NEW ORIENTAL
听力
考试结构：Section
Section
A：10 short conversations 复习的重点
B：最可能考三个段子（3 passages）。其次，有可能考复合式听写（Compound Dictation）或
听写填空（Spot Dictation）
。
提高听力的步骤：第一步，听懂考题；第二步，总结考题规律；第三步，了解考试本身，做类型题。
短对话题型分类：Section A考题为六种题型。无论每个考题的具体内容是什么，考题的题型总在重复。我
们要培养解类型题的能力。比如在态度方向题中，每个考题的内容肯定不同。但题型高度一致，解题的方
向也必然相同。
如：Would you go to dance with me tonight?第二人的回答只有两种Yes或No。我们要听的是第二个人的
态度方向。这个题问去跳舞吗？而另外的一个完全不同的考题可能会问去看电影吗？去音乐会吗？去野餐
吗？去看比赛吗？这些不同的考题在我们的耳朵里就应该是同一类考题。我们要听的是：他在问去还是不
去？第二人要回答Yes还是No。而解题点即正确选项一定就在第二人的回答的开头。
听力范围：Campus life
考察对象：College students（在什么都没听清的情况下，异性猜classmate，同性猜roommate）
一、语音问题：连读小练习
1. rush hour 高峰时间，尖峰时刻；2. cheer up 使振奋，使高兴；3. check (it) out 借书；办理出院手续；
彻底检查；退房（check in 开房）
；4. travel agent 旅行社（travel agency, travel bureau）；financial aid 经
济资助；5. turn down 关掉，拒绝；turn on 打开
二、口语问题：注意语气，语调，语汇。
例如：1. tape 胶带；cassette 磁带。2. project 作业（homework, assignment）
；工程；项目；计划；任
务。3. awful 糟糕的；terrific 特别棒的，好极了（口语中）
；可怕的，恐怖的（阅读中）
。4. I can tell that.
我能看得出。5. I understand that... 我听说……。6. I have got this one. have= have got,have to= have got
to (gotta)7. must 在口语中表猜测8. I'll take this one. 我要买这个。9. I won't buy that. = I won't believe
that. 我才不信呢。10. He was my boyfriend.
三、考题内容：生活情景，场景会话
场景题：如何出考题；判断场景的线索词。比如：book，校内library；校外book store（线索词manager, order）
。
四、解题思路比如：交通：traffic jam车：break down
题目分析：Section A为重点（主要为三种题型）but题型：but以后是重点。
[Test 1-9] A) Europe.B) Here.C) Canada.D) California.
M: Has George returned from Europe yet?
W: Yes, but he had been only here for three days before his company sent him to Canada.
Q: Where is George now?
[Test 2-3]A) Because she has got an appointment.B) Because she doesn’t want to.C) Because she has
to work.D) Because she wants to eat in a new restaurant.
M: The student’s English club is having a party on Saturday night. Can you come?
W: I would like to, but I work at a restaurant on weekends.
Q: Why can’ t the woman go to the party?
这类考题的回答都是：I'd love to, I'd like to, Sounds great, Sounds a lot of fun...... but ......
[Test 3-5]A) An English textbook.B) A Chinese textbook.C) A chemistry book.D) A history book.
W: Has your brother bought his books yet?
M: He bought a history book, but the Chinese and English text-books were sold out.
Q: Which book has the man’s brother got?
注：be sold out 售光了wear out 穿破了； be worn out （指东西）破旧；（指人）非常疲惫 check out 借
书；出院；彻底检查；退房figure out 想清楚，弄明白；figure 数字；体形work out 想清楚，弄明白，解
决问题；（gym）拼命锻炼make out 分辨出，辨认出help out 帮个大忙hang out 到处闲逛dine out 外出
吃饭cook out 野餐turn out 事实证明
[Test 4-1]A) The pear.B) The weather.C) The sea food.D) The cold.
W: You don’ t feel very well, do you? You look pale. Have you got a cold?
M: Oh, no, but my stomach aches. Maybe the sea food doesn’t agree with me.
Q: What probably caused the man’s stomach-ache?
注：1. 一句话后面加一个小尾巴，都是反义疑问句。核心是陈述句。
2. sth. doesn't agree with sb. 指某人不适应某种情况。
[Test 4-3] A) George’s brother.B) George’s wife.C) George’s father.D) George’s father-in-law.
M: I wish I could see George here.
W: He was planning to come, but a moment ago his wife called to say that he had to take his father to the
hospital.
Q: Who was ill?
[Test 4-4]A) She can use his car.B) She can borrow someone else’s car.C) She must get her car fixed.D)
She can’t borrow his car.
W: I need a car this weekend, but mine has broken down.
M: I’ m sorry to hear it, but you can always rent one if you have a license.
Q: What does the man mean?
注：1. 谈论车，预测车肯定是坏的。2. 只要选项当中有两个正好相反的，一定有一个正确。3. license指
drving license。
悲惨原则：
第一个人说一件事情，第二个人回答听不清或一点都没听到，一定有麻烦，回答多半是抱怨。比如：谈论
买东西肯定买不到，谈论订房肯定订完了，谈论交通肯定拥挤，谈论车肯定坏掉，谈论考试肯定不及格，
谈论野餐肯定下雨。
解题思路：
第一类，有关学习的考题基于学生身份去猜题。关于考试：考试难，时间紧，能否延期。作业难做。论文
没做完。选课多。对老师评价：讲课boring，老师strict，作业多。She is one in a million. 当老师要退休的
时候对老师的评价才会高。
第二类，生活。学生穷poor，要省钱。时时带着学生证。购物时一定要bargin。杂志不订应该去图书馆读，
如：A: Maybe I oughtta subscribe（捐献，订购） to the magazine.
B: Why don't you save the money and
read it in the library?。在家看比赛没钱买票。
第三类，学生忙，当话题中既包含学习又包含娱乐时体现学生忙，一定选择学习方面。
[Test 4-8]A) At a cigarette store.B) At a bus station.C) At a gas station.D) At Aunt Mary’s.
M: Please buy two packs of cigarettes for me while you are at the store.
W: I am not going to any store. I’ m going to see Aunt Mary, but I will get them for you at the gas station.
Q: Where will the woman stop on her way?
注：1. gas station 加油站。2. 口语中的缩略：gas station = gasoline station 生活中也可说成 filling station。
gym = gymnasium 健身房dorm = dormitory 宿舍lab = laboratory 实验室（secretary 秘书）ad =
advertisement 广告 exhibit= exhibition 展览 （场 景：博物馆 museum） ob = obvious 明显的 vet =
veterinarian 兽医3. 发音 /v/ /w/ very, visit, well, very well/A/ gas, lab, ad, badWe really had a bad time
last night, you should've been there.
[Test 5-3]A) He will go in spite of the cold weather.B) He won’t go since he is not feeling well.C) He will
go when he feels better.D) He won’t go as he hasn’t finished his work.
W: Would you like to go to the dance with me tonight?
M: I’d love to, but I’m just getting over my cold.
Q: Will the man go dancing with the woman tonight?
注：有遗憾，爱抱怨。所以此题肯定不去。
[Test 6-7]A) The woman doesn’t want to spend Christmas with the man.
B) The woman is going home for Christmas.
C) The woman has not been invited to the Christmas party.
D) The woman is going to spend Christmas abroad.
M: I hope you will spend Christmas with us. We’ll have a big party on Christmas Eve.
W: I’d love to, but Jack and I are going to Australia. We’ll send you postcards from there.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?
[Test 6-10]A) Tennis shoes.B) Some clothes.C) Nothing yet.D) Music records.
W: I suppose you have been buying Christmas gifts for your family.
M: I bought tennis shoes for my son, but I haven’t decided what to buy for my wife. Probably some
clothes or classical music records.
Q: What has the man bought for his wife?
注：record n.唱片，记录
[Test 7-3]A) To make the woman angry.B) David is the man’s good friend.
C) To please the man’s mother.D) David is good at carrying on conversations.
W: I really can’ t stand the way David controls the conversation all the time. If he’s going to be at the
Christmas party, I just won’ t come.
M: I’ m sorry you feel that way, but my mother insists that he come.
Q: Why is David being invited to the party?注：insist 坚持
复习解题思路：1、有关学习的话题基于学生身份去猜题。2、有关生活的话题基于穷人的角度出发。出现
新课程，新活动，学生感兴趣的原因“省时间”或者“省钱”。3、如果以上两点出现矛盾，则体现学生忙，
忙于学习。
场景题：1、出题思路，解题思路。2、判断该场景的线索词。3、选项的四个特点：(1) 四个选项全是介词
结构；(2) 全是to do结构；(3) 全是doing结构；(4) 全是A and B结构（人物关系题）
。4、问题的特点：最
常用的四个提问词：What? Where? When? Who?
考题类型：1. but题型占1/3；2. 场景题型占1/3；3. 替换题型1/3。
[Test 1-3]A) It’s going to attract a lot of students.B) It’s going to be a lot of fun.C) It’s going to require a lot
of reading.D) It’s going to work out quite well.
W: It looks like the English course is going to be a lot of work.
M: Yes. Didn’t you see the reading list is enormous?
Q: What did they think of the English course?
注：work out 想清楚，弄明白，解决问题；拼命锻炼。
作业话题：1、paper 论文：
（1）paper 常用词义：paper 论文；newspaper 报纸；papers 文件；paper 纸2）research 查询资料。
对应场景library图书馆。
（3）写论文的步骤：第一步，选题topic，选题难，范围广。第二步，查询资料research，
图书馆场景。第三步，打出论文。typewriter 打字机，computer 计算机，printer 打印机，laser printer 激
光打印机，laptop 笔记本电脑。论文没打完，typewriter/computer坏了break down 或者typewriter需要新
的ribbon。（4）题目难选，资料难查，打字困难（机房总被占）。
奖学金：fellowship；RA 助研：research assistant；TA 助教：teaching assistant
2、presentation 口头演讲，口头报告：
（1）同义词：report, speech, address。（2）考点：I. 着装正式 formal clothes（考试中另一个考到着装
正式的考点是interview面试），会出现change。II. 演讲人的内心感受：nervous紧张的。
3、reading assignment 阅读作业：
文科学生 reading list 读书清单。抱怨需要读的书多。
[Test 1-5]A) To the beach.B) To a play.C) To a movie theatre.D) To a restaurant.
M: The Golden Lion sounds like a nice place to eat.
W: Ok, let’ s go there. I hear that they have a complete menu and a warm atmosphere.
Q: Where are the man and woman going?
注：atmosphere 气氛。
吃：（校内、校外）
校内：饭堂cafeteria（不好吃）
校外：restaurant有waiter, menu, order, reserve a table, make a reservation
apple pie 苹果派（好吃）可以代表traditional American，比如：This picnic is as American as apple pie. John
is as American as apple pie.
apple pie virtue = traditional American virtue
在考题中形容apple pie好吃的句子举例如下：
(1) Even my mother's can't match this.(2) I took the last one, and it was out of the world. (3) You wouldn't
have to force me to take another helping.
[Test 1-6]A) Policeman and driver.B) Policeman and thief.C) Teacher and pupil.D) Director and actress.
M: Why didn’t you stop when we first signaled?
W: I’m sorry. Will I have to pay a fine?
Q: What is the probable relationship between the man and the woman?
注：1. A and B结构，考人物关系2. 选项B非主流，应排除。3. fine 罚款。pay the fine, check the fine
考试中涉及到fine罚款的两个场景：（1）交通traffic: break traffic rules, speeding。（2）图书馆library：
过期罚款。
[Test 1-8]A) He is modest.B) He is satisfied.C) He is proud.D) He is upset.
W: Jack, how are you doing with your paper?
M: I’ve written and rewritten it so many times that I wonder when I can finish it.
Q: What can we learn about the man?
注：1. rewrite 重写，改写2. upset 从考试痛苦可猜想该选项；modest 从西方文化可直接排除该选项。
东西方文化差异：
1、西方人不谦虚。一般都self-confidence。2、西方人崇尚个人奋斗。借钱肯定不借；借笔记一般也不成；
对钱看的很重，很敏感。3、西方人表达直接。
[Test 2-1]A) The man wants to go to Los Angeles.
B) The man wants to go to San Francisco.
C) There are no flights to Los Angeles for the rest of the day.
D) There are two direct flights to Los Angeles within the next two hours.
M: Excuse me, would you please tell me when the next flight to Los Angeles is?
W: Sure, the next direct flight to Los Angeles is 2 hours from now, but if you do not mind transferring at
San Francisco, you can board now.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?注：1. transfer 转机，换车 2. board 登上（交通工具）
机场场景：1、票已售完。2、接人晚点。3、送人伤感。
机场线索词：airplane 飞机；flight 航班；take off 起飞；land 降落；circle 盘旋；wing 机翼，侧面建筑
（常用），鸡翅；terminal 候机大厅，终端（常用），终点站
[Test 2-7]A) He had to work overtime.B) He was held up in traffic.C) His car ran out of gas.D) He had a
traffic accident.
M: If the traffic wasn’t so bad, I could have been home by 6:00.
W: What a pity! John was here to see you.
Q: What happened to the man?
交通话题：1、交通堵塞：traffic jam, back up, heavy2、交通违章：要罚款3、交通晚点：behind schedule
注：gas 汽油
[Test 2-8]A) John smith isn’t in right now.B) John smith can’t come to the phone right now.C) John smith
doesn’t want to speak to the caller.D) The caller dialed the wrong number.
M: Hello, may I speak to John Smith, please?
W: I am sorry, nobody by that name works here.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?
打电话场景：1、约人约不到：make an appointment 主要指约医生2、约会去不了：come up, reschedule,
fit sb. in3、电话打不通，打错了：run out of coin, cut off（被中断；hang up 主动挂断）相关词汇：receiver
听筒hook 钩slot 投币孔dial 拨号telephone book = yellow pages 电话簿（yellow press 黄色出版物）
[Test 3-3]A) Husband and wife.B) Father and daughter.C) Doctor and patient.D) Teacher and student.
W: Have you found anything wrong with my stomach?
M: Not yet. I am still examining. I’ll let you know the result next week.
Q: What is the probable relationship between the man and the woman?
注：not yet 尚未，还没有（不是彻底否定，包含对未来的肯定）
医院场景：1、医生难找。2、病情如何。3、有病耽误课。miss the class 缺课
缺课的原因：(1) 生病get ill(2) 睡过了头over sleep(3) 交通问题，车坏了等。
医院场景常用线索词：治疗 treat（过程）；治愈 cure（结果）【study 表过程；learn 表结果。search 表
过程；find 表结果。try 表过程；manage 表结果】学校医务室 infirmary
学生健康中心 students health center医疗中心 medical center诊所 clinic病房 ward
开处方 prescribe；处方 n. prescription；按方抓药 fill the prescription；还按原方抓药 refill the prescription
急诊室 emergency department呕吐 vomit
[Test 3-10]A) No, all the rooms are taken.B) Yes, there is a double room.C) Yes, there are some spare
rooms.D) Yes, there is a single room.
M: I sent a letter to make a reservation for a single room a few days ago.
W: I’m sorry, your request arrived too late. There are some conferences in town this week and we’ re full
up.
Q: Are there any spare rooms at the hotel?
注：be full up 订满了。同义表达：be filled, be booked up, be taken
[Test 4-2]Mary has never studied mathematics.B) Mary must be good at mathematics.C) Mary enjoys
learning mathematics.D) Mary probably is poor at mathematics.
M: What’s the matter with Mary?
W: She becomes nervous whenever it comes to learning mathematics.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
注：must 表猜测。
[Test 4-6]A) To the bank.B) To a book store.C) To a shoe store.D) To the grocer’s.
M: What do you want me to get? I’m leaving now.
W: Pick up a bottle of milk and a loaf of bread, please.
Q: Where is the man probably going?
注：loaf 一条，条状面包；toast 切片面包；have a toast 干杯，bottom up 干杯。
购物场景：1、超市supermarket：购买生活用品 supplies（便宜）2、百货公司department store：服装；
家用电器 appliance（贵）
[Test 4-9]A) From upstairs.B) From next door.C) From the Nelsons’ house.D) From the back door.
M: What’ s all that noise? It sounds as if it’ s coming from next door. The Nelsons aren’ t back yet, are
they?
W: I don’t think so. It must be the window-cleaner working upstairs.
Q: Where does the woman think the noise is coming from?
注：1. 反义疑问句，表达陈述观点。2. must表猜测
[Test 4-10]A) The choice of courses.B) A day course.C) An evening courseD) Their work.
W: Do you want a day course or an evening course?
M: Well, it would have to be an evening course since I work during the day.
Q: What are they talking about?
熟词的多种用法：
run into sb. = happen to sb. 碰巧碰到某人
My nose has been running the whole morning. 整个早上我都在流鼻涕。
run it down to me = tell me the whole story 告诉我，娓娓道来
I've got the runs. 拉肚子
[Test 5-6]A) A clerk at the airport information desk.B) A clerk at the railway station information desk.C) A
policeman.D) A taxi-driver.
W: Could you please tell me if Flight 858 from San Francisco will be on time?
M: Yes, Madam. It should be arriving in about 10 minutes.
Q: Who do you think the woman is talking to?
机场场景：1、票已售完。2、接人晚点。3、送人伤感。
注：Madam：女士，夫人（较正式）； Ma'am 口语中常用
[Test 5-7]A) A guest and a receptionist.B) A passenger and an air hostess.C) A customer and a shop
assistant.D) A guest and a waitress.
M: Sorry to trouble you. But is there any possibility of borrowing a blanket. I feel cold.
W: I think we’ve got one. Could you wait until after take-off please?
Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?
注：1. receptionist 前台，接待员2. air hostess 空姐3. shop assistant 售货员4. blanket 毛毯，毯子。carpet
地毯。rug 小地毯5. take-off 起飞；脱衣服。
[Test 5-8]A) He’s better.B) He’s feeling worse.C) He’s sick in bed.D) He has recovered.
W: I heard you caught a cold. How are you feeling today?
M: I can’t complain. At least I’m out of bed.
Q: How is the man today?
注：1. How are you doing? 普通打招呼How are you feeling? 用于对方生病时打招呼2. out of bed 离开床
了
生病场景：1、医生难找2、病情如何3、有病耽误课
[Test 6-6]A) They are having breakfast.B) They are eating some fruit.C) They are preparing a hot
soup.D) They are drinking cold milk.
W: Would you like some fruit juice?
M: No, thank you. I’m not used to cold drinks in the morning.
Q: What are the two speakers doing now?
注：1. breakfast 的构词法：break 打破 + fast 禁食 = breakfast 早餐brunch 早午餐
2. fruit juice 果汁。orange juice 橘子汁。lemonade 柠檬汁。3. be used to doing sth. 习惯于。 选项中
一般有 be accustomed to do sth. 或 adapt 替换。used to do 过去常常。选项中一般有 was always 或
not now 表现在不做。听力时注意doing和do的区别来区分两种题型。4. allergy 敏感症。 be allergic to （生
理上的过敏）对什么过敏；不喜欢sensitive （心理上的过敏）敏感的I have sth. allergy. 我对……过敏。
[Test 6-8]A) By car.B) By bus.C) By plane.D) By train.
M: Charles enjoyed his two-week drive through South China.
W: Yes, he said that he saw much more than he would have traveling by bus or train.
Q: How did Charles travel?
总体原则：1、短对话：听到什么不选什么。考的是替换关系。2、段子题：听到什么选什么。
注：1. much adv. 修饰adj. & v.very adv. 修饰adv. & adj. 如：Thank you very much. 和 very good2.
would have traveling 省略结构，省略了seen即would have (seen) traveling
[Test 7-1]A) Librarian and student.B) Customer and repairman.C) Boss and secretary.D) Operator and
caller.
W: How long will it take you to fix my watch?
M: I’ll call you when it’s ready, but it shouldn’t take longer than a week.
Q: What is the probable relationship between the speakers?
注：1. operator 接线员2. 修理fix, repair, mend（真实修理；抽象表达弥补）
修理场景：常修理家电：电视 television，冰箱 fridge，烤箱 oven
[Test 7-8]A) They don’t know how to get to Mike’s home.B) They went to the same party some time
ago.C) They are discussing when to meet again.D) They will go to Mike’s birthday party.
M: Hi! Jane. So glad to see you again.
W: Likewise. I remember the last time we met was five months ago at Mike’s birthday party. How are you
going?
Q: What do we know about the speakers?
打招呼：非正式：Hi! What's going on? What's new? What happens? What's up? = Wassup
正式：How do you do?
道别：非正式：See you (later/ again/ then/ tomorrow).正式：Goodbye for now.
[Test 8-2]A) Having an interview.B) Filling out a form.C) Talking with his friend.D) Asking for information.
M: Let me see. I have printed my family name, first name, date of birth, and address. Anything else?
W: No. That’s all right. We’ll fill in the rest of it if you’ll just sign your name at the bottom.
Q: What has the man been doing?
注：填表格表达方式 fill in/ fill out/ fill up,Nationality（国籍）: Chinese（中国人）
Mandarin（普通话）
[Test 8-5]A) He enjoys reading letters.B) He has been job-hunting.C) He is offering the woman a job.D)
He is working for a company.
W: Hey, Mike, what’s that you’re reading?
M: It’s a letter from a company where I applied for a job. They’ re offering me a job after I graduate.
Q: What do we learn about Mike?
打工场景：1、找到工作高兴（考题不多）。2、失去工作伤心。3、拒绝工作令人奇怪。（-ing表客观；-ed
表主观）
找工作的步骤：1、搜集信工作息，来源如下：classified ad 分类广告help and wanted section 供求关系
版bulletin board 公告板flier 传单2、打电话确认工作是否还available：make a phone call。3、准备工作
简历resume v. 重新开始；n. 个人简历。4、面试interview：需携带证书certificates；需出示身份证明
identification；判断你是否具有qualification；出示推荐信referrence letter。
Test 8-6]A) She lost her way.B) She lost her keys.C) She lost her car.D) She lost her handbag.
M: Think it over carefully, you must have left it somewhere.
W: But the problem is that I have to have it now. I need it to use my car, and when I get home, to open the
door.
Q: What happened to the woman?
注意发音：keys -- kisssheep -- shipsteel/ steal -- still
break up 分手；下课 = let us out下课（meet 上课）make up 重归于好old flame 旧情人date 约会a big
date 玩通宵的约会a blind date 被人介绍的第一次约会（相亲）
stand sb. up 约会爽约，放鸽子注：must 表猜测。
[Test 8-8]A) She is sure who is going to win.B) Now it is a good time to start the game.C) The game has
been going on for a long time.D) The same team always wins.
M: Let’s see if the basketball game has started yet.
W: Started? It must be clear who is winning by now.
Q: What does the woman mean?
语气题：重复反问型：第二个人用不可思议的语气重复第一个人话中的词，认为第一个人的表达的程度不
恰当，然后进一步申述自己的意思。在四级考试中重复的多是形容词，认为程度不够。
例句1：A: It's a bit warm out today.B: Warm? You can fry an egg on the sidewalk.
例句2：A: Mary seems happy with her grades.B: Happy? She could hardly contain herself.
[Test 8-10]A) Looking for a young lady.B) Looking for her wrist watch.C) Looking for a young
gentleman.D) Looking for a man wearing a wrist watch.
W: Excuse me, sir, but have you seen a young gentleman looking for his wrist watch?
M: A young man, Madam?Q: What’s the woman doing?
[Test 9-2]A) She doesn’t need the job.B) She hasn’t got a job yet.C) She has got a good job.D) She is
going to start work soon.
M: Congratulations! I understand you’ve got a job. When will you start to work?
W: You must be thinking of someone else. I’m still waiting to hear the good news.
Q: What does the woman. mean?
工作场景：1、找到工作高兴。2、失去工作伤心。3、拒绝工作令人奇怪。
[Test 9-3]A) She got home before 9 o’clock.B) She had a bad cold.C) She had a car accident.D) She was
delayed.
W: If it hadn’t been snowing so hard, I might have been home by 9 o’clock.
M: It’s too bad you didn’t make it. Jane was here and she wanted to see you.
Q: What happened to the woman?
听力中的虚拟语气：1、与过去相反：might have/ could have/ should have 把后面内容反过来为正确选项。
2、与现在相反：if I were you I would 应理解成 you should。
[Test 2-7]A) He had to work overtime.B) He was held up in traffic.C) His car ran out of gas.D) He had a
traffic accident.
M: If the traffic wasn’t so bad, I could have been home by 6:00.
W: What a pity! John was here to see you.
Q: What happened to the man?
语气词总结：1、糟糕系列:It's too bad. What a pity. Tuff luck. It's (really) tuff. Oh no. Uh uh.Shit.Fuck
4、赞同和否定系列：Yeah. You bet.Uh huh.Nope.
2、吃惊系列:(Oh) Boy!(Oh) Man!Oh my! Oh dear！Oh my God/ Goodness.
Wow！
5、脏话系列：s.o.b. = son of bitch,idiotmoron. Jerkasshole.dummy
3、赞美系列：wonderfulterrific.my favorite,cool,super cool,ultra cool
[Test 9-5]A) A writer.B) A teacher.C) A reporter.D) A student.
W: Good evening, Professor David. My name is Susan Gray. I’ m with the local newspaper. Do you mind
if I ask you a few questions?
M: Not at all. Go ahead, please.
Q: What is Susan Gray?
注1. Do you mind if I...生活中常常省略为Mind if I ...回答相反。2. Not at all. 理解成no
[Test 9-9]A) The man went to Australia during Christmas.
B) The man visited Australia during the summer vacation.
C) The man didn’t have a good time because of the different weather.
D) The man remained home while his parents went to see his uncle.
W: Where were you on Christmas David? I called you several times and nobody was home.
M: My parents and I traveled to Australia to visit my uncle. It was quite an experience to spend Christmas
in summer.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?
节日：Christmas 圣诞节；Valentine's Day 情人节
[Test 9-10]A) To attend a party at a classmate’s home.B) To do homework with her classmate.C) To
attend an evening class.D) To have supper out with her classmate.
M: It’s seven o’clock already. Mary should be home by now.
W: Oh. I forgot to tell you that she called this afternoon and told me she was going to a party at her
classmate’s house and wouldn’t be home until 10.
Q: What did Mary say she was going to do?
健忘表达方式：1. forgetful: He is forgetful.Isn't he forgetfull? （有责备的语气）How forgetful he is! （语
气更强）2. absent minded
表示人内向：Shy.embarrassed.keep to oneself .keep one's mind/ thought to oneself.conscious （stream
of consciousness 意识流）self-conscious 自我意识
[Test 10-2]A) They’re talking about nice children.B) The man has a house for sale.C) The woman lives in
a nice house.D) The man has three children.
W: Hi! I’ m calling about the three-bedroom house you advertised in yesterday’ s paper. It sounds really
nice.
M: It is-especially if you have children.
Q: What do we learn from the conversation?
注：bedroom 卧室living room 起居室，客厅rest room 厕所
住房场景：1、房子难找。2、房子太贵。3、房子太吵。
段子题：词汇（很少考生词含义）题材（抛弃题材，注重结构）抓共性，总结规律
（一）解题步骤Procedure to follow：
1、看选项：找相同的词；找数字
在听题之前先看选项。四个选项纵向看，找相同的词，反复出现的词一定是段子所叙述的对象，确定
文章的论述范围、论述主题。另外如果选项中有数字，迅速记下来，段子题中听到什么数字选什么，原则
上不考数字计算。如P64 Test14的第一个段子。
11. A) She sat back and relaxed.B) She decided to retire.C) She entered university.
D) She worked out a new English program.
12. A) 8 years.B) 20 years.C) 16 years.D) 30 years.
13. A) Bring a great deal of useful experience to the university.B) Improve human relationships in the
university.C) Bring a fear of aging among young students on the campus.D) Improve the reputation of the
university.
14. A) She is learning English and Drama.B) She is learning how to make sound judgments.C) She is
learning how to teach minority students.D) She is leaning to perceive, not to judge.
文章的结构类型：
1、介绍型 introduction：介绍新的概念。说明起源、发展过程、现状、展望未来，对我们的影响和用途（正
负两方面）
。
【听力中常考】
2、讨论型 discussion：根据问题进行讨论，分析原因一、原因二，最后说明如何解决。
3、对比型 comparison：两种观点、流派、理论进行对比，比较两种的优缺点，最后突出自己的观点。2、
听两头：选熟悉的选项。
文章的两头是一篇文章的重点，文章的开头是观点（Idea），即文章的Topic。而中间是细节，是用来支持
观点的论据（examples）。听段子，听结构。文章的开头与结尾要出考题。一般正确选项基本会是原文的
重现（copy）
。所以，最好能作到边听边记。
结尾提示词：（1）有重复词出现。
（2）表结果连词出现：therefore, so, that, as a result 等。
做题原则：听到什么选什么。1、适合边听边看选项：选项短，问的是细节题，问题的顺序与行文顺序一致。
2、集中精力听完文章：选项长，主线题，问的是中心思想。
中间抓小词：极端词（细节题）
每个文章的题材不同，但考题有极大的共性。掌握了考题的共同特点，我们可以以不变应万变。文章可以
听的不是很清楚，但几个重要的词一定要抓住。并在练习的过程中注重培养对这几个词的敏感。我们所要
听的只有五个词：
First, most, because【前三个百分百出考题】, only, just 【后两个常出考题】(but).
这五个词是经典的考点。其中如果First, Most, Because出现一定要出考题。Just与Only也非常重要，
基本会出考题。其实，这一点在阅读中也有非常明显的体现。听到这些词意味着找到了正确选项。
五种逻辑关系：1、并列：and2、转折：but3、让步：though, although, even though, in spite of, despite4、
因果：because5、递进：
用常识猜题：正常思维推理。
听力考试的Section A的短对话是学生生活的场景对话。问其中一人的观点，诸如：What does the
man mean?
或What does the woman imply?不难发现，这样的考题是在问第三人的想法，非常主观。
而相比之下，Section B的段子则截然不同，段子叙述的都是客观的事实。针对事实性的文章，我们应学会
运用常识来推出正确选项。文章开头抓名词，名词概念为文章讨论的对象。如一题中问：What is the topic
of this talk? 选项中找electric car。What is the advantage of the electric car over the traditional gas-fueled
car? 我们不需要对段子听得很清楚就可以轻易地想出答案：没污染！比如：silk。再比如问：如果南极洲
的冰帽融化，将对地球产生什么影响？What will happen if the ice cap of Antarctica melts? 我们立即会想
到海平面会上升！所以，听段子时，我们需要客观冷静。有时，要跳出原文来客观地审视考题。
（二）段子题的分类及对策
1、主观题又称态度题（Attitude）问Speaker对所叙述的对象的态度，或褒或贬。典型的问题类似：What is
the speaker’s impression of…?; What is the speaker’s attitude to/ toward…? 段子题中一般是褒的态度。
考题特点：选项出现四个形容词。
解题方向：Speaker的态度反映在文中的形容词或副词。注重fortunately, luckily, unfortunately这样的具感
情色彩的词。但凡听力中的段子，Speaker对于谈论的对象，不论是人物还是事物，都可能有双向评论。
但在CET听力中，如果未能听出态度方向。只要选正态度就可以了！因为反驳的文章要比介绍性的文章复
杂的多。典型的段子往往会说一个人对人类社会，或对某一团体有着伟大的贡献。或叙述某个组织，某个
机构有创新性的，划时代意义的活动。
Questions 15 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
15.
A) Watching traditional plays.B) Visiting the magnificent libraries.C) Boating on the river.D) Cycling
in narrow streets.
16.
A) There are many visitors there.B) There are many students there.C) There are many old streets
there.D) There are many bicycles there.
17.
A) He thinks the city is too crowded.B) He likes the place very much.C) He thinks the streets are too
narrow.D) He admires the comfortable life of the students there
Script Cambridge is about 90 kilometers northeast of London. It is one of the most beautiful places in
Britain. Everything about the city of Cambridge reminds you of its famous university: students on bicycles,
the atmosphere of learning, traditions and the magnificent buildings of the 30 colleges that are in the
University of Cambridge. Most of the colleges stand on the bank of the Cam River the gentle river that
flows through the heart of the city. Tourists and students like boating in a kind of flatbottom boat to see
the colleges or to relax themselves. If the water traffic reminds the visitor of Venice, the road traffic is
more likely to recall Beijing or Amsterdam. The streets are full of bicycles, hundreds and hundreds of
them. They provide a cheap form of transport for the students and very conveniently of getting around the
Cambridge’ s nearer streets.
Questions 15 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
15. What do tourists enjoy doing in Cambridge for relaxation?
16. Why did the road traffic in Cambridge remind one of Beijing?
17. What is the speaker’s impression of Cambridge? 主观题
2、客观题比如数字题。问及时间，多少，年代。问：When; How many...; How much? 在Section A中的
数字题的对策是听到什么不选取什么，即把听到的数字在选项中要排除掉，因为Section A这部分要考察对
数字的进一步运算能力。你听到的一定是原始数据，而不是最终结果（正确选项）。但是，在Section B的
段子中，对策完全要反过来。即听到哪个数字就要选那个数字。段子中的数字不考运算。
考题特点：比较明显。选项都有数字（或年代，或时间等）
。
解题对策：听题前第一步看选项时，如果看到数字题，把笔入在此题处，随时准备记录。听到什么，选什
么。如有两个数字出现。先都记下来。在听问题时再进一步排除。
Questions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14.
A) The prison gates are always open.B) Its prisoner can work outside.C) The prison has no armed
guards.D) The prison is open to the public.
15.
A) The prisoners are provided with jobs on release.B) Its prisoners are seldom made to work
overtime.C) It is run on the principle of trusting prisoners.D) It has no security measures.
16.
A) One year.B) Two years.C) Thirteen years.D) Fourteen years.
17.
A) Doubtful.B) Positive.C) Critical.D) Indifferent.（永远不是正确选项）
Script In the high mountain country outside the city of Toluker, there stands a prison. This prison is quite
different from other prisons in the world. The guards, except for two at the main gate, are not armed.
There are many remarkable things about Toluker prison. For example, of the 15, 000 individuals who
have been in prison at Toluker, less than two percent have got into trouble again with, the law. Men in the
open prison are free to find work on the outside but must go back to prison each night. On weekends they
are allowed to go home. When most other prisons are still sending criminals back into society, Toluker is
returning people who stand on their own feet and contribute to society. In 1974, a prisoner called Barb
Crook moved to the open prison. A year later, he left Toluker for the last time. He was then nearly
forty-six and had been in prison for fourteen years. He got a job as construction worker in the city,
remarried and was regarded as a useful person of his community. If you ask Bob why Toluker works, he
would say “Because they believed in me when I was at my worst.”
Questions 14 to 17 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. Why is Toluker prison called an open prison? 考开头
15. What is the essential characteristic of Toluker prison? 考结尾“Because”
16. How long did Barb Crook stay in the Toluker prison? 客观数字题
17. What is the speaker’s attitude toward this type of prison? 态度方向题
注：work 起作用。同义词 help；do some good；do any good。
Country Roads, take me home ,To the place I belong,West Virginia, mountain momma,Take me home,
country roads
抓客观题（数字题）体会文章两头（主线题）抓小词（细节题）
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18.
A) He lost consciousness.B) He was slightly wounded.C) He was seriously injured.D) He was
buried under an icebox.
19.
A) About four days.B) Around eight days.C) A day and a half.D) More than six days.
20.
A) His father pulled him out in time.B) He stayed in an icebox.C) He left the area before the
earthquake.D) Their house escaped the earthquake.
Script.A six-year-old boy has been found alive after spending four days and five nights in an
icebox that was buried under tons of ruins in Thursday’s big earthquake.
The boy, Tom, was found early yesterday in the village of Sem as rescuers were working to pull his
father out of the ruins of their home.
Hearing a faint cry of “Get me out, get me out”, rescuers dug down another 1.5 meters and found
the boy in the icebox. He was pronounced in a good condition, suffering only four or five slight wounds.
Tom’s eight brothers and sisters died in the earthquake, which officials say may have killed as
many as 50,000 people.
By Sunday foreign doctors were leaving the earthquake areas as hope had faded of finding any
more survivors.
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18. What happened to the boy in the earthquake?
19. How many days had passed before the boy was rescued?
20. How did the boy survive the big earthquake?
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18.
A) He lost consciousness.B) He was slightly wounded.C) He was seriously injured.D) He was
buried under an icebox.
19.
A) About four days.B) Around eight days.C) A day and a half.D) More than six days.
20.
A) His father pulled him out in time.B) He stayed in an icebox.C) He left the area before the
earthquake.D) Their house escaped the earthquake.
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.
11.
A) The crust.B) The ground.C) The plate.D) The boundary.
12.
A) TwoB) Seventy.C) Seven.D) Twelve.
3.
A) The east coast of North America.B) The west coast of North America.C) The middle of the Atlantic
Ocean.D) The middle of the Pacific Ocean.
Script.The earth is composed of several layers. The top layer of the earth is called the earth’ s crust. The
earth’ s crust is divided into seven sections. These sections are called plates.
When two plates push against each other, or when two plates rub against each other, an
earthquake will occur. An earthquake causes the ground above the plate to shake. The shaking is
caused by the motion of two plates.
Earthquakes are likely to happen at the boundaries of the earth’s plates. Each of these plates is
about 70 kilometers thick. Let’s take a look at the general boundaries of one of these seven major plates.
Take the North American plate for an example. The left boundary of this plate is the west coast of
North America and the east boundary of this plate is through the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. That is,
this plate extends from the west coast of North America to the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.
Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.
11. What is the top layer of the earth called?
12. How many major sections is the earth’s crust divided into?
13. Which of the following is the left boundary of the North American plate?
注：product 工业产品（人工产物）produce 农产品（天然产物）
地球学说：板块学说、大陆漂移说
段子题题型：1、主观态度题（找积极态度，正面评价）2、客观题（数字题，听到什么选什么）3、宏观
题（中心思想题）4、细节题（注意中间的提示词）
3、宏观题
宏观题考察文章的整体思想把握，即中心思想题（Main idea/ Topic题）
。一篇文章的首尾是这篇文章的灵
魂，体现Speaker的观点。
考题特点：What is the passage mainly about? What is the passage talking about? What is the main idea
of this talk? 等。
解题对策：对于中心思想题。我们可以从三方面来把握。
一、从选项入手。选项中出现的多次重复的词一定是中心词（Key word），正确的main idea选项应该包括，
围绕这个中心词来叙述。二、从段子入手，要特别注意文章的两头。尤其是文章的开始两个句子最重要。
开头一定出考题！具体需要听的是文章开头的名词。选答案时要优先选含有该名词的选项。三、从段子后
面的问题入手。这样也可以提供中心词的线索。大多数的考题都问及的词一定就是此段的中心词。
线索词：
（1）段子开头的名词（2）文章中间的高频词（3）选项中有如下小词出现：development；evolution；
formation；new；effect；and。
4、细节题：first；most；because；just；only
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14.
A) They want to attract attention.B) It is fashionable to wear such clothes.C) They appear
respectable in such clothes.D) Riding a motorcycle makes one dirty.
15.
A) It is efficient.B) It is exciting.C) It is convenientD) It is dangerous.
16.
A) If he always wears protective clothing.B) If he can see everything around him clearly.C) If he is
very careful.D) If he has a lot of defenders.
Script.Nowadays motorcycling is fast becoming one of America’ s most popular sports. However, there
are several things about motorcycling that the average citizen dislikes. Motorcyclists frequently look
dirty; in fact, they are dirty. On the road there is little to protect them from mud, insects, and bird
droppings. For practical reasons they often dress in old clothing which looks much less respectable than
the clothing of people who ride in cars. For the same reason motorcyclists usually wear dark colors.
Of course the danger of motorcycling also helps account for many people’ s low opinion of the
sport. Its defenders, however, claim that careful cyclists are in less danger than is commonly believed.
A cyclist must drive as if no one else on the road chase him. He must pay careful attention to his driving.
From that point of view, a man on a motorcycle is safer than a man in a car.Questions 14 to 16 are
based on the passage you have just heard.
14. Why do motorcyclists often dress in old and dark clothing? 选项涉及中心词
15. What is the average citizen’s opinion about motorcycling?
16. How can a motorcyclist be safer than a car driver?
注：1. bird droppings 鸟粪2. account for 解释；占多大比例
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18.
A) It’s good for training one’s character but not good for one’s health.
B) It cannot prepare pupils to be good citizens.
C) It has less effect on a child’s character than sports and games.
D) It’s as important as after-class activities.
19.
A) Because pupils there have to spend most of the time studying.
B) Because the school authorities insist on traditional ways of teaching.
C) Because the school authorities have neglected discipline.
D) Because pupils there are too fond of playing.
20.
A) Practical work.B) Collective activities.C) Teacher’s encouragement.D) Book knowledge.
2002年1月Section B.Passage One (Q11-13)
11. A) Because the bird couldn't repeat his master's name. B) Because the bird screamed all day long.C)
Because the bird uttered the wrong word.D) Because the bird failed to say the name of town.
12. A) The cruel master. B) The man in the kitchen.C) The pet bird.D) The fourth chicken.
13. A) The bird had finally understood his threat.B) The bird managed to escape from the chicken house.
C) The bird had learned to scream back to him.D) The bird was living peacefully with the chickens.
Script.Sports and games are very useful for character training. In their lessons at school, boys and girls
may learn about such virtues as unselfishness, courage, discipline and love of one’ s country. But what is
learned in books cannot have the same deep effect on a child’ s character as what is learned by
experience. As most of the pupils’ time is spent in classes studying lessons, the ordinary day school can’
t give much practical training for their lives in the future. So it is what the pupils do in the spare time that
really prepares them to take their places in society as citizens when they grow up. If each of them learns
to work for his team, and not for himself on the football field, he will later find it natural to work for the
good of his country instead of only for his own benefit.
Questions 18 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
18. What is the speaker’s opinion about learning from books?
19. Why isn’t ordinary day school unable to give pupils much training for their future lives?
20. What can help to develop the child’s love of his country according to the speaker?
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17.
A) For protection against other animals.B) For protection against other dogs.C) Just for fun.D) For
the purpose of guarding the house.
18.
A) Because they did not eat other animals.B) Because they were useful for protection.C) Because
they were good hunters.D) Because they always obeyed their masters.
19.
A) For companionship.B) For amusement.C) For protection against robbery.D) For hunting.
20.
A) The city can be a lonely place.B) Life in the West can be very dangerous.C) People in the West
are fond of animals.D) The dog is a useful and friendly animal.
Script.When you take a walk in any of the cities in the West, you often see a lot of people walking dogs. It
is still true that a dog is the most useful and faithful animal in the world, but the reasons why people keep
a dog have changed. In the old days people used to train dogs to protect themselves against attacks by
other beasts. And later they came to realize that a dog was not only useful for protection but willing to
obey his master. For example, when people used dogs for hunting, the dogs would not eat what was
caught without permission. But now people in the city need not protect themselves against attacks of
animals. Why do they keep dogs, then? Some people keep dogs to protect themselves from robbery. But
the most important reason is for companionship. For a child, a dog is his best friend when he has no
friends to play with. For young couples, a dog is their child when they have no children. For old couples, a
dog is also their child when their real children have grown up. So the main reason why people keep dogs
has changed from protection to friendship.
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17. According to the passage, what were dogs trained for in the past?
18. Why were dogs used for hunting?
19. What is the most important reason for people in the city to keep dogs now?
20. What is the main idea of this passage?
细节题：注意极端词first, most, just, only, because.
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14.
A) They are the most attractive women in Britain.B) They are the most popular film stars.C) They
are the first women news announcers on British television.D) They appear almost every night in TV
plays.
15.
A) At 10 in the evening.B) At 9 in the evening.C) At 9 in the morningD) At 10 in the morning.
16.
A) People still talk a lot about it.B) Fewer people watched Susan’s programme from then on.C)
Anna’s photographs appeared frequently in newspapers.D) The number of viewers of her programme
that day increased by millions
Script.The two most famous faces in Britain today belong to two women who appear on television almost
every night. If you open any popular magazine or newspaper you’ll almost certainly see an article about
one of them, with lots of photographs. Their names are Susan Rippon and Anna Ford. Susan reads the 9
o’ clock news on BBC Television, and Anna reads the 10 o’ clock news on Independent Television.
Most news announcers on British television are men, and when Susan began her job at the BBC
three years ago, she was the first woman news announcer. Newspapers and magazines started to take
an interest in her and reporters started to write about her. Last year, Independent Television also decided
to have a woman news announcer and they chose Anna Ford. Newspapers and magazines showed a
great interest in her, too.
When Anna read the news for the first time on the 10 o’clock programme, millions of people who
don’ t normally watch the programme decided to watch it that night, to see Anna Ford.
Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.
14. Why are Susan Rippon and Anna Ford very well-known in Britain?
15. When does Anna read the news on TV?
16. How do we know that Anna’s first appearance on TV was also a big attraction?
选项短边听边看选项。
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17.
A) It is completely flat.B) It has few rivers.C) It has many large lakes.D) It is hilly.
18.
A) The soil has been overworked.B) The climate is cold.C) The weather is too dry.D) It is hilly.
19.
A) By raising cattle.B) By working on farms.C) By working in factories.D) By raising sheep.
20.
A) At schoolB) From their parents.C) From books.D) In factories.
Script.New England is an area of mountains, valleys, and rivers. It is said that in New England one is
always climbing hills. A large part of New England is also made up of farms and farming lands. Yet New
England is not really a farming area. The farms are small. Generally they are only large enough to
support one family. It also happens that the soil of New England is not good. This soil has been worked
and planted for so many years that it has lost its value.
Most New Englanders today work in factories or small businesses. In these factories they make
watches and clocks, shoes, clothing, special tools for industry, leather goods, etc. New England workmen
are famous for their skill in making many of these things. This skill is often passed down in families from
father to son.
Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.
17. What is the main feature of New England?
18. Why is New England not good for farming?
19. How do most people in New England make a living?
20. Where do New Englanders learn many of their skills?
题型总结：1、but 题型2、场景题（线索词）3、主观题（找积极态度，正面评价）4、客观题（数字题，
听到什么选什么）5、宏观题（中心思想题）6、细节题（注意中间的提示词）7、替换题
替换题paraphrase：1、词组与词的替换（一般题干中出现词组；选项中出现词）
。
比如：call off = cancel.behind schedule = late, delay2、词与词替换（同义词或者反义词替换）比如：
interesting = stimulating, fascinating, not boring
[Test 1-2]A) The teacher reviewed a previous lesson.B) The teacher taught a new lesson.C) The
teacher postponed the class until Friday.D) The teacher made the students write in class.
W: What did you do in class today?
M: The teacher went over last Friday’ s lesson.
Q: What did the teacher do?注：go over = review
[Test 1-7]A) He is often late for meals.B) He is expecting a letter from abroad.C) He wrote to his family
last month.D) He is anxious to go back home.
M: I haven’ t heard from my family since last month.
W: Don’ t worry, Bill. Overseas mail is often slow.
Q: What can we learn about the man from the conversation?
注：1. overseas = abroad2. hear from sb. 收到某人来信write to sb./ correspond with sb. 给某人写信
[Test 1-10]A) The train is crowded.B) The train is late.C) The train is on time.D) The train is out of order.
W: Excuse me. Do you know when the train will arrive?
M: I’ m sorry. The train is behind schedule. You have to wait another twenty minutes.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?
注：1. out of order 顺序乱了；坏了（break down）2. behind schedule = late
[Test 2-2]A) He enjoys writing home every week.B) He never fails to write a weekly letter home.C) He
doesn’t write home once a week now.D) He has been asked to write home every week.
W: How often did you write home?
M: I used to write home once a week.
Q: What do you understand from the man’s answer?
注：be used to doing sth. = be accustomed to do sth./ adapt 习惯used to = was always/ not now 过去常
常
[Test 2-10]A) She got up later than usual.B) The bus was late.C) She forgot she had classes.D) Her
clock was slow.
M: Nancy, why were you late today?
W: I overslept and missed the bus.
Q: Why was Nancy late?注：oversleep = get up later
回顾缺课原因：1、生病get ill2、睡过了头oversleep3、交通问题traffic
[Test 3-1]A) She paid $40.00 for the coat.B) Her husband presented it to her as a gift.C) She bought the
coat on her fortieth birthday.D) Her friend sent it to her as a birthday gift.
M: That’s a lovely coat you’re wearing.
W: Oh, thank you. My husband gave it to me for my fortieth birthday.
Q: What did the woman say about the coat?
注：1. give = present或者换人称后用receive from2. husband 口语中常说hubby
[Test 3-6]A) The woman goes to school during the day and works at night.B) The woman has to work to
support herself.C) The woman’s classes are not difficult.D) The woman studies at night.
M: How do you manage to work and to go to school at the same time?
W: My classes are at night and I work during the day.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?
注：classes对应study；work 对应job
[Test 3-8]A) Tom survived the accident.B) Tom was killed in the accident.C) Someone saved Tom’s
life.D) It did little damage to Tom’s car.
W: It’s surprising that Tom came out of the accident alive.
M: That’ s true. The car crashed into the wall and was completely damaged.
Q: What was the consequence of the accident?注：surive与alive替换。
[Test 3-9]A) The train is crowded.B) The train is late.C) The train is empty.D) The train is on time.
W: I’ m sorry, sir. The train is somewhat behind schedule. Take a seat, and I’ll tell you as soon as we
know something definite.
M: Thank you. I’ll just sit here and read a magazine in the meantime.
Q: What can we conclude about the train from the conversation?
注：behind schedule = late
[Test 6-3]A) The doctor won’t see her tomorrow.B) The doctor is busy tomorrow.C) The doctor is busy all
day today.D) The doctor will see her today.
W: When can the doctor see me?
M: He won’t be free until tomorrow?
Q: What does the man mean?注：free 空闲的（反面替换busy）；免费的（反面替换pay）
态度方向题、建议题（考得较少）.态度方向（Yes or No）题型
选项中一般有两个相反选项。短对话中第一个人提出一个观点或一个一般疑问句，第二个人的回答Yes or
No，后面再进一步解释原因。
表示“Yes”“赞同”的一组词：And...；I'll say；You said it.；You can say that again.；and how；isn't it,
though；aren't they, though；You bet.；Of course；Certainly；Indeed；Sure.
[Test1-4]A) She agrees to lend him the car.B) She offers him the car.C) She refuses to lend him the
car.D) She is pleased to lend him the car.
M: Can I use your new car, Auntie?
W: Yes, of course, if you drive it carefully.
Q: What’s the aunt’s answer?
[Test 2-4]A) The teacher postponed the meeting.B) There won’t be a test this afternoon.C) The students
will be attending the meeting.D) The students will take an English test this afternoon.
W: Shall we have an English test this afternoon?
M: It is postponed because the teacher has to attend a meeting.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?注：postpone = put off
[Test 2-5]A) On the whole, she liked the film.B) She didn’t see the film.C) The film was very exciting.D)
The film wasn’t as good as she’d expected.
M: Did you like the film?
W: Not particularly. I was rather disappointed. I’d expected it to be much more exciting.
Q: What can we learn from this conversation?注：film 胶卷；电影
对电影（movie）的评价一般是负面的。比如：It's a waste of time. It's a waste of money. It isn't worth the
price of admission. It got an awful review.对音乐会（concert）的评价都是正面的。
[Test 3-4]A) The man went to the concert, but the woman didn’t.B) The woman went to the concert, but
the man didn’t.C) The speakers did not go to the concert.D) Both speakers went to the concert.
M: You didn’ t go to the concert last night either, did you?
W: No. I had a slight headache.
Q: What do we learn from this conversation?
表示“No”的一组词：Are you kidding/ joking/ serious?；No kidding/ joking.；Who told you that?；
Says who? Says you.
[Test 4-7]A) Near the station.B) In the countryside.C) In the city.D) Near her work place.
M: If I were you I’ d live in the city instead of going to work by train.
W: But the country is so beautiful in spring and fall.
Q: Where does the woman prefer to live?
注：1. If I were you... = You should...2. fall 秋天3. But 开头表示否定。
[Test 5-2]A) He left his notes at home.B) He doesn’t know where his notes are.C) He doesn’t want to
lend his notes to the woman.D) He agrees to lend her his notes.
W: Do you mind if I borrow your notes?
M: No, of course not. They are on my desk.
Q: What does the man mean?注：mind的回答相反。
[Test 5-5]A) In New York.B) In Boston.C) In Newport.D) In Washington.
W: Do you enjoy life in Washington?
M: Yes, indeed. I’m planning to move to New York or Boston. Anyway, I’ve never regretted my earlier
decision.
Q: Where does the man live now?
[Test 5-9]A) The man didn’t want the woman to have her hair cut.B) The woman followed the man’s
advice.C) The woman is wearing long hair now.D) The man didn’t care if the woman had her hair cut or
not.
W: I wish my hair was longer.
M: Yes, pity you had it cut. If only you’d listened to me.
Q: What can we learn from the dialogue?
注：If only 后是虚拟语气，表示非常强烈的主观愿望。译为：如果是那样该多好。
比如：If only he didn't smoke./ If he only didn't smoke.If only he postponed the exam.
理发场景线索词：trim 修剪bang 刘海parting 头发分缝 I want to parting to the left.back 背头 I want to
all back.pigtail 辫子ponytail 马尾辫ripple 小波浪
建议题型suggestion第一个人有麻烦时，第二个人提出一个建议，或者安慰第一个人。
表示建议：You should/You ought to (oughta)/Shouldn't you比you should 语气强烈的多/Why not/How
about/What about/If I were you I would/had better/Let/
[Test 1-1]A) He lent her his extra pen.B) He was afraid of losing his pen.C) He offered her a pencil.D) He
said he didn’t have any extra ink.
W: Could you lend me a pen? Mine has just run out of ink.
M: I’m afraid I don’ t have an extra one. Would a pencil do?
Q: How did the man respond to the woman’s request?
注：do some good/ do any good/ help/ work 其作用，有帮助
[Test 3-2]A) To keep his old car and get a new one.B) To leave it in the garage to be repaired.C) To sell
his car for a new one.D) To get his car repaired late.
W: You’re back late. I was worried. How’s the car? What did you find out about it?
M: The mechanic said that the best thing would be to sell it and get a new car. This car is totally dead.
Q: What will the man probably do with his car?
注：1. 生活态度：东西坏了，扔了，买个新的。2. mechanic 修理工
[Test 5-4]A) Check the timetable.B) Go to the railway station earlier.C) Travel on a later train.D) Cancel
the trip earlier.
W: I’m afraid we are going to miss the 3 o’clock train.
M: Don’ t worry. We can get our tickets changed for this evening.
Q: What does the man suggest they should do?注：timetable 时间表 schedule, hours
[Test 6-1]A) Go out to work.B) Listen carefully to John.C) Be calm and patient.D) Do the easiest thing.
W: I’m really angry at John. He never listens to me.
M: Take it easy, Alen. Things will work out.
Q: What does the man advise Alen to do?注：work out 解决问题
短对话混合题.Test 1.Part ⅠListening Comprehension
Section .Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of
each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation
and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause.
During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide
which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding le tter on the Answer Sheet with a
single line through the centre.
Example: You will hear:You will read: A) At the office. B) In the waiting room.C) At the airport.
D) In
a restaurant.
From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they had to finish in the
evening.This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore, A) "At the office" is the best
answer. You should choose［A］on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the centre.
1. A) Skating.B) Boating and swimmingC) Swimming.D) Boating and skating.
2. A) Put her report on his desk.B) Read some papers he recommended.C) Mail her report to the
publisher.D) Improve some parts of her paper.
3. A) She loves doing anything that is new.B) She wants to save money.C) She takes it as a kind of
exercise.D) Her office isn’t very far.
4. A) A shop assistant.B) A telephone operator.C) A clerkD) A waitress.
5. A) A postal clerk.B) A taxi driver.C) A bus conductor.D) A railway porter.
6. A) Most people killed in traffic accidents are heavy drinkers.B) People should pay more attention to the
danger of drunk driving.C) Drunk drivers are not guilty.D) She does not agree with the man.
7. A) $ 8.60.B) $ 6.40.C) $ 4.30. D) $ 1.40.
8. A) Collect papers for the man.B) Check the paper for typing errors.C) Do the typing once again.D)
Read the whole newspaper.
9. A) The woman does not want to go to the movies.B) The man is too tired to go to the movies.C) The
woman wants to go to the movies.D) The man wants to go out for dinner.
10. A) On foot.B) By bike.C) By taxi.D) By bus.答案：CDCDA BCBAD
1. A) Skating.B) Boating and swimmingC) Swimming.D) Boating and skating.
场景题M: Boating and skating are my favorite sports.
W: I like swimming but not boating or skating.
Q: Which sport does the woman like?
2. A) Put her report on his desk.B) Read some papers he recommended.C) Mail her report to the
publisher.D) Improve some parts of her paper.
But题型；替换题W: Have you finished reading my research report? I put it on your desk last week.
M: Yes, but you have to revise some parts of it, I’m afraid, if you want to get it published.
Q: What does the man suggest that the woman should do?
3. A) She loves doing anything that is new.B) She wants to save money.C) She takes it as a kind of
exercise.D) Her office isn’t very far.
场景题M: Hi, Susan. I hear that you walk all the way to the office these days.
W: Yes. I have found great pleasure in walking. That’ s the type of exercise I enjoy very much.
Q: Why does the woman walk all the way to the office?
锻炼身体/减肥：keep fit 保持健康loose weight/ take off weight 减肥put on weight/ gain weight 发福4. A)
A shop assistant.B) A telephone operator.C) A clerkD) A waitress.
场景题M: How about the food I ordered? I’ve been waiting for twenty minutes already.
W: Very sorry, sir. I’ll be back with your order in a minute.Q: What’s the woman’s job?
5. A) A postal clerk.B) A taxi driver.C) A bus conductor.D) A railway porter.
场景题W: Excuse me, sir. I’m going to send this parcel to London. What’s the postage for it?
M: Let me see. It’s one pound and fifty.
Q: Who is the woman most probably speaking to?
6. A) Most people killed in traffic accidents are heavy drinkers.B) People should pay more attention to the
danger of drunk driving.C) Drunk drivers are not guilty.D) She does not agree with the man.
替换题M: I think it’s high time we turned our attention to the danger of drunk driving now.
W: I can’ t agree with you better. You see, countless innocent people are killed by drunk drivers each
year.
Q: What does the woman mean?
注：It's high time... 早就应该这么做了（表达强烈主观愿望，选项中找should）It's time...It's right time...It's
about time...It's just time...
7. A) $ 8.60.B) $ 6.40.C) $ 4.30. D) $ 1.40.
数字题W: Here’s a ten-dollar bill. Give me two tickets for tonight’s show, please.M: Sure. Two tickets and
here’ s a dollar forty cents change.Q: How much does one ticket cost?
8. A) Collect papers for the man.B) Check the paper for typing errors.C) Do the typing once again.D)
Read the whole newspaper.
建议题M: Are you sure you’ ye corrected all the typing errors in this paper?
W: Perhaps I’ d better read it through again.
Q: What’s the woman going to do?
9. A) The woman does not want to go to the movies.B) The man is too tired to go to the movies.C) The
woman wants to go to the movies.D) The man wants to go out for dinner.
But题型M: Mary, would you like to go to the movies with me after dinner?
W: Well, I’ll go if you really want me to, but I’m rather tired.
Q: What can we conclude from this conversation?
10. A) On foot.B) By bike.C) By taxi.D) By bus.But题型
M: If I were you, I’d ride a bike to work. Taking a crowded bus during rush hours is really terrible.W:
Thank you for your advice, but my bike has got a flat tire.
Q: How would the woman most probably get to work?
沙云龙校长讲话：优秀是一种习惯。心理素质好最重要。幸福是一种理解，不是一种存在。自信
复合式听写In police work, you can never predict the next crime or problem. No working day is identical to
any other, so there is no “ (S1) _________” day for a police officer. Some days are (S2) _________ slow,
and the job is (S3) _________; other days are so busy that there is no time to eat. I think I can (S4)
_________ police work in one word: (S5) _________. Sometimes it’s dangerous. One day, for example, I
was working undercover; that is, I was on the job, but I was wearing (S6) _________ clothes, not my
police (S7) _________. I was trying to catch some robbers who were stealing money from people as they
walked down the street. Suddenly, (S8) ___________________________. Another policeman arrived,
and together, we arrested three of the men; but the other four ran away. Another day, I helped a woman
who was going to have a baby. (S9) _________________________. I put her in my police car to get her
there faster. I thought she was going to have the baby right there in my car. But fortunately, (10)
________________________________________.
答案：S1. typical
S2. relatively
S3. boring
S4. describe
S5. variety
S6. normal
S7.
uniform S8. seven bad men jumped out at me; one of them had a knife, and we got into a fight. S9. She
was trying to get to the hospital, but there was a bad traffic jam. S10. the baby waited to “arrive” until we
got to the hospital.
如何简化：S8. seven bad men jumped out at/ came to me and we got into a/ began a fight
S9. She was trying to get to/ going to the hospital, but there was a traffic jam.S9. the baby arrived in the
hospital
听写练习：Test 7 Passage 3 Dry ice.Test 3 Passage 2 T-shirt
2002年1月四级考试听力考题
SectionA1.A)She has to post a letter instead.B)She has to turn down the man’s request.(C)She’s not
sure if the computer is fixed. D)She can’t send the message right now.
2. (A) He didn’t get the book he needed. (B) He had no idea where the book was. (C) The library is closed
on weekends. (D) He was not allowed to check out the book.
3. (A) Play a tape recorder.
(B) Take a picture.
4. (A) The woman rejected the man’s apology.
man had forgotten the whole thing.
(C) Repair a typewriter. (D) Start a car.
(B) The woman appreciated the man’s offer.(C) The
(D) The man had hurt the woman’s feeling.
5. (A) The woman is meeting the man at the airport.(B) They are complaining about the poor airport
service.(C) They are discussing their plan for Christmas.(D) The man is seeing the woman off.
6. (A) She plans to go to graduate school.(B) She will drop out of school.(C) She will stop working and
concentrate on her studies.(D) He will take a part-time job.
7.
(A) He needs another job as research assistant.(B) He asked Professor Williams for assistance.(C)
He assists Professor Working and concentrate on her studies.(D) He will take a part-time job.
8.
(A) She thought there were no tickets left for the show.(B) She thought the seats on the left side were
fully occupied.(C) The show was planned a long time ago.(D) The audiences were deeply impressed by
the show.
9.
(A) Mr. Long’s briefing was unnecessarily long.(B) The woman should have been more attentive.(C)
Mr. Long’s briefing was not relevant to the mission.(D) The woman needn’t have attended the briefing.
10.
(A) In a bank.
(B) In a school.
(C) In a clothing store.
(D) In a barbershop
阅读
按照内容分为两类：一、文科文章—两点注意：1.文章态度 2.抓住文章主题1）把握主题后不会偏差理解2）
与主题相关的选项为优选选项二、理科文章1.试验型（Study\Experiment\Research\Test）2.科技成果型（e.g.
Artificial Heart）3.现象解释型
按照体裁分为三类：一、 说明文1.抓住说明对象2.重要数据事实二、议论文属于文科类文章三、记叙文
阅读中难点句型：一、
多重复合句----关键抓住主句主干成分二、
多重并列句----两个主句并列在一
起，而非主句从句嵌套在一起三、 强调句----被强调部分为主语、宾语、状语 It is that…四、 被动句---基本结构 A is done by B五、
倒装句----否定词 hardly, rarely, seldom, never, not until, not only 引起句
子倒装六,省略句----e.g. He is a good man, so am I.
建议采用的阅读方法：一、 扫描题干，大致了解题目类型及分布，将其中细节题题干关键词划出。二、 速
读原文，遇到题干关键词或其同义词时做适当标记；关注考试原则句。考试原则句：重要句（各段首句，
文章末句，结论、解释句）
，转折句，条件句，因果关系句，复合句等难句（多重复合、多重并列、强调句、
倒装句）
，时间，数字，人名，比较。三、 定位答案，正确选项为文章对应语句的同义改写。
题型攻略：一、主题题 (main idea/ mainly/ mainly discuss/mainly concerned/ central/ primary)两种变体：
1.写作目的题型 purpose of writing2.文章标题题型 the best title
做题方法：1.找主题句2.找主体词（通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会在第一段出现，且带有概括性的
词语）二、细节题.类型：1.对错题2.例证题 3.一般细节题’做题方法：准确定位三、词汇题.类型：1.指代题
2. 词 义 题 . 做 题 方 法 ： 1. 根 据 上 下 文 关 系
2. 构 词 法 （ 词 根 词 缀 ）
st （ 位 置 不
变 ） :stay--stand--stationary--street--star--statue—status.pose （ 放 置 ） :position-expose (ex 向 外 :
exit-export)propose (pro向前) suppose (sup/sub在下面: subway--submarine) depose (de否定) deposit
(de向下) interpose (inter: internet, international)
背单词方法1. 词根词缀2. 阅读记忆3. 联想记忆如：handsome（其中：h很，s帅，m嘛→英俊的）morose
（mo没有，rose玫瑰→郁闷的）ancillary（an + cillary希拉里→辅助的）
四、推理题 (infer-imply-suggest-indicate-conclude)正确答案特点：文章对应内容的同义改写
五、作者态度题 (attitude-be seen as)做题方法：1.找作者直接评价语句 2.找表达感情色彩的形容词、动
词、副词
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studiesB) for military purposesC) for business considerationsD) for investigating the
depths of the oceans
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American NavyB) some early intercontinental travellersC) those who earned a living from the seaD)
the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceansB) to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC) to
estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD) to measure the depths of two oceans
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) 'doubted'B) 'gave proof to'C) 'challenged'D) 'agreed to'
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A) the beginnings of oceanographyB) the laying of the first undersea cableC) the investigation of ocean
depthsD) the early intercontinental communications
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Oceanography has been defined as 'The application of all sciences to the study of the sea'.注：
1.Oceanography 由 Ocean (海洋) 和 graphy (学科)组成，意为“海洋学”2.application 表示“申请”用介词
for,表示“应用”用介词to3.第一句给某个东西下定义，称为篇章定义，必为文章主题
Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly
Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant (不愿意) to go to
sea to further his work.
注：1.第二段：在十九世纪之前，对海洋感兴趣的科学家很少，可以推断本文根据时间顺序来描述海洋学
发展的过程2.further 跟在 to 后面是个动词，表示“推进”
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or
others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone
to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the
oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph
cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of
the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
注：1. remote 遥远的2. and with...多重复合句3. intercontinental 洲际的 （Inter 在之间，continent 大洲）
4. let alone 更不用说……5. first time 由不感兴趣转折到感兴趣 ，谓语是 was6. 第二句that引导同位语从
句，when引导表语从句，整句意思为“当有人基于商业目的建议在美国和欧洲之间铺设电报电缆的时候，
人们才提出问题：海底是什么？”7.route 路线 router 路由器
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information
on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which
soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later,
some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
注：1. it was ...that...强调句型2. turn to sb. for sth. 向某人请教某事3. 出现问题中划线词：Maury,1840s3.
investigate 调查， 测量
The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the
early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living
growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of
the sea.
注：1.not until 引导的句子要倒装2.living growth 生物3.a fact 作同位语4.contemporary 当代的5.defy 前
后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) 'doubted'B) 'gave proof to'C) 'challenged'D) 'agreed to'注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段
Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition (考
察), which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification
and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being
published in 1895.
注：oceanography 最末一段与第一段首句都出现 oceanagraphy, 回环结构。
21. The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _________.
A) for oceanographic studiesB) for military purposesC) for business considerationsD) for investigating the
depths of the oceans
注：推理题。定位第三段,倒数第三行。选项 D 的内容出现在第四段，为窜段选项
For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or
others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone
to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question 'What is at the bottom of the
oceans?' had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph
cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers had to know the depth profile (起伏形状) of
the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured.
22. It was ________ that asked Maury for help in oceanographic studies.
A) the American NavyB) some early intercontinental travellersC) those who earned a living from the seaD)
the company which proposed to lay an undersea cable
注：细节题。定位第四段,选项 B和C是窜段选项
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on
this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings
(测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his
findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceansB) to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC) to
estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD) to measure the depths of two oceans
注：1.细节题。定位第四段，第二行。2.B 和 C 是窜段选项，A选项中的sound和文章中的sounding含义
不同。
It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on
this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings
(测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his
findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea.
24. 'Defied' in the 5th paragraph probably means ________
A) 'doubted'B) 'gave proof to'C) 'challenged'D) 'agreed to'
注：词汇题。定位倒数第二段,defy 前后意思相反，可以推出24题答案为C
25. This passage is mainly about _________
A) the beginnings of oceanographyB) the laying of the first undersea cableC) the investigation of ocean
depthsD) the early intercontinental communications注：主题题。主题关键词为oceanography
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and resultsB) classification of reasoningC) some other common types of
reasoningD) some special type of reasoning
2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason ____.
A) from cause to effectB) from effect to causeC) from effect to effect and on to causeD) from effect to
cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurB) one of the causes that can produce the
effectC) one that is enough to make the effect occurD) none of them
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary causeB) sufficient causeC) contributory causeD) none of them
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoningB) classification of causeC) various types of reasoningD) the causal process
Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether
cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the
decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the
atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night
before an examination?
注：1.reasoning 推理2.第一句 Another...下结论，是主题句3.第二、三句 We want to ...an examination?
是举例,可以略读4.malnutrition 中“mal”是表示“不好”的前缀；overnutrition 营养过剩
Causal reasoning may go from cause to effect or from effect to cause. Either way, we reason from what
we know to what we want to find out. Sometimes we reason from an effect to a cause and then on to
another effect. Thus, if we reason that because the lights have gone out, the refrigerator won't work we
first relate the effect (lights out) to the cause (power off) and then relate that cause to another effect. This
kind of reasoning is called, for short, effect to effect. It is quite common to reason through an extensive
chain of causal relations. When the lights go out we might reason in the following causal chain: lights
out-power off-refrigerator not working -temperature will rise-milk will sour. In other words, we diagnose
（判定）a succession of effects from the power failure, each becoming the cause of the next.
注：1.causal 原因的，因果关系的2.三种推理方式：从原因到结果、从结果到原因、从结果到原因再到另
一个结果，第三种更重要3.extensive 广泛的，来自extend延伸 extensive reading 泛读4.In other words 换
而言之 a succession of 一系列5.本段讲关系链
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one
which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline
engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be
more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark
plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps
to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident,
though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
注：intersection 交叉路口 inter+section
In establishing or refuting (驳斥，反斥) a causal relation it is usually necessary to show the process by
which the alleged (所宣称的，所指称的) cause produces the effect. Such an explanation is called a causal
process.
注：在证实或驳斥因果关系需要把推理过程显示出来，如灯灭了，牛奶变酸：灯灭了-停电-冰箱不工作-温
度上升-牛奶变酸
1. What the author discussed in the previous section is most probably about ____.
A) relationships between causes and resultsB) classification of reasoningC) some other common types of
reasoningD) some special type of reasoning
注：文章之前的段落内容=首句+结构提示词，one-the other/some-another
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether
cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the
decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the
atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night
before an examination?
2. According to the passage, to do the "effect to effect" reasoning is to reason
A) from cause to effectB) from effect to causeC) from effect to effect and on to causeD) from effect to
cause and on to another effect
3. A necessary cause is ____.
A) one without which it is impossible for the effect to occurB) one of the causes that can produce the
effectC) one that is enough to make the effect occurD) none of them
注：第三段，A选项是必须在场的相同意思的改写。B选项是原因之一，sufficient cause，C选项没有"必须
"含义。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one
which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline
engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may be
more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty spark
plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which helps
to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an accident,
though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be present.
4. Your refrigerator is not working and you have found that the electric power has been cut off.
The power failure is a ____.
A) necessary causeB) sufficient causeC) contributory causeD) none of them
注：断电不是冰箱不工作的必要原因，而是原因之一，冰箱坏了也可以导致冰箱不工作。
Causes are classified as necessary, sufficient, or contributory（起辅助作用的）. A necessary cause is one
which must be present for the effect to occur, as combustion (燃烧)，is necessary to drive a gasoline
engine. A sufficient cause is one which can produce an effect unaided (独自的), though there may
be more than one sufficient cause: a dead battery is enough to keep a car from starting, but faulty
spark plugs（火花塞）or an empty gas tank will have the same effect. A contributory cause is one which
helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself, as running through a red light may help cause an
accident, though other factors --- pedestrians (行人) or other cars in the intersection-must also be
present.
5. This passage mainly discusses ____.
A) causal reasoningB) classification of causeC) various types of reasoningD) the causal process注：主题
题。文中只提到因果关系推理的几种操作方法
Another common type of reasoning is the search for causes and results. We want to know whether
cigarettes really do cause lung cancer, what cause malnutrition（营养不良）, the decay of cities, or the
decay of teeth. We are equally interested in effects: what is the effect of sulphur or lead in the
atmosphere, of oil spills and raw sewage (污水、污物）in rivers and the sea, of staying up late on the night
before an examination?
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
6. The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
A) readers how to be popular in with around
B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
C) parents how to control and guide their children
D) people how to understand and respect each other
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact,
most of them ____.
A) have much difficulty understanding each otherB) lack confidence
C) dare not cope with problems single-handed D) are very much afraid of getting lost
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) There is no popularity that really counts.
B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
A) convincingB) influentialC) instructiveD) authoritative
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
A) differ from others in as many ways as possibleB) get into the right season and become popularC) find
one's real selfD) rebel against parents and the popularity waves
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:I hear many parents complaining that their
teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your age you ought to be growing away from your
parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two feet. But take a good look at the present
rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of showing that they disagree with their
parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them are clutching at（attempting to seize）
one another's hands for reassurance.
注：1.rebel 背叛、反叛2.从第一句话看出本文是文科文章，所以从态度着手，I wish it were so 说明作者
是负态度。3.should 虚拟语气，表示负4.reassurance=re+assure-ance 使确信；boldly 勇敢的；strike out
开辟
They claim they want to dress as they please. But they all wear the same clothes. They set off in new
directions in music. But somehow they all end up crowded round listening to the same record. Their
reason for thinking or acting in thus-and-such a way is that the crowd is doing it. They have come out of
their cocoon（蚕茧）--- into a larger cocoon.
注：1.But 表明作者负态度2.set off 开始3.end up 结果4.reason 用来解释前面的现象5.把青少年从众心理
比喻成蚕茧
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go his or
her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn from
the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come to
award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the teen-ager
who wants to find his or her own path.
注：1.第一句结论句，后面跟着解释2.第二、三句 Industry... 工业广告对青少年的影响3.第四句 And many
of... 父母亲对青少年的影响 4.have come to 逐渐如何；award 奖励，鼓励popularity 潮流，名声
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical
music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records.
You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it.
Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are. That's
the only kind of popularity that really counts.
注: 1.path 路径2.三个 you may 举例来支持前面一句话The path is worth following.3.Find yourself.Be
yourself. 提出建议,后面句子给出原因4.count vi.重要，vt.数6. The author's purpose writing this passage
is to tell ____.
A) readers how to be popular in with aroundB) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselvesC)
parents how to control and guide their childrenD) people how to understand and respect each other注：
写作目的题型，目标读者：青少年
7. According to the author, many teen-agers think they are brave enough to act on their own, but, in fact,
most of them ____.
A) have much difficulty understanding each otherB) lack confidenceC) dare not cope with problems
single-handedD) are very much afraid of getting lost注：brave定位第一段boldly
I hear many parents complaining that their teen-age children are rebelling, I wish it were so. At your
age you ought to be growing away from your parents. You should be learning to stand on your own two
feet. But take a good look at the present rebellion. It seems that teenagers are all taking the same way of
showing that they disagree with their parents. Instead of striking out boldly on their own, most of them
are clutching at (attempting to seize）one another's hands for reassurance.
8. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) There is no popularity that really counts.
B) What many parents are doing is in fact hindering their children from finding their own paths.
C) It is not necessarily bad for a teen-ager to disagree with his or her classmates.
D) Most teen-agers claim that they want to do what they like to, but they are actually doing the same.
注：1.与文章最后一句话相反2.no + n. 中no 相当于not any 表示没有任何的，为绝对化语气no + adj. 中
no 表示否定
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical
music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records.
You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it.
Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are.
That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
9. The author thinks of advertisements as ____.
A) convincing B) influential C) instructive D) authoritative
注：态度题，找作者直接评价语句，倒数第二段，应该是负评价。convincing 有说服力的authoritative 权
威的instructive 有启发性的,有教育意义的influential 有影响的A、C、D都属于正面评价，只有B为中性评
价
It has become harder and harder for a teen-ager to stand up against the popularity wave and to go
his or her own way. Industry firmly carved out a teen-age market. These days every teen-ager can learn
from the advertisements what a teen-ager should have and be. And many of today's parents have come
to award high marks for the popularity of their children. All this adds up to a great barrier for the
teen-ager who wants to find his or her own path.
10. During the teen-age years, one should learn to ____.
A) differ from others in as many ways as possibleB) get into the right season and become popularC) find
one's real selfD) rebel against parents and the popularity waves
注：考最后一段，作者提出的建议
But the barrier is worth climbing over. The path is worth following. You may want to listen to classical
music instead of going to a party. You may want to collect rocks when everyone else is collecting records.
You may have some thoughts that you don't care to share at once with your classmates. Well, go to it.
Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come-with the people who respect you for who you are.
That's the only kind of popularity that really counts.
31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
A) he is a lazy personB) he refuses to follow his own energy cycleC) he is not sure when his energy is
lowD) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A) Unawareness of energy cycles.B) Familiar monologues.C) A change in a family member's energy
cycle.D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should _________.
A) change his energy cycleB) overcome his lazinessC) get up earlier than usualD) go to bed earlier
34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will _________.
A) help to keep your energy for the day's workB) help you to control your temper early in the dayC)
enable you to concentrate on your routine workD) keep your energy cycle under control all day
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.B) Dr. Kleitman explains why people
reach their peaks at different hours of day.C) Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.D) Children
have energy cycles, too.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it's painful? This might be called laziness, but
Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.
注：1.第一句提出现象，后面跟着对现象的解释，这种解释一般是考点2.but
转折词和 might
虚拟语气
都表达作者负态度3.最后一句话 he has proved... 主题句
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you're 'hot'. That's true. The time of
day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people
the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has
discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be
late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his
temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives
realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
注：1.peak 顶峰，高峰2.forenoon 上午
You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr.
Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway.
Counteract (对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy
is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour.
This won't change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲) and work better at your low point.
注：1.第一句话结论句，后面跟着结论的解释2.stay up 熬夜3.rise 起床4.本段说明针对能量周期我们怎么
做
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch. Sit on
the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean
clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and
save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
注：1.Get off to a slow start 刚开始慢慢来 2.which引导定语从句其实是解释3.本段解释慢慢来的具体动
作，应该速读4.routine 例行公事的5.concentration 集中
31. If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably ________.
A) he is a lazy personB) he refuses to follow his own energy cycleC) he is not sure when his energy is
lowD) he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening
注：定位第二段，新老观点混淆
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you' re 'hot'. That's true. The time of
day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people
the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has
discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be
late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his
temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives
realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has
32. Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage?
A) Unawareness of energy cycles.B) Familiar monologues.C) A change in a family member's energy
cycle.D) Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members.
注：定位第二段，文章条件反过来讲
During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you' re 'hot'. That's true. The time of
day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people
the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has
discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues (自言自语) as: 'Get up, John! You'll be
late for work again!' The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy
peak in the evening. Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy
cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.
33. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should _________.
A) change his energy cycleB) overcome his lazinessC) get up earlier than usualD) go to bed earlier注：
定位第三段
You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help. Dr.
Kleitman believes. Maybe you're sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract
(对抗) your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in
the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won' t
change your cycle, but you'll get up steam (鼓起干劲) and work better at your low point.
34. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will _________.
A) help to keep your energy for the day's workB) help you to control your temper early in the dayC)
enable you to concentrate on your routine workD) keep your energy cycle under control all day注：定位
第四段
Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn (呵欠) and stretch. Sit on
the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean
clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and
save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours.
35. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
A) Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one's energy.B) Dr. Kleitman explains why people
reach their peaks at different hours of day.C) Habit helps one adapt to his own energy cycle.D) Children
have energy cycles, too.注：排除法。
A选项对应“Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. ”B选项与“No one has discovered why this is
so,...”矛盾。C选项对应“You can' t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better.
Habit can help. ”D选项对应第一段的末句。“He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle.”
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching' is _________.
A) criticalB) questioningC) approvingD) objective
37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means ________.
A) made to remain in the same classesB) forced to study in the lower classesC) drawn to their studiesD)
prevented from advancing.
38. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's
________.
A) personal qualities and social skillsB) total personalityC) learning ability and communicative skillsD)
intellectual ability
39. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?
A) Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others.
B) Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities.
C) Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers.
D) Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.
40. The author's purpose of writing this passage is to ________
A) argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class
B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities
C) offer advice on the proper use of the library
D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching
主题题型：1.主题句：一段首、末句、二段首句2.一般主题句为一段首句，以下情况下出现在一段末句或
者二段首句a. 发生转折时
[Page 9] When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not
live up to the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty (保单), or any other
records which might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results.
However, if it does not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
b. 当文章首句为细节时
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their
knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…
按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can
have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be
at the bottom of the top grade!注：第一句结论句，文章主题句
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual (智力)ability. This is only one
aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not
just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that
mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.注：1.Besides并列关系，与“We feel
that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…按能力分班) pupils. ”对应。2.value v. 重视
contribute to 有贡献，有助于3.本段末句强烈结论句，后面跟着解释：为什么混班教学有帮助？
In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the
opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to
cope with (对付) personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze
and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the
teacher.
注：to...to...to...列举语言现象，常考 not mention 题型和 except 题型，快速扫描列举部分，快读慢做题
Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they
can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We
encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this
efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect
our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to attain this goal.
注：与第三段The pupils often work in groups并列来解释第三段首句work in various ways
36. In the passage the author's attitude towards 'mixed-ability teaching' is _________
A) criticalB) questioningC) approvingD) objective
注：1.态度题，找直接评价语句，本文为第一句，正态度2.critical 批评的，负的questioning 质疑的，负的
approving 赞同的，正的objective 客观的，中性的
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both
their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming
(把…按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It
can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging
to be at the bottom of the top grade!
37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means' ________
A) made to remain in the same classesB) forced to study in the lower classes
C) drawn to their studiesD) prevented from advancing.注：词汇题，根据上下文关系来做
We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their
knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把…
按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can
have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be
at the bottom of the top grade!
38. The author argues that a teacher's chief concern should be the development of the student's
________
A) personal qualities and social skillsB) total personalityC) learning ability and communicative skillsD)
intellectual ability注：定位第二段，应选择“充分发展”
Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual (智力)ability. This is only
one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the
full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that
mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.
39. Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED in the third paragraph?
A) Group work gives pupils the opportunity to learn to work together with others.
B) Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities.
C) Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers.
D) Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities.
注：看第三段列举：A对应 co-operate，B对应 think,analyze and evaluate，C对应 leadership skill，D选
项是窜段选项
In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the
opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to
cope with (对付) personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze
and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the
teacher.
40. The author's purpose of writing this passage is to ________
A) argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class
B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities
C) offer advice on the proper use of the library
D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching
注：写作目的题型 写作目的=写作动机（动词或动词词组+目标读者）+文章主题
[Page 92-6]The author's purpose writing this passage is to tell ____.
(A) readers how to be popular in with around
(B) teen-agers how to learn to decide things for themselves
(C) parents how to control and guide their children
(D) people how to understand and respect each other
实验型文章的做题方法：
1、抓住实验代表人物2、抓住实验目的1）通常为实验开始前的动词不定式 2）实验目的=实验型文章的主
题3、抓住实验结果：实验结果-----直接结果和实验结论
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. The purpose of George Spilich's experiments is _________.
A) to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers
B) to show how smoking damages people's mental capacity
C) to prove that smoking affects people's regular performance
D) to find out whether smoking helps people's short-term memory
22. George Spilich's experiment was conducted in such a way as to _________.
A) compel the subjects to separate major information from minor details
B) put the subjects through increasingly complex tests
C) check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokers
D) register the prompt responses of the subjects
23. The word "bested" (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ________.
A) beatB) enviedC) caught up withD) made the best of
24. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers.
B) Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.
C) Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks.
D) Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.
25. We can infer from the last paragraph that _________.
A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilots
B) smoking in emergency cases causes mental illness
C) no airline pilots smoke during flights
D) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency cases
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided
to find out whether as many smokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate." Spilich put
young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of
tests.注：1.concentrate 集中注意力
2.第一段交待实验对象，实验目的
In the first test, each subject (试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he
or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple tests smokers, deprived smokers
and non-smokers performed equally well.注：第一句实验过程即细节，应该速读，第二句实验结果
The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the
instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the
stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers.
注：1.第一句实验细节2.stimulation 刺激
In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers
committed fewer errors than active smokers.
注：committe=do （坏事） commite a crime
The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Nonsmokers
remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived
smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not
only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant
details.
注：1.首句为实验过程2.第二句为实验结果，作比较，可简写为 Nonsmoker remembered more than active
smoker3.划线的部分指的是active smoker. 即deprived smoker bested active smoker4.best v. 胜过
23. The word "bested" (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ________.
A) beat
B) enviedC) caught up withD) made the best of
注：词汇题，根据第5段末句的意思可推断为A选项。
"As our tests became more complex." Sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed better than
smokers by wider and wider margins," He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if
something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity."
注：1.by wide margin 差距大margine 差距；页边空白处，利润2.perform 执行，表演
3.末句为重要句：尤其是末句出现转折时或者末句为结论时。本句出现了but4.mental 思维的，精神的mental
capacity 思维能力
25. We can infer from the last paragraph that _________.
A) smokers should not expect to become airline pilotsB) smoking in emergency cases causes mental
illnessC) no airline pilots smoke during flightsD) smokers may prove unequal to handling emergency
cases
注：1.此题为推理题，选项的特点为文章相应内容的同义改写2.根据选项定位最后一段末句，重点在but后
面3.prove unequal to
无法胜任，D项为but后的同义改写4.C选项首先是过度推理，其次no+n.为绝对语气
词，通常为干扰，带有可能性语气词的选项通常为优选(不但适用于推理题，而且适用于所有题型)
"As our tests became more complex." Sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed better than smokers by
wider and wider margins," He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs - until they got
complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went
wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity."
21. The purpose of George Spilich' s experiments is _________.
A) to test whether smoking has a positive effect on the mental capacity of smokers
B) to show how smoking damages people's mental capacity
C) to prove that smoking affects people's regular performance
D) to find out whether smoking helps people's short-term memory
注：实验目的题，A 项为第一段实验目的同义改写，B,C 项为吸烟的负面影响与文中意思相反
Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided
to find out whether as many smokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate." Spilich
put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of
tests.
22. George Spilich' s experiment was conducted in such a way as to _________.
A) compel the subjects to separate major information from minor details
B) put the subjects through increasingly complex tests
C) check the effectiveness of nicotine on smokers
D) register the prompt responses of the subjects
注：1.题目中没有具体指出是哪一个实验，所以就是针对所有提到的实验来说。2.A 涉及文章倒数第二段
的实验。
The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Nonsmokers
remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived
smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to
have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant
details.
3.C 涉及文章第三段的实验。The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20
identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Non-smokers
were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived
smokers.
4.D 选项也只涉及文章中某一个实验。
23. The word "bested" (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means ________.
A) beatB) enviedC) caught up withD) made the best of注：词汇题，根据第5段末句的意思可推断为A选项。
24. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Active smokers in general performed better than deprived smokers.
B) Active smokers responded more quickly than the other subjects.
C) Non-smokers were not better than other subjects in performing simple tasks.
D) Deprived smokers gave the slowest responses to the various tasks.
注：C选项是第一个实验结果deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
16. According to the author, the sonar system of bats is an example of the idea that ____.
A) this is the age of technological triumphsB) modern machines are inefficientC) living mechanisms are
often more efficient than man -made machinesD) artificial imitations are always less efficient than living
mechanisms
17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____.
A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years agoB) is better than man-made sonar because it
has had 50 million years to be be refinedC) should have been discovered by man many years agoD) is
the same as it was 50 million years ago
18. Echo location in this article means the _____.
A) location of echoesB) ability to determine where an echo comes fromC) scientific term for sound
wavesD) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
19 This article was written to illustrate ____.
A) the deficiencies of man-made sonarB) the dependence of man upon animalsC) that we are living in a
machine ageD) that the sonar system of bats is remarkable
20. The following is the main point of the article:____
A) A bat will catch hundreds of insects in a single hour.B) There is a perfection in nature which sometimes
can not be matched by man's creative efforts.C) The phrase "blind as a bat" is valid.D) Sonar and radar
systems of man are inefficient.
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living
mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better
illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more
sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.
注：1.triumph 胜利，成功2.it is well to 有必要3.incomparably 不可比地4.第一句主题句：天然胜于人工
artificial 人工的5.illustration 例证，本段末句强烈结论
Of course, the bats have had some 50 million years of evolution to refine their sonar. Their physiological
mechanisms for echo location, based on all this accumulated experience, therefore deserve our
thorough study and analysis.
注：1.refine 提炼、改善2.二段首句是对首段末句的解释3.50 million years对应的是第17小题
17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____
A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years agoB) is better than man-made sonar because it
has had 50 million years to be be refinedC) should have been discovered by man many years agoD) is
the same as it was 50 million years ago
注：B 选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词 because,although,not only...but also, as well
as 的应该优选
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their
reliance upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This
was brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell
tower, blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they
had found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani
found that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats
easily find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human
ears. A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and
chase pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔）into the air.
注：1.第二句Thanks to sonar... 结果句2.get along 生活get along with 相处3.blind 蒙住眼睛4.We know
from... 结果句5.末句为细节
16. According to the author, the sonar system of bats is an example of the idea that ____.
A) this is the age of technological triumphsB) modern machines are inefficient
C) living mechanisms are often more efficient than man -made machines
D) artificial imitations are always less efficient than living mechanisms
注：1.第一段 illustration 等同 example2.D选项的always与文章中的often含义是不同的。
In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living
mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better
illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more
sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.
17. The author suggests that the sonar system of bats ____
A) was at the height of its perfection 50 million years ago
B) is better than man-made sonar because it has had 50 million years to be be refined
C) should have been discovered by man many years ago
D) is the same as it was 50 million years ago
注：B 选项体现一段结尾和二段开头，应该优选，含有关系词 because,although,not only...but also, as well
as 的应该优选
18. Echo location in this article means the _____.
A) location of echoesB) ability to determine where an echo comes fromC) scientific term for sound
wavesD) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
注：1.A 为干扰选项，过于表面化2.B 项为等价选项所以为错误
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance
upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was
brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower,
blinded them and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had found
their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found that they
had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily find insects
in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears. A bat will
catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase pebbles
(卵石) tossed (向上扔）into the air.
19. This article was written to illustrate ____.
A) the deficiencies of man-made sonarB) the dependence of man upon animalsC) that we are living in a
machine ageD) that the sonar system of bats is remarkable
注：写作目的题型，写作目的=写作动机+文章主题，看文章主题第一句话
20. The following is the main point of the article:____
A) A bat will catch hundreds of insects in a single hour.B) There is a perfection in nature which sometimes
can not be matched by man's creative efforts.
C) The phrase "blind as a bat" is valid.D) Sonar and radar systems of man are inefficient.
注：写作主题题型，第一句话的同义改写match v. 匹敌
In these days of technological triumphs, it is well to remind ourselves from time to time that living
mechanisms are often incomparably more efficient than their artificial imitations. There is no better
illustration of this idea than the sonar (声纳) system of bats. It is billions of times more efficient and more
sensitive than the radars and sonars designed by man.
Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this
person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
A) classical conditioningB) operant conditioningC) neither of themD) some other sorts of conditioning
13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain
or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning
through ____.
A) classical conditioningB) operant conditioningC) both of themD) neither of them
14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsB) the third kind of learningC) further examples of
learning through operant conditioningD) none of the above
Question 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the
child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these
emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic
processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This
occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It
is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with
happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are
learned in a similar fashion.
注：1.physiologically 生理的，mental / phycological 心理的2.modify 修改、改变；pair with 伴随3.it is ...that
强调介词状语结构
分类型文章：1.分为几类就是文章主题 2.抓住各类主体词/基本特征词（通常为动词）
3.多余段落通常例证某一类
The second kind of learning is called "operant conditioning." This occurs when an individual learns
to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce
punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until
he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn
to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.
注：1.operant 操作型的，词源 operate2.cuddle 拥抱3.第一种 classical conditioning：联系而去做；第二
种 operant conditioning：有奖惩而去做
Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television,
interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to
like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this
person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is
mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate
this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
注：1.interact 交往，相互影响 2.positive 正面的 negative 负面的3.本段是多余段落，例证第一种
classical conditioning4.mean a. 卑鄙的
11. The author's main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.
A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion
B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning
C) give parents some advice on how to modify their children's emotions through learning
D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced
注：主题题，第一段主题句为第二句
In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the
child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these
emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic
processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called "classical conditioning". This
occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It
is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mother's face and voice with
happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are
learned in a similar fashion.
12.If your jokes often find already echo in a person, you will learn though ____ that telling jokes to this
person is fun, and you will try with greater efforts to be humorous in his presence.
A) classical conditioningB) operant conditioningC) neither of themD) some other sorts of conditioning注：
应用题
13. If a child is bitten or startled several times by a dog, he may learn to associate furry animals with pain
or startle and thus develop a fear of furry animals. This is a typical example of learning
through ____.
A) classical conditioningB) operant conditioningC) both of themD) neither of them注：应用题， furry 有
毛的
14. In the third paragraph, the author is ____.
A) discussing how we grow and have new experiences every day
B) talking about learning to modify emotions through operant conditioning
C) concentrating on learning by reading, watching television, interacting with people, and so on
D) using examples to further illustrate learning through classical conditioning
注：主题题，末端首句也是结论句
Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television,
interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to
like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this
person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is
mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate
this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.
15. In the following paragraphs the author will most probably go on to discuss _____.
A) definitions of positive feelings and negative feelingsB) the third kind of learning
C) further examples of learning through operant conditioningD) none of the above
注：第一段讲classical conditioning，第二段讲operant conditioning，第三段讲classical conditioning，第
四段应该讲operant conditioning。考文章之前或之后内容的题目，注意文章结构的对称完整性
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasureB) will meet their physical needsC) will bring them a feeling of successD)
will satisfy their curiosity
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milkB) would carry out learned movements when it
had enough to drinkC) would continue the simple movements without being given milkD) would turn its
head to right or left when it had enough to drink
28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned onB) be rewarded with milkC) please their parentsD) be praised
29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because _________.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"B) the sight of the lights was interestingC) they
need not turn back to watch the lights
D) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B) the satisfaction of certain physiological needsC) their strong desire to solve complex problemsD) a
fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies - and other creatures -learn to do things
because certain acts lead to "rewards"; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also
to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such
basic physiological (生理的) "drives" as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got
food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise.
注：1.past 和 widely accepted：老观点和大众观点，一般应该是否定的2.used also to be widely：另一个
老观点3.In other words 概括老观点
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world
with no reward except the successful outcome.
注：1.behave 行为，举止2.outcome 结果3.with no reward except 双重否定，所以是肯定结构4.本段阐
述新观点
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to "reward" the babies and so teach
them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he
noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the
learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the children's responses in
situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would
learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement "switched on" a display of lights - and indeed that
they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two
right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
注：1.study：开始做实验，抓住代表人物、实验目的、实验结果2.第一句过程，第二句 notice 表示结
果3.found 表示实验结果
27. Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby ________.
A) would make learned responses when it saw the milkB) would carry out learned movements when it
had enough to drinkC) would continue the simple movements without being given milkD) would turn its
head to right or left when it had enough to drink
注：考第一个实验结果，notice 引导；B、C为等价选项。
28. In Papousek's experiment babies make learned movements of the head in order to ________.
A) have the lights turned onB) be rewarded with milkC) please their parentsD) be praised
注：考第二个实验结果，found 引导
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting
observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would
"smile and bubble" when the display came on. Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight
of the lights which pleased them, it was the success they were achieving in solving the problem, in
mastering the skill, and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and
bring it under intentional control.
注：1.observation 暗示着实验结果2.fundamental 基本的；urge n.欲望；make sense of 理解
29. The babies would "smile and bubble" at the lights because _________.
A) the lights were directly related to some basic "drives"B) the sight of the lights was interestingC) they
need not turn back to watch the lightsD) they succeeded in "switching on" the lights注：考第三个实验结
果，observation 引导
30. According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _______.
A) a basic human desire to understand and control the worldB) the satisfaction of certain physiological
needsC) their strong desire to solve complex problemsD) a fundamental human urge to display their
learned skills注：考最后一段，最后一句的同义改写
26. According to the author, babies learn to do things which ________.
A) are directly related to pleasureB) will meet their physical needsC) will bring them a feeling of successD)
will satisfy their curiosity注：主题题，第二段末句
It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world
with no reward except the successful outcome.
阅读方法：1.先看题干关键词再读文章，抓住考试原则句2.文章详略程度的把握：细节举例快读，结论慢
读3.固定类型文章：实验型文章，分类型文章4.主题题：主题句的确定方法5.细节题：准确定位，主要考考
试原则句6.词汇题：根据上下文关系7.推理题：正确答案在文章中存在8.态度题：找直接评价语句
细节题准确定位方法：1、根据题干关键词定位。（注意题干关键词在文章中的同义词）例：brave=bold 2、
利用因果、条件、比较关系词定位。例：It's a better way of education. 条件词：It is a good way of education；
if....
At...When...都是if的同义转换。3、注意结合顺序原则定位。4、难于定位时，抓住段落中最重要的考
试原则句进行反推
18. Echo location in this article means the _____.根据顺序原则定位在第三段。
A) location of echoesB) ability to determine where an echo comes fromC) scientific term for sound
wavesD) ability to locate unseen objects by echoes
To appreciate the precision of the bats' echo location, we must first consider the degree of their reliance
upon it. Thanks to sonar, an insect-eating bat can get along perfectly well without eyesight. This was
brilliantly demonstrated by the Italian naturalist Lazzaro Spallanzani. He caught some bats in a bell tower,
blinded them. and released them outdoors. Four of these blind bats were recaptured after they had
found their ways back to the bell tower, and on examining their stomachs' contents, Spallanxani found
that they had been able to capture and eat flying insects. We know from experiments that bats easily
find insects in the dark of night, even when the insects make no sound that can be heard by human ears.
A bat will catch hundreds of softbodied silent flying insects in a single hour. It will even detect and chase
pebbles (卵石) tossed (向上扔)into the air.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________
A) complain personally to the managerB) threaten to take the matter to courtC) write a firm letter of
complaint to the store of purchaseD) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistantB) the manufacturerC) the store managerD) a public organization
33. The most effective complaint can be made by _________.
A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturerB) explaining exactly what is wrong with the itemC) saying
firmly that the item is of poor qualityD) asking politely to change the item
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A) meet the standard ofB) realize the purpose ofC) fulfill the demands ofD) keep the promise of
35. The passage tells us _________.
A) how to settle a consumer' s complaint about a faulty item
B) how to make an effective complaint about a faulty item
C) how to avoid buying a faulty item
D) how to deal with complaints from customers
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to
the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which
might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does
not, there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
注：1.present
v. 提交2.主题句后将介绍其他不同投诉的方法
A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In
general, the "higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to
be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just
claim. 注：the more...the more... 比较结构，可以跟32题联系在一起。
（此处，文章后面的题目中有4道题已经可以定位了。31题、32题、34题和35题）
Consumers should complain in person whenever possible, but if they cannot get to the place of
purchase, it is acceptable to phone or write the complaint in a letter.
Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when
the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in question. If this cannot be done, the
consumer will succeed best by presenting specific information as to what is wrong, rather than by
making general statements. For example, "The left speaker does not work at all and the sound coming
out of the right one is unclear" is better than "This stereo(立体声音响)does not
work."
注：1.firmly 坚决的2.demonstrate 证明、证实3.specific 具体的，详细的4.as to = about
The store manager may advise the consumer to write to the manufacturer. If so, the consumer should do
this, stating the complaint as politely and as firmly as possible. But if a polite complaint does not achieve
the desired result, the consumer can go a step further. She or he can threaten to take the seller to court
or report the seller to a private or public organization responsible for protecting consumers' rights.
33. The most effective complaint can be made by _________.
A) showing the faulty item to the manufacturerB) explaining exactly what is wrong with the itemC) saying
firmly that the item is of poor qualityD) asking politely to change the item注：B 选项 exactly =文中
specific，同义改写
31. When a consumer finds that his purchase has a fault in it, the first thing he should do is to ________
A) complain personally to the managerB) threaten to take the matter to courtC) write a firm letter of
complaint to the store of purchaseD) show some written proof of the purchase to the store
注：1.A、B、C是窜段选项 2.提交保单或有力证明是文章中第一段就提到的the first step
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to
the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which
might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not,
there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
32. If a consumer wants a quick settlement of his problem, it's better to complain to ________.
A) a shop assistantB) the manufacturerC) the store managerD) a public organization
注：级别越高，解决问题越快
A simple and common method used by many consumers is to complain directly to the store manager. In
general, the " higher up" the consumer takes his or her complaint, the faster he or she can expect it to
be settled. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumer' s favor, assuming he or she has a just
claim.
34. The phrase "live up to"(Para. 1, Line 2) in the context means ________.
A) meet the standard ofB) realize the purpose ofC) fulfill the demands ofD) keep the promise of
注：词汇题。1.or 前后两部分意思相近：faulty 产品有问题/不符合厂家宣称质量2.采用代入法，将选项代
替文中的 live up to ，找到符合句义的选项
When a consumer finds that an item she or he bought is faulty or in some other way does not live up to
the manufacturer's claim for it, the first step is to present the warranty(保单), or any other records which
might help, at the store of purchase. In most cases, this action will produce results. However, if it does not,
there are various means the consumer may use to gain satisfaction.
35. The passage tells us _________.
A) how to settle a consumer's complaint about a faulty itemB) how to make an effective complaint about a
faulty itemC) how to avoid buying a faulty itemD) how to deal with complaints from customers
注：1.主题题，有效投诉2.其他的选项都是从商场的角度，而文章是从消费者的角度来写的。
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel
Hospital?
A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.B) Each patient is taken care
of by a primary nurse day and night.C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patientB) in most hospitals
patient care is inadequate from the professional point of viewC) in most hospitals nurses get low
salariesD) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _______.
A) the present one is refused by the patientB) the patient complains about the present oneC) the present
one proves to be ineffectiveD) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _______.
A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospitalB) has to arrange the work shifts of the
unit's nursesC) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patientD) has full responsibility
in the administration of the unit's nurses
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
A) negativeB) neutralC) criticalD) positive
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the
nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth
Israel's example.注：1.patient
n. 病人，adj. 耐心的2.第一句强烈结论：主题句3.administration 管理
4.do well to 最好……
At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and
constructs a full-scale health account that covers everything from his medical history to his emotional
state. Then she writes a care plan centered on the patient's illness but which also includes everything
else that is necessary.
注：1.assign 分配2.at length 长时间3.account 纪录，账户
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his
progress and seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to
treatment, it is not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor
at Beth Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
注：1.keep track with 跟踪2.not uncommon = common3.approach 接近，方法4.本段讲 Beth Israel 医
院医生和护士协调合作
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every
unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to
their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they
make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what
shifts and when.
注：1.self-contained 自成一体2.划线句为列举语言现象，可能出考题，快速阅读此部分3.shift 班次
Beth Israel's nurse-in-chief ranks as an equal with other vice presidents of the hospital. She also is
a member of the Medical Executive Committee, which in most hospitals includes only doctors.
注：1.nurse-in-chief 护士长2.首句说明护士长的地位很高3.only出现，是考点
21. Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel
Hospital?
A) The doctor gets more active professional support from the primary nurse.
B) Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night.
C) The primary nurse writes care plans for every patient.
D) The primary nurse keeps records of the patient's health conditions every day.
注：第三段末句，B选项 day and night，C选项 every patient，D选项 every day
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and
seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is not
uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth Israel has
in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
22. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.
A) compared with other hospitals nurses at Beth Israel Hospital are more patient
B) in most hospitals patient care is inadequate from the professional point of view
C) in most hospitals nurses get low salaries
D) compared with other hospitals nurses have to work longer hours at Beth Israel Hospital
注：1.推理题，正确答案为原文内容的同义改写。2.A项中的patient 为耐心的，混淆“病人”意思3.inadequate
不完善的，B 项为文章第二句的同义改写句
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the nursing
shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth
Israel's example.
同类型题：It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for
information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during
which soundings (测深) were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the
Sea.
23. The aim of voyages Maury encouraged in the 1840s was __________.
A) to make some sound experiments in the oceansB) to collect samples of sea plants and animalsC) to
estimate the length of cable that was to be madeD) to measure the depths of two oceans
23. A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _______.
A) the present one is refused by the patientB) the patient complains about the present oneC) the present
one proves to be ineffectiveD) the patient is found unwilling to cooperate注：第三段第二句
The primary nurse stays with the patient through his hospitalization, keeping track with his progress and
seeking further advice from his doctor. If a patient at Beth Israel is not responding to treatment, it is
not uncommon for his nurse to propose another approach to his doctor. What the doctor at Beth
Israel has in the primary nurse is a true colleague.
24. The main difference between a nurse-manager and a head nurse is that the former _______.
A) is a member of the Medical Executive Committee of the hospital
B) has to arrange the work shifts of the unit's nurses
C) can make decisions concerning the medical treatment of a patient
D) has full responsibility in the administration of the unit's nurses
注：1.倒数第二段，former 前者指代 nurse-manager，反义 latter 后者2.A选项为窜段选项,B与黑体部分
矛盾。D选项对应划线部分。
Nursing at Beth Israel also involves a decentralized (分散的) nursing administration; every floor, every
unit is a self-contained organization. There are nurse-managers instead of head nurses; in addition to
their medical duties they do all their own hiring and dismissing, employee advising, and they
make salary recommendations. Each unit's nurses decide among themselves who will work what
shifts and when.
25. The author's attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel hospital is _________.
A) negativeB) neutralC) criticalD) positive
注：态度题，找直接评价，文章第一句话 在态度题中出现neutral的话，一定不会是答案。
Nursing at Beth Israel Hospital produces the best patient care possible. If we are to solve the
nursing shortage (不足), hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth
Israel's example.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industry
B) because they are capable of predicting new fashions
C) by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothing
D) because they attach great importance to quality in women s clothing
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _________.
A) a waste of moneyB) a waste of timeC) an expression of tasteD) an expression of creativity
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the ________of clothing.
A) costB) appearanceC) comfortD) suitability
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.
B) The constant changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.
C) The fashion industry makes an important contribution to society.
D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only welcomed by women.
40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that
_________.
A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed at
B) women are better able to put up with discomfort
C) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designers
D) men are more reasonable in the matter of fashion
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame. Because
they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are always
taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few
times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a
woman is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly
that she has nothing to wear.
注：1.merciless 无情的2.第一句结论主题句3.taken advantage of 利用；tremble 颤抖4.fashion 时尚，
时装，形势；一词多义的现象：blue 蓝色；忧郁的；社会地位比较高的妇女，blues 蓝调音乐
36. Designers and big stores always make money ________.
A) by mercilessly exploiting women workers in the clothing industryB) because they are capable of
predicting new fashionsC) by constantly changing the fashions in women's clothingD) because they
attach great importance to quality in women s clothing注：考得是首段第二和第三句之间的关系
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend
vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford
to throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are
lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
注：1.nothing/no more than = only2.changing fashion 改变中的时尚3.alter 改变；afford 承担，支付4.
本段首句结论句，末句细节句
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion
designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only
interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any
amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in
his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her
way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
注：1.首句为结论句，后面开始解释2.vital 重要的 vit 词根，意思是“重要”VIP = very important person 重
要的人3.put up with 忍受= stand4.末句为细节句，速读
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do
the constantly changing fashions of women' s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy
and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their
unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
37. To the writer, the fact that women alter their old-fashioned dresses is seen as _________.
A) a waste of moneyB) a waste of timeC) an expression of tasteD) an expression of creativity
注：通过alter 一词定位于第二段
Changing fashions are nothing more than the intentional creation of waste. Many women spend vast
sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women who cannot afford to
throw away clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Skirts are
lengthened or shortened; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.
38. The writer would be less critical if fashion designers placed more stress on the _________of clothing.
A) costB) appearanceC) comfortD) suitability
注：1.place stress on 重视2.本句为虚拟语气，说明应该是设计师没有重视而被作者批判的东西。反过来
想，定位第三段第二句，考得是列举现象
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion
designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They
are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up
with any amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some
time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking
her way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
39. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) New fashions in clothing are created for the commercial exploitation of women.B) The constant
changes in women's clothing reflect their strength of character.C) The fashion industry makes an
important contribution to society.D) Fashion designs should not be encouraged since they are only
welcomed by women.
注：1.exploitation 剥削，探索2.A 选项为文章首句前半句的同义改写3.B 陈述句表示确定语气，与文章中
疑问句的不确定语气不同；C 项与文中意思相反，D 选项中only 绝对化语气词
If women are mercilessly exploited (剥削) year after year, they have only themselves to blame.
Because they tremble at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are
always taken advantage of by the designers and the big stores. Clothes which have been worn only a few
times have to be put aside because of the change of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a woman
is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe (衣柜) packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she
has nothing to wear.
40. By saying "the conclusions to be drawn are obvious" (Para. 4, Line 1-2), the writer means that
__________.
A) women's inconstancy in their choice of clothing is often laughed atB) women are better able to put up
with discomfortC) men are also exploited greatly by fashion designersD) men are more reasonable in the
matter of fashion
注：1.A 和 B 都是涉及第三段内容，是窜段选项。C选项与末段Men are too clever to let themselves... 意
思冲突2.D 项为最后一段 Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. 的同义
改写
No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society. Fashion
designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability (耐用). They are only
interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any
amount of discomfort, as long as they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in
his life smiled at the sight of a woman shaking in a thin dress on a winter day, or delicately picking her
way through deep snow in high-heeled shoes.
When comparing men and women in the matter of fashion, the conclusions to be drawn are obvious. Do
the constantly changing fashions of women' s clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy
and instability? Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. Do their
unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.
Question 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. Teachers are different in their opinions about _______
A) the difficulties in teaching spellingB) the role of spelling in general language developmentC) the
complexities of the basic writing skillsD) the necessity of teaching spelling
22. The expression "play safe" probably means ________
A) to write carefullyB) to do as teachers sayC) to use dictionaries frequentlyD) to avoid using words one
is not sure of
23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that _________
A) students will be able to express their ideas more freelyB) teachers will have less trouble in correcting
mistakesC) students will have more confidence in writingD) students will learn to be independent of
teachers
24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is
____________.
A) reasonableB) unfairC) foolishD) careless
25. The major point discussed in the passage is ________
A) the importance of developing writing skills
B) the complexities of spelling
C) the correct way of marking compositions
D) the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition
Question 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I
have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are,
however, vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over
general language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to
express himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities
of spelling?
注：1.第一段中间出现 however, 末句为主题句2.popular belief 普遍观点，负态度3.ignor 忽略 = neglect
= overlook, 区别是：ignor (故意) overlook ( 忽略)4.give A priority over B
给A优先权5.confidently 自信
的
If spelling becomes the only focal point of his teacher's interest, clearly a bright child will be likely to "play
safe". He will tend to write only words within his spelling range, choosing to avoid adventurous language.
That's why teachers often encourage the early use of dictionaries and pay attention to content rather
than technical ability.
注：1.focal 关注的，名词为 focus 焦点2.adventurous 冒险的3.content 内容，contend 包含4.technical
ability 指的是 spelling
22. The expression "play safe" probably means ________
A) to write carefullyB) to do as teachers sayC) to use dictionaries frequentlyD) to avoid using words one
is not sure of
注：文章第二段，该词出现在第一句，解释答案在第二句。考得是两句关系
23. Teachers encourage the use of dictionaries so that _________
A) students will be able to express their ideas more freelyB) teachers will have less trouble in correcting
mistakesC) students will have more confidence in writingD) students will learn to be independent of
teachers
注：文章第二段，B,D 选项文章未提到，可排除。定位此段末句，选择A项
I was once shocked to read on the bottom of a sensitive piece of writing about a personal experience:
"This work is terrible! There are far too many spelling errors and your writing is illegible (难以辨认的)." It
may have been a sharp criticism of the pupil's technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad
reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful
expressions of the child's deep feelings. The teacher was not wrong to draw attention to the errors,
but if his priorities had centered on the child's ideas, an expression of his disappointment with the
presentation would have given the pupil more motivation (动力) to seek improvement.
注：1.shock 震惊2.omit 省略3.作者对作文评语的负评价，but 及虚拟语气可以表明作者的态度。
24. The writer seems to think that the teacher's judgement on that sensitive piece of writing is
____________.
A) reasonableB) unfairC) foolishD) careless注：作者持负态度，所以选择B
21. Teachers are different in their opinions about _______
A) the difficulties in teaching spellingB) the role of spelling in general language developmentC) the
complexities of the basic writing skillsD) the necessity of teaching spelling注：文章第一段，role 对应文
章中的 priority
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I
have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however,
vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general
language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express himself
freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of spelling?
25. The major point discussed in the passage is ________
A) the importance of developing writing skillsB) the complexities of spellingC) the correct way of marking
compositionsD) the relationship between spelling and the content of a composition注：主题题，D 选项是
对主题句的同义改写
There is a popular belief among parents that schools are no longer interested in spelling. No school I
have taught in has ever ignored spelling or considered it unimportant as a basic skill. There are, however,
vastly different ideas about how to teach it, or how much priority (优先) it must be given over general
language development and writing ability. The problem is, how to encourage a child to express
himself freely and confidently in writing without holding him back with the complexities of
spelling?
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
26. The phrase "be brought forward" in Line 2 most probably means _________.
A) be expectedB) be completedC) be advancedD) be introduced
27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on __________.
A) sufficient fundingB) further experimentsC) advanced technologyD) well-equipped laboratories
28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000
B) 3% of the EEC' s needs before the year 2000
C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000
D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after the year 2000
29. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) The EEC spends one billion pounds on imported energy each year.
B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision
of energy from the sun.
C) The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million dollars.
D) the desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were
increased.
30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy _________.
A) would lead to a big increase in research fundingB) would make it unnecessary to import oilC) would
make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EECD) would provide a much greater
proportion of the Community's future energy needs
Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:
A breakthrough (突破) in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community
(EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the
EEC's research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in
solar energy at EEC's scientific laboratories at Ispra near Milan.
注：1.provision 提供，来自 provide2.modest 少量的，谦虚的3.according to 之前是重点
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim
Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy
would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year
2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it
was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
注：1.with 引导从句做状语2.achieve 获得，达到
28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000B) 3% of the EEC's needs before the year
2000C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after
the year 2000注：定位在文章第二段。
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim
Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy
would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year
2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it
was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
注：1.with 引导从句做状语2.achieve 获得，达到
28. According to Mr. Gretz, the present sum of money will enable the scientists to provide ________.
A) a little more than 3% of the EEC's needs after the year 2000B) 3% of the EEC's needs before the year
2000C) less than 3% of the EEC's needs before the year 2000D) only 3% of the EEC's needs even after
the year 2000注：定位在文章第二段。
26. The phrase "be brought forward" in Line 2 most probably means _________.
A) be expectedB) be completedC) be advancedD) be introduced
注：考得是动词词组含义，可根据动词词组的副词来判断大致方向。brought forward
向前；向后：hold back
同类型题：
37. By 'held back' (Line 1) the author means ________.
A) made to remain in the same classesB) forced to study in the lower classesC) drawn to their studiesD)
prevented from advancing.
29. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?
A) The EEC spends one billion pounds on imported energy each year.
B) At the present level of research spending, it is difficult to make any significant progress in the provision
of energy from the sun.
C) The total yearly spending of the EEC on solar energy research amounted to almost 6 million dollars.
D) the desired breakthrough could be obtained by the end of the next decade if investment were
increased.
注：1.A选项应该是节约one billion2. C 选项是末段数字之和关系
30. The application of advanced technology to research in solar energy _________.
A) would lead to a big increase in research fundingB) would make it unnecessary to import oilC) would
make it possible to meet the future energy needs of the EECD) would provide a much greater
proportion of the Community's future energy needs
注：D选项中的 greater proportion = 文章第三段中的 bigger share
Mr. Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three percent of the EEC's needs, this could still
produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year. And he
believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible
to satisfy a much bigger share of the Community's future energy needs.
27. Some scientists believe that a breakthrough in the use of solar energy depends on __________.
A) sufficient fundingB) further experimentsC) advanced technologyD) well-equipped laboratories
注：A选项讲到资金；C讲第三段，为窜段选项；D涉及句子次要成分的选项，
●涉及句子当中主要成分选项优选于涉及次要成分选项，次要成分包括：插入语，同位语
The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community's solar energy program, Mr. Joachim
Gretz, told journalists that at present levels of research spending it was most unlikely that solar energy
would provide as much as three percent of the Community's energy requirements even after the year
2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it
was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. The major problems with America's railroad system in the mid 19th century lay in _________.
A) poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systemsB) lack of financial support for developmentC) limited
railroad linesD) lack of a transcontinental railroad
37. The building of the first transcontinental system _________.
A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the westB) attracted many visitors to the
construction sitesC) attracted laborers from EuropeD) encouraged people to travel all over the country
38. The best title for this passage would be ________
A) Settlements Spread WestwardB) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital LinkC) American Railroad
HistoryD) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy
39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took _________.
A) 9 yearsB) 7 yearsC) 4 yearsD) 3 years
40. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?
A) The possibility of government support for such a task.
B) The need to explore Utah.
C) The need to connect the east coast with the west.
D) The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement (新
拓居地) spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time
the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the
construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system.
Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860
there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward
to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
注：1.首句提出问题，后跟着解决方案。四级文章套路：有现象必有解释，有结论必有解释，有问题必有
解决方案2.most serious 对应36题中的 major problem，最高级出现是考点
The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In
1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and
from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the
Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land.
Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California,
used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked
at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place
called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion.
There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor
the great achievement.
注：1.authorize 授权2.1862、4 years、1869三个数字出现，是考点3.what is now 现在的
The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry
and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking
towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States.
37. The building of the first transcontinental system _________.
A) brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the westB) attracted many visitors to the
construction sitesC) attracted laborers from EuropeD) encouraged people to travel all over the country
注：A 选项看末段，B 选项铁路建成大家来庆祝，C 选项错误推理，文章中的意思为雇佣爱尔兰工人
39. The construction of the transcontinental railroad took _________.
A) 9 yearsB) 7 yearsC) 4 yearsD) 3 years注：1869-(1862+4)=3
The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862
Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from
California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic
seaboard with the Pacific. The Government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual
work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used
Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at
remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place
called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors came there for the great occasion.
There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor
the great achievement.
40. What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad?
A) The possibility of government support for such a task.B) The need to explore Utah.C) The need to
connect the east coast with the west.D) The need to develop the railroad industry in the west.
注：1.问题是建设跨洲铁路的目的2.transcontinental 跨越大洲的
trans -- 跨越
A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement
(新拓居地) spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long
time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were
the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system.
Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860
there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward
to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines.
38. The best title for this passage would be ________
A) Settlements Spread WestwardB) The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital LinkC) American Railroad
HistoryD) The Importance of Railroads in the American Economy
注：本文主题词：transcontinent railroad，A选项直接摘抄，C选项范围过大，D选项railroads范围过大
文章标题题型：1.文章主题词必须在选项中出现2.选项范围恰如其分，不可过大，亦不可过于细节范围过
大：选项本身范围过大；选项缺少文章中的限定词范围过细：只出现某一段中心事物的选项
3.直接从文章首句或某句话摘抄词语编成的选项为干扰
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:
51. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us _________.
A) determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB) behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC)
protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD) make friends with other people注：status 身份地位
52. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses _________.
A) in order to identify themselves with othersB) in order to better identify othersC) as their mental
processes changeD) as the situation changes注：assume 承担，采取
assuming 在句首相当于 if
53. The word "appraisal" (Line 5, Para. 2) most probably means "___________".
A) involvementB) appreciationC) assessmentD) presentation注：词汇题
54. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun "it" refers to "_________".
A) fitting our actions to those of other people appropriatelyB) identification of other people's statusesC)
selecting one's own statusesD) constant mental process
55. By saying that "an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a
Hindu prince"(Lines 2-3, Para. 3), the writer means _________.
A) different people have different styles of clothesB) ready-made clothes may need alterations
C) statuses come ready made just like clothesd) our choice of statuses is limited
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:
Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to determine
where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place people in terms
of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a reader or a librarian,
whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar person on our property is
a thief or a meter reader, and so on.
注：1.首句主题句2.fit 加了引号，意义有所改变3.property 财产，尤指房产
The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of
us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social
interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to
assume their statuses in relation to us. This means that we fit our actions to those of other people based
on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more
difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly.
注：1.I am nobody 我是无名之辈；somebody 大人物；I am small / big potato 我是小/大人物；2.this means
解释上一句，所以这句与上一句难句意思应该接近3.mental process 思维过程4.effortlessly 毫不费力的
52. According to the writer, people often assume different statuses _________.
A) in order to identify themselves with othersB) in order to better identify othersC) as their mental
processes changeD) as the situation changes注：different 对应第第二段中的 various，该题应为第二段
第一句改写
53. The word "appraisal" (Line 5, Para. 2) most probably means "___________".
A) involvementB) appreciationC) assessmentD) presentation
注：词汇题。一种心理活动，A 涉及，B 感激，C 评价，D 成交，故排除非心理活动A项和D项，采用代
入法可排除B项
54. In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the pronoun "it" refers to "_________".
A) fitting our actions to those of other people appropriatelyB) identification of other people's statusesC)
selecting one's own statusesD) constant mental process
注：指代题。二段末句中的前半句中的 the task,而task又指代的是前边一句中提到的内容
A status has been compared to ready-made clothes. Within certain limits, the buyer can choose
style and fabric. But an American is not free to choose the costume (服装) of a Chinese peasant or that of
a Hindu prince. We must choose from among the clothing presented by our society. Furthermore, our
choice is limited to a size that will fit, as well as by our pocketbook (钱包). Having made a choice within
these limits we can have certain alterations made, but apart from minor adjustments, we tend to be
limited to what the stores have on their racks. Statues too come ready made, and the range of choice
among them is limited.
注：1.四级文章比喻、类比相当于举例。举例常为细节，服务于结论，速读2.rack 衣架3.本段首句和末句
之外都是举例部分
55. By saying that "an American is not free to choose the costume of a Chinese peasant or that of a
Hindu prince"(Lines 2-3, Para. 3), the writer means _________.
A) different people have different styles of clothesB) ready-made clothes may need alterationsC)
statuses come ready made just like clothesD) our choice of statuses is limited
注：1.文章最后一句2.考举例一定不是考举的例子本身，一定是考从中抽象出来的大结论。
51. In the first paragraph, the writer tells us that statuses can help us _________.
A) determine whether a person is fit for a certain jobB) behave appropriately in relation to other peopleC)
protect ourselves in unfamiliar situationsD) make friends with other people
注：1.重点第一句和第二句，第一句话说明身份地位的功能：使我们对他人的言谈举止恰如其分2.首句中
的get along with是指与某人相处，get well along with 和睦相处3.A项中的fit 与文中的fit意思不同
Statuses are marvelous human inventions that enable us to get along with one another and to
determine where we "fit" in society. As we go about our everyday lives, we mentally attempt to place
people in terms of their statuses. For example, we must judge whether the person in the library is a
reader or a librarian, whether the telephone caller is a friend or a salesman, whether the unfamiliar
person on our property is a thief or a meter reader, and so on.
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:
31. According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be ________.
A) a technical failureB) a technical wonderC) a good life saverD) an effective means to treat heart
disease
32. From the passage we know that Symbion Inc. ________.
A) has been banned by the government from producing artificial heartsB) will review the effects of
artificial hearts before designing new modelsC) may continue to work on new models of reliable artificial
heartsD) can make new models of artificial hearts available on the market in 10 to 20 years
33. The new models of artificial hearts are expected _________.
A) to have a working life of 10 or 20 yearsB) to be set fully in the patient's chestC) to be equipped with an
external power sourceD) to create a new passage for infection
34. The word "them" in Line 7, Para. 2 refers to _________.
A) doctors who treat heart diseasesB) makers of artificial heartsC) America's health-care programsD)
new models of artificial hearts注：指代题
35. Some people feel that _________.
A) artificial hearts are seldom effectiveB) the country should not spend so much money on artificial
heartsC) the country is not spending enough money on artificial heartsD) America's health-care programs
are not doing enough for the nation's health
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Just seven years ago, the Jarvik-7 artificial heart
was being cheered as the model of human creativeness. The sight of Barney Clark - alive and conscious
after trading his diseased heart for a metal-and-plastic pump - convinced the press, the public and many
doctors that the future had arrived. It hadn't. After monitoring production of the Jarvik-7, and reviewing
its effects on the 150 or so patients (most of whom got the device as a temporary measure) the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration concluded that the machine was doing more to endanger lives than to
save them. Last week the agency cancelled its earlier approval, effectively banning (禁止) the device.
注：1.cheer 欢呼、喝彩2.convince 使……相信3.monitor 监视 4.review 回顾5.the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration 美国食物药品管理局 简写FDA
成果型文章：1.文章中只有一个成果，作者正评价 2.文中出现新、老两个成果，新成果正评，老成果负评，
抓住正负评价原因 3.抓住新老成果各自技术特点
The recall may hurt Symbion Inc, maker of the Jarvik-7, but it won't end the request for an artificial heart.
One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created
a passage for infection (感染). Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed,
along with a tiny power pack, in the patient's chest. The first sample products aren't expected for
another 10 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they'll work - and that America's
overextended health-care programs will lose a precious $2.5 billion to $5 billion a year providing them for
a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures (开支) cut into funding for more basic care, the net
effect could actually be a decline in the nation's health.
注：1.recall 取消，re 有“向后”含义2.看到Symbion Inc.就把32题标在这里；看到new devices就把33题标
在这里。3.external 外部的，passage 通道4.work 可行、有效，they 指代前文 the first sample product
5.providing 引导现在分词做状语
指代题做法：1.将代词所在句代词之前部分的名词以及代词之前句子的名词划出 2.根据单复数缩小范围3.
注意结合动词判断所指代为人、事或物
34. The word "them" in Line 7, Para. 2 refers to _________.
A) doctors who treat heart diseasesB) makers of artificial heartsC) America's health-care programs
D) new models of artificial hearts注：指代题，按照指代题的作法解题
31. According to the passage the Jarvik-7 artificial heart proved to be ________.
A) a technical failureB) a technical wonderC) a good life saverD) an effective means to treat heart
disease注：对老成果负评价
32. From the passage we know that Symbion Inc. ________.
A) has been banned by the government from producing artificial hearts
B) will review the effects of artificial hearts before designing new models
C) may continue to work on new models of reliable artificial hearts
D) can make new models of artificial hearts available on the market in 10 to 20 years
注：屡败屡战。A 选项为泛指而文章为特指；B 选项为窜段选项，另外选项中的 artificial hearts 扩大了
文章中的指代范围。
二段首句：The recall may hurt Symbion Inc, maker of the Jarvik-7, but it won't end the request for an
artificial heart.
33. The new models of artificial hearts are expected _________.
A) to have a working life of 10 or 20 yearsB) to be set fully in the patient's chestC) to be equipped with an
external power sourceD) to create a new passage for infection注：第二段考新成果的技术特点
35. Some people feel that _________.
A) artificial hearts are seldom effectiveB) the country should not spend so much money on artificial
heartsC) the country is not spending enough money on artificial heartsD) America's health-care programs
are not doing enough for the nation's health注：定位第二段 But some people are already worrying ...
The recall may hurt Symbion Inc, maker of the Jarvik-7, but it won't end the request for an artificial heart.
One problem with the banned model is that the tubes connecting it to an external power source created a
passage for infection (感染). Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed,
along with a tiny power pack, in the patient's chest. The first sample products aren't expected for
another 10 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they'll work - and that America's
overextended health-care programs will lose a precious $2.5 billion to $5 billion a year providing them for
a relatively few dying patients. If such expenditures (开支) cut into funding for more basic care, the net
effect could actually be a decline in the nation's health.
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:
56.The passage is meant to _________.
A) warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience
B) advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer
C) show young people it' s unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame
D) encourage young people to pursue a writing career
57. What can be concluded from the passage?
A) Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding.
B) A writer s success depends on luck rather than on effort.
C) Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolation.
D) The chances for a writer to become successful are small.
58. Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?
A) He wasn' t able to produce a single book.B) He hadn't seen a change for the better.C) He wasn' t able
to have a rest for a whole year.D) He found his dream would never come true.
59. "... people who die wondering, What if?" (Line 3, Para. 3) refers to "those
A) who think too much of the dark side of lifeB) who regret giving up their career halfway
C) who think a lot without making a decisionD) who are full of imagination even upon death
60. "Shadowland" in the last sentence refers to _________
A) the wonderland one often dreams aboutB) the bright future that one is looking forward toC) the state of
uncertainty before one' s final goal is reachedD) a world that exists only in one's imagination
58. Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?
A) He wasn' t able to produce a single book.B) He hadn't seen a change for the better.C) He wasn' t able
to have a rest for a whole year.D) He found his dream would never come true.
59. "... people who die wondering, What if?" (Line 3, Para. 3) refers to "those
A) who think too much of the dark side of lifeB) who regret giving up their career halfwayC) who think a lot
without making a decisionD) who are full of imagination even upon death
60. "Shadowland" in the last sentence refers to _________
A) the wonderland one often dreams aboutB) the bright future that one is looking forward toC) the state of
uncertainty before one' s final goal is reachedD) a world that exists only in one's imagination
Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:
Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also
explain that there's a big difference between "being a writer" and writing. In most cases these individuals
are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. "You've got to want to write," I
say to them, "not want to be a writer."
注：1.一段首句细节，二段首句是文章主题句，本文为文科文章，以态度为切入点2.But 转折，表明了作
者负态度，但I always encourage such people, but I also... 全句来看是混合(中立)态度。
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by
fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in
the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer (自由撰稿者), I had no prospects at all: What I did
have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn't even matter that it
was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine
writer.
注：1.fortune 幸运，财富 2.本段首句主题句，第二段结论句，career 事业，经历3.manual 手动 genuine
真正的 gene 基因
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell
a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I
wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering; what if? I would keep putting my dream
to the test --- even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the Shadowland of
hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. 注：After a year 对应58题
59. "... people who die wondering, What if?" (Line 3, Para. 3) refers to "those _________"
A) who think too much of the dark side of lifeB) who regret giving up their career halfway
C) who think a lot without making a decisionD) who are full of imagination even upon death
注：不能根据字面意思，要看上下文关系来做。
句子含义题做题方法：根据上下句之间相同、相反或解释说明等关系做题。根据该句话本身字面意思得出
的选项为干扰选项。
（该原则适用于词汇题）
60. "Shadowland" in the last sentence refers to _________
A) the wonderland one often dreams aboutB) the bright future that one is looking forward toC) the state of
uncertainty before one's final goal is reachedD) a world that exists only in one's imagination
注：出现在最后一句，但应从前一句中寻找答案。A、B和D项都是字面意思
56.The passage is meant to _________.
A) warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience
B) advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer
C) show young people it' s unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame
D) encourage young people to pursue a writing career
注：1.主题题。二段首句是文章主题句，本文为文科文章，以态度为切入点。
2.B和C项都是片面负态度，而文章中作者持混合(中立)态度，故可以排除这两项
57. What can be concluded from the passage?
A) Genuine writers often find their work interesting and rewarding.B) A writer s success depends on luck
rather than on effort.C) Famous writers usually live in poverty and isolation.D) The chances for a writer to
become successful are small.
注：推理题。第二段第二句的同义改写，定位方法：顺序原则(58题的关键词出现在第三段，所以此题应该
是在第二段)
The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune
there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S.
Coast Guard to become a freelance writer (自由撰稿者), I had no prospects at all: What I did have was a
friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn't even matter that it was cold and
had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer.
58. Why did the author begin to doubt himself after the first year of his writing career?
A) He wasn' t able to produce a single book.B) He hadn't seen a change for the better.
C) He wasn' t able to have a rest for a whole year.D) He found his dream would never come true.
注：第三段第一句的同义改写，D项中的never 为绝对语气词，故不选
After a year or so, however, I still hadn't gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard
to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for
years. I wasn't going to be one of those people who die wondering; what if? I would keep putting my
dream to the test --- even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the
Shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there.
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:
66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _________.
A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity
C) the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
A) They have no doubts about them.B) They have doubts about them.
C) They approve of them.D) They avoid talking about them.
68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.
B) Assigning them tasks which require inventiveness.
C) Giving them rewards they really deserve.D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.
69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading
standards because they believe _________.
A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB) punishment is more effective than
rewardingC) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
70. The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _________.
A) ways to develop economyB) systems of rewarding students
C) approaches to solving problemsD) methods of improving performance
Questions 66 to 70 are based on the following passage:
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect
motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences,
argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers,
who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging
dependence on approval and gifts from others.
注：1.opposing 相反的2.插入语 from warm praise to cold cash 用来解释 external rewards3.argue 认为
4.maintain 认为，维持
对比型文章：文章提到两种相反观点，抓住以下几点1.文章主题即对比方面；2.抓住各派观点3.抓住作者态
度（a.支持一派反对另一派 b.中立态度）
The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small
monetary ( 金 钱 的 ) rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly
presented inducements (刺激) indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology.
注：1.spark 火花激发2.作者用词 careful, properly 表明作者态度是中立的
67. What is the response of many educators to external rewards for their students?
A) They have no doubts about them.B) They have doubts about them
.C) They approve of them.D) They avoid talking about them.注：只有B 项为负态度
"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show
the most creativity, "says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to
kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
注：anticipation 期望，预期
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary
achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he
notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.
注：uninspired 没有灵感的
inspire 激励，有灵感
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems
and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and
creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
66. Psychologists are divided with regard to their attitudes toward _________.
A) the choice between spiritual encouragement and monetary rewards
B) the amount of monetary rewards for student's creativity
C) the study of relationship between actions and their consequences
D) the effects of external rewards on students' performance
注：文章第一段 divided 对应opposing，attitude 对应 views，A和B选项涉及插入语，为次要成分干扰选
项，C为窜句干扰选项
窜句选项：根据题干关键词回文章定位对应语句，如该句话包含题干答案，则凡涉及该段其他语句的选项
为窜句选项；如该句不包含答案，到其上下句中寻找答案
Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect
motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences,
argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知学派的) researchers,
who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging
dependence on approval and gifts from others.
68. Which of the following can best raise students' creativity according to Robert Eisenberger?
A) Assigning them tasks they have not dealt with before.B) Assigning them tasks which require
inventiveness.C) Giving them rewards they really deserve.D) Giving them rewards they anticipate.
注：中立调和态度观点，A和B选项来自第三段第一句，错误推理
"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the
most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to kill
creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards."
69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading
standards because they believe _________.
A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of studentsB) punishment is more effective than
rewardingC) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary
achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he
notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades
注：D选项是错误推理
70. The phrase "token economies" (Line 1, Para. 5) probably refers to _________.
A) ways to develop economyB) systems of rewarding studentsC) approaches to solving problemsD)
methods of improving performance
注：1.token economy 是与“外部奖励”有关的内容2.A选项是字面意思。有文章主题词的选项优选，本文主
题词 reward
In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems
and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows promise in raising effort and
creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.
69. It can be inferred from the passage that major universities are trying to tighten their grading
standards because they believe _________.
A) rewarding poor performance may kill the creativity of students
B) punishment is more effective than rewarding
C) failing uninspired students helps improve their overall academic standards
D) discouraging the students' anticipation for easy rewards is a matter of urgency
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:
61. By "... challenges explanation" ( Line 2, Para. 1) the author means that _________
A) no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenonB) no explanation has been made up to
nowC) it' s no easy job to provide an adequate explanationD) it' s high time that an explanation was
provided注：词汇题
62. The third paragraph is mainly about ________
A) the development of babies' early forms of languageB) the difficulties of babies in learning to speakC)
babies' strong desire to communicateD) babies' intention to communicate注：段落主题题
63. The author' s purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children _________.
A) usually obey without asking questionsB) are passive in the process of learning to speakC) are born
cooperativeD) learn to speak by listening注：段落主题题
64. From the passage we learn that _________.
A) early starters can learn to speak within only six months
B) children show a strong desire to communicate by making noises
C) imitation plays an important role in learning to speak
D) children have various difficulties in learning to speak
65. The best title for this passage would be _________.
A) How Babies Learn to SpeakB) Early Forms of Language
C) A Huge Task for ChildrenD) Noise Making and Language Learning注：标题题
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:
It is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learns to speak, and the fact that he
does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.
注：1.everyone agree 大众观点2.challenge 挑战，难以解释
61. By "... challenges explanation" ( Line 2, Para. 1) the author means that _________
A) no explanation is necessary for such an obvious phenomenonB) no explanation has been made up to
nowC) it's no easy job to provide an adequate explanationD) it's high time that an explanation was
provided
注：1.首句提出的观点和事实是矛盾的关系，所以选C2.no+名词结构是绝对化选项，最好不选,所以排除A
和B项3.it's high time that
早该做...后面接虚拟语气
Language learning begins with listening. Individual children vary greatly in the amount of listening they do
before they start speaking, and late starters are often long listeners. Most children will "obey" spoken
instructions some time before they can speak, though the word obey is hardly accurate as a description
of the eager and delighted cooperation usually shown by the child. Before they can speak, many children
will also ask questions by gesture and by making questioning noises.
注：1.第一句结论句，主题句，段落首句是重要句2.obey 服从
63. The author's purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children _________.
A) usually obey without asking questionsB) are passive in the process of learning to speak
C) are born cooperativeD) learn to speak by listening
注：段落主题题，第二段首句。A选项 obey 出现，而文章中此词带引号，此项为干扰选项
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken
words leads to considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the
first few months one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress,
sociability, and so on. But since these cannot be said to show the baby' s intention to communicate, they
can hardly be regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they
play with sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their
repertoire (能发出的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds
made or words spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one
can say that these imitations can be considered as speech.
注：1.首句为主题句。2.as to = about 引导的部分作为定语，修饰 problem
62. The third paragraph is mainly about ________
A) the development of babies' early forms of languageB) the difficulties of babies in learning to speak
C) babies' strong desire to communicateD) babies' intention to communicate注：段落主题题，第三段第
一句
64. From the passage we learn that _________.
A) early starters can learn to speak within only six months
B) children show a strong desire to communicate by making noises
C) imitation plays an important role in learning to speak
D) children have various difficulties in learning to speak
注：文章末段，A选项是大众观点，B选项与第三段中But since these cannot ... 的意思矛盾所以不选
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to
considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months
one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on.
But since these cannot be said to show the baby's intention to communicate, they can hardly be
regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with
sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出
的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words
spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these
imitations can be considered as speech.
65. The best title for this passage would be _________.
A) How Babies Learn to SpeakB) Early Forms of Language
C) A Huge Task for ChildrenD) Noise Making and Language Learning
注：标题题型，包含主题词baby、speak的为正确选项，B选项直接从文章第三段中摘抄，为干扰选项，C
选项为大众观点，D选项过于细节
Any attempt to trace the development from the noises babies make to their first spoken words leads to
considerable difficulties. It is agreed that they enjoy making noises, and that during the first few months
one or two noises sort themselves out as particularly indicative of delight, distress, sociability, and so on.
But since these cannot be said to show the baby' s intention to communicate, they can hardly be
regarded as early forms of language. It is agreed, too, that from about three months they play with
sounds for enjoyment, and that by six months they are able to add new sounds to their repertoire (能发出
的全部声音). This self-imitation leads on to deliberate (有意识的) imitation of sounds made or words
spoken to them by other people. The problem then arises as to the point at which one can say that these
imitations can be considered as speech.
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
21. People who are cognitively healthy are those _________.
A) whose minds are alert and receptiveB) who are highly intelligent.
C) who can remember large amounts of informationD) who are good at recognizing different sounds
22. According to Fozard's argument, people can make their brains work more efficiently by _________.
A) constantly doing memory work
B) making frequent adjustments
C) going through specific training
D) taking part in various mental activities
23. The findings of James and other scientists in their work _________.
A) remain a theory to be further provedB) have been challenged by many other experts
C) are practised by the researchers themselvesD) have been generally accepted
24. Older people are generally advised to _________.
A) keep mentally active by challenging their brainsB) keep fit by going in for physical activities
C) maintain mental alertness through specific trainingD) maintain a balance between individual and
group activities
25. What is the passage mainly about?
A) How biochemical changes occur in the human brain.
B) Why people should receive special mental training as they age.
C) How intellectual activities influence brain-cell health.
D) Why people should keep active not only physically but also mentally.
Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in
the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory.
This is true regardless of age.
注：1."it"指代"brain"2.mentally engaged 动脑筋，思考问题3.第一句是主题句
People will be alert (警觉的) and receptive (愿意接受的) if they are faced with information that gets them
to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will
go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
注：1.第一段 attention and memory 对应 alert and receptive2.active mind 思维活跃3.sound adj.健康的
Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory
to work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of
information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. "Most of us don't
need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental
alertness." Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because
they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains
work.
注：1.convince 相信，确信2.双引号之内句子不重要3.be less interest than 某事好处不如某事好处多
Gene Cohen, acting director of the same institute, suggests that people in their old age should engage in
mental and physical activities individually as well as in groups. Cohen says that we are frequently
advised to keep physically active as we age, but older people need to keep mentally active as well.
Those who do are more likely to maintain their intellectual abilities and to be generally happier and better
adjusted. "The point is, you need to do both," Cohen says. "Intellectual activity actually influences
brain-cell health and size."
注：1.本段第二句中but之前是大众观点， 后面是作者观点2.age v. 变老
24. Older people are generally advised to _________.
A) keep mentally active by challenging their brains
B) keep fit by going in for physical activities
C) maintain mental alertness through specific training
D) maintain a balance between individual and group activities
注：generally advised 与末段中的frequently advised 对应，考的是大众观点
21. People who are cognitively healthy are those _________.
A) whose minds are alert and receptiveB) who are highly intelligent.
C) who can remember large amounts of information
D) who are good at recognizing different sounds
注：题干的关键词出现了，但该句没有正确对应的选项，所以从上或下一句来找
People will be alert (警觉的) and receptive (愿意接受的) if they are faced with information that gets them
to think about things they are interested in. And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will
go into old age more cognitively sound than someone who has not had an active mind.
22. According to Fozard's argument, people can make their brains work more efficiently by _________.
A) constantly doing memory workB) making frequent adjustments
C) going through specific trainingD) taking part in various mental activities注：考第三段末句
Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the theory to
work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts of
information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. "Most of us don't
need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental
alertness." Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because
they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their
brains work.
23. The findings of James and other scientists in their work _________.
A) remain a theory to be further provedB) have been challenged by many other experts
C) are practised by the researchers themselvesD) have been generally accepted
注：第三段首句中的"theory"等同于"findings"
Many experts are so convinced of the benefits of challenging the brain that they are putting the
theory to work in their own lives. "The idea is not necessarily to learn to memorize enormous amounts
of information," says James Fozard, associate director of the National Institute on Aging. "Most of us
don't need that kind of skill. Such specific training is of less interest than being able to maintain mental
alertness." Fozard and others say they challenge their brains with different mental skills, both because
they enjoy them and because they are sure that their range of activities will help the way their brains
work.
25. What is the passage mainly about?
A) How biochemical changes occur in the human brain.B) Why people should receive special mental
training as they age.C) How intellectual activities influence brain-cell health.D) Why people should keep
active not only physically but also mentally.
注：not only... but also... 为优选项，且重点在 but also 部分。D 项为首句主题句的同义改写
Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur in
the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and memory.
This is true regardless of age.
短文回答内容应该简洁
例：Why are the students enthusiastic (热情的） for the positions in students' organization?
1. Because they are respected.（可以）2. They are respected.（可以）
3. The students are enthusiastic for the positjions in students' organization because they are respected.
（ 太 复 杂 ， 不 可 以 ） 如 何 做 答 ： 优 选 顺 序 ： 单 词 -- 词 组 -- 句 子 ； 以 下 情 况 用 句 子 ： Why? 和 What
opinion/result/suggestion/belief
短文回答语言方面要求一、答案语法结构应与问题要求一致二、照搬：a. 以单词或短语回答--彻底照搬
b. 小于等于4个字的句子--彻底照搬c. 超过4个字的语句可用代词替换名词，用动词替换动词词组。
例如：There is a basic human earth to make sense of the world.可以将make sense of 改写为
understand。
三、注意语言错误（主谓不一致、时态不对应）答案时态与题目时态保持一致
Unit 1Part IV Short Answer Question
In Britain, the old Road Traffic Act restricted speeds to 2 m. p. h. (miles per hour) in towns and 4 m. p. h.
in the country. Later Parliament increased the speed limit to 14 m. p.h. But by 1903 the development of
the car industry had made it necessary to raise the limit to 20 m. p. h. By 1930, however, the law was so
widely ignored that speeding restrictions were done away with altogether. For five years motorists
were free to drive at whatever speeds they liked. Then in 1935 the Road Traffic Act imposed a 30 m. p.
h. speed limit in built-up areas, along with the introduction of driving tests and pedestrian crossing
.注：1.ignore 忽略2.be done away with 取消、废除3.impose 实施4."A and B"结构就用"A and B"结构回
答
71.During which period could motorist drive without limits?
注：用单词短语，把时间起点终点找出来，然后用介词联起来 From 1930 to 1935
72. What measures were adopted in 1935 in addition to the speeding restrictions?
注：1.measure n.措施；v.衡量 2.题中 measures 表明考得是列举语言现象
Driving tests and pedestrian crossing
Speeding is now the most common motoring offence in Britain. Offences for speeding fall into three
classes: exceeding the limit on a restricted road, exceeding on any road the limit for the vehicle you are
driving, and exceeding the 70 m. p. h. limit on any road. A restricted road is one where the street lamps
are 200 yards apart, or more.注：exceed 超过
73. Speeding is a motoring offence a driver commits when he _________
注：1.offend
v. 犯罪；冒犯 2.题中只需要补充一个谓语动词Key：Exceeds the speed limits
The main controversy (争论) surrounding speeding laws is the extent of their safety value. The Ministry
of Transport maintains that speed limits reduce accidents. It claims that when the 30 m. p. h. limit was
introduced in 1935 there was a fall of 15 percent in fatal accidents. Likewise, when the 40 m. p. h. speed
limit was imposed on a number of roads in London in the late fifties, there was a 28 percent reduction in
serious accidents. There were also fewer casualties (伤亡) in the year after the 70 m. p. h. motorway limit
was imposed in 1966.注：maintain 认为
74. What is the opinion of British authorities concerning speeding laws?
注：What+opinion 题型，需要用句子来回答，根据 British authorities 定位第三段Key：Speed limits reduce
accidents
In America, however, it is thought that the reduced accident figures are due rather to the increase in
traffic density. This is why it has even been suggested that the present speed limits should be done away
with completely, or that a guide should be given to inexperienced drivers and the speed limits m ade
advisory, as is done in parts of the USA.
75. What reason do Americans give for the reduction in traffic accidents?
注：根据 Americans 定位第四段
Key：The increase in traffic density
Unit 3Part IV Short Answer Questions
For many women choosing whether to work or not to work outside their home is a luxury: they must
work to survive. Others face a hard decision.
Perhaps the easiest choice has to do with economics. One husband said, "Marge and I decided
after careful consideration that for her to go back to work at this moment was an extravagance (奢侈) we
couldn't afford." With two preschool children, it soon became clear in their figuring that with babysitters
(临时照看小孩的人), transportation, and increased taxes, rather than having more money, they might
actually end up with less.
Economic factors are usually the first to be considered, but they are not the most important. The
most important aspects of the decision have to do with the emotional needs of each member of the
family. It is in this area that husbands and wives find themselves having to face many confusing and
conflicting feelings.
There are many women who find that homemaking is boring or who feel imprisoned (被囚禁) if they
have to stay home with a young child or several children. On the other hand, there are women who think
that homemaking gives them the deepest satisfaction.
From my own experience. I would like to suggest that sometime the decision to go back to work is
made in too much haste. There are few decisions that I now regret more. I wasn't mature enough to see
how much I could have gained at home. I regret my impatience to get on with my career. I wish I had
allowed myself the luxury of watching the world through my little girl's eyes.
Questions: （注意：答题尽量简短，超过 10 个词要扣分。每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格。
）
73. What are the two major considerations in deciding whether women should go out to work?注："A and
B"结构
Economic factors and emotional needs
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
36. Plants will emit an increased amount of heat when they are _________.
A) sprayed with pesticidesB) in poor physical conditionC) facing an infrared scannerD) exposed to
excessive sun rays注：when /as/ if 为条件句引导词，定位条件句
37. In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to _________.
A) locate the problem areaB) draw a color-coded map
C) measure the size of the affected areaD) estimate the damage to the crops
38. Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by _________.
A) transforming poisoned rainB) consulting infrared scanning experts
C) resorting to spot-sprayingD) detecting crop problems at an early date
39. The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties due to
______.
A) the lack of official supportB) its high cost
C) its failure to help increase productionD) the lack of financial support注：考因果关系
40. Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of ________.
A) growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on crops
B) the desire of farmers to improve the quality of their produce
C) the forceful promotion by the Department of AgricultureD) full support from agriculture experts
注：back into operation
重操旧业
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:
Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike
humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3, 000 feet away - straight up. A decade ago,
adapting the infrared (红外线) scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites,
physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which
ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide (杀虫剂) spraying rather
than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest (害虫) problems.
注：1.文章首句提出问题：植物受到病虫害侵扰会发烧2.straight up 高空3.adapt 使用，适用 4.come up
with 提出（方案、计划）5.precisely 准确的、精确的6.spray 喷射
Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they
became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner
measured the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a color-coded map showing where
plants were running "fevers". Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide
than they otherwise would.
注：1.Mounted on 安装在……之上2.transform 转变 = trans 变化 + form 形式3.spot-spray 点喷
The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted the
new technology and long-term backers were hard to find. But with the renewed concern about pesticides
on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation. Agriculture
experts have no doubt the technology works.
注：1.第一句为现象，后面跟着原因和解释2.with 因为，因果关系3.renew 恢复
4.工业产品：product；农业产品：produce5.refinement 提炼、精炼
This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States," says George Qerther
of Texas A& M. Ray Jackson, who recently retired form the Department of Agriculture, thinks remote
infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the financial
backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago.
36. Plants will emit an increased amount of heat when they are _________.
A) sprayed with pesticidesB) in poor physical condition
C) facing an infrared scannerD) exposed to excessive sun rays
注：第一段首句的同义改写when句：受到病虫害侵扰的时候
Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike
humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3, 000 feet away - straight up. A decade ago,
adapting the infrared (红外线) scanning technology developed for military purposes and other satellites,
physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to determine which
ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide (杀虫剂) spraying rather
than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest (害虫) problems.
37. In order to apply pesticide spraying precisely, we can use infrared scanning to _________.
A) locate the problem areaB) draw a color-coded map
C) measure the size of the affected areaD) estimate the damage to the crops
注：B选项在第二段出现，C选项测量区域不对
Even plants can run a fever, especially when they're under attack by insects or disease. But unlike
humans, plants can have their temperature taken from 3, 000 feet away - straight up. A decade ago,
adapting the infrared (红外线) scanning technology developed for military purposes and other
satellites, physicist Stephen Paley came up with a quick way to take the temperature of crops to
determine which ones are under stress. The goal was to let farmers precisely target pesticide (杀虫剂)
spraying rather than rain poison on a whole field, which invariably includes plants that don't have pest (害
虫) problems.
38. Farmers can save a considerable amount of pesticide by _________.
A) transforming poisoned rainB) consulting infrared scanning experts
C) resorting to spot-sprayingD) detecting crop problems at an early date注：考得是二段末句
Even better, Paley's Remote Scanning Services Company could detect crop problems before they
became visible to the eye. Mounted on a plane flown at 3,000 feet at night, an infrared scanner measured
the heat emitted by crops. The data were transformed into a color-coded map showing where plants were
running "fevers". Farmers could then spot-spray, using 50 to 70 percent less pesticide than they
otherwise would.
39. The application of infrared scanning technology to agriculture met with some difficulties due to
______.
A) the lack of official supportB) its high costC) its failure to help increase productionD) the lack of financial
support注：考得是三段的第二句，因果关系due to ，B项为错误推理
The bad news is that Paley's company closed down in 1984, after only three years. Farmers resisted
the new technology and long-term backers were hard to find. But with the renewed concern about
pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation.
Agriculture experts have no doubt the technology works.
40. Infrared scanning technology may be brought back into operation because of ________.
A) growing concern about the excessive use of pesticides on cropsB) the desire of farmers to improve
the quality of their produceC) the forceful promotion by the Department of AgricultureD) full support from
agriculture experts注：因果关系词 because of
"This technique can be used on 75 percent of agricultural land in the United States," says George
Qerther of Texas A& M. Ray Jackson, who recently retired form the Department of Agriculture, thinks
remote infrared crop scanning could be adopted by the end of the decade. But only if Paley finds the
financial backing which he failed to obtain 10 years ago.
一、翻译标准：忠实、通顺1.忠实指意义忠实于原文2.通顺指符合中文表达习惯。3.“信、达、雅”
二、评分情况(每题2分）1.全句结构（句子当中各个成分位置顺序安排是否恰当合理）0.5分2.除全句结构
0.5分之外，剩下1.5分分布于句子当中三个重要给分点（通常为重要词组或者重要结构）重要结构：定语
从句、比较结构、虚拟语气、倒装结构、双重否定
例：Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur
in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive (认知的) areas such as attention and
memory.
研 究 人员 证 实人 们在 动脑 筋时 ， 头脑 里 会产 生生 化变 化， 使 头脑 在 注意 力和 记忆 力 这 类 认知 领 域
中更加有效的活动。
（全句结构0.5）
三、翻译过程1.找到需翻译语句对应文中的位置2.理解阶段1）根据上下文关系2）分析句子结构3.
表
达阶段（注意中英文表达习惯的差异）
1）词序：即词与词或词与句子之间的位置顺序关系，中文习惯为修饰语前置。例：The girl in red is my sister.
穿红衣服的女孩是我姐姐。I like the watch which you bought me.我喜欢你给我买的那块表。We can keep
fit by going in for exercise.我们可以通过参加体育锻炼来保持健康。
2）句序： a.中文习惯为状语从句前置，英语中状语从句（如原因、条件从句）有时置于主句之后，而汉
语一般将状语从句置于主语之前。 例：I would be most happy to go with you if I am not in the way.不碍事
的话我很高兴和你们一起去。b.中文按照时间逻辑顺序安排句序，英文按照事情的重要性来安排句序。例：
It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit
which I had planned to pay to China in
January.我原计划1月份访问中国，后来必须推迟，对此我深表遗憾。
翻译技巧1.增词法：目的在于使译文通顺而不是增加含义1）增加动词例：After the banquet and the concert,
he would work on his report. (参加)宴会和(出席)音乐会之后他会继续写报告。
2）增加名词例：He cann't endure the tension of modern life他不能忍受现代生活的紧张(节奏)。
例：You are frank and honest with all your faults.你对错误的（态度）坦诚。
2.转译法：1）含有动词意味的名词转译为动词例：It is evidence enough of the desire of all of us to solve
the problem according to people's will as soon as possible(ASAP).这充分证明了我们都希望按照人们的意
愿尽快解决问题。 2）动词转译为名词例：Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之
间关系的特点是以礼相待。例：Most satellites are designed to burned up themselves after completing
mission. 按照设计大部分卫星在完成任务后自行燃烧。 3）形容词副词之间相互转译例：We took several
brief and restless naps.我们简短不安地睡了几次。
四、一些具体结构的翻译：
1.限定性定语从句: 按照修饰语前置翻译方法。通常译为“……的”。
（置于被修饰的名词之前）
例：For the population as a whole, we must be more concerned with the delayed effects of absorbing
small amounts of the pesticides that invisibly pollute our world.从人口的总体考虑，我们必须更多地关注摄
入少量的、在不知不觉中污染我们世界的杀虫剂所造成的延迟效应。
2.
非限定性定语从句（即which之前有逗号）译为单句例：He said that this was a good idea, which he
would consider.他说这是一个好主意，他会加以考虑。
3.同位语从句1）分译法：将先行词与同位语从句分开翻译，中间用“即”、“就是说”、冒号、破折号分开。
例：He said that this was a good idea that he would consider.（定语从句）
We have to face the fact that we are still poor.（同位语从句）我们必须面对一个事实，即我们还很贫穷。
2）转换法：如果同位语修饰的名词含有动作意义，则可将该名词译为动词。这类词有：suggestion / opinion
/ belief / hope 例：He has a feeling that his son was not wrong.他感觉到他的儿子没有错。
4.比较结构：最根本的译法译为“比…更…”
例：Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changes occur
in the brain that allow it to act more
effectively in cognitive areas such as arention and memory.
研究人员证实人们在动脑筋时，头脑里会产生生化变化，使头脑在注意力和记忆力这类认知领域中更
有效地活动。
And someone with a history of doing more rather than less will go into old age more cognitively
sound than someone who has not had an active mind.习惯于多动脑筋而不是少动脑筋的人，在进入老
年以后，要比一个从来不积极动脑子的人的认知能力更为健全。
The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in
both monery and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.
后者忽视了向分散居住的社区提供充分的服务需要较高的花费，以及近郊居民上下班既费钱又费时间1）
将more…than…译为“比…更…”；将more译为“更…”例：He was more active than I.他比我更积极。
2）用比较级表达最高级含义时，可译为“最”、“莫过于”。例：There is no better example than this.这是最
好的例子。
5.
被动结构1）译为被动。如“被”、“受到”、“遭到”、“由”、“为…所”。例：The committee established by
UN is considering the problem.由联合国建立的委员会正在考虑这个问题。2）译为表语。即“是……的”例：
The decision was not made easily.这个决定不是轻易做出的。3）译为主动句。例：He was given a high mark
by his teacher.他的老师给了他一个高分。
阅读错误答案的特征1.名词在原文为特指，在选项中为泛指2.错误推理：1）一般错误推理2）特殊错误推
理3.与原文相反4.片面选项：1) 原文中提到不可或缺的两个方面，选项只给出一个方面。but 前面或后面
同时出现形容词或副词表示不可或缺的并列，此类的词还有yet.2) 中立调和选项5.混淆：窜段、窜句
6.选项中出现文章中没有的内容7.绝对化语气词（最高级，唯一性,all, any, every, only, no+n. none, never,
must）
语法
四级考试简介
成绩90分以上需要背4200个单词成绩70－80分需要背457个单词单词的重考率极高，比如：available（四
级最爱）constrain（六级永陪词汇）
主考时态：容易成为答案的时态
1、过去完成时2、将来完成时3、完成进行时长得像的选项有一个是答案
[P56-24]Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can
participate in.
A) conservative
B) content
C) confident
D) generous注：押头韵去除D。
[P56-29]By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his
mind.A) accurate
B) urgent
C) excessive D) adequate注：押尾韵去除C。
摸底[P56-Unit 17]21. As we can no longer wait for the delivery of our order, we have to _______it.
A) postpone B) refuse C) delay D) cancel
注：postpone 推迟refuse 拒绝delay 推迟，拖延cancel 取消
22. These books, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you _______ you need.
A) all the information B) all the informations C) all of information D) all of the informations
注：1. information 不可数名词2. all of 表示of 中的全部，所以后面名词一定要有明确的范围，必须加以限
定。而all 没有这个要求。
23. Not until the game had begun _______ at the sports ground.
A) had he arrived B) would he have arrivedC) did he arrive D) should he have arrived
注：1. not until 句型2. 过去完成时与一般过去时成对使用
24. Young people are not _______ to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in.
A) conservative B) content C) confidentD) generous
注：conservative 保守的content 满足；内容confident 自信的generous 慷慨的
25. Most broadcasters maintain that TV has been unfairly criticized and argue that the power of the
medium is _______.
A) granted
B) implied
C) exaggerated D) remedied注：exaggerated
夸大的
26. These surveys indicate that many crimes go _______ by the police, mainly because not all victims
report them.
A) unrecorded
B) to be unrecorded
C) unrecording
D) to have been unrecorded
27. I have no objection _______ your story again.
A) to hear
B) to hearing
C) to having heard D) to have heard
注：object to doing 反对。其中 to为介词。动词跟介词，则相应的名词形式也跟介词。
28. The clothes a person wears may express his _______ or social position.
A) curiosity
B) status
C) determination
D) significance注：status 地位，身份
29. By law, when one makes a large purchase, he should have _______ opportunity to change his mind.
A) accurate
B) urgent
C) excessive
D) adequate注：adequate 足够的
30. You will see this product _______ wherever you go.
A) to be advertised B) advertised C) advertiseD) advertising
31. The early pioneers had to _______ many hardships to settle on the new land.
A) go along with
B) go back on C) go throughD) go into注：1. go through 经历困难而完成
congratulation（对新郎）best wishes（对新娘）2. go along with 陪伴3. go back on 违背，背弃
4. go into 谈论，谈及
32. The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.
A) would present
B) present
C) presents
D) ought to present注：should 省略虚拟
33. Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers, _______ overall consumption is significantly
higher than that of women.
A) whose
B) which
C) that
D) what
34. Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested _______ at the next town.
A) to stop
B) stopping
D) having stopped注：suggest doing 建议做...
C) stop
35. I didn't know the word. I had to _______ a dictionary.
A) look out
B) make out
D) go over注：refer to 查字典
C) refer to
36. The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new theory.
A) to be based on
B) to base on
C) which to base on
注：on which to do
介词+which+to do 结构相当于定语从句
D) on which to base
37. There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A) that
B) which
C) in which
D) whose注：同位语从句
38. I think I was at school, _______ I was staying with a friend during the vacation
when I heard the
news.
A) or elseB) and then
C) or so
D) even so
注：or else 否则要不然39. It is said that the math teacher seems _______ towards bright students.
A) partial
B) beneficial
C) preferable
D) liable注：partial 偏袒的
40. In order to show his boss what a careful worker he was, he took _______ trouble over the figures.
A) extensive
B) spare
D) supreme注：extra 额外的
C) extra
41. --"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"
--"I'm sorry. M. Williams _______ to a conference long before then."
A) will have gone
B) had gone
C) would have gone
D) has gone注：主考时态：将来完成时，
过去完成时
42. You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A) shouldn't follow B) mustn't followC) couldn't have been following
D) shouldn't have been
following注：本不应该
43. The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and
retraining schemes,
_______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.
A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows注：主谓一致，复杂主语中心词是growth，谓语动词用单数。
44. Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.
A) assembled
B) accumulated
C) piled
D) joined注：assemble （人群的）聚集
45. Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.
A) include
B) involveC) containD) comprise注：involve doing = need doing 需要
46. Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not the
least.
A) with whichB) for which C) of whichD) which注：of which 其中
47. In the _______ of the project not being a success, the investors stand to lose up to $30 million.
A) faceB) timeC) eventD) course注：in the event of 万一
48. The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.
A) had not worked
B) not to work C) does not work D) did not work注：would rather 加一般过去时表示
虚拟。
49. _______, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.
A) Although much he likes her
C) As he likes her much
B) Much although he likes her
D) Much as he likes her
50. The British constitution is _______ a large extent a product of the historical events described above.
A) within
B) to
C) by
D) at
课程安排：1. 摸底，讲单词2. 时态，非谓语动词3. 虚拟语气4. 倒装，主谓一致5. 从句6. 综合串讲
单词记忆举例：Ivy 常春藤gazelle 瞪羚vigor 精力naive 天真的quaint 古怪的acquaint 使熟悉
背单词的方法：1 谐音联想记忆法：ambition 野心 ambitious 野心勃勃的 ponderous
沉重的，笨重的
sneer 嘲笑，讥笑 exhaust 使精疲力尽 nuisance 讨厌的人 bruise 瘀伤 brutal 残忍的 curse 诅咒
2、近形对照法：adapt 适应；adopt 采纳；收养 adept 有技巧的；熟练的 coast 海岸线（ocean 海
洋）roast 烧，烤 boast 吹嘘 toast 干杯 3、形象联想法：look 看；loom 若隐若现；liberty 自由；
blush 脸红；amorous 好色的；morose 郁闷的；mortal
必死的；mental 智力的，精神的记忆类型：
1、视觉型：不断的重复 2、听觉型：自己录自己的讲解，不断的听 3、混合型：记情节，细节爱情三部曲
I：apply 申请 approve 批准 appreciate 感激 attention 注意 attract 吸引 arrange 安排 appointment 约会
[P52-42]Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______, drawing millions of visitors every year.
A) attentionB) attractionC) appointmentD) arrangement 注：tourist attraction 旅游胜地
[P52-70]Those gifts of rare books that were given to us were deeply ______.
A) appreciatedB) approvedC) appealedD) applied注：appeal 上诉subject to 屈从于，使服从summit 峰
会
高频成为答案词汇：爱情三部曲apply 申请approve 批准appreciate 感激attention 注意attract 吸引
arrange 安排appointment 约会engagement 约会
in that = because now that = since regardless of 不管，不顾 in terms of 根据 object to 反对（to为介词）
bargain v. 讨价还价；n. 便宜货 pace 节奏 available 可获得的，可得到的 （Are you available? 你是否
有时间？
[P1-42]There were no tickets ______ for Friday’s performance.
A) preferableB) considerableC) possibleD) available
注：1. preferable 喜欢的，更好的2. considerable 相当多的，大量的；considerate 体贴的，体谅的，考
虑周到的
[P3-62]______ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
A) For nowB) Now thatC) Ever sinceD) By now
[P5-48]
The match was cancelled because most of the members ______ a match without a standard court.
A) objected to havingB) were objected to haveC) objected to haveD) were objected to having 注：objected
to doing
[P6-56]Many people complain of the rapid ______ of modern life.
A) rateB) speedC) paceD) growth
[P13-58]Liquids are like solids ______ they have a definite volume.
A) with thatB) for thatC) in thatD) at that
[P15-34]Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, _________ the color of his
skin.
A) regardless ofB) in the light ofC) by virtue ofD) with the exception of
注：1. in the light of 根据 2. by virtue of 借助于，依靠，由于 3. with the exception of 除了
[P17-57]_____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.
A) ForB) SinceC) NowD) Despite
[P23-59]He decided to make further improvements on the computer’s design _________ the light of the
requirements of customers.
A) anB) forC) in D) with
[P27-43]It is quite necessary for a qualified teacher to have good manners and _________ knowledge.
A) extensiveB) expansiveC) intensiveD) expensive 注：通过押头韵排除 C，通过押尾韵排除 B。
重要的词性：1、动词和名词：名词是动作的发出者或承受者。2、形容词和名词：形容词修饰名词。 I love
a beautiful girl.
3、副词：副词修饰形容词；副词修饰动词；副词修饰副词。I love a very beautiful girl.I always love a very
beautiful girl.Not surprisingly, I always love a very beautiful girl.
猪八戒的五大特征：1.
vigorous 精力充沛的2.
glimpse 一瞥 love at the first glimpse 一见钟情view 风
景（不可数） a room with view《看得见风景的房间》
；视野 come into view 走进视野glance 一瞥gaze 凝
视，尤指感兴趣的看（gazelle 瞪羚）peep 偷窥3.
considerate 体贴的；considerable 相当多的，大量
的；4. consistent 一致的，和谐的；5. be liable for 对……负责
动词：谓语动词有且只有一个。如果再出现动词只能以非谓语形式存在：-ing, -ed, to doTo get a high score,
we have to study hard.I came in, followed by two dogs.Seeing is believing.
口诀：谓语非谓经常混,谓语句中就一个,其余动词非谓语,非谓形式有三种,-ing, -ed 和to do,现在分词表主
动,过去分词表被动,目的要用不定式,主宾要用动名词
一、谓语动词常考点：时态、语态、情态、倒装、主谓一致二、谓语动词的时态（共有16 种）：时间：过
去、现在、将来、过将（虚拟） 状态：一般、进行、完成、完成进行
三、四级考试中主要考的三个时态：过去完成时、将来完成时、完成进行时
1、过去完成时：到过去某个点为止所完成的动作；在过去发生了两个动作，先过去完成时后一般过去时。
过去完成时与一般过去时常常成对出现。
[P2-53]We _________ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A) just have hadB) have just had C) just hadD) had just had
[P28-25]Before the first non-stop flight made in 1949, it _________ necessary for all planes to land for
refueling.
A) would beB) has beenC) had beenD) would have been 注：时态题，A 和 D 是虚拟语气，应排除。过去
完成时所以选 C。
[P51-63]A thief who broke into a church was caught because traces of wax, found on his clothes,
_______ from the sort of candles used only in churches.
A) had come
B) coming
C) come
D) that came
注：1. because 从句缺谓语 2. 两个逗号中间的 found on his clothes 是插入成分
[P50-52]William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, _______ defended the right of every citizen to
freedom of choice in religion.
A) peculiarly
B) indifferently
C) vigorously
D) inevitably
注：1. peculiarly 奇怪地2. indifferently 冷漠地3. inevitably 不可避免地
[P51-59]Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up
wonderful
_______ in the marker.
A) batteries B) bargainsC) baskets D) barrels
[P56-23]Not until the game had begun_______ at the sports ground.
A) had he arrived
B) would he have arrivedC) did he arrive
D) should he have arrived
注：Not until 连词，标明从句。主句倒装，从句不倒装。Not until the vacation had begun did I pay tuition.Not
until I had met Lily did I realize the importance of English.Not until I had met Lily did I realize that learning
English is so easy.
2、将来完成时：到将来某个点为止所完成的动作。We'll have learned 3000 words by the end of this year.
by then 到那个时候
[P8-45]By the end of this month, we surely _________ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A) have foundB) will be findingC) will have foundD) are finding
[P8-49]Not _________, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.
A) obviouslyB) surprisinglyC) particularlyD) normally
[P26-39]It’s reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory _________ by
about 10%.
A) will have risenB) has risenC) will be risingD) has been rising 注：rise to 上升到 rise by 上升了
[P54-55]Between 1974 and 1997，the number of overseas visitors expanded ______ 27%.
A) by
B) for
C) to
D) in
[P54-54]It is our ______ policy that we will achieve unity through peaceful means.
A) consistent
B) continuous
C) considerate
D) continual
注：continuous 连续不断的 considerate 体贴的 continual 时断时续的，断断续续的
[P54-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful ______ it forces people
to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.
A) by which
B) to which
C) in that
D) so that 注：in that 因为
[P26-34]We gave out a cheer when the red roof of the cottage came _________ view.
A) fromB) inC) beforeD) into
[P25-29]Although I like the appearance of the house, what really made me decide to buy it was the
beautiful _________ through the window.
A) visionB) lookC) pictureD) view
[P24-66]I have no objection _________ the evening with them.
A) to spendB) to spendingC) of spendingD) spending
[P43-47]My train arrives in New York at eight o’clock tonight. The plane I would like to take from there
_________ by then.
A) would leaveB) will have leftC) has leftD) had left 注：时间状语从句，条件状语从句用一般现在时表示
将来。
[P43-51]All flights _________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take
the train.
A) had been canceledB) have been canceledC) were canceledD) having been canceled
注：because of 介词，此句为单句，谓语动词有一个，所以选非谓语动词。独立主格。
[P43-53]Remember that customers don’t _________ about prices in that city.
A) debateB) consultC) disputeD) bargain
注：1. bargain 讨价还价2. debate 辩论，争论3. consult 咨询4. dispute 辩论，争吵 dispute over
[P45-42]By the end of the year all but two people _________.
A) have leftB) will leaveC) will be leavingD) will have left
[P45-70]Our journey was slow because the train stopped _________ at different villages.
A) unceasinglyB) graduallyC) continuouslyD) continually
注：1. journey 旅行2. unceasingly 不停地，连续不断地3. gradually 逐渐地4. continuously 连续不断地
5. continually 时断时续地，断断续续地
[P44-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.
A) to thatB) besides that C) in thatD) except that
[P66-41]By the time you get to New York, I ______ for London.
A) would be leavingB) am leavingC) have already leftD) shall have left
[P63-31]By the time he arrives in Beijing, we ______ here for two days.
A) will have stayedB) shall stayC) have been stayingD) have stayed
3、完成进行时：更加强调时间性。现在完成进行时为例：They have been standing there for 3 days.
[P16-45]It seems oil _________ from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put
it right.
A) had leakedB) has been leakingC) leakedD) is leaking
非谓语动词三大类：分词、动名词、不定式
分词常考题型：做状语、做定语,分词作状语形式：
，主谓宾,不管谓语和宾语，只看主语能不能做
这件事。分词作状语题型，不定式不是答案。
永远不是答案的形式：having +v-ed, been+ v-ed, be+ v-ed
过去分词强调被动状态，现在分词强调主动进行。
例：_____, I am listening to the music.
A) Standing by Mr. LiuB) Stood by Mr.Liu
注：看主语能不能发出这个动作，还是动作的承受者来选择是-ing还是-ed。
[P11-43] No matter how frequently _________, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences.
A) performedB) performingC) to be performedD) being performed注：“空格+逗号+主谓宾”表示分词作状
语。
现在分词的常见形式：
1. 一般式：v-ing 与谓语动词同步发生。2. being+ v-ed 表示正在被做。3. having +ed 表示动作发生谓语
动词之前。
（在四级考试中不是正确答案） Having destroyed their house, they lived in a cave.
[P29-22]_________ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A) Having believedB) BelievingC) BelievedD) Being believed注：分词作状语题型。
[P57-68] ______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A) To look atB) Looking atC) Looked at D) To be looked at
注：分词作状语题型，A和D选项首先排除，situation和look是被动关系，所以选C。
[P57-69] A lot of ants are always invading my kitchen. They are a thorough ______ .
A) nuisanceB) troubleC) worryD) anxiety注：nuisance 讨厌的人
单词记忆：exhaust 使精疲力尽sting 蜇，咬bruise 瘀伤black and blue 青一块，紫一块，遍体鳞伤的brutal
残忍的kagroo 袋鼠cougar 美洲狮ignore 忽视ignorant 无知的ignorance 无知ambition
雄心，野心
sneer 轻视，蔑视
独立主格结构：1、名词/代词＋现在分词/过去分词2、在句中作状语3、分词的一种，也有分词的几种事时
态4、with/ without复合结构
P41-49] All things _________,
the planned trip will have to be called off.
A) consideredB) be consideredC) consideringD) having considered
注：分词题型中 having +ed 都不要考虑。
[P6-58]The speaker, _________ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.
A) having knownB) being knownC) knowingD) known注：having + v-ed做定语和状语都不会是答案。
[P22-44]Homework _________ on time will lead to better grades.
A) doneB) be doneC) having doneD) to have been done
[P22-45]The speech _________,
a lively discussion started.
A) being deliveredB) was deliveredC) be deliveredD) having been delivered
注：1. 考的是过去式独立主格结构。2. 按时间顺序，先讲座后讨论，所以选D。
[P37-36]As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in
every town _____ 50 households or more.
A) havingB) to haveC) to have hadD) having had
[P44-48]The speech which he made _____ the project has bothered me greatly.
A) being concernedB) concernedC) be concernedD) concerning
注：1. which he made定语从句本身不是划线的内容的话，可以将其去掉不考虑。2. concerning 为介词，
关于。相当于 about/ over（国外常用）
； concerning/ as to（国内考试用）
。3. bother 打扰；brother 兄
弟 fiend 魔鬼；friend 朋友
动名词：动作性的名词
1、是名词，可作主语和宾语。2、两种形式：-ing 形式表示主动Seeing is believing；being + v-ed 表被
动 being exposed to。3、前面可有动作的发出者，即带主语（宾格/所有格）I remember him offering.4、
后面可有动作的承受者，即带宾词 Starving troops is necessary.5、动名词作主语时谓语动词一定要用单
数。6、动名词的否定前面直接加not。
口诀：动名词功能多,能做主能做宾,被动形式being done,可带宾可加主,主为宾格所有格
[P8-44]After _________ for the job,
you will be required to take a language test.
A) being interviewedB) interviewedC) interviewingD) having interviewed
注：介词后缺宾语，应为被动形式。
[P44-45]_________ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.
A) The girl was educatedB) The girl educatedC) The girl’s being educatedD) The girl to be educated
需要接动名词的动词：COMPARE: consider ,object to ,mind ,prevent/ permit ,avoid ,risk ,enjoy
MISTAKE: miss ,imagine ,suggest ,tolerate,appreciate,keepescape
[P5-49]The teacher doesn’t permit _________ in class.
A) smokeB) to smokeC) smokingD) to have a smoke
[P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.
A) to be invitedB) to have invitedC) having invitedD) being invited
[P8-41]Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _______ for her
examination.
A) to prepareB) to be preparedC) preparingD) being prepared注：be busy doing
[P11-42]Mark often attempts to escape _______ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A) having been finedB) to have been finedC) being finedD) to be fined
[P11-41]I would appreciate ______ it a secret.
A) you to keepB) your keepingC) that you keepD) that you will keep
[P18-58]The man in the corner confessed to _________ a lie to the manager of the company.
A) have toldB) having toldC) being toldD) be told
注：1. to 在这里是介词。
（having+v-ed唯一正确的一次）2. to 作介词的词组：object to, look forward to 等。
[P19-48]It’s no use _________me not to worry.
A) you tellB) your tellingC) for you to have toldD) having told
注：固定句型 It's no use doing. 做什么事情是没有用的。
[P20-55]They are considering _________before the prices go up.
A) of buying the houseB) with buying the houseC) buying the houseD) to buy the house
[P20-59]He went ahead _________ all warnings about the danger of his mission.
A) in case ofB) because ofC) regardless ofD) prior to
注: 1. go ahead 继续
2. mission 任务
[P20-65]None of the servants were _________ when Mr. smith wanted to send a message.
A) availableB) approachableC) attainableD) applicable
不定式的常考形式：作定语，作状语
1、作状语表目的 To become a teacher, you must have a master degree.
2、定语表示将要做，分词作定语表示已完成。the surface to be glued （即将被粘好的）/ the surface glued
（已经被粘好的）
3、不定式的省略，如 help，使役动词 have，感观动词 see。
口诀：一个感觉 feel两个听 hear/ listen to
三个让 have/ make/ get/ let（听力中）四个看 notice/
watch/ observe/ see半个 help 两均可被动以后 to 还原
[P19-53]My sister’s professor had her _________ her paper many times before allowing her to present it
to the committee.
A) rewrittenB) to rewriteC) rewriteD) rewriting注：have sb. do sth. 让某人做某事
[P20-54]Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _________ it closely.
A) followedB) followingC) to followD) being followed
注：1. 独立主格结构2. 两个名词之间用-ing形式3. 自然现象用主动形式
[P28-42]Don’t get your schedule _________; stay with us in this class.
A) to changeB) changingC) changedD) change
[P38-44]They are going to have the technician _________ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A) installB) to installC) to be installedD) installed
注：1. 主动才能带宾语，have sb. do sth. 结构。2. technician 技术工人
[P50-67]In Australia the Asians make their influence _________ in businesses large and small.
A) fellingB) feelC) feltD) to be felt
[P50-42]I'm very sorry to have _______ you with so many questions on such an occasion.
A) interfered
B) offended C) impressed
D) bothered
注：1. interfer 干涉，干扰2. offend 冒犯3. impress 印象；express 表达4. bother 打扰
[P51-46]I have heard both teachers and students _______ well of him.
A) to speakB) spokenC) to have spokenD) speak
[P51-52]William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania,
_______ defended the right of every citizen to
freedom of choice in religion.
A) peculiarly B) indifferently C) vigorously D) inevitably注: peculiarly 奇特的
[P58-30]You will see this product _______ wherever you go.
A) to be advertised B) advertised
C) advertise
D) advertising
[P63-16]They noticed a crowd of people in front of the Madeleine _____.
A) shouting and cheeringB) to shout and cheerC) to be shouting and cheeringD) being shouted and
cheered
[P2-55]The children went there to watch the iron tower _______.
A) to erectB) be erectedC) erectingD) being erected
加不定式与doing含义不一样的动词
FROGS:forget,remember/ regret,go on,stop
+ doing 表示已做的事情+ to do 表示没做的事情
[P10-62]I remember ______ to help us if we ever got into trouble.
A) once offeringB) him once offeringC) him to offerD) to offer him
[P27-40]If I had remembered ______ the window,
the thief would not have got in.
A) to closeB) closingC) to have closedD) having closed
应该类的虚拟语气1、应该做的事情 I should go! 2、非现实情况的描述 I should be working now! 3、懊悔
不已的事情 I should have practiced more.4、要求类动词后需要用虚拟语气，should 可以省略如：require
命令；request 要求；reticent 沉默的；retinue 随从innocent 无辜的；天真的 I DROP CAPS: insist,
demmand/ desire ,require/ request ,order ,propose ,command ,advice ,prefer , suggest
[P60-42]You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A) shouldn't follow B) mustn't followC) couldn't have been following
D) shouldn't have been following
[P59-32]The suggestion that the mayor _______ they prizes was accepted by everyone.
A) would present
B) present
C) presents
D) ought to present
注：suggest + that 虚拟语气表建议should 可以省略suggest doingsuggest 表明，不接虚拟
[P49-65]The manager of the hotel requests that their guests _________ after 11:00p.m.
A) not to play loud musicB) shouldn’t play loud musicC) don’t play loud musicD) couldn’t play loud music
[P18-43]He suggested _________ to tomorrow’s exhibition together.
A) us to goB) we wentC) we shall goD) we go
[P17-55]I don’t think it advisable that Tim _________ to the job since he has no experience.
A) be assignedB) will be assignedC) is assignedD) has been assigned
[P12-44]It is recommended that the project _________ until all the preparations have been made.
A) not be startedB) will not be startedC) is not startedD) is not to be started
[P26-28]It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _________ after 11 o’clock at night.
A) were not playedB) not to playC) not be playedD) did not play
It is + adj. + that 句型，should 可以省略的虚拟。
adj.important,necessary,essential,incredible,strange,natural,pity,ashame,no wander
与事实相反类的虚拟1、与现在事实相反：用一般过去时（系动词用were）I wish I were not here.
2、与过去事实相反：用过去完成时I wish I had passed CET-4.I wish I could have passed CET-4.
(非正
式表达方式）
[P56-58]Sometimes I wish I ______ in a different time and a different place .
A) be living
B) were living
C) would live
D) would have lived
[P56-56]Although many people view conflict as bad, conflict is sometimes useful
it forces
people to test the relative merits of their attitudes are behaviors.
A) by which
B) to which
C) in that
D) so that
[P56-57]He is ______ about his chances of winning a gold medal in the Olympics next year.
A) optimistic
B) optional
C) outstanding
D) obvious
注：1. optimistic 乐观的2. optional 可选择的3. outstanding 突出的
[P56-64]It is essential that these application forms ______ back as early as possible.
A) must be sent B) will be sent
C) are sent
D) be sent注：It is + adj. +that 句型。
[P11-70]Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _________ your advice.
A) followB) had followedC) would followD) have followed注：表示与过去事实相反。
[P12-45]I wish I _________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A) have sleptB) sleptC) might have sleptD) could have slept注：表示与过去事实相反。
3、对将来事实可能出现的现象的否定推测，用虚拟语气。 I wish you couldn't smoke any more. would/
could/ should/ might + v. 用be to 表示将来，虚拟语气中经常出现were to do（考点） I am to go
shopping. ---I were to go shopping. If only I were to go shopping.
[P35-47]If only the committee _______ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
A) approveB) will approveC) can approveD) would approve
虚拟条件句定义：在一个与事实相反的条件的基础之上所得出的应该的亦或是可能的结论。
虚拟条件句的结构：与事实相反类（条件）＋ 应该类（结论） 这两个部分没有必然而直接的联系，在解
题时先看结论再看条件。If Mr. Wang hadn't cultivated me, I shouldn't be working now.同义词辨析：tame
驯化breed 繁殖raise 抚养cultivate 培养结论部分：would/ could/ should/ might + 虚拟
规律：如果把空格划在条件部分，一定要选择 were to；如果把空格划在结论部分，有could/ would/
should/ might +have +v.-ed 为正确答案。有时一些介词也可以表示条件：In your position I would kill
myself. = If I were in your position...此类词有：otherwise/ but for/ without/ with
虚拟语气中 If 可以省略，但是句序要变，If I were you... 改为 Were I you.
[P34-34]________ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A) Had they arrivedB) Would they arriveC) Were they arrivingD) Were they to arrive
[P34-33]
Last year the advertising rate ________ by 20 percent.
A) raisedB) arousedC) aroseD) rose
[P16-42]Had he worked harder, he _________ the exams.
A) must have got throughB) could get throughC) would get throughD) would have got through
注：条件部分省略了if 用了倒装。
[P28-44]Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she
probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often.
A) has to getB) were to getC) had gotD) could have got
[P31-42]_________ right now,
she would get there on Sunday.
A) Would she leaveB) If she leavesC) Were she to leaveD) If she had left
[P12-46]We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we _________ him.
A) had telephonedB) must have telephonedC) would telephoneD) would have telephoned
[P12-52]_________ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.
A) UntilB) BeforeC) FromD) Since注：not... until... 的句型。
[P13-58]Liquids are like solids _________ they have a definite volume.
A) with thatB) for thatC) in thatD) at that
[P2-51]He must have had an accident,
or he _________ then.
A) would have been hereB) had to be hereC) should be hereD) would be here
注：1. must have done 表示对过去事实的肯定推测 2. or 表否定
[P2-52]It was essential that the application forms _____ back before the deadline.
A) must be sentB) would be sentC) be sentD) were sent
[P3-62]_________ we have finished the course,
we shall start doing more revision work..
A) For nowB) Now thatC) Ever sinceD) By now
注：1. for now 眼下，目前2. now that 既然3. ever since 自从以来4. by now 至今为止
特殊句型：1. would rather 加宾从时用一般过去时表示虚拟。 I would rather you didn't appear in my life.
联想单词记忆：Cupid 丘比特Venus 维纳斯；金星volcano 火山Mars 战神Apollo 阿波罗，太阳神Diana 月
亮 女 神 meander 蜿 蜒 而 流 laurel 月 桂 树 ， 桂 冠 cupidity 贪 婪 avenue 林 荫 大 道 revenue 收 入 ， 税 入
adamant 坚强的Adam's apple 喉结
2. would rather 加动词（原形）时表示宁愿，相当于情态动词。I would rather stay here .
3. would rather 与 than 搭配。I would rather stay here than go home.
4. It is time... 句型，用一般过去时表虚拟语气。
[P60-48]The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.
A) had not worked
B) not to work
C) does not work D) did not work
[P46-66]Frankly speaking, I’d rather you _______ anything about it for the time being.
A) didn’t doB) haven’t doneC) don’t doD) have done
[P46-67]I’m sorry I can’t see you immediately; but if you’d like to take a seat, I’ll be with you _________.
A) for a momentB) in a momentC) for the momentD) at the moment
注：1. for a moment 一会儿2. in a moment 立刻，马上Please wait for a moment. I will be with you in a
moment.It is time you picked up a girl.
[P45-57]“You are very selfish. It’s high time you _________ that you are not the most important
person in the world, ” Edgar said to his boss angrily.
A) realizedB) have realizedC) realizeD) should realize
[P45-58]These two areas are similar _________ they both have a high rainfall during this season.
A) to thatB) besides that C) in thatD) except that\
[P45-60]If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell,
you _________ now.
A) wouldn’t be smilingB) couldn’t have smiledC) won’t smileD) didn’t smile
注：混合虚拟语气,首先判断是否是虚拟语气；如果是虚拟语气的话，见到now就是混合虚拟语气。
[P41-48]I’d rather you _______ make any comment on the issue for the time being.
A) don’t B) wouldn‘tC) didn’t D) shouldn’t
[P41-53]If she doesn’t tell him the truth now,
he’ll simply keep on asking her until she ________.
A) doesB) has doneC) will doD) would do注：在条件句中在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
[P39-59]You don’t have to be in such a hurry, I would rather you _______ on business first.
A) would goB) will goC) wentD) have gone
[P31-43]It’s already 5 o’clock now. Don’t you think it’s about time ________?
A) we are going homeB) we go homeC) we went homeD) we can go home
[P24-61]To be frank, I’d rather you ________ in the case.
A) will not be involvedB) not involvedC) not to be involvedD) were not involved
[P24-66]I have no objection ________ the evening with them.
A) to spendB) to spendingC) of spendingD) spending
[P14-70]It took him several months to ______ the wild horse.
A) tendB) cultivateC) tameD) breed
注：tend
to 打算做某事tend 照料bar tender 调酒师bargain 讨价还价，便宜货 (some bargains) bar 酒
吧，棍子embarrass 尴尬ass 屁股，驴子，笨蛋donkey 驴barbarian 野蛮人barren 贫瘠的assassin 暗杀
者
[P14-69]A completely new situation will _______ when the examination system comes into existence.
A) riseB) ariseC) raiseD) arouse
爱情三步曲II：今天又是一个Friday，俺无事可做idleness，人也很lazy，班长inform（通知）我，说今晚
有个party，一想到晚会上会assemble（无数）lady，心里感到阵阵(burst) happy，今晚上帝对俺特别的
mercy（仁慈）
，在墙角居然坐着个fairy（仙女）
，lonely（孤单的）的眼神，迷人的appearance（外表），
给俺留下很深的impression（印象）
，俺决定把握住这次opportunity（机会）
，
【Opportunity knocks only
once.】于是上前说：Hi, baby! 她看也不看就说busy，眼神中透露出indifferently（冷漠），于是俺说：
俺多少也算是个celebrity（名人），这一招果然effective（有效），她抬起眼看了看说really? 于是我摆了
个pose说：你看我像不像Snoopy? 她说：切！那我就是lovely kitty。笑容也变得sunny（阳光的），就
这样我认识了我的honey，这个故事听起来像fantasy（幻想，白日梦）
。
一致关系：
结构一致平行并列结构是由平行结构的连接词连接两个或两个以上对等的对象构成的。
SOFTEN 原则：Smile, Open, Forward, Touch, Eye contact, Nod
平行结构标志词 FANOYERMB：for, and, as well as, not...but, not only... but also, neither... nor,other
than, yet, either... or, rather than, more than, butI have
nothing to do but call the police.
平行结构的原则：形式对称
[P5-50]I like watching TV _________ to the cinema.
A) more than to goB) than goingC) more than goingD) rather than to go
[P5-51]I appreciate _________ to your home.
A) to be invitedB) to have invitedC) having invitedD) being invited
[P5-48]The match was cancelled because most of the members _________ a match without a standard
court.
A) objected to havingB) were objected to haveC) objected to haveD) were objected to having
[P8-47]Having no money but _______ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A) not to want anyoneB) not wanting anyoneC) wanted no oneD) to want no one
[P8-46]Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to _______ any further responsibilities.
A) take onB) get onC) put upD) look up
注：1. take on 承担；流行2. get on 上车get into 钻进车里3. put up 建立
[P8-41]Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy ______ for her
examination.
A) to prepareB) to be preparedC) preparingD) being prepared
[P9-48]We desire that the tour leader _______ us immediately of any change in plans.
A) informB) informsC) informedD) has informed
[P9-55]In the course of a day students do far more than just _______ classes.
A) attendB) attendedC) to attendD) attending
[P9-53]Nuclear science should be developed to benefit the people _________ harm them.
A) more thanB) other thanC) rather thanD) better than
注：1. rather than 而不是2. more than 胜过3. better than 比……好
[P23-54]Not that John doesn’t want to help you,
_______ it’s beyond his power.
A) but thatB) for thatC) and thatD) in that
注：1. 考的是not... but... 平行结构。2. beyond 超越beyond one's imagination
超乎想象
[P25-67]Realizing that he hadn’t enough money and _______ to borrow from his father, he decided to
sell his watch.
A) not wantedB) not to wantC) not wantingD) wanting not
代词指代一致：one... another...one... the other...some... others...one... the others...
any 任何（共性）each 每个（个性）
[P19-44]No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to ________.
A) the otherB) any otherC) anotherD) other注：neither 两者都不
[P19-49]I have two boys but _______ of them likes sweets.
A) bothB) neitherC) either D) none
注：common sense 常识 nonsense 胡说，谦虚地说
[P1-45]_______student with a little common sense should be able to answer the question.
A) EachB) Any C) EitherD) One
[P1-42]There were no tickets _________for Friday’s performance.
A) preferableB) considerableC) possibleD) available
注：1. preferable 更好的，更可取的,具有比较意义的形容词要求和 to 来搭配，如 superior, senior, junior,
inferior, A is sencond only to B2. considerable 相当多的，大量的
[P15-31]The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ________ chemist’s.
A) eachB) someC) anyD) certain
[P15-34]Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to,
_________ the color of his
skin.
A) regardless ofB) in the light of C) by virtue of D) with the exception of
注：1. in the light of 根据2. by virtue of 借助，由于3. with the exception of 除了，相当于 other than
[P31-39]All the students in this class passed the English exam _________ the exception of Li Ming.
A) onB) inC) forD) with
[P31-40]Young adults _________ older people are more likely to prefer pop songs.
A) other thanB) more thanC) less thanD) rather than注：rather than 而不是
[P4-41]We had a party last month,
and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have ________ one this month.
A) anotherB) moreC) the otherD) other
[P4-68]A new technique ________, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent.
A) working out B) having worked outC) having been worked outD) to have been worked out
注：非谓语动词题型，句首出现名词为独立主格结构。
定语从句引导词：关系代词1. which 指物，who 指人，人物混用/前面有不定代词/序数词/最高级时用that。
2. which 用在非限制定语从句（有逗号），如：He always changed his mind, which makes me angry.
3. as 也可以引导非限制定语从句。as与which 的区别：1) which只能用在句子中间和后边，而as可用在
句首和句尾。As makes me angry, he always changed his mind.2) as 搭配：same as/ such asthe same
watch as you have
[P1-43]It wasn’t such a good dinner _______ she had promised us.
A) thatB) which C) asD) what
[P11-67]_______ is known to the world, Mark Twain is a great American writer.
A) ThatB) WhichC) AsD) It
[P42-58]The British are not so familiar with different cultures and other ways of doing things, _______ is
often the case in other countries.
A) asB) whatC) soD) that
[P63-17]We had to sleep in our wet clothes, _____ was most uncomfortable.
A) in whichB) whichC) whereD) that
[P3-60]The goals _______ he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him.
A) after whichB) for whichC) with whichD) at which注：1. fight for 为……而奋斗2. fight with 与谁打架
[P3-56]The engine _______ smoke and steam.
A) gives upB) gives inC) gives awayD) gives off
注：1. gives up 放弃2. gives in 屈服3. gives away 走漏风声，赠送4. gives off 释放
[P3-57]The manager promised to keep me ________ of how our business was going on.
A) to be informed B) on informingC) informedD) informing
[P42-62]We need a chairman _________.
A) for whom everyone has confidenceB) in whom everyone has confidence
C) who everyone has confidence ofD) whom everyone has confidence on
注：have confidence in 对……有信心
[P60-46]Living in the western part of the country has its problems, _______ obtaining fresh water is not
the least.A) with whichB) for whichC) of whichD) which
注：1. of which 其中2. On the one hand, On the other hand, Last but not least（最重要的）3. face
something = be faced with4. 依照原句型造句：Learning English has its problems, of which reciting words
is not the least.Students will face a lot of problems, of which improving yourself is not the least.
[P64-24]This is a subject about _____ we might argue for a long while.
A) thatB) itC) whichD) what注：作为介词宾语用which不能用that，但in that 除外。
介词 + which + to do 其功能相当于定语从句。The key with which to open the door has been lost.
[P59-36]The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _______ his arguments in favour of the new
theory.
A) to be based on
B) to base on
C) which to base on
D) on which to base
注：fici- 做sufficient 足够的deficient 缺乏的efficient 有效的（效率）effect 有效（结果）proficient 熟练
的bene- 好beneficial 有益的benediction 祝福
[P12-50]You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _________ to suspend your tent.
A) thereB) themC) whereD) which
[P13-59]When a fire ________ at the National Exhibition in London, at least ten priceless paintings were
completely destroyed.
A) broke offB) broke downC) broke outD) broke up
注：1. break off 断裂（部分从整体上下来）2. break up 打碎3. break out 爆发
主谓一致从句/ 不定式/ 动名词做主语，谓语是单数。Seeing is believing. / To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
You got 100 is a mystery to me.
从句在句子中做什么功能即为什么从句。
1、主语从句：
（1）主语从句做主语，谓语动词单数。
（2）主语从句的引导词：how, why, whether, that,
what（引导的缺主语或缺宾语的从句）
[P7-69]How close parents are to their children _________ a strong influence on the character of the
children.
A) haveB) hasC) havingD) to have
[P13-55]In some countries, _________ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all
people.
A) which
B) oneC) thatD) what
2、定语从句主谓一致：取决于其先行词（定语从句所修饰的名词）
3 、 随 前 一 致 ： 以 前 面 的 名 词 为 准 。 A with B 取 决 于 A,as well as,including,with,together
with,accompanied
by
4、随后一致：not A but B/ not only A but also B+ v. 与B一致
5、就近原则：以靠近的名词为准。n1 or n2 +v.either n1 or n2 +v.
6、A and B 结构：
（1）A and B 指同一个东西，是单数。a lawyer and teacher,law and order 法律法规,war
and peace 战争与和平,bread and butter 基本生活必须品 butterfly 蝴蝶,To love and to be loved 爱与被
爱（2）A and B 所指不同，是复数。a lawyer and a teacher,air and water
7、时间/距离/长度/重量做主语，谓语动词单数。Time is money. 时间就是金钱。
8、百分比结构：取决于后面的名词。of+n.+v.（由of后的n.决定）,one+persent,majority
minority
9、many a +n./ more than one +n./ a n. or two/ every n1. and n2. 谓语动词都是单数。
10、The+adj. 表示一类人，谓语动词用复数。The rich are always ridiculous.
[P42-63]Over a third of the population was estimated to have no ________ to the health service.
A) assessmentB) assignmentC) exceptionD) access
[P43-70]The course normally attracts 20 students per year, ________ up to half will be from overseas.
A) in whichB) for whomC) with whichD) of whom
百分比结构取决于后面的名词。n1. of n2. 取决于n1.（非百分比结构）
[P60-43]The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes,
_______ more women to take advantage of employment opportunities.
A) have allowed
B) allow
C) allowing
D) allows
[P60-42]You _______ him so closely; you should have kept your distance.
A) shouldn't followB) mustn't followC) couldn't have been followingD) shouldn't have been following
[P60-41]--"May I speak to your manager Mr. Williams at five o'clock tonight?"
--"I'm sorry. M. Williams _______ to a conference long before then."
A) will have gone
B) had gone
C) would have gone
D) has gone
[P60-44]Everybody _______ in the hall where they were welcomed by the secretary.
A) assembled
B) accumulated
C) piled
D) joined
[P60-45]Putting in a new window will _______ cutting away part of the roof.
A) include
B) involve
C) contain
D) comprise注：involve doing 表示要求做
[P60-48]The manager would rather his daughter _______ in the same office.
A) had not worked
B) not to work
C) does not work D) did not work
[P54-41]She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she ______ too long.
A) has been readingB) had readC) is readingD) read
[P54-42]Niagara Falls is a great tourist ______ drawing millions of visitors every year.
A) attention
B) attraction
C) appointment
D) arrangement
[P54-43]I don't mind ______ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A) you to delay making B) your delaying makingC) your delaying to make
D) you delay to make
[P54-44]The hopes goals, fears and desires _______ widely between men and women, between the rich
and the poor.
A) alterB) shiftC) transferD) vary
注：1. alter 细微的改变2. shift 本质上的转变，性质上的转变3. transfer 转学；调任工作transform 改变
transport 运输passport 护照transplant 移植transmit （疾病/广播电视节目/文化/语言的）传播emit 释放
omit 省略4. vary 差异 vary between/ throughout/ from A to B
[P43-41]A person’s calorie requirements vary ________ his life.
A) acrossB) throughoutC) overD) within
[P37-42]Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ________ obtaining water is not the
least.
A) for whichB) to whichC) of which D) in which
[P37-43]Which sport has the most expenses ________ training equipment, players’ personal equipment
and uniforms?
A) in place ofB) in terms ofC) by means ofD) by way of注：in terms of 根据
[P30-29]Features such as height, weight, and skin color _________ from individual to individual and from
face to face.
A) changeB) varyC) alterD) convert注：convert （宗教信仰的）改变
[P54-45]Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it
______ in Cuba.
A) being cultivated
B) been cultivated
C) having cultivated
D) cultivating
[P54-46]The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _____ on benches, chairs or
boxes.
A) having seated
B) seating
C) seated
D) having been seated注：seat sb. 给某人安排座位
[P55-47]This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen ______ comfortably.
A) is worn
B) wears
C) wearing
D) are worn注：感观动词用主动
[P55-48]Some diseases are _____ by certain water animals.
A) transplanted
B) transformed
C) transported
D) transmitted
[P55-49]Wouldn't you rather your child _______ to bed early?
A) go
B) went
C) would go
D) goescoincidence （时间；空间）巧合（意见的）一致
倒装1、承前否定，前面是否定后面也是否定意义。nor, neither ,I cann't answer, nor can I.nor 是连词，
neither 既是连词又是副词I cann't answer, but neither can I。考试中neither和nor同时出现时，通常考得是
neither的副词用法。
[P3-59]She never laughed, _________ lose her temper.
A) or she ever didB) nor did she everC) or did she everD) nor she ever did注: lost one's temper 发脾气
[P35-39]The manager lost his _________ just because his secretary was ten minutes late.
A) moodB) temperC) mindD) passion
注: 1. in no mood to do
没有心情做某事
2. mind doing 介意做某事3. passion 热情，激情
[P22-42]I could not persuade him to accept it, _________ make him see the importance of it.
A) if only I could notB) no more than I couldC) or I could notD) nor could I
[P27-33]The organization had broken no rules, but _________ had it acted responsibly.
A) neitherB) soC) eitherD) both
[P49-57]We don’t need air conditioning, _________.
A) nor can we afford itB) and nor we can afford itC) neither can afford itD) and we can neither afford it
注: afford 负担，承担
2、only 在于句首＋状语/状从，部分倒装。Only at work did he feel happy.Only when you get 85 will I feel
better.Only you can go with me to the west heaven. （加主语不倒装）
[P19-50]Only by shouting at the top of his voice _______.
A) was he able to make himself hearB) he was able to make himself hear
C) he was able to make himself heard D) was he able to make himself heard
注: 1. forum 论坛2. summit
峰会3. convention 国际会议，传统，风俗4. conference 一般性的会议5.
seminar 研讨会
[P16-43]Only under special circumstances ________ to take make-up tests.
A) permitted are freshmenB) freshmen are permittedC) are freshmen permittedD) are permitted
freshmen注：make-up test 补考make for 走向make up for 补偿，弥补
3、否定副词或具有否定意义的词在句首，句子部分倒装。
little, no longer, not only... but also, rarely, not until, in no way, scarcely... when, hardly, no
sooner... than
主句倒装从句不倒装。
[P6-62]No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _________ we all sat down to rest.
A) whenB) thenC) thanD) until
[P52-60]We have been told that under no circumstances _______ the telephone in the office
for
personal affairs.
A) may we use
B) we may use C) we could use
D) did we use
[P52-59]Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to pick up wonderful
_______ in the marker.
A) batteries
B) bargains C) baskets
D) barrels
注：1. batteries 电池2. barrels 桶4、as, though 表尽管时，句子部分倒装。Beautiful as she is she is
stupid.
[P35-40]Great as Newton was, many of his ideas _______ today and are being modified by the work of
scientists of our time.
A) are to challengeB) may be challengedC) have been challenged D) are challenging
[P26-26]_______ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A) Being publishedB) PublishedC) PublishingD) To be published
[P51-48]The house was very quiet, _______ as it was on the side of a mountain.
A) isolated
B) isolating C) being isolated D) having been isolated
注：isolate 孤立stimulate 刺激prestige 名声，声望ostrich 鸵鸟
同位语从句Mr. Huang, a CET-4 teacher, is a native to Dalian.
主语同位语从句：Evidence that Mr. Huang killed himself came out.1）主语必须是一个概括性名词，如：
evidence, news, believe, 想法，标志等。2）同位语从句用来解释说明名词。Evidence came out that Mr.
Huang killed himself.同位语从句和定语从句的区别：I knew the news that he killed himself.（同位语从句）
I knew the news that was written by you.（定语从句）1）同位语从句是用来解释前面的名词，而定语从句
是用来修饰、限制前面的名词。2）同位语从句必须是特殊的概括性的名词，而定语从句可以是任何名词。
3）同位语从句 that 起引导词的作用（从句主谓宾完整）
，定语从句 that 起关系代词的作用（从句不完整）。
[P59-37]There are signs _______ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.
A) thatB) which
C) in which
D) whose
[P53-69]_______ evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.
A) It beingB) It isC) There isD) There being
注：1.
+ 名词，选项中的 there be 结构为首选。2. 作表语是形容词优于名词。It is evident
that...3. evident 明显的dentist 牙医
[P17-53]The mere fact _________ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean
that it will not occur.
A) thatB) whichC) whatD) why
[P7-63]Evidence came up _________ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6
months old.
A) whatB) whichC) thatD) whose
难题、短语
[P1-41]The bridge was named _______the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people.
A) afterB) withC) byD) from注：1. be named after 以……命名2. be named by 被……取名
[P1-46]All _______ is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of life.
A) what is neededB) for our needsC) the thing neededD) that is needed注：all that = what
[P3-61]I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and _________ in a quiet neighbourhood.
A) all in allB) above allC) after allD) over all
注：1. above all 首先2. all in all 总的来说3. after all 毕竟、终究4. over all 遍及5. overall 制服；总的
[P5-44]There were some _________ flowers on the table.
A) artificialB) unnaturalC) falseD) unreal
注：1. artificial 人造的2. unnatural 不自然的3. false
具有欺骗性的“假”false hair 假发false teeth 假牙
4. unreal 不真实的
[P5-47]Children are very curious _________.
A) at heartB) in personC) on purposeD) by nature
注：1. by nature 天性2. at heart 在心理上（强调内心世界）3. in person 亲自的4. on purpose 有目的的、
故意的
[P7-67]What _________ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?
A) do you supposeB) you supposeC) will you supposeD) you would suppose
注：do you suppose 做插入语，过去时用did
[P6-54]Important people don’t often have much free time as their work _________ all their time.
A) takes awayB) takes overC) takes upD) takes in
注：1. take up 占用2. take away
拿走3. take over 接管 4. take in 理解；欺骗（口语）
I was simply taken in.
[P9-56]The French pianist who had been praised very highly _________ to be a great disappointment.
A) tuned upB) turned inC) turned outD) turned down
注：1. turn out to be 证明是，结果是2. turn up 出现3. turn in 上交4. turn down 拒绝；把音量调小
[P15-32]You cannot be _________ careful when you drive a car.
A) veryB) tooC) soD) enough注：not too+adj 再……也不过分
写作
课程安排（Schedule）
Lecture (1)1.
Introduction to CET-4 Writing（四级写作总论）2.
（理解评分原则）3.
Sample Study（评卷实例）4.
Cracking Essay I（掌握第一种题型）
Lecture (2)1.
Case Study (Essay I)（第一种题型完全解析）2.
Lecture (3)1.
Case Study---Translation（翻译例文）2.
点）3.
Case Study-Polishing（如何润色文章）4.
Understanding the Scoring Guide
Cracking Essay II（掌握第二种题型）
Prep Tips for Sentence Varity（句式变化的要
Cracking Essay III and Essay V（掌握第三和第五
种题型）
Lecture (4) 1. Cracking Letter Writing (Essay IV)（掌握第四种题型）2. Cracking Cloze Test（攻克完型
填空）
写作的重要性6分最低限，只要结构不出错，得分应该为9分。
评判作文四级考试作文主要看内容、结构、语言三个方面。内容不跑题即可，注意：1.不要妄图以情动人；
2.不要妄图在构思上出奇制胜。结构上牢记总分总：先写主题句(Topic Sentence)，再写分论点，最后写总
结句(Conclusion)。语言最重要，往往使评分产生重大差异，语言要模仿和包装。
基本表达人们认为：it is generally/ widely believed/ held/ agreed that
越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of
万能理由（Omnipotence）1. 方便：convenient/ convenience2. 效率：efficient/ efficiently/ efficiency3. 节
省和浪费：save time/ money/ space; economical, thrift,waste time/ money/ space; costly, lavish4. 人的心
理健康：independent, cooperative, competitive,considerate, confident, creative, sociable,perseverance;
selfish, isolated, conserative5. 人的身体健康：health, disease, strong, strength, energetic6. 娱乐：colorful,
pleasure,joy, recreation, entertainmentm, relax,tired, boring, lonely7. 环 境 ： environment, pollute,
poisonous, dirty8. 安全和危险：safe, danger, risk9. 经验：experience, social experience, enter the society
10. 人际：humane, fair, unfair, help, assist, freedom, freely
写完之后修改注意：
（内容方面尽量不要修改）1、字母大小写 2、怪符号 3、单词拼写 4、主谓一致 5、
动词时态 6、名词单复数
四级作文的要求、评分标准及评卷实例
一、 四级考试对作文的要求《大学英语考试大纲》明确规定：四级大学英语写作考试时间为30分钟。要
求应试者写出一篇不少于120个词的短文；写作命题源于日常生活和有关科技、社会文化等方面的一般常
识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。其命题方式有：给出题目、或规定情景、或给出段首句续写、
或给出关键词写短文、或看图作文。要求内容切题，文理通顺，表达正确，语义连贯，无重大语言错误。
二、评分原则 四级考试作文采用总体评分（GLOBAL SCORING）的方法，即把内容和语言作为一个统一
体进行综合评判。主要是看内容是否切题，表达是否充分，所用语言是否能清楚而明确地表达思想。评卷
人员根据思想内容和语言表达的总体印象给出奖励分（REWARD SCORES），并不是按语言点错误的多少
扣分。
三、评分标准作文题满分为15分。阅卷标准共分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分及14分。
2分――条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
5分――基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重错误。
8分――基本切题，表达思想比较清楚，文字尚连贯，但语言错误较多。
11分――切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
14分――切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯较好，基本上无语言错误。
0分――白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。
阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数档次（如8分）相似，即定为（8分）
；若认为稍
优或劣于该档次，则可加一分（9分）或减一分（7分）
，但不得加减半分。字数不足应酌情扣分： 81――89
词：扣1分；71――80词：扣2分；61――70词：扣3分；51――60词：扣 4分；50以下词：扣5分。
经原国家教委批准，四、六级考试已从1997年6月份起采用“作文最低分”制计算成绩，其中足见国家对提高
大学英语写作能力的重视程度。按规定，考生作文若为0分，无论其总分是否高于60分，均作不及格处理；
若其作文分高于0分，低于6分，报导成绩时，需从总分中减去6分，再加上实得作文分。也就是说，要从
总分中减去实得作文分与6分之间的差额部分。
实例一题目：Bicycles――An Important Means of Transport in China
提纲：
（1）为什么自行车在中国这样普及（2）和汽车的比较（3）自行车在中国的前途
Score: 8
Bicycle is an important means of transport in China. The important reason of it is the
economy of Chinese. The use of bicycle in China is widely because people in China have not high wage.
They can only afford a bicycle, and they have no money to buy a car which is too expensive. So Chinese
usually buy a bicycle, and use it to go to work, or go to travel and so on. The other reason is the large
population of China. All these made the bicycle become the important means of transport.
The bicycle, compared to the car, is not too expensive and it is easy to learn and to use and it can
save the surface of putting it. It doesn’t ask to build the garage like car. This point is very important to
China, because of the lack of land. It isn’t too expensive, so Chinese can afford it. It doesn’t need any oil,
and it can’t cause the polusion. All of these are the good needs compared to the car.
In the future, bicycle will be widely used. And it will be in good demand. People will produce much
more modern bicycles.
Score: 14
Bicycles are very popular in China. Almost every family in the city has two or three
bicycles. During the rush hour, you can see that thousands of people -- man and woman, old and young
-- ride their bicycles to work and study. That is why China is called “the kingdom of bicycles”.
注：1. 第一句总写，第二句和第三句分写，最后总写。2. During the rush hour 分词结构开头。3. 破折号
内容为同位语,句式多变化。
Compared with cars, bicycles are superior in many ways. First, they are cheap, convenient and
easy to ride. Second, riding bicycle is good for health. Third, they bring no noise nor air pollution.
Though cars are faster and more comfortable, they are too expensive. They consume plenty of oil and
they pollute the air. Sometimes, it is difficult for a driver to park his car. Moreover they often cause
traffic jams and accidents.
注：1. Compared with cars 分词结构开头。2. be superior to/ be inferior to 优于/ 低于3. thirst,
second, third 英语语言有层次感，信号词4. cheap 便宜，最好用inexpensive5. be good for health 对健
康有好处（万能理由）6. Moreover 表示递进
In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. Since China is a developing country and has
a large population, I think, riding bicycle is appropriate to Chinese present conditions. It will be an
important means of transportation for quite a long time.
注：promising 有前途的 a promising young man
Score: 11
There millions of bicycles in today’s China. Bicycles are very important means of transport
in people’s daily lives. Because to ride a bicycle is very simple, to buy a bicycle will not cost so much
money, to park a bicycle needs just a small room and to ride a bicycle does not need oil but the rider’s
strength, bicycles are popular all over the world, especially in China.
注：第一句应该用there be结构
Compared with a car, a bicycle is much cheaper. It is more suitable for China as a developing country.
And a bicycle has almost caused no pollution but a car has. On the contrary, a bicycle is too slow, it costs
more times than a car.
I think the population of China’s bicycle will be kept for the long run. Because it will be replaced by a
car, a bus and so on in some developed areas in China, and it will be made a wide use in the developing
areas in China, the number of bicycles in China will be the same as today but I believe that it’s quality will
be improved.
I、对比观点选择题： 1.有人认为……；2.另外一些人认为……；3.谈谈你的观点和看法。
（最好写成4段）
实例二 99年6月真题Reading Selectively Or Extensively?
Outline: 1. 有人认为读书要有选择2. 有人认为应当博览群书3. 我的想法
①11分
When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some other
people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.
Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as
bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead
us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never
touch the bad books.
But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can
only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So, they
can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that reading
extensively is better.
To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By
this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.
②5分
I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are not contradict.
Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the world. However, we will not be interested in
every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those books which we like. But
those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kinds of knowledge, news and
so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one hand reading selectively let ours not waste our
time which it is limited. Moreover it can emphasis among all books that we can read. On the other hand
reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in our life. They are all useful to ours.
③2分
Most people thought that read books should have been selective. But others believed reading
extensively was correction.
Selective books or reading extensively?
Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas,
on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we interested, and it
would be helpful for us.
on another hand. Someone’s interesting was wide. Each book could bring you specific contain we
couldn’t reading at only one level.
I confirmed all of these ideas were good but weren’t wise.
As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held some
which wonderful and helpful for us. Don’t treat these books with reckless abandon.
The best technology of reading is connect.
④14分
How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.
Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern
science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the books.
What’s more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn’t read them.
Since we can’t read all the books and we shouldn’t read bad books, we must read selectively.
But others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has
many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but
knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we
must read extensively.
Who’s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first.
We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.
⑤8分
Some people think reading shall be chosen. Because some books are good to human beings and
some books are harmful to people.
Some people think that men should read books widely. Because wide reading can help man get
much knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.
It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Some books
can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It can be seen in the newspapers and
watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more useful knowledge. It can make
our life more beautiful. We must give up those unhelpful books. They are not good to us. Reading them is
wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an important part in reading.
典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：
（启）Paragraph
I：
（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点；
（2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两
种不同看法。
Score: 14分
How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his own view.（启）
注：第一句提出问题，第二句提出两种见解
典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：
（承）Paragraph
II：
（1）提出一种观点或优点；
（2）本段的支持性分论点；
（3）本段总结（可以省略）
。
Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development of modern
science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to read all the
books. What’s more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and we shouldn’t read
them. Since we can’t read all the books and we shouldn’t read bad books, we must read selectively.（承）
注：1. 本段总分总结构2. they argue that = they think that3. with the development of... 随着……的
发展4. what's more 递进关系，moreover5. bad = pornographic 色情的 & violent 暴力的
典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：
（转）Paragraph III：
（1）承上启下的过渡句；
（2）提出另一种观点或缺点；
（3）本段的支持性分论
点（4）本段总（可以省略）
。
But others may not agree, they emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one man has
many kinds of knowledge, he will have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in one field but
knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds of knowledge, we
must read extensively.（转）
注：1. But 转折词（信号词）2. they emphasize that = they think that3. today's society is not what it
was 现代社会今昔非比4. 许多知识 a wide range of knowledge/ a large scope of knowledge/ much
knowledge；获取知识 acquire/ get knowledge5. knows nothing→little；he may be useless→he may not
be of great use to the society 后者比前者更委婉
典型的对比观点选择题的文章逻辑结构：
（合）Paragraph IV：（1）平衡两种看法；
（2）给出自己的观点。
Who’s right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensively first. We
should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.（合）
Score: 11分
When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, but some
other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.
注：结构非常好，可以套用。
Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as many as
bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books can only lead
us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to read and never
touch the bad books.
注：1.“people, who...,”应去掉逗号，改为限制性定语从句。2. as many as bad books 改为 as many
as bad ones 3. lead us to the wrong way 改为 lead sb. astray4. they suggest that = they think that
5. touch 碰（闪光点词汇：如教材P7：shouldering the responsibility of doing sth. 肩负起责任）
But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of books can
only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field of information. So,
they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read more”. So they believe that
reading extensively is better.
注： 1. hold 认为 同样表示 “think”的词还 有argue, emphasize, believe, suggest, claim, insist,
maintain, agree, hold2. the best book 在西方国家是“圣经”的意思3. to know more, to read more 错误，中
式英语
To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible. By
this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.
四级作文真题2003年1月
②社会热点话题（三段：启、承、合）
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be
Honest. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.
1、当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象2、诚实利人利已，做人应该诚实
It Pays to Be Honest
2002年6月
③图表题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Student Use of
Computers. You should write at least 120 words, and base your composition on the chart and the outline
given below:
1、上图所示为1990年、1995年、2002年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；
2、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）
；
3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。
Student Use of Computers
2002年1月
④书信题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the
University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at least 100 words, and
base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务
等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼有而有之。
January 12th, 2002
Dear Mr. President,
2001年6月
④书信题
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a
letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you during the weeklong holiday. Yu
should write at least 100 words according to the suggestions given below in Chinese.
1． 表示欢迎2．提出对度假安排的建议3．提醒应注意的事项
2001年1月
②社会热点话题（缺少第三段：合）
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How to Succeed in
a Job Interview? You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in
Chinese below:
1．面试在求职过程中的作用2．取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求
是……
2000年6月
①对比观点选择题
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Is A Test of Spoken
English Necessary? The first sentence has already been written for you. You should write at least 100
words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
1．很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是……2．也有人持不同意风，……3．我的看和打算
2000年1月
②社会热点话题（缺少第一段）
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance my
College Education. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline
(given in Chinese) below:
1． 上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多多种途径解决。2．那种途径适合我（说明理由）
1999年6月
①对比观点选择题
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading
Selectively or Extensively? You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition
on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1． 有人认为读书要有选择。2．有人认为应该博览群书。3．我的看法
●1998年1月
②社会热点话题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Harmfulness
of Fake Commodities. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on
the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fake commodities）
。为什么会有这种现象？
2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。
●1997年6月
②社会热点话题
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Getting to
Know the World Outside the Campus. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your
composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:
1. 大学生了解社会的必要性。2. 了解社会的途径（大众媒介、社会服务等）3. 我打算怎么做。
1997年1月 ⑤格言题(考的几率非常小)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Practice
Makes Perfect. You should write at least 100 words and you should base your composition on the outline
(give in Chinese) below:
1．怎样理解“熟能生巧”？2．例如：在英语学习……3．又如……
范文22. Is Television a Blessing or a Curse?
Now, it is generally accepted that television plays an important part in people’s lives. But, there is
an ongoing heated discussion as to whether television is a blessing or a curse.
注：it is generally accepted that 人们通常认为
As is often pointed out by some people, television keeps one better informed about current events,
allows one to follow the latest developments in politics and science, and offers an endless series of
programs which are both instructive and stimulating. The most distant countries, the strangest customs
and the most attractive scenes of nature are brought right into one’s room.
注：1. As is often pointed out by some people = Some people think that
2. “使……”不用make，而用keep, allow, offer
However, other people insist that television is a curse rather than a blessing. They argue that it has
brought about many serious problems. The major one is its effects on young people. They are now so
used to getting their information, education and entertainment from television that their literacy as well as
physical ability has been greatly weakened. Even worse than that, vulgar commercials and indecent
programs may cultivate their bad tastes, distort their viewpoints towards human life to such a degree that
their minds might be corrupted.
In summary, television has both advantages and disadvantages. Whatever effects it has, one thing
is certain, television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the uses to which it is put that
determines its value to society.
范文5. Travelling
People who like travelling have their reasons. They maintain that travelling can help them
expand their scope of knowledge, especially geographical and historical learning. They go on to point
out that touring will provide more chance for them to enjoy food and try on clothes that they otherwise
cannot possible have.
注：geographical and historical 押尾韵，如：押头韵 clear & clean
Those who dislike travelling have their reasons. They would argue that travelling means a
considerable amount of money and energy. For example, traffic and accommodation require money and
walking while seeing sights often tires you.
In practice, travelling does more good than harm. If your finance and health permit, you might as well
do some travelling from time to time. It will at least enable you to get familiar with people and things that
you will probably grow to like and love.
注：1. in practice = I think 2. does more good than harm 好处比坏处多，其他表达方法：be superior
to/ inferior to 比如：the advantages are superior to the disadvantages3. enable 使
范文1. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test
(CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in China
because we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning English for
over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. Sometimes even those top students who
excel in grammar and writing skills find their English inadequate to express their thoughts freely. A test of
English will bring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help
them with their communicating skills.
使句子具有表现力的手段：1、用形容词修饰名词；2、副词修饰动词、副词修饰形容词
On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writing skills will be
enough for the English learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the fact that students are
already under considerable pressure from their opinion derives from the fact that students are already
under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required test will only add to their burden.
Moreover, some students may take the shortcut by focusing on several guessed questions according to
the fixed format of the test, hoping for a coincidence to bring them good luck.
In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China will continue its
policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyone who wants to
surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shall spare no efforts to
practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.
范文21. Should smoking be banned?
Should smoking be banned? Answers to this question vary greatly. Some people are in favor of
the idea of smoking. They always say that it can get rid of the tiredness and make them refreshed. And
they also say that giving and being given cigarettes is a sign of friendship. Therefore, they carry
cigarettes with them wherever they go.
注：1. vary greatly 许多种2. be in favor of = agree/ be of the opinion that3. get rid of the tiredness
and make them refreshed 使人神清气爽4. Giving and being given 给与被给。主、被动关系在英文中用
现在、过去分词表达。
But other people consider it very harmful to people’s health. They have heard the official reports that
one person in the world dies from smoking every second. And they have heard the doctor’s warning that
smokers are more likely to have lung cancer and to increase their chances of having heart attack. In
addition, smoking pollutes the air and may cause fire accidents. Thus it has become a major threat to
people’s life and property.
注：1.They have heard the official reports that ... 官方报告表明……2. be more likely to 更有可能，更容
易3. chance 可能性
There is some truth in both arguments, but human’s life and property outweighs anything else. If
smoking brings us illness and death, why not have it banned by the government? Without cigarettes,
can’t we come up with better ways to express our friendship and to make us refreshed?
注：1. outweigh 比……重要，同样的表达：be superior to/ be inferior to。overweight 超重2. 最后用两句
反问句结尾，非常精妙。
课后作业 Private Cars
写成4段的首段写法：
①In recent years, with fast economic growth, private cars have appeared in many families in China.
People's attitude toward private cars varies widely.
②With the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families begin to afford a
private car. Yet, people's opinions of private cars vary from person to person/ public attitude toward it
varies greatly/ widely./ is quite of the contrary./ differs sharply.
③In recent few years, the phenomenon/ issue/ problem of owning a private car has been brought to
public attention/ in the limelight. People's views on/ opinions of owing a private car vary widely.
写成3段的首段写法：
With the development of modern society/ science and technology, / With the improvement of people's
living standard,
more and more people can own private cars.
cars are entering ordinary families.
the growing number of people/ people in ever increasing numbers can have access to private cars.(此句
是引言)
支持段的主题句：
Some people claim that/ As is pointed out that/ It is generally believed that/ It is widely accepted that,
there are some advantages of owning a private car.
There is no doubt that private cars benefit people hugely.
支持段的分论点：
① 方便 First, private cars provide people with the most convenient form of transportation.
② 舒适 Second,
it is comfortable for people to travel in, especially in changeable weather/ raining
days/ sand storm.
③ 炫耀 Third, only a private car can show a person's social status/ achievement/ success/ prosperity
in his or her career.
否定段的主题句：
①However (Nonetheless/ Nevertheless/ But), there are some disadvantages of owing a private car/
Every coin has two sides.
②While enjoying the convenience that private cars bring us, we should not ignore the problem they
create/ produce/ introduce/ make.
③Despite/ In spite of/ For all the advantages, they brings their own disadvantages/ problems/ negative
effects
④Like anything else, private cars also have their own weakness/ limits.
⑤However, private cars are not without shortcomings/ faults.
⑥Yet other speak of the problems private cars have brought. They complain that......
⑦However, private cars may also bring with it problems our society had not previously faced.
⑧Despite the increase in efficiency and convenience generated by private cars, the changes they bring
could very well lead to potentially adverse consequences.
否定段的分论点：
① 占有空间 On the one hand,
private cars take up/ occupy too much space.
② 交通事故 On the other hand,
a driver should be careful/ cautious while driving, otherwise, car
accidents are more likely to happen.
③ 污染环境 What's more/In addition, private cars give off/ discharge/ release CO which pollute the
environment/ air.
注意：所谓上义词是指抽象、概括和笼统的，就是比较superordinate的词；而下义词就是具体的东西，即
subordinate的东西。
第四段（总结段）的写法：
①Despite all the disadvantages mentioned above, I still think that the advantages outweigh/ are greater
than the disadvantages. As for the above problem, I'm sure they will be settled by the scientists in the
future/ It is only a matter of time for the problems to be solved.
②Unquestionably, the challenge of private cars means we all should consider how we can control them,
so that they will not control us.
③Whether the private cars are a blessing or a curse is a difficult question to answer, yet the desire for the
comfort and independence a private car can bring will not be elminated.
④Anyway/ Anyhow/ In any case, whether the effect is good or bad, one thing is certain: private cars have
changed and will continue to change the way of our transportation, our leisure and our life.
选择题型变体逻辑结构（My View on Sth.）
选择性观点的变体的文章写作逻辑结构：
Paragraph
I:（1）引出将要评论的事物或者是观点；（2）简明扼要的提出人们在这个问题上的两种不同
看法。Paragraph
II:（1）提出作者观点（本文主题句）；
（2）举例加以论证。Paragraph III:（1）总结全
文（再次强调作者观点）
。
范文17. My View on Fate
There is no consensus of opinions among people as to the view of fate. Some people believe that
everyone is born to a certain that he can not change, while some other people think that every man is the
master of his own life.
注：1. consensus 相同意见2. 第一句话可以套用，如范文18：There is no consensus of opinions among
people as to the view of wealth.3. while 轻微转折和对比，强转折用词but, however4. master 主人
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion. There is a saying, “Everyone is the architect of
his own future.” Which means one’s fate is decided in his own hands. In fact, no one is destined to a
certain fate in his or her life. Those who claim that they were born to fail or be unlucky just can’t realize
how much inner strength and ability they have. We must depend on ourselves to changes our lives and
make us successful and happy.
注：1. 第一句as far as与I agree重复，把后半句改为the latter opinion seems more reasonable。2. architect
建筑师，archor 弓箭手3. In fact 前后是转折关系，之前从正面阐述，之后从反面阐述
范文17. My View on Fate （续）
Let’s take Helen Keller, an extraordinary American woman, for example. When she was only 19
months old, she became blind and deaf. Instead of accepting her misfortune helplessly, she showed
great courage and unconquerable spirit in fighting against her destined fate and was awarded the
President’s Medal of Freedom in 1964 because of the achievements she had made for helping the blind,
the deaf and the speechless. This story tells us that a wise man is always creating his own fate rather
than waiting for good luck.
注：1. 本段开始举例2. Let's take……for example 中间是插入语，表示强调，举例不宜太长。
In conclusion, I believe that everyone is born equal and is the builder of his own fate We can have good
fortune only if we take pains and work hard. We should bear the following saying in mind, “Every man is
the master of his own fate.”注：bear sth. in mind：把……牢记在心
范文13. The Way to Success
第二段：Strong will, perseverance and diligence are the three essentials of success. A man of strong
will and perseverance always has an inflexible spirit. He sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might
be. Dr. Sun Yat-sen was such a man. Many of his attempts failed, but he held to his purpose with
firmness and finally succeeded in overthrowing the Qing Dynasty. Diligence means steadiness in one’s
work and study. Su Qin stabbed himself in order to keep attentive to studies. Marx often worked 15
hours a day. Life is short and we have many things to do. Without diligence no one can achieve
anything.
II、社会热点话题写作逻辑结构
Paragraph 1: (1) 概括性的引出要评论的事物或观点（general）
； (2) 具体描述这个事物或者观点（或者
是我对这个现象/ 事物的基本看法specific）
。Paragraph 2: (1) 作者对该现象货问题的基本看法，即文章的
论点句； (2) 支持性的细节分论点（至少两点）
； (3) 本段总结（可以省略）
。Paragraph 3: (1) 总结全文，
定下结论（通常为我的对策或看法）
。
四级作文试题2000年1月
Directions:
For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How I Finance my
College Education. You should write at least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline (given
in Chinese) below:
1. 上大学的费用（tuition and fees）可以通过多多种途径解决。2. 哪种途径适合我（说明理由）
。
How I Finance My College Education
第一段：首先，应该是用一种描述性的语言引出讨论的重点：
Nowadays/ At present/ Currently/ These days/ Today, tuitions and fees for college students are 【more
expensive】 much higher than ever before. How to finance my college education has become a matter of
concern.
第二段：有多种的方法，例如：1.向父母;
2.银行贷款
3.打工挣钱
第二段主题句：There are many ways to support my college education financially./ Ways to support my
university study financially vary greatly/ are various.
第二段分写：
In the first place, I can get/ gain/ obtain all the money from my parents.
In the second place, I can apply for/ ask for a bank loan, especially set up/ established for college
students/ undergraduates.
What’s more, I can find a part time job to earn enough money.
第三段：我所赞同的方法（阐述原因，为何不选其他的方法）
。
Personally/ As far as I’m concerned/ In my opinion/ From my point of view/ To my way of thinking/ As I
see it, I prefer the bank loan for the following reasons.
For one thing, my parents are not rich enough to afford me.
For another, I will not have enough time and energy to study after finishing my part-time/ temporary/ odd
jobs.
In addition, I believe I can hunt a rewarding/ dream job after graduation, and then I will be able to pay
off/ pay back/ return/ give back.
Therefore /So /Hence,......
使文章富有表现力的手段：
1、使用有难度的词汇；2、使用形容词修饰名词，用副词修饰动词或整个句子；3、使用被动语态；4、使
用倒装句；(not only... but also...；only...)5、尽可能地使用名词，而不是习惯中的动词和形容词。
四六级作文翻译练习
绿化我们的城市
第一段：近年来，随着工商业的迅猛发展，许多大城市中树木的数量大幅度降低。人们作出各种努力防止
树木被砍伐，但是，认识到绿化城市也同样重要。
普 通 版 Recently, with the development of businesses and industries, more and more trees have
disappeared in big cities. We have tried our best to prevent people from cutting trees. But, it is important
to realize to make our cities green.
润色版In contemporary society, while our industries and businesses have experienced a(n) rapid/ fast/
amazing/ marked/ fantastic development, the number of trees in many large cities has declined/
decreased/ reduced sharply/ dramatically. Although remarkable efforts have been exerted to prevent
more trees from being cut, the realization of making cities greener is still of great importance.
注：区分industry 和 industrial
绿化我们的城市（续）
第二段：绿化城市会带来很多好处。其一，绿化城市能够净化空气。科学研究已经证明树木通过吸收作用
可以降低大气中碳化合物的含量。其二，它能够美化城市。到处是花草树木，我们会欣然地感到自己置身
于美丽的花园中。最后，绿化城市能够带来大量木材，这是解决自然资源短缺的有效办法。
普通版There are many advantages in making cities greener. First, it makes our air clean. Scientific
research has proved that trees can reduce a great amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through
absorption. Second, it adds to the beauty of our cities. With trees and flowers everywhere, there is a
pleasant feeling that we live in a beautiful garden and are closer to nature. Finally, it will bring us a lot of
timber. And this is an effective way to solve the problem of lack of natural resources.
润色版What benefits can the program of making cities greener bring to us? First, the air will be cleaner.
Scientific experiments have already proved that trees can reduce air pollution by producing a lot of
oxygen. This will improve the quality of the urban environment. Second, our cities will look more beautiful.
Just imagine the city which is full of trees and flowers. What an attractive garden it is! What’s more, by
making cities greener, we can provide our industry with timber the precious natural resources.
绿化我们的城市（续）
第三段：绿化城市需要全国人民共同努力，人们不仅要广泛认识到城市绿化对城市环境的贡献，还应该同
心协力栽植更多的树木并保护它们不受商业使用的侵犯。
普通版Making cities greener requires people’s efforts all over the country. And people should not only
realize that it is important to make cities greener for its contribution to urban environment, but also plant
trees and protect them from being used in business.
润色版Making cities greener requires more than widespread awareness; it calls for an immediate
commitment to planting more trees and growing more flowers.
(Making cities greener requires the whole nation’s efforts. And not only should most people gain
the awareness of the significant contribution of making cities greener to urban environment, but also
make a commitment to the protection of more trees against business.)
句型变化A. (1) We can imagine the beautiful surroundings. (2) There are many trees along the streets. (3)
There is a clean river in the city. (4) There are many fishes in the river. (5) There are willow trees on the
one side. (6) There are some pieces of grassland on the other side. (7) There are many flowers on them.
B. (1) Just imagine the beautiful surroundings if we have made our cities greener. (2) Green trees line the
streets. (3) A clean river winds through the city, in which a lot of fishes abound. (4) On the one side stand
rows of willow trees. (5) On the other side lies a stretch of grassland sprinkled with many yellow and red
flowers.
1. There be...1) a. There are fewer and fewer citizens who like to see films.b. Films are now losing their
appeal for many citizens.2) a. There are many people who complain of severe housing shortages.b.
Housing shortages become the source of great complaint.
2. If1) a. If you compare the two methods carefully, you will find the difference.b. Careful comparison of
the two methods will show you the difference.2) a. If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good
result.b. The application of book knowledge alone will not bring you good result.3) a. If there is no
pollution, man can certainly survive.b. Man can certainly survive in the world where there is no pollution.
3. In order to1) a. In order to prevent the problem becoming too serious to solve, we must take an
immediate step.b. An immediate step must be taken before the problem becomes too serious to solve.2)
a. In order to build a stable and prosperous nation, people should make new efforts.b. New efforts will
bring ...
4. More and more
1) a. More and more people now prefer to stay at home and watch TV.
b. People in ever increasing numbers prefer to stay at home and watch TV.
2) a. More and more people who become more and more rich can afford a motorcycle.
b. The growing number of people who become increasingly rich can now afford a motorcycle.
3) a. More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years.
b. Teenage smoking is on the rise/ increase/ decrease/ decline in recent years.
4) a. More and more teachers are needed with the development of economy.
b. There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy.
5) a. More and more trees have disappeared in the city.
b. There is a sharp decline in the number of trees in the city.
社会热点话题
写作练习：Jobs for Graduates
1) 大学生难找工作2)
原因很多3)
解决的办法
With the fantastic development of modern society, people in ever increasing numbers have
access to tertiary education （高等教育）. As a result, job-hunting is now becoming headache for most
graduates.
范文23：Nowadays, college graduates come to realize that it is not easy to get a rewarding job. Most/
Many of them can not get a job right after graduation.
The job market for college students/ graduates is getting tighter and tighter. According to
a survey, only 80% of college graduates of the class of 2002 found jobs the year they graduated,
compared with 95% in 2000. Why do college graduates find it increasingly difficult to get jobs?
第二段细节论证分析原因：
1、Among the most convincing/ important reasons given/ cited/ offered/ identified by people for this
problem/ phenomenon, one should be
stressed/ emphasized/ mentioned...
2、One may regard/ see/ view/ think of the trend/ increase/ phenomenon as a sign of/ result of/ response
to/ reaction to ...
3、The increase/ change/ failure/ success in ... mainly/ largely/ partly results from/ arises from is due to/
owing to/ attributable to the fact that/ several factors ...
Several years ago, many students were enrolled in/ admitted to/ taken in/ matriculated popular major, so
that the supply is superior to/ outweigh/ exceeds the demand. Many graduates are reluctant to work in
the remote areas/ western provinces/ developing areas/ less developed country. Graduates without
working experiences are now losing their appeal for many international cooperations, such as ...
国家制定法律法规 个人接受教育
III、图表题（table, bar graph, pie chart, line graph）
图表题的写作逻辑结构：
Paragraph I:（1）概括描述图表：趋势描写；
（2）具体描述图表：必要数据支持（细节性）
。
paragraph II:（1）提出自己理由和观点（本段主题句）；（2）细节性分论点（主要是原因，用于支持自己
的观点，至少两点）
。
Paragraph III:（1）预测未来和提出解决方法；
（2）总结全文和表达作者自己观点。
【标题】Changes in People’s Diet
Directions: Write a three-paragraph composition to:
1. State the changes in people’s diet in the past five years.2. Give possible reasons for the changes.3.
Draw your own conclusion.
You should quote as few figures as possible.
Year Food
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Grain
49%
47%
46.5%
45%
45%
Milk
10%
11%
11%
12%
13%
Meat
17%
20%
22.5%
23%
21%
Fruit & Vegetables
24%
22%
20%
20%
21%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
【短文】Changes in People’s Diet
In the past five years there have been many changes in people’s diet. Grain, as the main food of
most Chinese, is now playing a less important role, while the proportion of some high-energy foods, such
as milk and meat, has increased.
What has caused these changes? I think there are two reasons. First, people now have more
money. The price of meat and milk is much higher than that of grain, so in the old days people couldn’t
afford them. Now they have enough money to buy both meat and milk. Second, people nowadays pay
more attention to the elements of their diet. They look for a well-balanced diet that will be good for their
health.
In short, there have been changes in people’s diet in the past five years because of financial and
health reasons, and there will be further changes in the future.
Year Food
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Grain
49%
47%
46.5%
45%
45%
Milk
10%
11%
11%
12%
13%
Meat
17%
20%
22.5%
23%
21%
Fruit & Vegetables
24%
22%
20%
20%
21%
Total
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
【修改版】As can be seen from the table, the past five years has witnessed dramatic changes in
people’s diet. Grain, as the staple food of most Chinese, is now playing a less important role in their diet,
while the consumption of high quality food such as meat, milk and fruit has greatly increased.
There are two factors leading to the change. For one thing, people now enjoy a higher standard of
living. In the old days few families could afford meat and milk every day, which often meant a big chunk of
the family income. But now people have enough money to taste a rich verity of foods. For another, people
of today attach more attention to nutrition. They are not merely content to fill the stomach. They are
seeking the most reasonable diet which will do good to their health.
In a word, with people’s standard of living getting higher and higher, changes in their diet will be
more obvious and greater.
图表题的适用句型：
1. As we can see from the chart/ graph/ table/ diagram, ...2. The chart/ graph shows/ displays that ...3. As
can be shown in the table ...,4. The figures/ statistics in the chart reflect/ show/ reveal that ...,5. It is clear/
apparent from the chart/ table that ...
V、谚语格言题逻辑结构
Paragraph I：
（1）点明要阐释的谚语或名言（ general ）
；
（2）用自己的话解释这一谚语或名言的意思，
有时有正反两面的逻辑（specific ）
。
Paragraph II：
（1）作者对该谚语或名言的观点态度，即文章的论点句；
（2）支持性的细节分论点，举例子
论证（至少两点，有时有正反两面的逻辑）
；
Paragraph III：总结全文，定下结论（通常为阐明其现实或更深远意义）
。
Practice Makes Perfect
Practice is the key to success in all fields of activity. It is practice alone which enables us to build up
speed and efficiency. When we accomplish something perfectly without wasting effort, this is the result of
long practice.
【改写为】An English proverb says/ One of the greatest men once remarked/ Nearly every civilization has
its own equivalent to the proverb: "Practice makes perfect". It means that/ In other words, it is practice
alone which enables us to build up speed and efficiency. When we accomplish something without
wasting effort, this is the result of long practice.
Practice Makes Perfect（续）
Take the study of English for example. Only practice can enable us to spell words correctly and
master the rules of grammar. And it is only through practice that we can become fluent in speaking and
writing, there is no other way. Another good example is sports. Practice is the only way to become
stronger and run faster. Besides, in team games practice is what improves our sense of cooperation and
helps the team to win.
【改写为】History/ Our society abounds with the examples of "Practice makes perfect". ......（正反两方面
都举例子） On the other hand/ On the contrary, no practice will only lead us to failure. There is hardly/
scarcely a man who can achieve success without practice. All evidence points to/ justifies/ lends supports
to the fact that practice is the key to success in all fields of activity.
举例一般为：英语学习；体育锻炼
To sum up, there can be no achievement which is not based on a solid foundation of practice.
【改写为】For us college students, the saying/ proverb has a profound and realistic significance: there
can be no achievement which is not based on a solid foundation of practice.
课后复习（self-study Program）
1、课堂讲解内容：体会用词艺术和丰富的句式2、写作练习：2002年6月真题（Student Use of Computers）
3、记忆写作万能理由和基本表达4、完型填空练习：完成Passage 1--Passage 3做题步骤：（1）通读全
文，了解文章大意；（2）初选答案（排除法、优选法）；（3）寻找线索；（4）回头补缺；（5）核实答
案。
图表题：2002年6月考题Topic: Student Use of Computers (at least 150 words)
1、 上图所示为1990、1995、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；
2、请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）
；
3、你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。
2002年6月的图表题作文：
As is shown by the bar graph, the average number of hours a student in a certain university
spends on the computer per week increased dramatically over the period from 1990 to 2000. In 1990, it
was less than two hours. And in 1995, it hit/ reach four hours. And in 2000, the number soared to（飞速
上升） nearly twenty hours, which is over ten times than that of 1990.
注：soared to/ boom/ shoot up/ rocket/ jump 飞速上升climb 上升很慢shrink 下降，缩水
第一段还有一种写法：……In 1990, the number was less than 2 hours, while the figure hit 4 hours（或者
这样写：while in 1995,）as compared with that of 1990, it had almost doubled. And what impress us most
is that the figure soared to..., which…
Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular for males and for females. A multitude of factors
could account for the rise. In the first place, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the rapid
development of the internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact friends in
remote places through the internet. In the second place, the prices of computers are getting lower and
lower, which enable more students to purchase them.
However, there still exist some problems, such as, poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on. And how
to balance the time between using computers an studying is also a serious problem. Anyhow, we will
benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.
IV、书信题的写作方法：
（一）信封格式： 名字、信箱、地域范围由小到大，写在右下角（与我们相反）
。
（二）信纸格式：日期：背月份的缩写 称呼（后面的标点是逗号）:Dear Sir or Madam, To whom it may
concern,正文：空4个字节或者顶格写，段与段之间空行）签名：sincerely yours
书信写作的五点要求：
1、开门见山说意图2、咨询/ 建议1、2、3、3、不同内容可分段4、感谢客气不可少5、期待回信成老套
（三）开头段：1、 告知对方你的身份（假如对方不认识你）
Dear Sir/ Mr. Prometheus,I was a student at your college, enrolled in Philosophy Department./ I am
a… at your…/ I am a … at your college, enrolled in the… course./ My name is…, I am…
2、 问候收信人（假如他/她是你的朋友）
Dear Prometheus,
Hello / Hi. How are you? / I hope everything is fine. / How are things going with you?
/ How are you getting on in / getting along with…..?
3、 解释写信的原因（1）致谢：I deeply appreciate your courtesy and I hope to reciprocate your favor
when the opportunity arises.
/ I am greatly indebted to you for (the double) you have gone to on my behalf.
/ Thank you for your letter about studying in Canada.
/ I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for…
/ I would like to thank you most sincerely for…
（2） 抱怨：I am writing to complain about the poor service at your dining-room.
/ I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with / at…
/ I wish to make a complaint about…
/ I am writing to draw your attention to….
/ I am afraid I have got a complaint about….
（3） 致歉：I would be grateful if you would be so kind as to provide me with certain essential
information regarding the following aspects.
/ I am writing to you because I am unable to….
/ I an terribly sorry that….
/ I would like to express my apologies for not being able to….
（4）
询问：I would like to obtain /request/seek/inquire about some information about…
/ I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor.
/ I would like some detailed information on/about….
（四）结尾段：
1、发出请求（1）Please give this matter your immediate attention.
（2）I would very much appreciate it if……as soon as possible.
（3）Please render me some valuable advice which is conductive to my final decision.
2、提供帮助（1）I hope these……will be helpful, and please feel free to contact me for more information.
（2）……will be taking responsibility for you and if you should need any assistance, she/he will be
pleased to help you
3、
再次表示歉意或感激（1）Thank you for your kind assistance.
（2）Please accept my heartfelt thanks and deepest gratitude, now and always.
（3）I am sorry that I cannot……, and trust that you will understand.
（4）In addition, let me apologize for any inconvenience I may have caused.
（5）I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience.
（6）Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
4、 期盼回信：R.S.V.P.（1）I look forward to your prompt response.
（2）Looking forward to a prompt reply,
（3）I expect to hear from you very soon.
（4）I hope to receive your reply shortly.
（5）I am already eagerly awaiting your reply to this first letter.
书信题范文：2001.6
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter.
Suppose you are Zhang Ying. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit you
during the week-long holiday. You should write at least 100 words according to the suggestions given
below in Chinese.
1表示欢迎2. 提出度假安排的建议3．提醒应注意的事项
A Letter to a Schoolmate
June 23, 2001
Dear Xiao Wang
Example I:
Dear Xiao Wang,
I am very happy to learn that you are going to visit me during the week-long holiday. My parents will also
be happy to see you again. I am sure you will enjoy every minute here.
I know you like swimming. A river lies not far away from my home. We can go swimming there. I think it
would be very pleasant and refreshing to swim in such hot summer days. In every big room of my home
there is an air-conditioner. We can watch TV, play VCDs or read books very comfortably at home.
A mountain about two miles away from here is beautiful and it is worth touring. We can go there on foot.
When we climb to the top of the mountain, we can have a wonderful birds eye view of the whole village.
Just phone me before you set off. There is no need for you to take anything. I’ll prepare everything for
you.
I am looking forward to seeing you soon.
Yours,
Zhang Yin
公文信函: 2002.1
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic:
A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus You should write at
least 100 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:
假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、
服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。
January 12th, 2002
Dear Mr. President,
Li Ming
freshman 大一 sophomore 大二junior 大三senior 大四
Example II:
Dear Mr. Prometheus,
I am a student at your TOEFL class and I am writing to explain my absence from classes since March 11,
2001.
On March 10, 2001, I was involved in a serious motor vehicle accident. I was transported to the hospital
in an ambulance, where I was treated for a broken ankle, fractured collarbone, and 3 bruised ribs. My
doctor advised complete bed rest for 6 weeks, and as a result, I have been unable to attend classes
since March 11, 2001.
I am concerned about keeping up with my studies, and have been doing the required readings, as
assigned by you. My biggest concern is whether I will be able to participate the final class. Would you
please advise me regarding my courses, specifically if there will be any special consideration given to me
in light of my current situation? Thank you for your kind assistance.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Sincerely,
Janet,
Student No…
题型总结：对比观点选择题：4段社会热点话题：3段 图表题： 书信题：格言题：描写叙述题：
http://www.gzneworiental.org/
完型填空做题技巧
（一）Prep Tips for Cloze I．做题步骤：1、通读全文，了解文章大意；文章两种模式：总分、对比；2、
初选答案（排除法、优选法）
；3、寻找线索；4、回头补缺；5、核实答案。
II．出题重点：1．词语的辨析：1）同义词；
2）反义词；
3）形近词；
形近词举例：Test 2 ... or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys.
87. A) lying
B) laying
C) laid
D) lied
注：说谎：lie lied lied lying躺：lie lay lain lying放置，下蛋：lay laid laid laying
2．逻辑关系：1）列举/种属关系：such…as; especially;
instance;
in particular; specifically;
for example;
for
likely;
2）因果关系：because (for);
seeing that;
due to;
owing to;
thanks to;
since;
for; as;
for the reason that;
3 ） 并 列 / 递 进 ： besides;
likewise;
furthermore; not noly…but also….;
4）转折/让步关系：however;
anyhow;
anyway;
oppositely;
also;
too;
what’s more; apart from;
never the less; nonetheless;
in any case;
except;
in addition;
but;
5）对比关系：by contrast;
moreover;
whereas;
still;
though;
although;
yet;
in contrast; by comparison;
like;
as…as;
on the contrary;
conversely;
….than….;
逻辑关系举例1：Test 4
Sometimes homework is returned
76. A) by
B) in
76
brief written comments but without a grade.
C) for
D) with
逻辑关系举例2：Test 2
The United States is well-known for its network of major highways designed to help a driver get from one
place to another in the shortest possible time. __71__ these wide modern roads are generally __72__
and well maintained, with __73__ sharp curves and many straight __74__, a direct route is not always
the most _ 75__ one.
71. A) Although B) Since
C) Because
D) Therefore
72. A) stable
B) splendid
C) smooth
D) complicated
73. A) little
B) few
C) much
D) many
74. A) selections
B) separations
C) series
D) sections
75. A) terrible
B) possible
C) enjoyable
D) profitable
3．固定结构的识别：提高阅读的速度、对于内容有合理的预期、有利于总体把握文章：
either…or…;
neither…nor…;
sooner…than…;
too…to…;
so…that…;
not…until…;
hardly…when…;
no
not only…but also…
固定结构举例：Test 3
76
geography books focus on a small area
region, a nation. Or an
79
78
77
continent. Many geography books deal with the whole earth. Another
to divide the study of
80
is to distinguish between physical geography and cultural
geography. The former focuses on the natural world; the
how human beings and their environment act
as a single subject,
76. A) Some
84
83
81
starts with human beings and
D) Few
77. A) outside B) except C) as
81. A) second B) later
D) like
C) next
ad. + v. ;
3． 动词用法：1）主谓一致；
4． 介词用法：1）介词与名词；
D) latter
take advantage of….; make use of….等；
2）时态；
3）语态；
2）介词与动词；
82
each other. but when geography is considered
branch can neglect the other.
B) Many C) Most
2． 搭配：例如：a. + n.;
a town or city. Others deal with a state, a
4）非谓语动词；
3）介词与形容词；