ability model accelerated depreciation allowances acceptable under IFRSs accountability of management accounting accounting acquiree Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans accounting arbitrage accounting estimate Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance accounting for inventories Accounting for Investments in Associates accounting for revenue and associated expenses accounting income accounting mismatch accounting model accounting period accounting policies Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors accounting policy accounting principle accounting profit accounting record accounting treatment accounts receivable accrual accounting assumption accrual basis accrual basis of accounting accrued liabilities Accumulated (amortisation, interest, profit or loss) accumulated depreciation accumulated profit or loss accumulating compensated absences achieve comparability acquired entity acquired goodwill acquired in a business combination acquiree acquirer acquisition acquisition date acquisition method active market active use actively marketed actuarial assumptions actuarial gains and losses actuarial present value of promised retirement benefits actuarial valuation actuarial valuation method additional comparative information additional consideration additional disclosure additional exemptions for first-time adopters adjust for consolidation procedures adjusted fair value adjusted weighted-average shares adjusting event after the reporting period adjustment administrative expenses admission fees advance adverse economic consequences adverse event after-tax amount agency agency relationship agent aggregate aggregation aggregation criteria agreement date agreements for the construction of real estate agreements in progress agricultural activity agricultural produce agriculture allocation allocation method allowance allowance account allowed alternative treatment american share option amortisation amortisation method amortisation period amortised cost amortised cost of a financial asset or financial liability amortising interest rate swap amount of inventories amount payable amount per share amounts recognised [in the statement of financial position or in the statement of comprehensive income] analysis Annual Improvements 2009 - 2011 Cycle annual leave annual periods annuitant annuitisation annuity antidilution antidilutive appendix applicability application guidance application of Requirements application supplement applying the restatement approach under IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies appraisal arm’s length transaction artistic-related intangible assets asking price assess assessing control asset asset exchange transactions asset manager asset-specific performance risk assets acquired assets held by a long-term employee benefit fund assets retired from active use associate audit report authorise [financial statements for issue] available-for-sale financial assets award credits back-out balance sheet balance sheet liability method bank bank overdraft bankruptcy bargain purchase basic earnings per share basic loan features basis adjustment basis for conclusions basis point bearer biological asset below-market rate of interest benchmark treatment beneficial contracts beneficiary benefit obligation best estimate bias bid-ask spread bifurcation methodology binding sale agreement binomial biological asset biological transformation Black-Scholes-Merton formula Board of directors bonus plan book of contracts book value brand build-operate-transfer business combination business combination involving entities or businesses under common control Business Combinations Business Combinations - Classification either as Acquisitions or Unitings of Interests Business Combinations - Subsequent Adjustment of Fair Values and Goodwill Initially Reported Business Combinations – “Date of Exchange” and Fair Value of Equity Instruments by class of financial asset call options callable cap capital capital appreciation capital approach capital asset pricing model capital contribution capital expenditure capital gain capital maintenance capital maintenance adjustment capitalisation capitalisation of interest capped interest rate capping mechanism carried at cost carry forward carrying amount cash cash alternative cash basis cash equivalents cash flow cash flow hedge cash flow projections cash flow risk cash flow statement = Statement of cash flows cash flow statements cash flows cash generating unit cash inflow cash instrument hedging cash on hand cash outflow cash payments cash price equivalent cash proceeds cash surrender value cash-settled share option cash-settled share-based payment transaction catastrophe bond catastrophe provisions cedant certificates of deposit cessation (of capitalisation) change in accounting estimate changes in existing decommissioning, restoration and similar liabilities chief operating decision maker claim claims development class A preference share class of assets class of financial assets class of financial instruments class of property, plant and equipment classification classification of financial instruments – contingent settlement provisions classification of inventory classification of rights issues clean-up call close members of the family of the individual closely related closing market prices closing rate co-operative collar collateral collateralised (asset, borrowing) collectability collection date collective marks commencement of the lease term commercial loans commercial paper facilities commercial substance commercially viable quantities of mineral resources commitment date comparability comparability over time Comparable interim period comparative information comparative statement of financial position compensated absences compensation competitive harm exemption complementary assets complete set of financial statements compliance with International Accounting Standards component of an entity compound financial instrument compound financial instruments concentration of (credit etc) risk Configuration of the cash flows consequential amendment consideration consistency - alternative methods consistency - capitalisation of borrowing costs consistency - different cost formulas for inventories consolidated and separate financial statements consolidated balance sheet consolidated financial statements consolidated financial statements and accounting for investments in subsidiaries Consolidated Financial Statements, Joint Arrangements and Disclosure of Interests in Other Entities: Transition Guidance consolidated group consolidated statement of financial position consolidation consolidation adjustments consolidation and equity method – potential voting rights and allocation of ownership interests consolidation—special purpose entities construction contract construction contracts construction or upgrade services constructive obligation contingent asset contingent consideration contingent consideration arrangement contingent liability contingent share agreement contingently issuable ordinary shares contingently issuable shares continuing involvement approach continuing operations contract contract-based intangible assets contracts that may be settled in (ordinary) shares or cash contractual arrangement contractual cash flows contractual completion contractual maturity analysis contractual obligation contractual right to receive the cash flows contractual rights contractual terms and conditions contractual-legal criterion contractually linked instruments control (of an asset) control (of an entity) control of an investee convenience translation conversion factor convertible preference share corporate assets cost approach cost formula cost of an acquisition cost of an investment cost of an investment in a subsidiary, jointly controlled entity or associate cost of inventories of a service provider cost of purchase cost plus contract Cost-based measurement costs of disposal costs of modifying existing software counterparty country of incorporation or residence create or enlarge an accounting mismatch credit default swap credit derivative default product credit enhancements credit facilities credit insurance contract credit quality credit spread criteria for recognising cumulative additional depreciation cumulative fair value changes cumulative interest accreted cumulative preference dividends cumulative translation differences currency translation current asset current cost approach current liabilities current tax curtailment customer loyalty programmes customer relationship intangible assets database date of acquisition date of exchange date of transition to IFRS death benefit debt for equity swaps debt-to-adjusted capital ratio debt-to-equity ratio decision-making process decision-making rights decision-useful information decommissioning obligations decommissioning, restoration and environmental rehabilitation funds deductible temporary difference deferral method deferred acquisition costs deferred policy acquisition costs deferred tax deferred tax assets deferred tax income deferred tax liabilities Deferred tax: recovery of underlying assets deficit balance defined benefit liability defined benefit obligation defined benefit obligation (present value of) defined benefit plan defined benefit plans defined contribution plans Definition of a Related Party and Government-controlled Entities demand amount demand deposits demand feature demonstrably committed deposit account deposit accounting depreciable amount depreciable assets depreciated replacement cost approach depreciation depreciation expense Depreciation methods derecognise (a financial instrument) derivative derivative assets derivative clearing agreements derivative features derivative financial instruments derivative liabilities designated and effective hedging instrument designation as at fair value through profit or loss determination of cost determining whether an arrangement contains a lease diluted earnings per share dilutive potential ordinary shares diminishing balance method direct insurance contract direct labour direct method of reporting cash flows from operating activities direct operating expenses directly attributable disaggregated information disclosure and presentation disclosure approach disclosure of government assistance disclosures in the financial statements of banks and similar financial institutions Disclosures—Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (Amendments to IFRS 7) disclosure—service concession arrangements discontinued (operations) discontinued operation discontinuing operation discount rate discounted basis (on a) discounted cash flow projections discretionary participation feature disposal consideration disposal group disposal plan disposal transaction distributions of non-cash assets to owners domain name downstream transactions dual listed corporation dual trigger contract earlier application is encouraged earnings earnings - diluted Earnings contingency earnings per share earnings per share - financial instruments and other contracts that may be settled in shares economic characteristics and risks economic decision-making needs of users effect of assumed conversions effective date effective interest rate effects of changes in foreign exchange rates elements of cost of exploration and evaluation assets eligible for capitalisation elimination of unrealised profits and losses on transactions with associates embedded derivative embedded prepayment penalties employee share ownership plan employee share purchase plan employee turnover rates employees and others providing similar services employer payroll taxes and insurance contributions enactment enforcement of covenants enhanced disclosure entities whose debt or equity securities are publicly traded entity-specific value environmental obligations equal prominence equalisation provisions equity - costs of an equity transaction equity accounting method - recognition of losses equity balances equity capital equity compensation benefits(=Stock (=Share) compensation benefits) equity compensation plans (=Share (=Stock) compensation plans) equity instrument granted equity-settled share-based payment transaction estimated costs estimated future cash flows European share option evaluating the substance of transactions involving the legal form of a lease event-driven fair value measurements events after the balance sheet date events after the reporting period events occurring after the balance sheet date eventual recipients evidence of impairment exchange difference exchange of assets exchange rate exchange transaction executory contract exercise date existing liability exit strategy expected cash flow expected value experience account experience adjustments expiry date explicit and unreserved statement of compliance exploration and evaluation assets exploration and evaluation expenditures exploration for and evaluation of mineral resources exposure draft expropriation of major assets extinguishing financial liabilities with equity instruments extraordinary items face (of financial statements or notes) fair presentation fair value fair value gains and losses fair value hedge fair value less costs to sell fair value measurement fair value model faithful representation family trust fellow subsidiary fiduciary activities fiduciary capacity FIFO formula finance lease finance lease obligations financial asset financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss financial asset or liability held for trading financial assets acquired at a discount that reflects incurred credit losses financial capital financial conglomerate financial guarantee financial guarantee contract financial institution financial instruments financial instruments puttable at fair value financial instruments: disclosure and presentation financial instruments: disclosures financial Instruments: Presentation financial instruments: recognition and measurement financial liability financial liability at fair value through profit or loss financial performance financial position financial reporting financial reporting in hyperinflationary economies financial reporting of interests in joint ventures financial review financial risk financial service fees financial statements financial year-to-date basis financing activities financing device firm purchase commitment firm sales contracts first IFRS financial statements first-time adopter first-time adoption first-time adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards first-time application first-time application of IASs as the primary basis of accounting fixed asset fixed coupon rate fixed price contract fixed production overheads flat yield curve floating rate for consolidation purposes forecast forecast transaction foreign currency derivative foreign currency derivatives foreign currency exchange prices foreign currency transaction foreign currency translation reserve (FCTR) foreign exchange - capitalisation of losses resulting from severe currency devaluations foreign exchange contract foreign exchange differences foreign exchange rates foreign operation forgivable loans former subsidiary forward contract forward coupon rate forward purchase contract forward repurchase agreement framework framework agreement framework for the preparation and presentation of financial statements franchise fee frozen credit spread method full fair value fully proportionate (pro rata) share of the cash flows functional currency fund manager fundamental errors funded amount future cash flow futures contract GAAP gain on disposal gains general purchasing power approach general purpose financial statements general recognition principle geographical segments governing board governing charter government assistance government assistance—no specific relation to operating activities government grants government guarantee Government Loans (Amendments to IFRS 1) government-related entity grant date grantor grants related to assets grants related to income gross investment in the lease gross margin group administration (employee benefit) plans group and treasury share transactions group cash-settled share-based payment transactions group insurance contract group of assets group of biological assets group of similar financial assets grouping of assets guarantee guarantee amount guarantee fund guaranteed benefits guaranteed element guaranteed residual value guarantor harmonise harvest Hedge accounting hedges of a net investment in a foreign operation hedging relationship held for resale held for sale held for trading held-to-maturity investment higher level parent entity highest and best use highly probable hire-purchase contract historical cost historical loss experience historical summaries historical waste holding company host contract hybrid contract hyperinflation hyperinflationary economies IAS IAS 19- The Limit on a Defined Benefit Asset, Minimum Funding Requirements and their Interaction IASC IASC Foundation Constitution IASCF identifiability identifiable identifiable asset IFAC IFRS 2- Group and Treasury Share Transactions IFRS-compliant illustrative example immediately preceding period impairment impairment loss impairment of assets impairment test Implementation Guidance impracticability exemption impracticable imputed rate of interest in-substance defeasance inception of the lease incidental income incidental operations income approach income from a structured entity income statement = statement of income income statement liability method income tax income tax expense income taxes income taxes—changes in the tax status of an enterprise or its shareholders income taxes—recovery of revalued non-depreciable assets increasing rate preference shares incremental borrowing rate of interest (lessee’s) incremental costs incremental share indemnification assets indication of an impairment indicator [of impairment] indirect method of reporting cash flows from operating activities individual asset individual financial statements inflation information reflecting the effects of changing prices initial classification initial direct costs initial measurement initial public offering initial recognition instrument-by-instrument approach insurable interest insurance agency commissions insurance assets insurance company insurance contract insurance Contracts insurance enterprise insurance investment funds insurance liability insurance obligations insurance risk insurance swaps intangible asset intangible assets intangible assets—web site costs integral foreign operation interest cost (for an employee benefit plan) interest in another entity interest rate implicit in a lease interest rate implicit in the lease interest rate risk interest rate strip interest rate swap interest-only strip receivable interim financial report interim financial reporting interim financial reporting and impairment interim financial statements intermediate or ultimate parent entity internal rate of return internal risk transfer internally generated internally generated goodwill international accounting standard international accounting standards committee international accounting standards committee foundation international federation of accountants international financial reporting interpretations committee international financial reporting standard International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) intraday credit facility intragroup intragroup payment arrangement intragroup transaction intrinsic value inverse floating interest rate investing activities investment contract investment grade investment performance investment retained investment tax credits investment-linked insurance funds investment-related services Investments in Associates Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures investor in a joint venture involuntary liquidation irrevocable commitments issued capital issued shares item by item basis joint arrangement joint arrangements joint asset joint operation joint operator jointly controlled entities—non-monetary contributions by venturers key management personnel larger financial asset last-in, first-out lease lease term leaseback leased assets leasehold interest leases legal entity legal merger legal obligation legal parent legal release legal rights legal subsidiary legally enforceable right legislative requirement lessee's incremental borrowing rate of interest level of serviceability leverage leveraged written option liabilities arising from participating in a specific market—waste electrical and electronic equipment liabilities assumed liability liability adequacy test liability component liability issue licensing agreement life-contingent annuity life-of-mine assets like transactions and events in similar circumstances limited exemption from comparative IFRS 7 Disclosures for First-time Adopters liquid assets liquidity presentation litigation risk litigation settlements loan loan asset loan commitment loan sub-participation loan-by-loan basis loans and receivables loans payable loans payable in default look through approach loss per share loss sharing arrangement lower level parent majority interest managed on a contractual yield basis management management approach management commentary management intentions Mandatory Effective Date of IFRS 9 and Transition Disclosures (Amendments to IFRS 9 (2009), IFRS 9 (2010) and IFRS 7) margin market approach market condition market participants market price market rate of interest market risk market value market-corroborated inputs marketable marketing-related intangible assets mask works master netting arrangement master-feeder structure matching of costs with revenues material material adjustments material errors material omissions materiality matrix form of organisation maturity maturity value measured at fair value through other comprehensive income measurement measurement bases measurement date measurement of change measurement or recognition inconsistency measuring interim income tax expense members’ shares members’ shares in co-operative entities and similar instruments merchandise method of accounting mid-market price mine waste materials (‘overburden’) minerals and mineral products minimum lease payments mismatch misstatement mitigating device mixed attribute approach monetary asset monetary items monetary items (monetary assets; monetary financial assets and financial liabilities; monetary financial instruments) monitor compliance mortality risk most advantageous market multi-employer (benefit) plans multi-employer plans (for an employee benefit plan) multiple arrangements multiple embedded derivatives mutual cooperative entity mutual entity mutual fund mutual insurance company national requirements nature of expense method negative goodwill net assets net assets available for benefits net basis net cash-settled option net disposal proceeds net exchange differences net identifiable assets net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset) net investment in a foreign operation net investment in a lease net monetary position net profit or loss for the period, fundamental errors and changes in accounting policies net realisable value neutrality newly acquired asset next most senior parent non-adjusting event after the reporting period non-bank financial service firm non-cancellable lease non-cash assets non-cash collateral non-cash items non-cash transactions non-coterminous year-ends non-current assets non-current assets (or disposal groups) as held for distribution to owners non-current assets held for sale and discontinued operations non-current liabilities non-depreciable assets non-derivative non-derivative contract non-discretionary non-discretionary employee profit-sharing plan non-financial assets non-financial collateral non-investment entity parent non-linearities non-marketable securities non-monetary asset non-monetary government grants non-owner changes in equity non-performance risk non-puttable ordinary shares non-reciprocal distributions of assets non-redeemable non-refundable purchase taxes normal capacity of production facilities not-for-profit organizations Notes (receivable-payable)(b) Notes receivable and payable notional amount obligating event obligation obligations for removal and restoration observable (benchmark) interest rate observable inputs observable markets observed (benchmark) interest rate observed market price obtaining or losing control off balance sheet vehicles offering memorandum Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilites (Amendments to IAS 32) one-step approach one-way reclassification onerous contract ongoing access opening balance opening IFRS statement of financial position operating activities operating cycle operating decisions operating lease operating leases—incentives operating segments operator option contract options, warrants and their equivalents orderly transaction ordinary activities ordinary course of business ordinary equity holders ordinary share original asset original cost originated loan approach originated loans and receivables origination costs originator of the financial asset outreach programme outright sale outsourcing arrangements over-the-counter market overheads owner changes in equity paid in capital parent parent-subsidiary relationship partial disposal partially-owned subsidiary participants [in a pension plan] participating equity instruments party to a joint arrangement pass-through arrangement past business combination past due past event past service cost payables pension liability percentage of completion method performance performance conditions period-certain annuity perpetual debt instruments phantom shares physical capital plan assets (of an employee benefit plan) plan commitment date plan to sell the controlling interest in a subsidiary pledged as collateral portfolio hedge of interest rate risk portfolio transfer post-acquisition retained earnings post-employment benefit plans post-tax profit or loss post-vesting transfer restriction potential ordinary share potential voting rights practical ability to sell the asset pre-combination predecessor stripping asset preface to International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee preface to International Financial Reporting Standards preference share preparation and presentation of financial statements preparers prepayment risk prepayments Prepayments of a Minimum Funding Requirement prepayments of future contributions present obligation present value present value of a defined benefit obligation presentation presentation currency presentation of financial statements presentation of items of other comprehensive income previous GAAP price earnings ratios primary basis of accounting primary economic environment primary financial instruments primary objective primary reporting format principal principal amount principal market principal-only strip principles-based approach private entity privatisation pro forma pro rata basis pro rata share of the net assets probability recognition criterion probable maximum loss probable More likely than not. product warranty obligations production overheads profit after tax profit before tax profit sharing progress payment property revaluation property, plant and equipment property, plant and equipment - Compensation for the Impairment or Loss of Items property, plant and equipment - Major Inspection or Overhaul Costs proportionate consolidation proportionate interest prospective application provision A liability of uncertain timing or amount. provisional value provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets prudential supervisors public accountability public securities markets publish what you pay campaign purchase consideration purchase method purchase price purchased option hedging instrument purchased options puttable puttable financial instruments and obligations arising on liquidation puttable instrument qualify for recognition qualifying asset An asset that necessarily takes a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. qualifying insurance policy qualitative characteristics quantitative disclosures quantitative thresholds quoted market price rated and unrated credit exposures ratio of ore to waste reacquired rights reacquisition provision readily obtainable assets realisable value reasonable estimate reasonably possible reassessment Reassessment of Embedded Derivatives rebates rebuttable presumption receivables reclassification adjustments reclassification date recognised financial instruments recognition as an expense recognition criteria reconciliation recourse loan recoverability recoverable recoverable amount redemption amount refinancing reformatted refund or a reduction in future contributions regular way purchase or sale regulator Rehabilitate-operate-transfer reinsurance assets reinsurance contract related parties related party disclosures related party transaction relevance relevant activities reliability reliability exception reliable reliable measurement test reload feature reload option remeasurement remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability (asset) removal of accounts provision removal rights renewal rights reorganisations repackaging repairs and maintenance repayment replacement award replacement cost of an asset reportable segment reporting currency - measurement and presentation of financial statements under IAS 21 and IAS 29 reporting currency – translation from measurement currency to presentation currency reporting date reporting package representational faithfulness repurchase agreement repurchase transactions reputational risk research residual cost residual interest residual value resolution of the IASB—Withdrawal of IAS 15 by the Board restatement restricted shares retail method retail store chain retained earnings retained profit retirement benefit plans retroactive classification retrospective application retrospective restatement return on plan assets (of an employee benefit plan) revaluation revaluation reserve revaluation surplus revalued amount of an asset revenue—barter transactions involving advertising services reversal reverse acquisition reverse share split revoke a designation rewards associated with a leased asset right of first refusal rights to interests arising from decommissioning, restoration and environmental rehabilitation funds risk-free interest rate risks and rewards risks and rewards of ownership risks associated with a leased asset roll back roll forward royalty sale sale and leaseback transaction SARs secondary segment information securitisation segment assets segment manager self-constructed asset self-insurance sensitivity analysis separability separability criterion separable assets separate financial statements separate liability separate vehicle separately identifiable service concession arrangement service date service mark servicing asset servicing liabilities servicing liability set of financial statements set-off, legal right of settle on a net basis settlement (of employee benefit obligations) settlement date settlement date accounting settlement value severally liable Severe Hyperinflation and Removal of Fixed Dates for First-time Adopters shadow accounting share share appreciation rights share buy-back arrangements share call options share capital share capital - reacquired own equity instruments (treasury shares) share consolidation share option share option plan share premium share split share warrant share-based payment share-based payment arrangement share-based payment awards share-based payment transaction shareholder shareholders' equity significant influence significant restrictions social security social security contribution special purpose entity specific identification of costs specifically identified cash flows speculative grade spot exchange rate spot foreign exchange risk spot rate stand-alone basis stand-alone derivative stand-alone entity stand-by credit facilities standard cost method standing interpretation committee start-up costs state (employee benefit) plan state-controlled entities stated or implied substantive terms statement of cash flows = cash flow statement statement of changes in equity statement of compliance with IFRSs statement of comprehensive income statement of financial position statement of income = income statement statement(s) of profit or loss and other comprehensive income stewardship of management stock exchange listing straight debt straight-line method stripping activity asset Stripping Costs in the Production Phase of a Surface Mine subsequent gain subsidiary substance over form substantively enacted superannuation scheme supervisory non-management directors supply agreement surface mining operations surplus in the plan surrender values surrogate measure swap contract swaption symmetrical approach syndication tainting take-or-pay contract tangible asset tangible fixed asset targeted exemptions tax tax base tax base of an asset or liability tax benefit tax effects tax expense (tax income) tax jurisdiction tax liability tax purposes tax rate taxable profit (tax loss) taxable temporary difference taxation technical feasibility and commercial viability of extracting a mineral resource temporary difference termination benefits tests goodwill for impairment the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates The Fair Value Option (Amendments to IAS 39) the limit on a defined benefit asset, minimum funding requirements and their interaction theoretical ex-rights value per share three-category approach time value of money time-weighting factor to 'manufacture' gains to market individual units 'off plan' total comprehensive income total return swap trade date trade date accounting trade receivable trade secret trading gains and losses transaction transaction costs (financial instruments) transaction price transfer transfer of control transfer of risks and rewards transferee transferor transfers of Assets from Customers transitional liability (defined benefit plans) translation difference translation method translation of foreign currency translation of the financial statements translation to the presentation currency transparency transport costs treasury shares trust activities two-class ordinary shares two-step approach ultimate controlling party unallocated surplus unamortised uncertain event uncollectability unconditional prohibitions unconditional right to refuse redemption underground mining activities underlying asset underlying variable understandability underwriting year undistributed earnings undrawn loan commitment unearned finance income unearned premiums unguaranteed residual value Uniform accounting policies unit of account unit value unit-linking feature unobservable inputs unrecognised financial instruments unsecured commercial loans upstream transactions user [of financial statements] users of financial statements valid expectation valuation valuation method valuation technique value added statement value in use value-at-risk variable interest entity (VIE) variable production overheads venture capital organisation verifiability warrant warranty warranty obligation wash sale waterfall structure wear and tear weather derivatives weighted average weighted average cost formula weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period whole of life infrastructure wholly-owned subsidiary willing parties working capital worst-case scenario year-to-date zero-cost interest rate collar [amount] recoverable ‘cost of sales’ method ‘life-of-mine ratio’ calculation ‘originate and hold’ business model ‘public-to-private’ service concession arrangement