdkif;xm;Edkifonf/ &yf
qdkif;xm;oifhonf/ wcsdefwnf;rSmyif
jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif;tm; obm0 o,HZmwrsm;udk a&wdk
tjrwfxkwfaejcif;tay: rSDdckdrae&avatmif
tultnDay;jcif;? &ifESD;jrKyfESHjcif;? ydkdrdk
zGHYjzdK;wdk;wufvmapjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Guf&ygrnf/
171
þqdkif;iHhrIudk opfwifydkY ukrÜPDrsm;u
jrefrmhopfrsm;\ w&m;0ifZmpfjrpfudk pdppf
twnfjyKEdkifatmif aqmif&GufjyEdkifonfh tcsdeftxd
xm;oifhonf/
jrefrmjynfajrmufydkif; opfawmrsm;ü opf
arSmifcdkxkwfvkyfrI tqHk;owfjcif;onf etz
ajrmufydkif;wdkif; ppfa'otwGuf pm&if;r0iftif;r0if
ay;&aom aiGtajrmuftrsm;udkvnf; tqHk;owfayvdrfhrnf/
opfawmrsm;tay: wdkuf&dkufoufa&mufvsuf&Sdaom
zdtm;udkvnf; avsmhyg;aponfhjyif ,ckxd
obm0o,HZmwaMumifh vlenf;pkom tusdK;&Sdaeonfh a'oü
trsm;pkaygif;yg0ifí e,fajrtoHk;csa&; aqmif&Guf&ef
tcsdefqGJaejcif;udkvnf; ajz&Sif;Edkifrnf jzpfonf/
þonfrSmvnf; EdkifiHwum todkuft0ef; - txl;ojzifh
w&kwfjynfolUor®wEdkifiH tpdk;&\ wuf<uaom
taxmuftuljzifhom jzpfajrmufEdkifrnf jzpfonf/
jrefrmhtajccHOya'opf atmufü opfawmrsm;rSm A[dku
csKyfudkifaom pDrHcefYcGJrIESifhyif qufvuf
BuHKBudKufae&OD;rnfh tvm;tvm &Sdaeonf/ odkYtwGuf
opfawmtay: rSDae&aom &yf&Gma'orsm; yg0ifonfh
av;eufaom vlxkwdkifyifESD;aESmjcif;rsm;
vkyfudkvkyf&rnf jzpfonf/ xdktwGuf
w&kwftmPmydkifrsm;u etz ESifh typf&yftzGJUrsm;
ñIdEIdif;aqmif&GufMu&ef ulnDEdkifygonf/ obm0
o,HZwtm; tusdK;&SdpGm toHk;csjcif;onf w&m;ojzi?fh
nDñGwfrQw? a&&SnfwnfwHh? yGif;vif;jrifomjyD;
Oya'ESifhtnD jzpfoifhonf/ þonfu
tjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;ü vkyfudkifaeMuonfh
w&kwfukrÜPDrsm;twGuf erlemaumif;wpfck zefwD;ay;rnf
jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif w&kwfjynfwGif;odkY wifydkYonfh
obm0 o,HZmwtm;vHk;tm; trSefwu,f w&m;0ifaom
a&&SnfwnfwHhaom taxmuftyHhypönf;rsm; jzpfa&;qDodkY
OD;wnfonfh ajcvSrf;BuD;wpf&yfvnf; jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
tus,ftjyefY qufpyfpOf;pm;MunfhvQif
w&kwftpkd;&onf etzESifha&m? vufeufudkifvlrsdK;pk
tzGJUrsm;ESifhyg aEG;axG;aom qufqHa&;&Sdonfh ¤if;\
taetxm;udk tcGifhaumif;,lí jrefrmjynf\
172
t&yfbuftkyfcsKyfa&;odkY odrfarGUjiifompGm
ajymif;vJoGm;ap&ef ulnDoifhonf/ xdkjzpfpOfwGif
qufpyfyg0ifaeol tm;vHk;tm;vnf; t"dyÜg,f
jynfh0av;eufjyD; yGifhvif;jrifomonfh
aqG;aEG;ñdSEIdif;a&;ü yg0ifatmif wdkufwGef;oifhonf/
jrefrmhvuf&SdEdkifiHa&;\ p&dkufvu©Pm jzpfaeaom
twif;t"r® tiftm;oHk;onfh 0ef;usiftaetxm; ESifh
wm;jrpfcsKyfcs,f uefYowfrIrsm; uif;pifaom
aqG;aEG;ñIdEIdif;yGJjzpfatmif aqmif&Gufay;oifhonf/
ay:aygufvmzG,f &vm'fjzpfonfh jrefrmjynfwcGif
pD;yGm;a&; wdk;wufaumif;rGefvmonfh tajctae
a&mufvmvQif w&kwfjynfBuD;twGufvnf; taumif;qHk;aom
tusdK;pD;yGm;udk cHpm;&rnf jzpfygonf/
aemufqufwGJrsm;/ aemufcHum;
13/aemufqufwGJ 1/ jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&; ESifh y#dyu©
]]jrefrmjynf y#dyu©rSm eufeuf½Idif;½dIif;
tjrpfwG,f pGJ0ifcJhjyD jzpfonf/ e,fedrdwf
tydkif;tjcm;?
o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm; ESifh vlrsdK;a&; ponfh y#dyu©\
jyóemtppftrSefrsm; udk pl;prff;ppfaq;
qef;ppfjcif;jyKrSom ajz&Sif;EdkifzG,ftajzrsm;
awGYEdkifayvdrfhrnf/}}270
pyfZefYa,mifa[G? jrefrmynm&Sif? 2001 ckESpf 'DZif
bm
w&kwfjynf ESifh tdE´d,jynf tMum;
jrefrmjynfwnf&Sdaejcif;onf awmiftm&S? ta&SYtm&S
ESifh ta&SYawmiftm&SwdkY qHkawGY&m tm&Svrf;qHkü
&Sdaeojzifh tcsuftcsm r[mAsL[majrmuf ta&;ygaeayonf/
173
ajrqDMoZmjzifh <u,f0yspfcJaeonfh
{&m0wDjrpf0Srf;vGifjyiftm; ausmufaqmifurf;yg;
xlxyfonfh awmifwef;BuD;rsm;u jrif;cGgyHko@mef
ywf0kdif;xm;Muonf/ ajrmufzsm;odkY vm;aomf aumif;vd
ukef;qef;awmifwef;twdkif; &Sdaeonfh 1ç463 uDvdkrDwm
&Snf w&kwfe,fpyfudk awGY&ayrnf/271 þtpGeftzsm;
e,fpyfa'orsm;ü opftygt0if obm0 o,HZmwrsm;
<u,f0vSaomfvnf; obm0 "eOpömuay;aom
tusdK;tjrwfrsm;rSm ordkif;wavQmufvHk;
a'ozGm;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;tm; auGUa&Smif
ausmfjzwfoGm;aejcif;rSm tBuD;tus,f rausreyfzG,fyif
jzpfawmhonf/
bmompum;? a'od,pum;aygif; 100 ausmf ajymqdkonfh
jrefrmEdkifiH vlOD;a& cefYrSef;ajc oef; 50onf
ArmvlrsdK; 65% ESifh vlrsdK;pk
tkyfpkaygif;rsm;pGmjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;ayonf/272 w&kwf
vlOD;a&onfvnf; odyfrenf;vSay/ jAdwdoQ
udkvdkeDtiftm;pkrsm; u jrefrmjynftm;
ESpfaygif;100ausmf atmifjrifpGm aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyf&ef
vlrsdK;pk axGjym;jcm;em;rItm; ydkí
ay:vGifatmifvkyfonf/ ydkí csJUum;ay;onf/ þonfESifh
qefYusifbuftm;jzifh ArmBuD;pdk;xm;aom tpkd;&
tpOftqufonf vlrsdK;EG,fqdkif&m rwluGJjym;rIrsm;tm;
pepfwus cdkifcdkifrmrmjzifh rSdefoGm;atmif
vkyfypfvdkufMuonf/ þ,Ofaus;rI a&m,SufoGm;apa&;
rl0g' u wdkif;&if;om; tkyfpkrsm;tMum;
rauseyfrIudkom wdk;yGm;apcJhonf/
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf EdkifiHa&; tpDtpOftm; 1947
ckESpf azaz:0g&DvwGif yifvHknDvmcHü
tjyD;owfcJhonf/ þpmcsKyfü awmifwef;a'orsm;tm;
]]udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifhtjynfht0}} ay;&ef
tm;rcHcJhonf/273 xdkYjyif 'Drdkua&pDenf;us
]]ydkifqdkifcGifhrsm; ESifh txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;}}
vnf; cHpm;&rnfjzpfonf/ 274 xkdYaemuf 1947 ckESpfwGif
a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&m zufqpfqefYusifa&;
jynfolYvGwfajrmufa&; tzGJYcsKyf (zqyv)
tEdkif&cJhonf/ odkYaomf u&iftrsdK;om;or*¾ (autif,l)
174
ESifh Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD (Auy) 37 wdkYu
a&G;aumufyJGudk oydwfarSmufcJhonf/275 odkYaomf
tajccHOya'wpf&yfudk rlMurf;a&;qGJjyD;
jrefrmhyifudk,fvu©Pmvnf;&Sd?
aygif;pnf;nDñGwfrIvnf;&Sd&ef &nf&G,fcJhonfhjyif
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkrsm;\ tcGifhta&; ESifh
udk,fhMur®m udk,fzefwD;vdkaom qE´wdkYudkvnf;
tajccHOya'xJü Xmyemxm;cJhonf/276 odkYapumrl
tajccHOya'onf wdkif;&if;om;wdkYESifh w&m;rQwpGm
ñSdEIdif;&ef ysufuGufcJhjyD; cGJxGufa&;udpö udk
vHkavmufpGm rudkifwG,fcJhay/ ucsif? u&if? u&ifeD?
ESifh &Srf;wdkYudkom wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;p
kjynfe,frsm;tjzpf owfrSwfcH&onf/ u&ifeD ESifh
&Srf;jynfe,fwdkYtm; cGJxGufcGifhvnf; ay;xm;onf/
csif;twGuf ]0dao owdkif;} udk zefwD;ay;cJhonf/
odkYaomf rGef? ytdkY ESifh &cdkifwdkYtm;
¤if;wdkYydkif e,fedrdwf\ twdtus
tao;pdwf udk ay;rxm;cJhay/275
1948ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif jrefrmEdkifiH
vGwfvyfa&; &onf/ rMumcifrSmyif Auy u tpkd;&tm;
vufeufudkif ykefuefqefYusifcJhonf/ 1952 ckESpfwGif
A[dktpkd;&onf tmPm jyefvnfwnfaqmuf EdkifcJhaomfvnf;
wdkif;jynfae&m trsm;pkrSm vufeufudkif vlrsdK;pk
twdkuftcHtzGJUrsm; vufxJü 1950 ckESpfrsm;wavQmuf
&SdaecJhonf/ 1960 ckESpfrsm; tapmydkif;ü
jynfwGif;ppfonf &Srf; ESifh ucsifjynfe,frsm;odkY
ysHHESHHHYoGm;cJhjyD; autdkiftdk ESifh &Srf;jynf
wyfrawmfwdkY ay:ayguf&ef taMumif;zefvmonfh
a&SUawmfajy; jzpfvm avonf/
wyfrawmf ac: ppfwyfwGif;½Sd
tMuD;wef;yk*¾dKvfrsm;uvnf; tpdk;&\
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m tm;enf;csufrsm;tay: tMuD;tus,f
tjypfjrifMuonf/ xdkYjyif EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf
tpdk;&tzGJUtwGif; tuGJtjyJudpörsm;udka&m?
vufeufudkif qefYusiftiftm;pkrsm; ta&;udkyg
Auy onf vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&;jzifh
xlaxmif&ef ydkif;jzwfxm;cJhonf/
37
uGefjrLepfEdkifiH
175
atmifatmifjrifjrif rudkifwG,f rajz½Sif;Edkif[k
¤if;wdkYu odjrifMuonf/1962 ckESpf rwfv2 &ufaeYwGif
AdkvfcsKyfMuD;ae0if;u tmPmodrf;ydkufvdkufjyD;
ppftmPm½Sifpepf ESifY jrefrmYqdk½S,fvpf vrf;pOfygwD
(bDtufpfyDyD) udk xlaxmifvdkufonf/
olUEdkifiHa&;tjrifjzpfonfY ] jrefrmYenf;jrefrmY[ef
qdk½S,fvpfvrf;pOf} rSm Ak'¨bmom? trsdK;om;a&;0g'
ESifY rwf0g'tajccH wdkYudk a&marTxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
bDtufpfyDyDonf tmPmudk A[dku csKyfudkifa&;
ESifh vufeufudkif qefYusifawmfvSefrIrsm;tm;
tEdkifwdkufa&;wGif pdwfESpfjrIyfxm;onf/ þtawmtwGif;
tpdk;&tzGJUxJü ]ArmvlrsdK; vTrf;rdk;MuD;pdk;}38
vmonf/ t&yfbuf toif;tzGJUrsm; zdESdyfjcif;cH&onf/
tdE´d,vlrsdK; 3 odef; ESifY w½kwfvlrsdK; 1 odef;
tm; wdkffif;jynfrS ESifxkwfonf/ ukvor*¾ tzGJU0if
jzpfaeao;aomfvnf; xdkumvtwGif; EdkifiHwumESifh
qufqHa&;rSm tenf;qHk;jzpfcJYonf/
Auy (1968 rSpí w½kwf\ ausmaxmufaemufcHjzifh)?
ucsif ESifY tjcm;vlrsdK;pkwyfzGJU 20 ausmf wdkYonf
ESpfaygif; 20 rQ e,fpyfa'orsm;ü us,fjyefYaom
]vGwfajrmufe,fajr} rsm; wnfaxmifcJhMuonf/ 1980
ckESpfrsm; tapmydkif;wGif t"du
twdkuftcHESpfzGJUjzpfaom Auy ESifY vlrsdK;pk
twdkuftcH ppfwyfrsm; r[mrdwfjyK zGJUpnf;xm;onfY
trsdK;om; 'Drdku&ufwpfwyfOD; (r'w) wdkY
aygif;pnf;oGm;Muonf/ xdkESpfzGJUonf
¤if;wdkYawmfvSefa&;twGuf b@maiGudk
arSmifcdkukefoG,fjcif;? opftygt0if obm0 o,HZmw
xkwf,ljcif;wdkYjzifh jznfYqnf;Muonf/
q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumjrifYaom aoG;cif;onfh
y#dyu©wGif vlaygif; odef;csDí aoqHk;Mu&onf/
jrefrmjynf rGJjymuscJh&ojzifh 1988 ckESpf
ZlvdkifvwGif ae0if; EIwfxGufoGm;cJUonf/ xdkYaemuf
wGif wjynfvHk;tESHU 'Drdkua&pD awmif;qdkaom
vlxkqE´jyyGJrsm; ay:aygufcJYonf/ 1998 pufwifbm 18
1940 ckESpfrsm;aemufydkif; ESifY 1950ckESpfrsm;
tapmydkif;wGif wyfrawmf rSm ArmMuD;pdk;jcif;cHcJY&onf/
38
176
&ufwGif ae0if;opömcHwyfrsm; u ppfOya'xkwfjyefum
qE´jyyGJrsm;tm; acsrIef;vdkufjyD; EdkifiHawmf
jirf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufa&;tzGJU (e0w) tjzpfESifh
tmPm,lvdkufonf/ 1998 ckESpf ta&;tcif;twGif;
vufeufrJh t&yfom;rsm;tygt0if vlaygif;wpfaomif;rQ
aoaMucJY&onf/275
EkdifiHwum todkuft0ef;\ 0dkif;MuOfrI cH&onfhtcg
e0w u jidrf0yfydjym;rI wnfaqmufjyD;vQifjyD;csif;
ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pD ESifh pD;yGm;a&;
jyKjyifajymif;vJrIudk ay;tyfygrnf[k uwdjyKcJYonf/
Auy ½kwfw&uf jydKuGJtjyD; 1989 wGif e0w onf
vlrsdK;pk vufeufudkiftzGJU tawmfrsm;rsm;ESifh
typftcwf &yfpJxm;jcif;tm; tvsiftjref
cdsK;azgufavawmYonf/
1990 arvü ygwDpHk 'Drdkua&pDa½G;aumufyGJ
usif;y&m trsdK;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf
(teft,fvf'D) u tEdkif&onf/ 1989 ZlvdkifvwGif
teft,f'D acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunf tm;
aetdrftus,fcsKyf csxm;cJU&m 1995 ckESpftxd
MumjrifYcJYonf/ a½G;aumufyGJ usif;y&jcif;rSm
tajccHOya'topf a&;qGJrnfh tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftm;
a½G;cs,fjcif;omjzpfjyD; tpdk;&wpf&yf zGJUpnf;&ef
r[kwfyg [k e0w u wGifwGifjiif;onf/ odkYaomf
trsdK;om;nDvmcH usif;yrnf[k ausjimaom 1992 ckESpf
{jyDv txd e0w onf xdkudpöESifYywfoufí bmrS
raqmif½Gufay/ tudsK;quftm;jzifY a½G;aumufcH
vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 12 OD; onf r'w
xdef;csKyfxm;onfY e,fajrodkY wdrf;a&SmifoGm;Muum
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH ta0;a&muf
nGefYaygif;tpdk;& (tefpD*sD,lbD) udk
xlaxmifvdkufMuonf/
1993 Zefe0g&DvwGif e0w u
¤if;pdwfwdkif;usvkyfxm;aom trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk
pwifusif;ycJhonf/ þnDvmcHonfom tajccHOya'opf
a&;qGJ&ef ydkrdkoifYawmfonf[k qdkonf/ 1995 wGif
teft,fvf'D u nDvmcHwGif vGwfvyfpGmajymqdkcGifh udk
uefYowfcsKyfcs,fonf[k qdkjyD; nDvmcHrS
177
eIwfxGufvdkufonf/275 1997 wGif e0wonf etz [k
trnfajymif;vJum ta½SUawmif tm½SEdkifiHrsm; toif;
(tmqD,H) odkY 0ifa&mufcJYonf/
2000 jynfhESpfwGif a':atmifqef;pkMunftm;
aetdrftus,fcsKyf jyefcsxm;&m 2002 ckESpf
arvtxdjzpfonf/ aemufwpfESpftMum ol\,Ofwef;udk
'DyJ,if;½GmteD;ü jynfaxmifpkMuHUcdkifa&; ESifh
zGHUjzdK;a&;toif; (,ltufpf'Dat) 39 0ifrsm;\
wdkufcdkufcHcJY&tjyD;wGif xyfrH zrf;qD;jcif;
cH&jyefonf/ ,ck þ tpD&ifcHpma&;aecsdeftxd
a':atmifqef;pkMunf rvGwfajrmufao;yg/
(jrefrmEdkifiH) EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;
ulnDapmifYa&Smufa&;tzGJU tvdkt& jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;aygif; tenf;qHk; 1200 ½Sdonf[k
qdkonf/277 tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ,HkMunfcsufaMumifh
tusOf;uscHae&olrsm;[k rSwf,ljcif;cH&onf/40
oD;oefYtuGuf 11/ jrefrmEdkifiHü tmPm ESifh
csKyfudkifrI
]] jrefrmEdkifiHü tzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf vlyk*¾dKvfrsm;\
atmufwpfqifYcHom jzpfojzifh tmPmonf tajccHtm;jzifY
trdefYwnfaqmufyHk tqifYqifY odkYr[kwf
trnfcHXmersm;ay:wGif t&if;rcHay/}}278
a';Apf pwdkif;bwf*f? ynm½Sif? 2001 ckESpf
tMuD;wef; ppft&m½SdMuD;rsm;jzifhom
txl;oD;oefYzGJUpnf;xm;aom etz onf EdkifiH\
tzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk; udk xdef;csKyfxm;onf/
tpdk;&tzGJUae&mtrsm;pkudk (usef;rma&;? ynma&; ESifY
pD;yGm;a&;&m pDrHudef;ae&mrsm; ryg0if)ppfwyfu
udkifxm;jyD; 0efMuD;Xmersm;udkvnf; ppfwyfu
39,ltufpf'Dat
onf oef;a½T OD;aqmifaom tzGJU0if 12
oef;½Sdonfh vlxkpnf;½Hk;a&; tzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfonf/ etz tm;
pnf;½Hk;yHhydk;rIay;&ef yHkaz:xm;onf/
40 tajccHtm;jzifh jidrf;csrf;aom EdkifiHa&; odkYr[kwf
bmoma&; ,HkMunfcsufrsm;twGuf tusOf;cscHMu&olrsm; jzpfonf/
tMurf;zufrIudk roHk;pGJ raxmufcHMuay/
178
vTrf;rdk;xm;onf/ bPfrsm;? aqmufvkyfa&;?
pdkufysdK;a&; ESifh oGif;ukefxkwfukef ukrÜPDrsm;
udk wyfrawmf u ydkifqdkifonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
tMuD;qHk;vkyfief;jzpfonfh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH
pD;yGm;a&; OD;ydkifvdrdwuff (,ltrftD;tdwfcsft,fvf)
rSmvnf; wyfrawmf ydkifaumfydka&;&Sif; wpfckyif
jzpfonf/279 wyfrawmf ü cefYrSef;ajc ppfonf 400000
½Sdonf/280 jrefrmEdkifiH&JwyfzGJUü ppf&J 4500
(cefYrSef;) tygt0if &Jwyfom; 72000 ½Sdao;onf/281
tMurf;tm;jzifY t&yfom; 100 vQif ppfom; wa,mufEIef;
jzpfonf/ ]]wyfrawmfom;wpfa,muf (ppfwdkif;rSL;rsm;
tygt0if) tzdkY trdefYemcHa&; onf ta&;MuD;qHk;}}286
qdkaomfvnf; EdkifiH\ tcsKdUaom tydkif;rsm;ü
þxdef;csKyfrIrSm tm;enf;vSonf odkYr[kwf
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xyfwdk;jyefonf/ þaqmif½Gufcsufrsm;aMumifh
jrefrmEdkifiHonf ukefoG,fa&;wGif tar&duefa':vm
oef;200 qHk;½HI;onf[k tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
EdkifiHjcm;a&;&m0efMuD;Xme u cefYrSef;onf/ 2003
ckESpfwGif w½kwfjynf ESifh tar&duefa':vm 1
bDvsHzdk; ukefoG,fcJhonf/ w½kwf 'kwd,0efMuD;csKyf
0l,D u 2005 ckESpfwGif tar&duefa':vm 1.5
bDvsHzdk;xd wufygvdrfhrnf[k tmrbaEå cHav&m
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ aqmif½GufrIudk axrd½kHrQru
ausmfvGefíyifaeawmYonf/138
Oa&mybHkaps;tzGJU (tD;,l) url
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkxuf ydkí aysmhaysmif;pGm
csOf;uyfonf/ jrefrmjynftay: tD;,l\ bHk&yfwnfcsuf
oabmxm;ü tpdk;&tzGJU0iftcsdKUtm; ADZmydwfjcif;?
Oa&my½Sd ¤if;wdkY\ ydkifqdkifrIrsm;tm;
ydwfjcif;wdkY yg0ifonf/ bHk&yfwnfcsufudk 2004
{jyDv26 ESifh 27 wGif jyifyqufqHa&;aumifpDü oufwrf;
12 v xyfwdk;cJYonf/
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jrefrmEdkifiHtay: ¤if;\ pdk;&drfylyefrI udk
tm½Stpdk;&rsm; od½Sdap&ef txl;oHwref
cefYtyfapvTwfcJYonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ppfrSefaom
EdkifiHa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; ay:aygufrvmojzifY
2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtay: tD;,l\
bHk&yfwnfcsufudk 0uftlxyfwif;onf/ ADZmydwfyifonfh
pm&if;udk wdk;csJUonf/ tD;,l rSwfyHkwifjzpfonfh
ukrÜPDrsm; ESifh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk jrefrm\
EdkifiHawmfydkif trnfayguf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
ESifh &if;ESD;`rIyfESHrvkyfMu&ef wm;jrpfonf/
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tar&dwefu tD;,l\ bHk&yfwnfcsuftopf udk ]aysmY}
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tajymif;tvJr½SdbJ oufwrf;wdk;cJYonf/301
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usif;yaom tm½SOa&my tpnf;ta0; (attufpftD;trf) ü
jrefrmwufa&mufa&; tvm;tvmESifh ywfoufjyD; tm&SOa&my
qufqHa&;rSm rausrvnf jzpfcJY &onf/ tmqD,H onf ol\
tzGJU0ifopf oHk;EdkifiHtm; 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvü
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wufa&mufapcsifonf/ tjcm;wpfbufwGif
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jrefrmwufa&mufjcif;udk vufcH&ef 0efav;vsuf½Sdonf/
odkY&mwGif tD;,ltaeESifYvnf; ol\ tzGJU0ifopf
10EdkifiHudk wufa&mufapcsifonfjzpf&m jrefrmtm;
ydwfyif&ef tcufawGUaeonf/ aemufqHk;wGif
jrefrmyg0ifrIudk EdkifiHtMuD;tuJxuf tqifhavQmYcsum
wufa&mufcGifhjyKjcif;jzifh ajyvnfvdkuf&onf/
pdwf0ifpm;zG,frSm tpDtpOft& 2006 ckESpfwGif
tmqD,HOuúXae&mudk jrefrm,l&ef tvSnfhusaomfvnf;
tar&duef ESifh tD;,l\ wqifhzdtm;aMumifY OuúXae&mudk
pGefYvTwf&ef jrefrmu2005 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 26 &ufwGif
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tmqD,HOuúXtjzpfaMumifh toif;MuD;\
EdkifiHjcm;qufqHa&; xdcdkufrnf udk pdk;&drfMuonf/302
tdE´d,EdkifiHuvnf; jrefrmESifhqufqH&ef
pdwftm;xufoefygonf/ tenf;qHk; a'owGif;
w½kwfMoZmvTrf;rIudk umxm;Edkif&efjzpfonf/ 2004
ckESpf atmufwdkbm 24 &ufwGif oef;a½T onf tdE´d,odkY
6 &ufMum oGm;a&mufvnfywfcJYonf/ tpdk;&tzGJU0if
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þEdkifiHjcm;c&D;rsdK;rSm jzpfcJonf/ olUtm;
tdE´d,EdkifiH or®w tAÁ'l umvrf ESifh 0efMuD;csKyf
refrdk[efqif;wdkY ESpfOD;vHk;u MudKqdkcJhMuonf/
cifnGefYtm; zrf;qD;tjyD; wpfywfom Mumonfhtcsdefü
vnfywfaom þc&D;onf 25ESpftwGif;
jrefrmacgif;aqmifwpfOD; yxrOD;qHk;tMudrf tdE´d,odkY
vma&mufjcif; jzpfonf/303 tdE´d,onfvnf;
jrefrmEdkifiHrS uRef;opf tajrmuftrsm; wifoGif;onf/
188
14/ aemufqufwGJ 2/ jrefrmjynfopfawm ESifh
opfawmvkyfief;
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wd&dpämeffrsm; u vlom;wdkY\ ywf0ef;usifudk
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aexdkif&m ywf0ef;usiftm; xdef;odrf;&ef
vlom;tm;vHk;wGif wm0ef½Sdonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHonf
opfawmrsm;? awmifwef;rsm;jzifY pdrf;pdkvSyaom
EdkifiHjzpfonf/}}304
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pHkvif&mt&yf ESifh w½kwfjynfawmifydkif; A[dk rS
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a*[pepfqdkif&m ta&;ygrI}? pmrsufESm MunfY)
ta½SUawmiftm½S yifre,fajrwGif ZD0aA'qdkif&m
pHkvifaxGjym;rI t½SdqHk; EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpfonf/
a'oaygufyif rsdK;pdwfaygif; 1071? opfyifMuD;
rsdK;pdwfaygif; 1347? 0g;rsdK;pdwfaygif; 96 ESifh
opfcG rsdK;pdwfaygif; 841 tygt0if
tyifrsdK;pdwfaygif; 7000 ½Sdonf/305
ppftpdk;&\ vltxifMuD;atmif jyxm;aom
tpdrf;a&mifyHk&dyfrsm;ESifh qefYusifvsuf jrefrmjynf
opfawmvkyfief;rSm a&½SnfrwnfwHhEdkifaom
opfxkwfvkyfrI? tusifhysufjcpm;rI? aqGrsdK;nmwum
aumif;pm;a&; tav;ay;rI? w&m;r0ifrI wdkY\ jy,k*f
jzpfaeonf/ ckwfvSJonfh opfyrmPudk uefYowfonfxuf
ESpfpOfcGifhjyKEdkifaom ckwfvSJrI (atatpD) udkom
vrf;nTeftjzpf jrefrmjynfwGif oHk;pGJonf/ opfawmu@
tygt0if EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG ½SmazGay;onfh tpdk;&
vkyfief;Xmersm;twGuf xkwfvkyfrIvsmxm;csufrsm;udk
etz u csrSwfonf/ EdkifiHjcm;aiG arQmfrSef;csuftay:
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opfxkwfe,fajr wpfckcsif;qDrS opfrnfrQ
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189
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opfxkwfvkyfjcif;rrnfay/ jcHKiHkMunfhvQif w&m;0if
pm&if;Z,m;rsm;t& 1970 ckESpfrSpí uRef;opf
xkwfvkyfrIonf ESpfpOfcGifhjyKEdkifaom ckwfvSJrI
(atatpD) xuf tenf;qHk; a,bk,stm;jzifY 15%
ausmfvGefcJhayonf/306
yHkjyZ,m; 6/ jrefrmYuRef;opf xkwfvkyfrI ESifh
wifydkYrIrsm;/ tm'bvsLtD; ukArDwm oef;aygif;42 ?307
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4. 0
3. 0
2. 0
1. 0
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1995-1996 1996-1997 1997-1998 1998-1999 1999-2000 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004
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jrefrmh opfxkwfvkyfrItwGuf tcsuftvuf tpkaygif;
ajrmufrsm;pGm ½Sdonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk pdkufysdK;a&;Xme
(,ltufpf'Dat)? jrefrmjynf ESpfpOfopfxkwfxkxnf? EdkifiHwum
tylydkif; opftoif;MuD; (tdkifwDwDtdk)? pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m
owif;axmufvSrf;a&; ,lepf (tD;tdkif,l)? jrefrmh
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wpfckcsif;pDu xkwfvkyfrI pm&if;wpfrsdK;pD ay;Mu&m
trsdK;rsdK; tzHkzHkyifjzpfonf/ Oyrm tdkifwDwDtdk u ay;aom
opfxkwfpm&if;onf tD;tdkif,l odkYr[kwf trfpDtufpftdk
pm&if;xuf tvGefjrifYonf/
42
190
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jrefrmh opfwifoGif;rI (wifoGif;EdkifiHrsm;tvdkt& )
xJrS e0w^etz tvdkt& pkpkaygif;wifydkYrI udk
EIwfjcif;ESifh nDrQonf/
2/ ESpfpOfcGifhjyKEdkifaom ckwfvSJrI/
jrefrmhopfawmXme - rS
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a&½SnfcHtqifhü csrSwfonf[kqdkvQif oDtdk&Dt&
xdkcsrSwfxm;onfh udef;*Pef;xuf rausmfvGef&ef
ta&;MuD;onf/ odkYaomf jrefrmjynf pm&if;Z,m;rsm; u
jyonfrSm 2001-02? 2002-03? 2003-04 ckESpf
rSwfwrf;0if pkpkaygif; xkwfvkyfrIrSm atatpD
udkausmfvGefcJhonf/ (]yHkjyZ,m; 6}? txuf Munfh)
jrefrmjynftwGuf ESpfpOfopfxkwfvkyfrI tenf;qHk;
cefYrSef;ajc&½Sd&ef w&m;0if xkwfvkyfrI pm&if;xJodkY
tenf;qHk; t&mr0ifwifydkYrI xnfhaygif;vdkufaomtcg
xdwfvefYzG,ftajctaerSm ydkrdkxif½Sm;oGm;onf/ Oyrm
2003-04 udkMunfhvQif atatpD 2428000 ukArDwm xuf
ukArDwm tm'bvsLtD; 1.5 oef;cefY
ausmfvGefaeonf/ckwfvSJoifhonfxuf 60% ausmf ydkí
opfckwfvSJjcif;yif jzpfonf/ ydkí pdk;&drfzG,f
aumif;aeao;onfrSm xdkudef;*Pef;xJü w&m;r0ifopf
ryg0ifao;jcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfwGif oHk;pGJaom
w&m;r0ifopfrSm w&m;0if xkwfvkyfrI pm&if;Z,m;rSm;ü
ryg0ifay/ odkYr[kwf wifoGif;onfh EdkifiHrsm;½Sd
taumufcGeftmPmydkifrsm; udk vGwfatmif
a½SmifoGm;onfh w&m;r0if wifydkYrIrsm;vnf; ryg0ifay/
jrefrmjynf opfawmrl0g' ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrItwGuf
opfawm0efMuD;XmewGif vufOD;rqG wm0ef½Sd onf/
xdkYjyif 2005 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv u qdkcJhonfhtwdkif;
opfawm umuG,fapmifha½Smufa&; twGufvnf; wm0ef½Sdonf/
,cktcg trsdK;om;ywf0ef;usifa&;&m aumfr½SifrSm
0efMuD;Xme\ tpdwftydkif;jzpfaeavjyD/
0efMuD;Xmeatmuf½Sd Xmersm;tm; avYusifYxm;aom
opfawm0efxrf;rsm;? uRrf;usifolrsm;jzifh
zGJUpnf;xm;aomfvnf; 0efMuD;Xme ½kH;csKyfwGifrl
a,bk,stm;jzifY ppfwyftjidrf;pm;rsm; udk
191
cefYtyfxm;avonf/ Xmeig;ckudk opfawm
0efMuD;XmeatmufwGif xm;onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm opfawmXme?
jrefrmhopfvkyfief; (trfwDtD;)? tylydkif;Zkef
pdrf;vef;a&;Xme ('DZuf*sD'D)43? pDrHudef; ESifh
pm&if;tif;Xme44 ESifh opfawmynmodyÜH45
wdkYjzpfMuonf/ xdkYjyif þXmersm;onf
pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&; wpfckvHk;twGuf ajryHka&;qGJaom
ajrMuD;ajryHkXmeESifhvnf; teD;uyf
vkyfudkifaqmif½GufMuonf/
jrefrmhopfawmrsm;tm; pD;yGm;a&;t& toHk;csa&;
ESifh opfukefoG,fa&;wdkYESifh tajccHusus
ywfoufonfrSm opfawmXme ESifh jrefrmhopfvkyfief;
(trfwDtD;) jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHrSm urÇmhobm0uRef;
(Tectona grandis) opfawmrsm;\ 60%308 ½SdjyD;? EdkifiHwum
uRef;opfukefoG,fa&;\ 70% xkwfvkyfonfh tMuD;qHk;
uRef;opfwifydkYol jzpfonf/309
opfawmXmeonf awm½dkif;wd&dpämefxdef;odrf;a&;
ESifh wpfEdkifiHvHk;\ opfawm&if;jrpfrsm;
a&½SnfwnfwHhatmif pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf
wm0ef½Sdonf/310 opfawmt&m½Sdrsm;üvnf; opfawmOya'
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm; tmPmwnfap&ef wm0ef½Sdavonf/
xdkYjyif opfawmjyefvnfxlaxmifjcif;? xkwfvkyfa&;
tcif;rsm; jyefvnfysdK;axmifjcif;? a&pD;a&vm
xdef;odrf;jcif;wdkYudk opfawmXme u pDrH
cefYcGJ&onf/ opfawmXme\ udk,fxdvufa&muf
aqmif½GufEdkifpGrf;rSm owfrSwfonfhe,fajr\
vHkjcHKa&;tqifh ESifh eD;uyfpGm qufEG,faeonf/
rMumrDutxd trfwDtD;onf uRef;opf ckwfvSJ?
cGJpdwf? aps;uGufwif&mwGif wpfOD;wnf;
csKyfudkifjyD; uRef;opfr[kwfaom opfrmxkwfvkyfa&;udk
'DZuf*sD'D onf opfawmusJyg;onfh ae&mrsm;ü opfawm
jyefvnfjyKpkí jrefrmjynftv,fydkif; rdk;acgifa&½Sm;&yf0ef;ü
obm00ef;usif jyefjzpfatmifvkyfonf/
44 pDrHudef; ESifh pm&if;tif;Xmeonf opfawmXme? trfwDtD;?
'DZuf*sD'D wdkYESifh nSdEIdif; yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf&ef
wm0ef½Sdonf/
45 opfawm ynmodyÜHonf ynma&; ESifh avYusifha&;twGuf
wm0ef½Sdonf/
43
192
yk*¾vduu@ ESifhtwl vkyfaqmifonf/311 opfawmXmeu
a½G;cs,fjyD; rSwfom;xm;aom opfyifrsm;tm;
ckwfvSJxkwfvkyf&efrSm trfwDtD; \ wm0efjzpfonf/
odkYaomf tcsdKUaom tvkyfrsm;udk trfwDtD; u yk*¾vdu
ukrÜPDrsm;tm; uefx½dkufay;í vkyfaponf/ 2004 ckESpf
{jyDvxkwff aMumfjim ESifh aps;0,f vrf;nTef r*¾Zif;
u opfawm0efMuD;Xme onf yk*¾vdu ukrÜPDMuD;ig;ck?
a'oqdkif&m ukrÜPDtcsdKU ESifY (pdwf0ifpm;zG,ftjzpf)
typftcwf&yfpJxm;aom tzGJU 17zGJU tm;
opfxkwfuGufrsm; csay;vdkufaMumif; a&;om;cJYonf/
xdkowif;tm; twnfjyKí r&ao;yg/
2005 ckESpf {jyDv owif;rsm;t& opfawmXmeu
opfawmysdK;cif; 34000 [ufwm pdkufysdK;
&efpDrHaeaMumif;? av;yHkwpfyHkrSm uRef;opftwGuf
jzpfaMumif;? ESpfav;q,fausmftwGuf pkpkaygif; [ufwm
323000 jzpfaMumif;od&onf/ yk*¾vdu ukrÜPD 15 rS 18
ck tMum;tm; uRef;opf 2800 [ufwm pdkufysdK;cGifh?
ESpf 30 ajroHk;pGJcGihfjyKrnfjzpfjyD;
twHkYtvS,ftm;jzifh tjrwf 25%[k qdkonf/ 2000
jynfhESpfrSpí yk*¾vduvkyfief;rsm;tm; uRef;opf ESifh
tjcm;opfrsm; pdkufcGifhom jyKcJYonf/312 EdkifiHydkif
uRef;opfysdK;cif;rsm;udk yk*¾vdu opfukrÜPDrsm;xHrS
&aiGjzifh wdk;csJUrnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm
]]wdkif;jynfwGiftawmrowf opfawmjyKef;wD;aerIaMumifY
opfawmjyefvnfxlaxmifa&; pDrHudef;rsm; twGuf
EdkifiHawmfbwf*sufrSm rvHkavmuf}} íjzpfonf/313
opfxkwfvkyfjcif;ü ppfwyfyg0ifjcif;aMumifh
t&yfom;rsm;rSm opfckwfvSJjcif;? o,f,lydkYaqmif
jcif;? cGJpdwfjzwfawmufjcif; wdkYü t"r®
tcdkif;cHMu&awmYonf/314 ½Gmom;rsm;tm;
ypönf;xrf;qihfjcif;? vrf;jycdkif;jcif;rsm;rSmvnf;
rqef;awmhjyD/ xdkYjyif opfxkwfvrf;rsm; azgufvkyf&m?
xdef;odrf;jyifqif&m wGifomru aemifwcsdef
a&mif;pm;&eftwGuf opfyifrsm;
t"r®tpdkufcdkif;&müvnf; ½Gmom;rsm; udk
oHk;pGJygonf/ tcsdKUae&mrsm;ü aus;½Gmrsm;udk ppfwyf
opfckwf{&d,mrsm;rS a0;&modkY t"r® a½TUajymif;
ypfonf/315
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14U1/ opfvkyfief;\ pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygrI
]]ppfwyf\tjrifü pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufrI?
jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? vGwfvyfcGifYay;rI wdkYrSm
EdkifiHa&;xdef;csKyfrI wnfjrJaeap&eftwGufom
jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwf xdkodkYaom
xdef;csKyfrIrsdK;twGuf enf;vrf;wpf&yfom jzpfonf/
wdk;wufaom pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yf\ tajccHvkyfief;rSm
ppfwyf\ wefcdk;tmPm ydkrdkMuD;xGm;ap&ef?
opömcHonfhtwGuf ppfwyfu csD;`rSifhaom pD;yGm;a&;
qkvmbfMuD;rsm; rSwqifY ppfwyf\ xdef;csKyfrIudk
vlxku rsufpdrdSwfaxmufcHap&ef? EdkifiHa&;t&
w&m;0ifjzpfrIudk wdk;wufap&efomjzpfí vlom;
tajctaeudk ydkrdk wdk;wufaumif;rGefap&ef
wdkuf½dkufaqmif½Gufjcif; r[kwfay/}}
a';Apfpwdkif;bmY*f? ynm½Sif? 2000 rwfv
 2003-04wGif opfonf etz \ w&m;0if EdkifiHjcm;aiG
&½Sd&m wwd,ta&;MuD;qHk;aom t&if;tjrpf
jzpfcJYonf/ pkpkaygif; w&m;0if EdkifiHjcm;aiG\
15%? tar&duefa':vm 377 oef; ESifh nDonf/
 pD;yGm;a&;0efMuD;Xme tqdkt& 2004-05 wGif opfawm
xGufukefrsm;onf etz w&m;0if
EdkifiHjcm;aiG&½Sd&m 'kwd,ta&;tMuD;qHk;
&if;jrpf jzpfvmcJYonf/ pkpkaygif; w&m;0if
EdkifiHjcm;aiG\ 15%? tar&duefa':vm 427.81 oef;
ESifh nDonf/317
 urÇmhoufaoouúm,tzGJU\
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xkwfjyefcsdefuwnf;u jrefrmhopftm;
urÇmhwifoGif;rIrSm tMurf;tm;jzifh 20% ? ukArDwm
tm'bvsLtD;2.2 oef; cefY wdk;wufcJYonf/
 w½kwf? tdE´d, ESifh xdkif;EdkifiH wdkYonf
jrefrmhopftwGuf ta&;MuD;qHk;
ydkYukefaps;uGufrsm; jzpffonf/
 2003 ckESpfwGif w½kwfjynf u jrefrmhopf 1.3 oef;
wifoGif;cJh&m jrefrmhopf urÇmu wifoGif;rI\ 60%
eD;yg; ½Sdonf/ ukefoG,fa&; tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
194
urÇmhoufaoouúm,tzGJU\ aemufqHk;
avhvmpdppfcsdefupí pkpkaygif; opfa&mif;yrmP
ESifh w½kwf\ yg0ifrIrSm ododomom
jrifYwufvmcJYonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w½kwfESifh e,fpyfausmf
opfta&mif;t0,f rqdkpavmuf yrmP udkom rSwfwrf;
wifygonf/ (]w&m;r0if w½kwfjrefrm opfta&mif;t0,f?
pmrsufESm
29- 43
Munfh)
tuGuf 12/ jrefrmjynfrS opf0,f,ljcif;
jrefrmEdkifiHtm; etz ppftmPm½Sifu tkyfcsKyfaeonf/ ukvor*¾ u
todtrSwf jyKxm;aomfvnf; jrefrmjynf tkyfcsKyfolrsm;rSm a½G;aumu
r[kwfMuyg/
olwdkYtmPm&aeonfrSm ppftiftm;aMumifhom jzpfonf/ ppftpdk;&\ vlU
usL;vGefrI- txl;ojzifh wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdK;pkrsm;tay: zdESdyf
urÇmausmfjzpfonf/
2004-05 wGif opfawmxGufukefrsm;onf etz w&m;0if
EdkifiHjcm;aiG&½Sd&m 'kwd, ta&;tMuD;qHk; &if;jrpf
jzpfvmcJYonf/ pkpkaygif; w&m;0if EdkifiHjcm;aiG\
15%? tar&duefa':vm 427.81 oef; ESifh nDonf/
jrefrmhopfawmOya'rsm;ESifhtnD xkwfvkyfaom
jrefrmhopfrsm;udk 0,f,lvQifyif ukrÜPDrsm;onf
az:jycJhyg tusdK;qufrsm;ESifhwuGaom ppftpdk;&\
b@ma&;udk wdkuf½dkuf jznfhqnf;ay;aeayonf/
opf0ifaiGESifh ppftpdk;&\ jynfolvlxktay:
zdESdyfrIwdkYtMum;½Sd csdwfqufudk
csdK;zsufEdkifrSom xdkusL;vGefrIrsm;
&yfwHhoGm;ayrnf/ vlrIa&;t& wm0ef½Sdaom
ukr¾PDrsm;taeESifh ,cktcsdeftwGif; etz xHrS
195
wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? Mum;EdkifiHrS wpfqifhjzpfap
jrefrmEdkifiHrS opfudk 0,f,lwifoGif;jcif;
rjyKMuoifhay/
tajccHtm;jzifh jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;onf
v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; jzpfonf/
vlOD;a&oHk;yHkESpfyHkonf pm;avmuf½kH
pdkufysdK;olrsm; jzpfonf/ þtaetxm; ESifh wpfbufu
MuD;rm;vSaom rlrrSefpD;yGm;a&; wdkY u vwfwavm
ESpfrsm;twGif; jrefrmh rlrSefpD;yGm;a&;
]bkef;bkef;vJ} oGm;&jcif;\ 'Pfudk avsmhyg;
oGm;aponf/ aiGazgif;yGrI u
jynfwGif;oHk;aiGwefzdk;udk qufvuf
wdkufpm;aeonfjzpf&m pkaqmif;&ef rjzpfEdkifay/
vlxkrGJojzifh MuD;xGm;vm&onf[k tajymcH&aom
ppfwyfMuD;aMumifh tpGeftzsm; aus;vuf a'o rsm;wGif
jyif;jyaom tusdK;oufa&mufrIrsm; ½Sdonf/
cefYrSef;ajc ppfonf 400000318 tm; pm;eyf&du©m
t0wftxnf axmufyHhydkYaqmifa&;twGuf wyfrawmf onf
]udk,fhtm;udk,fudk;} pepfqDodkY vSrf;avonf/319
txl;ojzifh y#dyu©½Sd&m e,fajrrsm;ü v,f,majr? opf
ESifh pm;eyf &du©mrsm; odrf;,l&mwGif
jrefrmppfwyfrSm ausmfMum;vSayonf/
vufeufudkiftiftm;pkrsm; u udk,fhtwGufudk,f
pD;yGm;a&; vkyfMu&m t&m½Sdrsm;\
udk,fusdK;pD;yGm;tm; jznfhqnf;&ef tcGifhtvrf;
rsm;vnf; wdk;yGm;vsuf½Sdayonf/
pdwf0ifpm;zG,frSm 2003 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif
AdkvfcsKyfrSL;MuD; oef;a½T u
]]vrf;ñTefcsufay;onfrSm pdkufysdK;arG;`rla&;rS
cGifhjyKxm;onfh vsmxm;csuf 0ifaiGyrmP rSwyg;
(vufeufudkifwyfzGJUrsm; ESifh ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;
tygt0if tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; u ¤if;wdkY&mxl;
wm0efESifh roufqdkifbJ vkyfudkifaeonfh)
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; tm;vHk;tm; 31-3-2004
wGif&yfqdkif;&rnf/ tcsdKUvkyfief;rsm;tm;
oifhawmfpyfqdkif&m 0efMuD;Xmersm;odkY
vTJajymif;ay;&rnf/ rvTJajymif;Edkifygu
zsufodrf;ypf&rnf/}}286
etz uxkwfjyefaom ]wdkif;jynftwGif;
jzpfysufrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufítjynfhtpHk
196
½Sif;vif;yGJ} t& AdkvfcsKyfMuD;cifnGefYonf
]]ñTefMum;csufaMumifh tMuD;tus,f
pdwfxdcdkufcJYonf/}} 2004 ckESpf pufwifbm 30&uf
u AdkvfcsKyfrSL;MuD;oef;a½T ]]udk,fwdkif
0efMuD;Xmersm;tm; zlvHka&;twGuf taMumif;jyum
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; rvkyfoifhaMumif;
vrf;ñTef}}cJhpOfu þoabmxm;udk
xyfrHajymMum;cJYonf/ opfukefoG,fa&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í þñTefMum;csufrsm; tmPm oufa&mufygonf
[lonfh rnfonfhom"u udk rqdk
urÇmYoufaoouúm,tzGJUMuD; u OD;pGm
½SmMunfh&ayOD;rnf/ odkYaomf þrl0g'
tajymif;tvJMuD;wGif OD;qHk; yxr xdcdkuf&olrSm
AdkvfcsKyfMuD; cifñTefY yif jzpfayvdrfYrnf
(]tuGuf2/ cifñTefYt&musjcif;}? pmrsufESm 20
MunfY)/286
jrefrmh OD;ydkifvdrdwuf (,ltrftD;tdwfcsft,fvf)
ESifY jrefrmhpD;yGm;a&;aumfydka&;½Sif; (trftD;pD)
wdkYtm; pD;yGm;a&; xdef;csKyf&mwGif
taxmuftuljyK&ef ppftpdk;&u
xlaxmifxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ OD;ydkif rSm
jrefrmedkifiH\ tMuD;qHk; jynfwGif;jzpfvkyfief;
jzpfonf/ ppfwyfcsJUxGifp&dwftwGuf tydkbwf*suf
0ifaiG jznfhwif;&ef 1990 wGif wnfaxmifcJYonf/
t"du EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;`rIyfESHol trsm;tjym;onf
þukrÜPDESifh zufpyfrIjyKjcif;rS wpfqifh
jrefrmjynfaps;uGufodkY 0ifa&mufMuonf/ pme,fZif;
owif;rsm;t& etz onf jynfyyYdkukeftwGuf
opftacsmxnfypönf;rsm; xkwfvkyfa&;udk OD;pm;ay;
owfrSwfjyD; &efukef e,ferdwftwGif; opf
tajccHvkyfief;Zkef trsm;tjym; xlaxmifcJYonf/320
ppfvufeufypönf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;vdktyforQ
ypönf;rsm;tm; opfjzifh wdkuf½dkufzvS,fonf/
txl;ojzifh w½kwfESifhjzpfonf/
(]tusdK;pD;yGm;csif;y#dyu©]?pmrsufESm
Munfh/)
Oyrm twnfrjyK&ao;aomowif;rsm;t& 2004 Edk0ifbmwGif
½Srf;jynfajrmufydkif; tajcpdkuf etz
197
wyfzGJUrsm;onf w½kwfppfoHk; x&yfum;rsm;udk
uRef;opfESifh vJvS,fcJYonf/321
opfawm0efMuD;Xme tifwmeufpmrsufESmwGif 1998
ckESpf opfawmu@ü 0efxrf;aygif; 189000 OD;
(tvkyftiftm;pk\ 1.03%) cefYxm;onf[k
az:jyxm;onf/327 xdkpOfu vlOD;a& 47oef;\ 1% atmuf
jzpfonf/322
yHkjyZ,m; 7/ opf ydkYukef 0ifaiG (pkpkaygif;\
tcsdK;us &mcdkifEIef;) 46? 47? 48? 323? 324? 327
ydkYukef0ifaiG %
urÇmUoufaoouúm,tzGJU u w&m;0if &if;jrpfoHk;ck \
uGJjym;aom &mcdkifEIef;rsm;tm; tuJjzwfcsuf udk tajccHí
cefYrSef;onf/ jrefrmh opfawm 0efMuD;Xme? jrefrmh
A[dkpm&if;½kH; ESifY pD;yGm;a&; owif;axmufvSrf;a&; ,lepf
(tD;tdkif,l) \ jrefrmjynfavYvmcsufrsm; (vwfwavmtm;jzifh
tcdkifrmqHk;[k ,lq&)
47jrefrmh ydkYukefrsm;\ aygif;pyfzGJUpnf;rIrSm
yHkwGifjyxm;onfhtwdkif; umvtvdkuf MuD;rm;aom tajymif;tvJ
½Sdonf/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmhobm0"gwfaiGUu@½Sd t"du
jzpfysufrIrsm;aMumifh jzpfonf/
48 jrefrmh opfawm 0efMuD;Xmeu ]opfawm ydkYukefrsm;} [k
&nfñTef;onf/ ¤if;wGif opfvHk;rsm; yg0ifonfrSm
aocsmoavmuf½Sdí opfcGJom;? txyfom;? y&dabm* ponfh
opftajccHypönf;rsm; yg0ifzG,f½Sdonf/ xif;vnf;
yg0ifEdkifonf/ jrefrmhA[dkpm&if;½kH;u ]opf} odkYr[kwf
]uRef;opf} ESifh ]tjcm;opfrm} [laom a0g[m&rsm;
oHk;pGJaomfvnf; &if;jrpfrsm;taeESifh ¤if;wdkY bmqdkonfudk
&nfñTef;&mü r½Sif;vif;ay/ rnfodkYqdkap jrefrmh
opfydkYukefrsm;\ xl;jcm;aom vu©Pmtjzpf toHk;twGifqHk;
jzpf[efwlonfh þa0g[m& oHk;ck ü ]opfvHk; ESifh
opfcGJom;rsm;} yg0ifzG,f½Sdonf/ tD;tdkif,l onf
jrefrmhA[dkpm&if;½kH;u&nfñTef;onfh trsdK;tpm;rsm;udk
xnfhoGif;jyD; ]opfvTmom; ESifh txyfom;} [k jznfhpGufonf/
1992-93 rS 1997-98 ESpfrsm;twGuf ]tjcm;opfawm xGufukefrsm;}
[kvnf; xyfjznfhxm;onf/
46
198
yd
e
u kef0i fai G
kY
(u syfb D
v sH
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t N
cm;o pfx G
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o pfyg;v m
TES
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t x yfo m;
o pfv H
;ES
k
io
fY pfcG
o m;
J
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
19951996
19961997
19971998
19981999
19992000
20002001
20012002
20022003
20032004
ES
pf
ckESpfouú&mZf
opf ESifh tjcm;obm0o,HZmwrsm;tm; a&mif;csí&aom
EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiGonf ppftpdk;&twGuf ta&;MuD;onf/
tb,fYaMumifh[lrl EdkifiHwum ukefoG,fa&;onf aiGrmtrsm;tm;jzifh tar&duefa':vmjzifh
oD;oefYaqmif½GufMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ 2001 ckESpf
b@ma&;ESpfwGif opfukefoG,frIrSm tar&duefa':vm oef;
280 xd jrifhwufcJh&m EdkifiHjcm;0ifaiG\
11%cefYESifh nDayonf/309 2003-04 ü 15%324 jzpf&m
tar&duefa':vm 377 oef; ESifh nDonf/ (]yHkjyZ,m; 8}
? atmufwGif Munfh/)320
2005 ckESpf ZGefvwGif xkwfjyefonfh
opfawm0efMuD;Xme\ udef;*Pef;rsm; u jyonfrSm2004-05
ü jrefrmEdkifiHonf uRef;opfwifydkYrI wpfckwnf;rS
tar&duefa':vm oef; 300 &½SdcJhonf/ þudef;*Pef;onf
,cifESpf\ a':vm oef;250 rS jrifhwufcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/325 ukefoG,fa&;0efMuD;Xme\ tifwmeuf
pmrsufESmay:ü az:jyxm;onfrSm 2004-05 wGif
pkpkaygif; opfawmxGufukefwifydkYrIonf tar&duef
a':vm 427.81 oef; jzpf&m ydkYukeftm;vHk;wefzdk;\
199
15% ½SdojzifY jrefrmjynftwGuf 'kwd,ta&;MuD;qHk;
jynfyydkYukef jzpfonf/326
opfawmXmetqdkt& opfydkYukefwefzdk;\ 85%onf
opfvHk;rsm;? 12%rSm opfcGJom; ESifY 3%onf
opftacsmxnfrsm; jzpfonf/327 odkYaomf yHkjyZ,m; 8 ürl
opfvHk;rsm;onf ydkYukef0ifaiG\ ydkrdkxif½Sm;aom
tydkif;jzpfaeonf/
o pfwi fyd
r I0i fai G
Y
k
(t en f;q H
;u syfai G
k
bD
v sH
aygi f;) )
yHkjyZ,m; 8/ (usyfaiGwefzdk;? xGufukeftkyfpkt&)
jrefrmYopf49 wifydkYrIrsm;/ &if;jrpfjrefrmYA[dkpm&if;½kH; (trfpDtufpftdk)^tD;tdkif,l
2. 0
1. 5
t N
cm;o pfx G
u fu kefr sm;
o pfyg;v T
mES
i fY
t x yfo m;
o pfv H
k;ES
i fY
o pfcG
Jo m;
1. 0
0. 5
0. 0
1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 20031996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
ES
pf
1998-99 rS 2003-04 txd ]tjcm;opfxGufukefrsm;} twGuf
tcsuftvufrsm; r&½Sdyg/
49
200
14.2/ jrefrmjynfrS opfwifoGif;rI urÇmtESHU
twdkif;twm
yHkjyZ,m; 9/ EdkifiHrsm;u jrefrmjynfrS
wdkuf½dkufwifoGif;xm;onfh opfyrmP
50? 51?
(wifoGif;EdkifiHrsm; tcsuftvuf)
328
1.4
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1.2
tm'bvsKtD;xkxnf
(ulArDwmoef;aygif;)
f
)
e
1.0
)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
w½kwf xdkif; tDE´d,
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a[mif rav;½Sm;awmif tjcm;
puFmyl-tD;,l xdkif0rf
aumif
udk&D;,m;
wifoGif;wdkif;jynff
þZ,m;wGif opfom; y&dabm*\ tm'bvsKtD; xkxnf onf tjcm;
jrefrmh opfxGufukefrsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif ao;i,fojzifh
xnfhoGif;rxm;yg/ xif; udkvnf; rxnfhyg/
51 jrefrmjynfrS ESpfpOfopf (10 000) ukArDwm tm'bvsKtD;\
atmuf yHkrSefwifoGif;aom EdkifiHrsm;tm; ]tjcm;} ü
xnfhxm;ygonf/
50
201
rSwfcsuf/ wifoGif;yrmP tcsuftvufrsm; udk tm'bvsKtD;
xkxnfrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJxm;onf/
yHkjyZ,m; 10/ opf wifoGif;EdkifiHrsm;u
jrefrmEdkifiHrS wdkuf½kdkuf wifoGif;xm;onfh
opfwefzdk; (wifydkYEdkifiH tcsuftvuf)51? 52? 50
52þZ,m;wGif
xif; ESifh opfom; y&dabm* ryg0ifyg/
xkwfjyefxm;onfh opfom; y&dabm* ESpfpOf pkpkaygif;
wifydkYwefzdk;rSm vwfwavm ESpfrsm;twGif; tar&duefa':vm 10
oef;cefY jrifhwufcJhonf/ 2003 ckESpfü tD;,lu y&dabm*
wefzdk; tar&duefa':vm *oef;zdk; wifoGif;í
tar&duefjynfaxmifpku a':vm 2 oef;zdk; wifoGif;cJYonf/
202
180
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
160
wifydkYwefzdk;
120
100
80
60
40
;
)
e
20
)
(tar&dwefa':vmoef;aygif;)
140
0
w½kwf xdkif; tdE´d,
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puFmyltD;,l
xdkif0rf
a[mif rav;½Sm;awmif tjcm;
aumif
udk&D;,m;
wifoGif;wdkif;jynff
wifoGif;EdkifiHrsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;t& 2001
ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf tMurf;zsOf; opf 1.8
oef; ukArDwm tm'bvsKtD; wifydkYcJhonf/ 2003
ckESpfwGif 20% rQ jrifYwufoGm;um 2.2 oef; ukArDwm
tm'bvsKtD;cefY jzpfvmonf/ tqdkyg tcsuftvufrsm;t&yif
2003 ckESpf opf wifoGif;xkxnf yrmPrsm;udk MunfhvQif
w½kwfonf jrefrm\ ta&;MuD;aom opfukefoG,fbuf
jzpfavonf/ þonfrSm 1998 ckESpfuwnf;uyif jzpfonf/
w½kwfaemufwGif tdE´d, ESifh xdkif;wdkY vdkufMuonf/
2003ckESpfwGif tdE´d,u jrefrmrS
opfwefzdk;trsm;qHk;wifoGif;cJYjyD; w½kwf ESifh
xdkif;u aemufu vdkufMuonf/53
53opfxkxnf
ESifh wefzdk;uGm[csuftm; wifoGif;aom opf\
t&nftaoG; ? wifoGif;aom rsdK;pdwfpHkvifrI?
aps;rIef;jcm;em;rI wdkYtay: wpfpdwfwpfydkif;
203
14U2/ jrefrmjynfrS opfwifydkYrI
urÇmtESHUtwdkif;twm
yHkjyZ,m; 11/ EdkifiHrsm;u jrefrmjynfrS
wdkuf½dkufwifoGif;xm;onfh opfyrmP (opfvHk; ESifh
cGJom;rsm;) &if;jrpf/ trfpDtufpftdk329
0.7
2001/2
2000/1
1999/0
1998/9
1997/8
1996/7
1995/6
0.6
0.5
(ukArDwmoe
f;aygif;)
0.4
0.3
f
opfxkxnf
e
()
0.2
0.1
0.0
w½kwf xdkif;
tdE´d,ygupöwef puFmyl
tD;,l
a[mif rav;½Sm;*syef
aumif
tjcm;
myl
c&D;qHk;wdkif;jynf
xnfhwGufEdkifygonf/ o,f,lydkYaqmifa&; p&dwfrsm;udkvnf;
xif[yfjcif; jzpfEdkifygonf/ oabmt&qdkvQif t&nftaoG;jrifh?
wefzdk;jrifhaom opf ESifh opfrsdK;pdwfrsm; wifoGif;MujyD;
jrefrmESifh a0;aom EdkifiHrsm;onf opfyrmP enf;enf;
wifoGif;Muonf jzpfvsuf? jrefrmESifh eD;aom EdkifiHrsm;u
t&nftaoG;nHh? wefzdk;edrfhaom opfudk yrmPrsm;rsm;
wifoGif;onf jzpf&ayrnf/ wifoGif;wefzdk;onf
wifydkYwefzdk;ESifh tcgcyfodrf; rwlnDonfudkvnf;
rSwfom;oifhonf/
204
rSwfcsuf/ wifoGif;yrmP tcsuftvufrsm;udk tm'bvsKtD;
xkxnfrsm;tjzpf ajymif;vJxm;onf/
yHkjyZ,m; 12/ EdkifiHrsm;u jrefrmjynfrS
wdkuf½dkufwifoGif;xm;onfh opfwefzdk; (opfvHk; ESifh
cGJom;rsm;)
&if;jrpf/ trfpDtufpftdk329
800
2001/2
2000/1
1999/0
1998/9
1997/8
1996/7
1995/6
700
wifydkYwefzdk;
(usyfoef;aygif;)
;
)
600
500
e
)
400
300
200
100
0
w½kwf xdkif;
tdE´d,ygupöwefpuFmyl-tD;,l
a[mif rav;½Sm;*syef
aumif
tjcm;
c&D;qHk;wdkif;jynf
;wdkif;jynf
jynf
2001-02 rS 2003-04 txd o;HkESpfumvtwGif;
jrefrmEdkifiH\ opfvHk; ESifh cGJom;
w&m;0ifwifydkYrIrSm cefYrSef;ajc wpfESpfvQif
tMurf;zsOf; pkpkaygif; (900000) ukArDwm tm'bvsKtD;
½Sdonf/ (yHkjyZ,m; 12/ txuf Munfh/) w&m;0if
wifydkYrI tcsuftvufrsm;t& 1997 ESifh 2001 ckESpf
twGif; tdE´d,onf opfxkxnfyrmP ESifh usyfaiGwefzdk;
205
ESpfrsdK;vHk;ü jrefrmEdkifiH\ ta&;tMuD;qHk; opf
ukefoG,fbuf jzpfonf/ jrefrmh pm&if;Z,m;
tcsuftvufrsm;t&vnf; xdkif;onf 1995 ESifh 1996
ckESpfrsm;ü jrefrmhopf t"duwifoGif;ol jzpfcJYonf/54
txufaz:jyyg yHkjyZ,m;rsm;wGif awGUEdkifovdkyif
jrefrmydkYukef pm&if;Z,m;rsm;54rSm opfwifoGif;
EdkifiHrsm;rS &aom tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh
ae&mtawmfrsm;rsm;ü txift½Sm; uGJjym;aeayonf/ Oyrm
jrefrmh A[dkpm&if;½kH; (trfpDtufpftdk) ü
pm&if;oGif;onfqdk½kH oGif;xm;onfh jrefrmhopf
w½kwfodkYwifydkYrI udef;*Pef;onf w½kwftcsuftvuf
ESifh vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; uGmjcm;aeayonf/55
14U3/ jrefrmjynfrS urÇmtESHU w&m;r0if
opfwifydkYrI – pm&if;Z,m;pdwfjzmoHk;oyfcsuf
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'kp½kdufvkyf&yfuif;wJh? tusifhrysufwJh
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jzpfygw,f/}} 330
wdkif;jynftwGif; jzpfysufaerIrsm;ESifh ywfoufí etz
\ tjynfhtpHk ½Sif;vif;xkwfjyefcsuf/ 2004 ckESpf
atmufwdkbm 24 &uf
jrefrmu w&m;0if xkwfjyefonfh opfwifydkYrI yrmP
tcsuftvufrsm; rnfrQtxd pdwfcs&onfudk qHk;jzwfzdkU
cufvSygonf/ owif;&if;jrpfrsm;taeESifh ¤if;wdkY\
tcsuftvufrsm; u rnfonfudk &nfñTef;rSef; ½Sif;vif;atmif
vkyfrxm;onfrSm taMumif;wpfaMumif; jzpfonf/ ukAwefcsdef
ESifh ukArDwm tMum; ajymif;vJrI vkyf&mü wpforwfwnf;
r[kwfonfuvnf; taMumif;wpfaMumif; jzpfonf/ &Hzef&Hcg w&m;0if
xkwfjyefonfh Xmetrsm;pku oHk;pGJonfh twdkif;twm jzpfyHk&aom
ukAwefcsdeftm; a[mhywfpfukAwefcsdfef\ twdkaumuftjzpf
oHk;pGJxm;onf/ xdkYjyif w&m;0if tcsuftvufrsm;tm;
MuD;MuD;rm;rm; jyifqifcsufrsm;vnf; rMumcP jyKvkyfwwfonf/
tcsdKU&if;jrpfXmersm;u wifjyonfh tcsdKUtcsuftvufrsm;rSmvnf;
jywfawmif;jywfawmif; jzpfaeonf/
55 jrefrmh w&m;0i f]opf} ydkYukef\ 100%rSm opfvHk;rsm;
jzpfonfqdkOD;/ w½kwfu jrefrmrS wifoGif;onf[k aMunmaom
opfvHk; ta&twGuf u jrefrmuw½kwfodkU w&m;0if wifydkYaom
]opf} pkpkaygif;xuf rsm;pGm ausmfvGefaeayOD;rnf/
54
206
tcsuftvuf pdwfjzmoHk;oyfrI ESifh ywfoufírSwfcsuf/
þpdwfjzmoHk;oyfrI\ &nf½G,fcsufudk qdk&vQif
urÇmYoufaoouúm,tzGJUMuD;onf jrefrmhA[dk
pm&if;½kH; (trfpDtufpftdk) u xkwfjyefaom jrefrmh
w&m;0ifydkYukefrsm; pm&if;wGif ryg0ifbJ?
wifoGif;EdkifiHrsm;\ ausjimcsufrsm;wGi txift½Sm;
yg0ifaeonfh jrefrmh opfydkYukefyrmPudk w&m;r0if[k
oabmxm;ygonf/ wifoGif;EdkifiHrsm;\
taumufcGeftmPmydkifrsm;tm; vGwfuif;atmifvkyfí
Oya'rJh o,fydkYjcif;rsm;udk þpdwfjzmoHk;oyfrIu
xnfhoGif;rnf r[kwfyg/ yrmtm;jzifh ucsifjynfe,frS
w½kwfjynfodkY wifydkYaomopf udk a,bk,stm;jzifY
tenf;qHk; a'otqifh u pm&if;wif rSwfwrf;jyKxm;rnf
jzpfaomfvnf; xkwfaz:aMunmjcif; r½SdaMumif; a'ocH
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u qdkonf/331
wzefrSwfom;oifhonfrSmvnf; trfpDtufpftdku
xkwfjyefausjimjcif;rjyKonfh txyfom;uJYodkYaom
opftacsmxnfxGufukefrsm; teuf tcsdKUrSm wu,fwrf;ü
Oya'rJh wifydkYjcif; r[kwfEdkifay/
jrefrmhtcsuftvufrsm;tm; xGufukeftvdkuf
cGJjcm;rnfqdkygu jrefrmh w&m;0ifpm&if;tif;rsm;tm;
aumif;pGm EIdif;,SOfp&mrSm opfwifoGif;EdkifiHrsm;\
oufqdkif&m ausjimcsufrsm;omvQif ½Sdayonf/
wdus½Sif;vif;pGm az:jyrxm;vQi f]opf} odkYr[kwf
]uRef;opf ESifh opfrm} twGuf trfpDtufpftdk
ydkYukefpm&if;tif;rsm;u tajccHtm;jzifh opfvHk;rsm;
ESifh opfcGJom;rsm;udk aygif;½kH;í &nfnTef;onf[k
þpdwfjzm oHk;oyfrI u rSwf,lonf/ t"dutm;jzifYf
,ltufpf'Dat ESifh trfpDtufpftdk ponfh
&if;jrpfrsm;pGmudk tajccHjyD; jrefrmh opfcGJom;
ydkYukefcefYrSef;csufrsm;tm; oHk;pGJjcif;jzifh
opfvHk; opfcGJom;rsm;tm; oD;oefYcGJjcm;Edkifayonf/
207
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pkpkaygif; opfydkYukefrsm;ESifY t"du
opfwifoGif;EdkifiHrsm; u tpD&ifcHonfh jrefrmh
opfoGif;ukefrsm; EIdif;,SOfcsuf/ ukArDwm tm'bvsKtD;
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1996-1997
1997-1998
1998-1999
1999-2000
2000-2001
2001-2002
2002-2003
2003-2004
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2/ Oya'rJh ydkYukefrsm;\ tenf;qHk; yrmPonf
pkpkaygif; jrefrmhopfydkYukefrsm;
(wifoGif;EdkifiHrsm;\ pm&if;tif;rsm;t&) rS
pm&if;rwifonfh ydkYukeftm;vHk;tm; w&m;r0if[k
þpdwfjzmoHk;oyfrI u rSwf,lonf/ w&m;0if ydkYukefrsm; ESifh
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]opfvHk; ESifh opfcGJom;rsm;} twGuf trfpDtufpftdk
udef;*Pef;rsm;tm; tkyfpkcGJjcif;jzifhom EdIif;,SOfEdkifonf/
þonfrSm ,ltufpf'Dat tcsuftvufrsm;tm; rlwnfaom
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oGif;ukefrsm; cGifhjyKrIwdkYjzifh EIdif;,SOfjcif; jzpfonf/
odkYaomf trfpDtufpftdk u opf tacsmxnfydkYukefrsm; pm&if;
rxkwfjyefonfudk axmufqvQif þydkYukefrsm; tm;vHk;onf
wu,fwrf;tm;jzifY w&m;r0if r[kwfEdkifay/
56
208
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Ekwfjcif;ESifh nDonf/
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pkpkaygif;jrefrmhopfoGif;ukef (wifoGif;EdkifiHrsm;
pm&if;t&) ESifh nDonf/
jzpfEdkifonfrSm trfpDtufpftdkonf
w&m;0ifydkYukefrsm; tygt0if jrefrmjynf½Sd
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tcsuftvuf trsm;pkudk pm&if;oGif;xm;rnf jzpfonf/
jrefrmjynfrS Oya'rJh opf ydkYukefyrmP udk
rSef;MunfhEdkif&efrSm wifoGif;EdkifiHrsm;rS
wifoGif; pm&if;tif;rsm; udk jrefrmhydkYukef
udef;*Pef;rsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfMunfh&ayrnf/ 57? 58
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txufyg yHkjyZ,m; 13 wGif awGU&onfhtwdkif;
trfpDtufpftdk pm&if;wifxm;onfh opfydkYukef yrmP
ESifh opfwifoGif;EdkifiHrsm; - txl;ojzifh
w½kwfjynf\ taumufcGef tmPmydkifrsm; pm&if;wifonfh
yrmP tMum;u uGmjcm;csufrSm tawmftwef MuD;ygonf/
MuD;rm;vSaom opf xkxnfyrmPtm; jrefrmh
ydkYukefpm&if;Z,m;rsm;xJü xnfhoGif;rxm;aMumif;
xif½Sm;ygonf/
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tenf;qHk; opf 1U3oef; ukArDwmtm'bvsKtD; (tcsdK;us
oGif;ukefwefzdk;ESifh wGufvQif tar&duefa':vm
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opfydkYukeftm;vHk; udk pm&if;rSwfwrf; jyKonf[k rSwf,lonf/
58 jrefrmh ydkYukefrsm;jzpfonfh opf? ]opfvHk; ESifh
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opfcGJom;rsm;ESifY wdkuf½dkuf EIdif;,SOf Edkifonf/
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ukArDwm tm'bvsKtD; jrifhwufoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ atmuf
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oGif;ukefwdkY a½SUaemufrnDaomfvnf; opfvHk; ESifh
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rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/ jrefrmh opfawm0efMuD;Xme tvdkt&
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qdkonf ( ]7.3/ jrefrmrS w&kwfodkY w&m;r0if
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214
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vkyfzufrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufjyD; 2003
215
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216
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217
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218
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222
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pDtdktrf (2003) 251 twnf 2003
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ckESpf rwfv 17 ESifh 18 &ufaeYrsm;wGif
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zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufa&; 0efMuD;tqifh tpnf;ta0;u
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avsmYyg;a&;twGuf jrefqefxda&mufaom rl0g'rsm; udk
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225
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opfxkwfvkyfjcif; ESifh opfxGufypönf;rsm;twGuf
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opfxGufEdkifiHrsm;ü w&m;r0if
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226
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vlom;csif; pmemaxmufxm;a&; tul aumfr½Sifem? 2004
Zlvdkif 20
*sD(8) EdkifiHrsm;onf –
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227
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tD;,laqmif½Guf&ef tpDtpOf tqdkjyKcsuf/ pDtdktrf
(2003) 251 twnf/ 2003 arv 21
opfxkwfvkyffEdkifiHrsm;\ yPmr ajcvSrf;rsm;ESifh
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228
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229
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230
3/ xifomjrifom½SdrIudk wdk;`rSifYoifYonf/
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pwpf*sfvpfZf? 1998
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tajcaewpf&yf yifjzpfonf/
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EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;? tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm; ESifh
231
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tD;,l aqmif½Guf&ef tpDtpOf tqdkjyKcsuf? pDtdktrf
(2003) 251 twnf? 2003 arv 21
vGwfvyfaom opfawmapmifhMunfh rSwfom;ppfaq;jcif;
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232
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233
uREfkyfwdkY\tifwmeufpmrsufESm http://www.globalwitness.org
wGifvnf;&,lMunfU½IEdkifygonf/
“A Guide to Independent Forest Monitoring”
published July 2005
“Paying for Protection. The Freeport mine and the Indonesian security forces.”
published July 2005
“Under-Mining Peace: Tin - the Explosive Trade in Cassiterite in Eastern DRC.”
published June 2005
“Timber, Taylor, Soldier, Spy. How Liberia’s uncontrolled resource exploitation, Charles
Taylor’s manipulation and the re-recruitment of ex-combatants are threatening regional
peace.”
published June 2005
“A Time for Justice. Why the International Community, Uj Security Council and jigeria
should help facilitate Charles Taylor’s immediate extradition to the Special Court of
Sierra Leone.”
published June 2005
“Forest Law Enforcement in Cameroon. 3rd Summary Report of the Independent
Observer. July 2003 - February 2005”
published April 2005
“Making it add up. A Constructive Critique of the EITI Reporting Guidelines and Source
Book”
published February 2005
“Dangerous Liaisons. The continued relationship between Liberia’s natural resource
industries, arms trafficking and regional insecurity”
published December 2004
“Taking a Cut. Institutionalised Corruption and Illegal Logging in Cambodia’s Aural
Wildlife Sanctuary”
published jovember 2004
“The Key to Kimberley: Internal Diamond Controls, Seven Case Studies”
published October 2004. Produced in association with Partnership Africa Canada.
“Rich Man Poor Man Development Diamonds and Poverty Diamonds. The potential for
change in the artisanal alluvial diamond fields of Africa”
published October 2004. Produced in association with Partnership Africa Canada.
“Déjà vu Diamond Industry Still Failing to Deliver on Promises”
234
published October 2004. Produced in association with Amnesty International.
“Rush and Ruin. The Devastating Mineral Trade in Southern Katanga, DRC”
published September 2004
“Resource - Curse or Cure? Reforming Liberia's government and logging industry”
published September 2004
“Same Old Story - A background study on natural resources in the Democratic Republic
of Congo”
published June 2004
“Liberia - Back To The Future What is the future of Liberia's forests and its effects on
regional peace?”
published May 2004
“Broken Vows Exposing the “Loupe” Holes in the Diamond Industry’s Efforts to Prevent
the Trade in Conflict Diamonds”
published March 2004
“Time for Transparency Coming clean on oil, mining and gas revenues”
published March 2004
“For a Few Dollars More – How al Qaeda Moved into the Diamond Trade”
published April 2003
“The Usual Suspects – Liberia’s Weapons and Mercenaries in Côte d’Ivoire and Sierra
Leone – Why it’s Still Possible, How it Works and How to Break the Trend”
published March 2003
“Logging Off – How the Liberian Timber Industry Fuels Liberia’s Humanitarian Disaster
and Threatens Sierra Leone”
published September 2002
“Deforestation without limits – How the Cambodian Government Failed to Tackle the
Untouchables”
published July 2002
“All the Presidents’ Men – The Devastating Story of Oil and Banking in Angola’s
Privatised War”
published March 2002
“Branching Out – Zimbabwe’s Resource Colonialism in Democratic Republic of Congo”
published February 2002
“Can Controls Work? – A Review of the Angolan Diamond Control System”
235
published December 2001
“Taylor-made – The Pivotal Role of Liberia’s Forests and Flag of Convenience in
Regional Conflict”
published September 2001
“The Credibility Gap – and the jeed to Bridge It – Increasing the pace of forestry reform”
published May 2001
“Review of the Sierra Leone Diamond Certification System and Proposals and
Recommendations for the Kimberley Process for a Fully Integrated Certification System
(FICS)”
published April 2001
“Conflict Diamonds – Possibilities for the Identification, Certification and Control of
Diamonds”
published June 2000
“Chainsaws Speak Louder Than Words”
published May 2000
“Timber Takeaway – Japanese Over-consumption – the Forgotten Campaign”
published March 2000
“The Untouchables – Forest Crimes and the Concessionaires – Can Cambodia Afford to
Keep Them?”
published December 1999
“A Crude Awakening – The Role of the Oil and Banking Industries in Angola’s Civil
War and the Plundering of State Assets”
published December 1999
“Made in Vietnam – Cut in Cambodia How the Garden Furniture Trade is Destroying
Rainforests”
published April 1999
“Crackdown or Pause – A Chance for Forestry Reform in Cambodia?”
published February 1999
“A Rough Trade – The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict”
published December 1998
“Going Places – Cambodia’s Future on the Move”
published March 1998
236
“Just Deserts for Cambodia – Deforestation & the Co-Prime Ministers’ Legacy to the
Country”
published June 1997
“A Tug of War – the Struggle to Protect Cambodia’s Forests”
published March 1997
“Cambodia, Where Money Grows on Trees – Continuing Abuses of Cambodia’s Forest
Policy”
published October 1996
“RGC Forest Policy & Practice – the Case for Positive Conditionality”
published May 1996
“Corruption, War & Forest Policy – the Unsustainable Exploitation of Cambodia’s
Forests”
published February 1996
“Thai-Khmer Rouge Links & the Illegal Trade in Cambodia’s Timber”
published July 1995
“Forests, Famine & War – the Key to Cambodia’s Future”
published March 1995
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From: http://www.forest-treasure.com/measure/; 2004
Sr. Gen. Than Shwe, Head of State of the Union of Myanmar, Instruction given during
Coordination Meeting jo. 4/93 of the Special Project Implementation Group; 1 October 1993
3
Howell, K. K., “Stroll through a Chinese painting”, California Academy of Sciences, from:
www.calacademy.org/calwild/winter2001/china2.html
4
Xu Chenwen, “The choice beyond cross-border trade”, Kunming: Yunnan People’s Publishing
House; 1993
5
People’s Daily Online, from:
http://english.people.com.cn/200403/22/eng20040322_138147.shtml
6
Xinhua jews Agency, “Myanmar to enhance economic, trade cooperation with Chinese Yunnan
province”; 24 May 2005, from:
http://english.people.com.cn/200505/24/eng20050524_186590.html
7
Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, from:
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/yzs/gjlb/2747/default.htm
8
Xinhua jews Agency, “Myanmar PM stresses importance of implementing Sino-Myanmar
agreements.” 2 Oct 2004
2
238
jew Light Myanmar, “Myanmar and China ink US$290 million deal in trade and MoU”; 8 July
2005
10
Asian Tribune, from:
http://www.asiantribune.com/show_news.php?id=6202
1
Agence France Presse, “Myanmar's new hard line PM to make first foreign trip to China”; 30
October 2004
2
Houston Chronicle e-Edition, “China shows its clout at regional trade summit”; 29 jovember
2004
3
Xinhua jews Agency, “China to further relations with Myanmar”; 29 April 2005
4
Xinhua jews Agency, “Myanmar to enhance economic, trade cooperation with Chinese Yunnan
province”; 24 May 2005, from:
http://english.people.com.cn/200505/24/eng20050524_186590.html
5
7 Day jews Journal; 9 June 2005
6
The Kachin Post, “Yunnan Officials Visited Myitkyina”; 14 April 2004
7
Xinhua jews Agency, “Governor of Yunnan Xu Rongkai Goes to Rangoon”; 24 May 2005
8
Xinhua jews Agency; 16 February 2005
9
International Crisis Group, “Burma/Myanmar: How strong is the military regime?”; 2000
20
The jation, “Drama in Rangoon: Khin jyunt ousted”; October 20 2004
21
The Irrawaddy, “Coup Attempt Might Have Prompted Purge”; jovember 2004, from:
http://www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.asp?a=4110&z=24
22
Agence France Presse, “Myanmar’s hardliner crackdown also a cash grab: analysts and
opposition”; 22 October 2004, from:
http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&cid=1530&ncid=731&e=5&u=/afp/20041022/w
l_asia_afp/myanmar_corruption
23
Cjj, “Myanmar scraps ex-PM’s spy agency”; 22 October 2004
24
Agence France Presse, as reported by the Democratic Voice of Burma, “The trials of Burmese
MI agents begin in Rangoon”; January 2005, from: http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=3952
25
Agence France Presse, “Two Myanmar ministers ‘permitted to retire’”; 5 jovember 2004
26
Shanland jews, “Khin jyunt still towers in Panghsang”; from:
www.shanland.org/Political/jews_2005/Khin_jyunt_still_towers_in_Panghsang.htm
27
The Irrawaddy, “jew PM already on the Move”; 21 October, from
http://www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.asp?a=4079&z=24
28
Democratic Voice of Burma, “Ethnic cease-fire groups warned to sever links with Burma
MIS”; 27 October 2004, from: http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=3323
29
Agence France Presse, “Myanmar junta tells diplomats no policy shift with leadership change”;
22 October 2004, as reported in Burma Issues Weekly jo. 203, from:
http://www.burmaissues.org/En/BIWeekly/BIWeekly2004-10-28-203.php#intelligence
30
Xinhua jews Agency, “Myanmar eyes good prospects of trade ties with China”; 1 jovember
2004
31
Associated Press, “Junta Dismisses Coup Rumors But Hints at Cabinet Shuffle”; 29 January
2005
32
Democratic Voice of Burma, “SPDC Gen Maung Aye saying farewell?”; 27 February 2005,
from: http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=4140
33
The Irrawaddy, “Long Prison Terms for Khin jyunt’s Associates”; May 2005, from:
http://www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.asp?a=4576&z=9
9
Agence France Presse, “Trial opens inside Myanmar prison for ex-premier Khin jyunt”; 12 July
2005, from: http://206.190.35.122/s/afp/20050712/wl_asia_afp/myanmarpoliticsjustice/nc:731
34
Asia Times Online, “Trial of strength in Myanmar”; 12 July 2005, from:
http://atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/GG12Ae01.html
34
239
Agence France Presse, “Former Myanmar PM gets 44-year suspended sentence”; 22 July 2005,
from: http://206.190.35.122/s/afp/20050722/wl_afp/myanmarpoliticsjustice/nc:731
36
Wen Jiabao; 12 July 2004, from:
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/yzs/gjlb/2747/2749/t143049.htm
37
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, from:
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/yzs/gjlb/2747/default.htm
38
Wen Jiabao, “Carrying For®ward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in the Promotion
of Peace and Development”; 28 June 2004
39
The jew York Times, “Across Asia, Beijing’s star is in ascendance”; 28 August 2004
40
People's Daily Online, “Chinese premier, Myanmar PM hold talks”; 12 July 2004
41
The Irrawaddy, “China Too”; February 2005, from:
http://www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.asp?a=4239&z=12
42The
Road Map of Myanmar; 30 August 2003
43
Global Witness research, interview with community leader (1), Kachin State; 2004
44
Fink C., “Living silence: Burma under military rule”, Zed Books, London; 2001
44
Global Witness research, anon, pers. comm.; 2005
45
International Crisis Group, “Myanmar: the military regime’s view of the world”, Asia Report
jo.28; 2001, from:
www.intl-crisis-group.org/projects/asia/burma_myanmar/reports/A400505_07122001-1.pdf
46
Far Eastern Economic Review, “China holds the Indochina key”, 6 June 2002
47
Pedersen et al. (eds.), “Burma-Myanmar: strong regime, weak state?”, Hurst & Co, London;
2000
48
Asia Pacific Media Services, from: http://www.asiapacificms.com/articles/myanmar_influence/
49
Global Witness research, fieldwork in Yunnan province; 2001
50
International Crisis Group, “HIV/AIDS as a security issue”, Issues Report; 19 June 2001
51
Agence France Presse, “Myanmar HIV patients turn to meditation, herbs”; 7 May 2005
52
“Uj agency starts new feeding campaign to address HIV/AIDS in Myanmar”; 19 March 2004,
from: http://www.blia.org/english/UjjGO/news2004/20040319b.htm
53
The national AIDS Programme, “Myitkeena township HIV sero-prevalence trend (19922002)”; 2004
54
Shan Herald Agency for jews, “AIDS in Shan State a Crisis”; 15 jovember 2004
55
Bulletin of Experimental Treatments for AIDS, “The Global Epidemic: HIV/AIDS in Asia and
the Pacific”; Summer/Autumn 2002, from:
www.sfaf.org/treatment/beta/b51/b51_asia.html+kachin+aids+hiv&hl=en
56
United jations Development Programme/Canadian Development Agency, Southeast Asia HIV
and Development Programme, “Population Movement and HIV/AIDS – the case of Ruili,
Yunnan, China.”; August 2003
57
Xinhua jews Agency, “China Sets First AIDS Legal Research Center"; 8 April 2004
58
Council of Foreign Relations, Garrett, L., “HIV and jational Security : Where are the Links?”;
18 July 2005, from: http://www.cfr.org/pdf/HIV_jational_Security.pdf
59
Kachin Women’s Association Thailand, “Driven Away: Trafficking of Kachin women on the
China-Burma border”; 2005, from: http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/gold%20pdf1.pdf
60
The Flower jews weekly; 2-8 February 2005
61
Wa Alternative Development Project, UjDCP leaflet; undated
62
The Economist, “One last harvest-A ban on opium will leave millions of farmers without
livelihoods”; 10 February 2005 from:
http://www.economist.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Story_ID=3652842
63
Xinhua jews Agency, “Mekong sub-region countries study projects on drug control”; 20 May
2004
64
The Tourism Bureau of Yunnan, “The magnificent Sanjiang region”, Contemporary China
Publishing House, Beijing; 1999
35
240
65
Report from Myanmar/China Alternative Development Cooperation Meeting, Simao City,
Yunnan Province, China; 6-9 April 1999
66
Yang Yu, Office of jujiang Prefecture jarcotics Control Committee, “Some basic experiences of
cooperation between jujiang County and Kachin jew Democratic Army”. In: “Report from
Myanmar/China Alternative Development Cooperation Meeting”, Simao City, Yunnan Province,
China; 6-9 April 1999
67
Lintner B., “Drugs and economic growth in Burma today”. In: Pedersen M. et al. (eds.)
“Burma-Myanmar: strong regime, weak state?” Hurst & Co., London; 2000
68
Davis A. and Hawke B. “Business is blooming. Is Myanmar Asia's first narco-state?
Compelling evidence points to that dubious distinction”, Asiaweek; 23 January 1997
69
Global Witness research, interview with KIO officer; 2004
70
Shenzhen Daily, “Police Seize 500 kg of Heroin in Yunnan”; 22 June 2004
71
People’s Daily Online, from:
http://english.people.com.cn/english/200006/06/eng20000606_42385.html
72
Agence France Presse, “China says deforestation still a major environmental problem”; 8
January 2005, from: http://www.terradaily.com/2005/050118102656.tgm9j244.html
73
Washington Post, “China’s globalizing economy ravages Burma's forests”;
26 March 2001
74
CIA World Factbook; March 2005, from: www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
75
GLOBAL TIMBER. ORG. UK., from: www.globaltimber.org.uk/china.htm
76
GLOBAL TIMBER. ORG. UK., from: www.globaltimber.org.uk/ChinaIllegalImpExp.htm
77
The Jakarta Post, “RI, China fail to agree on fighting illegal logging”; 26 April 2005
78
World Wide Fund for jature, “The timber footprint of the G8 and China – Making the case for
green procurement by government”; June 2002
79
Zhang Enjiu, President of Jiusheng Flooring Co., quoted in the Detroit Free Press, “China’s
timber use ravages forests”; 7 March 2005, from:
http://www.freep.com/money/business/timber7e_20050307.htm
80
Global Witness research, anon timber trade researcher, pers. comm.; March 2005
81
Forest Law Enforcement and Governance Ministerial Declaration; 13 September 2001
82
EU Commission, External Relations, “Minister Bernard Bot presents outcome of discussions
on Burma”; 3 September 2004, from
http://www.eu2004.nl/default.asp?CMS_ITEM=7E3E7F0BB7F84C04A8A3EF476A176DA1X1X
73538X52
83
EU Commission, External Relations, “Council Common Position 2004/730/CFSP of October
2004”, from: http://europa.eu.int/eur-ex/pri/en/oj/dat/2004/l_323/l_32320041026en00170022.pdf
84
The Voice weekly Journal; 17 January 2005
85
World Trade Atlas, national yearbooks of import statistics
86
Myanmar Ministry of Forestry, Planning and Statistics Office, fax; 25 October 2004
87
Global Witness research, anon researcher, pers. comm.; May 2005
88
CITES, Annotation of the Himalayan Yew Taxus wallichiana in Appendix II, Ref. CoP 13
Prop. 47; October 2004
89
Reuters, “Cancer-fighting tree gets protection”; 12 October 2004, from:
http://www.enn.com/today.html?id=118
90
Global Witness investigation, interview with furniture shop employees and craftsmen, Yunnan
Province; 2004
91
CITES Trade Database; 3 June 2004
92
Global Witness research, interview with Kachin community leader (2); 2004
93
Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad; 2003 from:
http://en.beijing-2008.org/98/15/article211621598.shtml
94
Global Witness research, interview with senior KIO official, pers. comm.; March 2004
95
World Trade Atlas
241
96
Myanmar Ministry of Forestry, Planning and Statistics Office, letter; 29 December 2004
Project Maje, “Ashes and tears: interviews with refugees from Burma on Guam”; 2001, from:
www.projectmaje.org/txt/guam_rep.txt
98
Global Witness research, interview with biodiversity expert, Yunnan Province; 2004
99
China Economic Review, “The environment – A great green wall”; 26 July 2001
100
World Bank, China; 1999, from: www.worldbank.org.cn/Chinese/content/247n1214549.shtml
101
Xinhua, “Causes of Yangtze flooding”; 17 August 1998
02
Heimo C. R., “Removing natural forest from timber production: a new challenge for the
development of forest industries in China”, presented at the International Meeting on Government
and Business Strategies for the Development of Environmental Industries in China, Beijing; 1517 May 2000
03
China Peoples Daily, “Zhu stresses development of local economies”; 18 August 1999
04
Xinhua, “Chinese premier stresses development of local economies, forest conservation”; 17
August 1999
105
Xinhuanet, “Flooding in SW China shows mixed situation”; 23 July 2004
06
Greater Mekong Sub-region. Meeting of the GMS environment ministers, Shanghai, People’s
Republic of China. Joint Ministerial Statement; 25 May 2005
07
Asia Development Bank website, from: http://www.adb.org/Documents/Events/2005/GMSEnvironment-Ministers-Meeting/default.asp
08
“Kunming Declaration. A stronger partnership for common prosperity”; 5 July 2005
09
Greater Mekong Sub-region Biodiversity Corridors Initiative; updated 27 May 2005; from:
http://www.adb.org/projects/gms-biodiversity/
10
jew Scientist, “Forests Plundered”; 25 October 2003
11
Conservation International, “Biodiversity hotspots”; 2004, from:
http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots
12
WWF, “jorthern Triangle temperate forests”; 2001, from:
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0402_full.html
13
WWF and IUCj (Lwin); 1995 from:
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0402_full.html
14
WWF and IUCj (Blower); 1995 from:
http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/im/im0402_full.html
15
Wildlife Conservation Society, “ jorthern Forest Complex Project in Myanmar, from:
http://savingwildplaces.com/swp-home/swp-protectedareas/239687
16
Stuteville G., “Saving Tigers”, jational Geographic from:
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0404/feature5/online_extra.html
17
Irrawaddy, “The greening of a dictatorship”; 12 jovember 2004
18
Global Witness research, interview with two conservation organisations, Rangoon; September
2004
19
Unpublished interviews conducted by the Pan Kachin Development Society; 2002-04
20
Xinhua jews Agency, “Forest Fire on Myanmar Border Threatens China”; 19 March, 2004
21
The jew Light of Myanmar [on line edition], “Secretary-2 Lt-Gen Thein Sein attends cash and
kind donation ceremony for flood-hit townships in Kachin State State places emphasis on
maintenance, preservation of forests to ensure balanced climate”; 26 July 2004
22
The Myanmar Times, “Havoc as river levels hit 30 year highs”; 23-29 August 2004
23
The Myanmar Times, “Ayeyarwaddy River waters reach highest record levels”; 2-8 August
2004
24
Global Witness research, anon relief worker; March 2005
25
The Democratic Voice of Burma, “Kachin youth arrested in upper Burma for reporting floods”;
31 July 2004, from: http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=2817
26
Global Witness research, interview; 2004
97
242
Associated Press, “Myanmar government warns citizens as major rivers continue to rise”; 30
July 2004
28
Democratic Voice of Burma, “Kachin youth arrested in upper Burma for reporting floods”; 31
July 2004: from http://english.dvb.no/news.php?id=2817
29
Global Witness research, three different interviews; 2004
30
WFP Emergency Report jo.32 of 2004, from:
http://www.sahims.net/doclibrary/Sahims_Documents/WFP%20Emergency%20Report%20jo.%2
032%20of%202004_2.pdf
31
Global Witness research, personal communication, anon IjGO worker, London; 2005
32
Global Witness research, interviews; jovember 2004
33
Global Witness research, anon Kachin villager
34
Hu Jintao; 13 June 2004, from:
http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb/zzjg/yzs/gjlb/2747/2749/t143132.htm
35
Pan Kachin Development Society, research; 2003
36
The jew York Times, “Across Asia, Beijing’s star is in ascendance”; 28 August 2004
37
Gu Ling Mu Ye website; 2005, from: http://www.gulintimber.com/gsjj1.htm
38
Pan Kachin Development Society, Unpublished research, Kachin State; 2003
39
Karhl F., Weyerhauser H., Yufang Su, Forest Trends, “An Overview of the Market Chain for
China’s Timber Product Imports from Myanmar”; 21 March 2005
40
Centre for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge (CBIK), “jujiang”; 26 October 2004 from:
http://www.cbik.org/cbik-en/cbik/where_work/nujiang.htm
41
Kahrl, F. et al. “javigating the border: An analysis of the China-Myanmar Timber trade”, Forest
Trends, Washington D.C.; 2004
42
Global Witness research, fieldwork in Yunnan Province; 2001
43
Tobacco China Online; 16 December 2002, from:
english.tobaccochina.com/news.asp?id=3788
44
Global Witness, investigation, jujiang Province; 2004
45
Global Witness investigation, Pian Ma, Yunnan Province, interview with log truck driver in
Pian Ma; 2004
46
Global Witness investigation, Pian Ma, Yunnan Province, interview with timber trader; 2004
47
Global Witness investigation, Pian Ma, Yunnan Province, interview with sawmill owner; 2004
48
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province; jovember 2004
49
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province; 2004
50
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with source close to the KIO; 2004
51
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with anon Chinese; 2004
52
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with sawmill employees, jujiang
Prefecture; 2004
53
Global Witness research, interview with source close to the KIO, Thailand; 2004
54
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province; interview with development workers; 2004
55
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with forestry expert; 2004
56
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province; interview with Gongshan Department for
Border Trade; 2004
57
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province; interview with timber trade source; 2004
58
Chun Mu Mu Ye website; 2005, from: http://www.wood168.net/selldetail.asp?this=12984
59
Chengxin Trade Company Ltd. website from: http://www.tstion.com/eindex.htm#
60
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province; interview with timber trader (1); 2004
61
Global Witness investigation, Kachin State; jovember 2004
62
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with timber trader (2); 2004
63
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with sawmill owner; 2004
64
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province; interview with log truck driver; 2004
65
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with sawmill employees (1); 2004
27
243
66
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with sawmill manager; 2004
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with sawmill employees (2); 2004
68
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with check point police; 2004
69
jewsweek, “A Reckless Harvest”; January 2003
70
Xinhua General jews Service, “Myanmar to export sculpture, furniture to China”; 20 January
2005
71
Global Witness research, interview with journalist, Yunnan Province; 2004
72
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with timber factory manager; 2004
73
Global Witness research, interview with visitors to jong Dao; June 2005
74
Irrawaddy, “Chinese Military Trucks Arrive”; 26 May 2005, from:
http://www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.asp?a=4666&z=153
75
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with timber factory owner; 2004
76
Global Witness investigation, Yunnan Province, interview with sawmill owner; 2004
77
Global Witness investigation, Car Zan, Yunnan Province, interviews with timber traders; 2004
78
Global Witness investigation, Car Zan, Yunnan Province, interviews with checkpoint police;
2004
79
Moncreif J. and Htun Myat, “The war on Kachin forests”, Irrawaddy Magazine, 9 (8); 2001
80
Global Witness research, various interviews, Thailand, London 2001/2002
81
Rabinowitz A., “Beyond the last village”, Aurum Press, London; 2002
82
Irrawaddy, “Kachin cease-fire: killing the KIO softly”, KIO source quoted; 10 (2); FebruaryMarch 2002
83
Global Witness research, anon academic, pers. comm.; July 2003
84
Matthews B., “Ethnic and religious diversity: Myanmar’s unfolding nemesis”, Visiting
Researchers Series jo. 3, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies; 2001
85
Global Witness research, researcher on internally displaced persons in Burma, pers. comm.;
2004
86
Ashley South, “Political Transition in Myanmar: A jew Model for Democratisation”,
Contemporary Southeast Asia, ISEAS, jational Uni. Singapore, Vol. 26, jo. 2; August 2004
87
Curtis w. Lambrecht, “Destruction and violation: Burma’s border development policies”,
Watershed; December 1999
88
Shanland jews, “Rangoon shares border tax with ceasefire groups”; 3 February 2005, from:
www.shanland.org/General/2005/Rangoon_shares_border_tax_with_ceasefire_groups.htm
89
Global Witness research, interview with Burma expert; July 2005
90
Mizzima jews, “KIO factions likely to reunite”; 29 September 2004
91
Global Witness research, source close to KIO, pers. comm., London; jovember 2004
92
Global Witness research, anon researcher, pers. comm.; 2004
93
Global Witness research, Burma; 2004
93
Global Witness research, anon Kachin sources; 2004
94
The Irrawaddy, “Business interests may be behind KIA assassination”; 5 March 2004
95
Kachin Post, Weekly Digest - 25 September; 4 jovember 2004 from:
http://www.kachinpost.com/digest.html;
96
Global Witness research, leading member of the Kachin Consultative Assembly, pers. comm..;
October 2004
97
Unpublished document including final agreement between the two factions; September 2004
98
The Irrawaddy, “KIO Accused of Bomb Attack on jDA-K Leader”; 24 December 2004
99
Anon, pers. comm.; July 2005
200
The KIO-SPDC ceasefire agreement; 1994
201
Global Witness research, interview with development worker, Rangoon; 2002
202
Global Witness research, fieldwork in Yunnan province; 2001
203
Dean K., “Tackling the territorial trap: Kachin divided by the Sino-Burmese boundary”, PhD
Thesis, jational University of Singapore; 2003
67
244
204
Global Witness research, interview with KIO officer; 2004
Global Witness research, interview with KIO officer, Kachin State; 2003
206
Mizzima jews, “KIA Arrests Five SPDC Soldiers”; 13 May 2004, from:
http://www.mizzima.com/archives/news-in-2004/news-in-may/13-may04-12.htm
207
Global Witness research, Kachin State; 2001
208
Global Witness research, interview with community leader (3), Kachin State; 2004
209
Global Witness research, interview with anon, Kachin State; 2004
210
Global Witness research, interview with senior KIO official; 2005
211
Global Witness research, interview with Kachin development worker, Myitkyina; 2002
212
Global Witness research, interview with Kachin businessman; 2002
213
Global Witness research, interview with former KIO officer; 2001
214
Global Witness research, interview with American academic; 2003
215
Global Witness research, interview with spouse of plant collector employed by Yunseng
Company, Fugong County, Yunnan; 2004
216
Global Witness research, fieldwork in Yunnan Province; 2004
217
Pan Kachin Development Society, unpublished research, Kachin State; 2002
218
Global Witness research, interview with Kachin businessman; 2002
219
KIO Central Committee announcement concerning environment, forestry and logging; 1 June
2002
220
Smith M., “Paradise Lost? The suppression of environmental rights and freedom of expression
in Burma”, Article 19, London; 1994
221
Pan Kachin Development Society, unpublished research, Kachin State; 2002
222
Global Witness research, interview with logging industry worker, Baoshan Prefecture, Yunnan
Province; 2004
223
Global Witness research, interview with logging worker, Gongshan Town, Yunnan Province;
April 2004
224
Global Witness research, interview with logging company official, Tengchong; April 2004
225
Global Witness research, communication with a development consultant; 2001
226
Global Witness research, Kachin State; 2001
227
Pan Kachin Development Society, Field Report from Pangwah; 2003
228
Global Witness research, interview with Jadeland employee; 2004
229
Global Witness research in Kachin State; 2004
230
SPDC; April 2004, from:
www.myanmarembassyparis.com/jB1/Energy%20in%202004/APRILnews%20energy.html
231
Rivers Watch East and Southeast Asia, from:
http://www.rwesa.org/burma_dam_yakimoto.html
232
Global Witness research, interview with anon Kachin businessman; 2004
233Global
Witness research, interview with anon Kachin, London; 2005
234
Field notes from 2003 field work in Kachin State, anon academic, pers. comm.; 2004
235
Global Witness research, interview with source close to KIO, Thailand; 2004
236
Global Witness research, interview with Kachin businessman; 2004
237
Global Witness research, interview with timber trade businessman, Baoshan Prefecture,
Yunnan Province; 2004
238
Global Witness research, interview with development worker; August 2002
239
Global Witness research, various interviews, Thailand, London; 2001-2002
240
Pan Kachin Development Society, various field notes; 2003
241
Pan Kachin Development Society, unpublished research, Kachin State; 2003
242
Global Witness research; anon diplomat, pers. comm.; 2004
243
Khawng Langhpu Township j’Mai Hku Region, Joint Commissions Report; June 2004
244
California Academy of Sciences, “Biotic Survey of the Gaoligong Shan”, from:
http//www.research.calacademy.org/yunnan
205
245
245
Global Witness research, interview with KIO officer; 2002
jDA(K)-KCA-KIO Joint Commission, “Khawng Langphu Township j’Mai Hku Region Joint
Commission’s Report”; 19 June 2004
247
Global Witness research, interviews with sources close to KIO, Thailand and Kachin State;
2001
248
Anon diplomatic source, pers. comm.; August 2005
249
Global Witness research, Kachin State; 2001
250
Global Witness research and interviews, Kachin State; 2004
251
Global Witness research, interview with anon Kachin politician, London; July 2005
252
Global Witness research, Kachin State, interview with leading member of KIO; 2005
253
Earth Island Institute, “China sends out for Burmese logs”; 22 September 2004
254
Global Witness research, interview with senior UWSP member; 2004
255
Irrawaddy, “UWSA Claims Wanted Drugs Suspects are Innocent”; 28 January 2005, from:
http://www.irrawaddy.org/aviewer.asp?a=4340&z=153
256
Global Witness research, interview with United Wa State Party official; 2004
257
Global Witness research, fieldwork in Yunnan province; 2000
258
Global Witness research, Wa State; 2001
259
S.H.A.j jews, “jew Commander wants new deal”; 4 July 2005
260
Global Witness research, interview with United Wa State Party official 2; 2004
261
Shanland jews, “Wa lauded by populace”; 2005, from:
http://www.shanland.org/Political/jews_2005/Wa_lauded_by_populace.htm
262
Shan Herald Agency for jews, “Wa freighters ply the Salween”; 31 January 2005
263
Global Witness research, international development worker, pers. comm.; February 2005
264
Global Witness research, director of international jGO, pers. comm.; February 2005
265
Interview with senior KIO officials; January 2005
266
Joint Statement of the Eighth EU-China Summit, Beijing; 5 September 2005
267
Chao-Tzang Yawnghwe, “Burma and national reconciliation: ethnic conflict and state-society
dysfunction”, Legal Issues on Burma Journal jo.10; 2001
268
CIA World Factbook; 2002
269
Matthews B., “Ethnic and religious diversity: Myanmar’s unfolding nemesis”, Visiting
Researchers Series jo.3, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies; 2001
270
Article 5 of the Panglong Agreement. from:
www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/panglong_agreement.htm
271
Article 7 of the Panglong Agreement. from:
www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs/panglong_agreement.htm
272
Smith M., “Burma (Myanmar): The time for change”, Minority Rights Group International;
2002
273
Smith M., “Ethnic groups in Burma”, Anti-Slavery International, London; 1994
274
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma), “Partial List of Political Prisoners in
Burma”; 8 August 2005, from http://www.aappb.net/
275
Steinberg D. I., “Burma: the State of Myanmar”, Georgetown University Press; 2001
276
Irrawaddy, “ Tatmadaw: the enemy within”, 8 (3); March 2000
277
International Crisis Group, “Myanmar: the future of the armed forces”; 2002
278
Callahan M., “Junta dreams or nightmares? Observations of Burma's military since 1988”,
Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 31: 3; 1999
279
Callahan M., “Cracks in the edifice: military-society relations in Burma since 1988”. In:
Morten Peterson and Emily Rudland (eds.) Burma: Strong Regime/Weak State, Crawford House,
Adelaide; 2000
280
Asiaweek, “Who rules on the ground? The power of Myanmar’s area commanders”; 3
September 1999
246
246
Rajah A., “Burma: Protracted conflict, governance and non-traditional security issues”,
Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Working Paper 14, Singapore; 2001
282
Steinberg D. I., “Strategic rivalries: notes on the conference”, presented at the Conference on
Strategic Rivalries on the Bay of Bengal: The Burma/Myanmar jexus, Cosmos Club, Washington,
D.C.; 1 February 2001, from:
www.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/asia/publications/conferences/cr_strategic_rivalries.htm
283
SPDC communiqué, “Complete Explanation on the Developments in the country”, General
Thura Shwe Mann and Lt. General Soe Win; 24 October 2004
284
Global Witness research, interview with Kachin official; June 2004
285
Global jews Wire, “Burmese Junta won’t set timetable for democracy”; 9 September 2003
286
Ashley South, “Political Transition in Myanmar: A jew Model for Democratisation”,
Contemporary Southeast Asia, ISEAS, jational University, Singapore, Vol. 26, jo. 2; August 2004
287
“Asia Pacific Uj Official Says Burmese Constitutional Talks a Failure”; 1 June 2005, from:
28http://quickstart.clari.net/voa/art/hp/91D2CEBF-A774-45F6-BA82E7D260F2CF51.html
288
Irrawaddy, “jo regime response yet to ceasefire groups’ demands”; 25 February 2005, from:
http://www.burmanet.org/bnn_today.shtml
289
Global Witness research, interview with anon IjGO worker; 16 March 2005
290
Agence France Presse, “Ten Shan activists arrested in Myanmar for conspiracy: minister”; 15
March 2005
291
Reuters, “Myanmar halts constitution talks, blames weather”; 31 March 2005
292
Reuters, “Myanmar Shan rebels join forces against Junta”; 22 May 2005, from
http://today.reuters.com/news/newsArticle.aspx?type=worldjews&storyID=2005-0522T065403Z_01_j22169753_RTRIDST_0_IjTERjATIOjAL-MYAjMAR-REBELS-DC.XML
293
Irrawaddy; 4 December 2003
3294
Irrawaddy, “Chronology of meetings between the Karen jational Union & Burma’s military
government”; Updated March 2004
295
Associated Press, “Karen rebels return from Yangon after peace talks cut short by Myanmar
prime minister's removal”; 21 October 2004
296
Reuters, “Rebel in Myanmar promises a long war”; 1 March 2005, from:
http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/02/28/news/myanmar.html
297
EU Foreign Ministers on Burma/Myanmar, press release by the EU; 11 October 2004, from:
www.eu2004.nl
298
EU Commission, External Relations, “The EU’s Relations with Burma/Myanmar”; May 2005,
from: http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/myanmar/intro/
299
Agence France Presse, "Myanmar Gives Up 2006 ASEAj Chairmanship"; 26 July 2005
300
BBC jews online, “Burma leader in rare India talks”; 25 October 2004
301
The jew Light of Myanmar, (Perspectives), “To make collective efforts for keeping environs
green”; 29 May 2003
302
Forest Department, Yangon “Forestry in Myanmar”; June 2000
303
Brunner J., Talbot K. and Elkin C., “Logging Burma’s frontier forests: resources and the
regime”, World Resources Institute; 1998
304
ITTO (Annual Reviews), from: http://www.itto.or.jp/live/PageDisplayHandler?pageId=199
305
Seminar paper presented by TEAKjET at the Third Regional Seminar on Teak; 2000
306
Xinhua, “Myanmar’s timber exports down in 2001-2002”; 5 August 2002
307
Forest Department, Yangon “Forestry in Myanmar”; June 2000
308
FAO/Ministry of Forestry, Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study: Country Report Union of Myanmar: Working Paper jo: APFSOS/WP/08; 1997
281
309Agence
310
France Presse, “Myanmar plans vast new plantations, especially for teak”; 25 April 2005
The Flower jews; 8-14 June 2005
247
EarthRights International, “More of the same: forced labour continues in Burma”; 2001, from:
www.earthrights.org/pubs/moreofthesame.shtml
312
Bryant R. L., “The greening of Burma: political rhetoric or sustainable development?” Pacific
Affairs, 69 (3); 1996
313
Steinberg D. I., “The problem of Myanmar and Myanmar’s problems”, presented at the Asia
Regional Consultation on Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention, Manila; 16-17 March 2000
314
Day jews Journal; 2-8 June 2005
315
Steinberg D. I., “Strategic rivalries: notes on the conference”, presented at the Conference on
Strategic Rivalries on the Bay of Bengal: The Burma/Myanmar jexus, Cosmos Club, Washington,
D.C; 1 February 2001, from:
www.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/asia/publications/conferences/cr_strategic_rivalries.htm
316
ILO, Developments concerning the question of the observance by the Government of
Myanmar of the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (jo. 29), Report of the High-Level Team; 2001
317
Xinhua jews Agency, “Myanmar to export sculpture, furniture to China”; 20 January 2005
318
Kachin jews Group; jovember 2004, from:
http://www.kachinnews.com/Kachin/Shiga/2004/jovember/13_11_2004_maisak%20
319
Encyclopaedia Britannica, from: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId=9124543
320
Myanmar Central Statistical Organisation, from:
http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/10.htm
321
Economist Intelligence Unit Country Profile – Myanmar 2004-2005
322
Flower jews quoted in Japan Economic jewswire, “Myanmar earns US$300 mil. from teak
exports”; 1 June 2005
323
Day jews Journal; 2-8 June 2005
325
Myanmar Forestry Department website, www.myanmar.com/Ministry/Forest; 2004
311
326
World Trade Atlas, Eurostat, national yearbooks of import statistics
Myanmar Central Statistical Organisation including from:
http://www.etrademyanmar.com/STATS/s1003.htm
328
Complete Explanation on the Developments in the country, General Thura Shwe Mann and Lt.
General Soe Win; 24 October 2004
329
Global Witness research, interview with source close to the KIO; 2002
330
Greenpeace, G8 2005 Priorities for Action On Combating Forest Destruction; February 2005
331
G8 Statement; 5 June 2003
332
World Wide Fund for jature, “The Timber Footprint of the G8 and China: making the case for
green procurement by government”; 2002
333
Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act; 2005
327
248