Potential Essay Test Questions/ Big Point Items
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Compare & contrast the advantages/ disadvantages of electron microscopes & light microscopes.
State the cell theory.
Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size.
Given the field of view, be able to estimate the size of microscopic objects, draw them, then calculate the
total magnification of the drawings.
Draw and label a generalized prokaryotic cell.
Draw a labeled diagram of a generalized plant cell.
Draw and label a diagram of a generalized animal cell.
Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Describe differences between plant and animal cells.
Draw a diagram to show the fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane.
List the functions of the membrane proteins.
Explain how the internal membranes of the ER, vesicles, vacuoles, and golgi apparatus are related, and
how materials are transported through them.
Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active transport across membranes.
Vocabulary List for Cell Structure
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Transmission electron microscope:
Scanning electron microscopes:
Light microscope:
Micrometers (um):
Magnification = size of drawing / actual size of specimen
Organelle:
Unicellular organisms:
Multicellular organisms:
Differentiation of cells:
Cell:
Tissue:
Organ:
Organ System:
Cell Theory:
Prokaryotic cell:
Mesosome:
Cell Wall:
Plasma membrane (Cell surface Membrane):
Flagellum:
Naked DNA:
Plasmid:
Ribosomes:
Cytoplasm:
Photosynthetic Bacteria (Blue-green bacteria):
Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria:
Fermentation in Bacteria:
Eukaryotic Cell:
Endosymbiotic Theory of how Eukaryotic Cells obtained organelles:
Animal Cell (Draw & label parts):
Plant Cell (Draw & label parts):
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Cytoplasm:
Nucleus:
Nucleolus:
Ribosome:
Rough ER:
Smooth ER:
Lysosome:
Golgi apparatus:
Mitochondrion:
Nucleus:
Chloroplast:
Plasma membrane:
Cell wall:
Fluid mosaic model of cell surface membrane::
Phospholipids:
Functions of embedded proteins:
Diffusion:
Osmosis:
Permeable:
Higher vs. Lower solute concentration:
Concentration Gradient:
Active transport:
Protein carriers:
Endocytosis:
Pinocytosis:
Phagocytosis:
Exocytosis:
Sodium-potassium pump & how it works:
Cell Cycle :
a. G1:
b. S:
c. G2:
d. M:
e. C:
46. Interphase:
47. Mitosis:
a. Prophase:
b. Metaphase:
c. Interphase:
d. Telophase:
48. Microtubules & how they move chromosomes:
49. Describe behavior of chromosomes in each of 4 mitotic phases.
50. Cell division:
51. Cytokinesis:
52. Differences in mitosis & cytokinesis between animal & plant cells:
53. Cell plate:
54. Cleavage Furrow:
55. Centrioles:
56. Cell differentiation in multicelluar organisms:
57. Unicellular organisms:
58. Tissues
59. Organ:
60. Organ system:
61. Explain hierarchical relationship between cells, tissues, organs and organ systems in
multicellular organisms.
62. Intercellular communication
a. Direct contact
b. Paracrine signaling:
c. Endocrine signaling:
d. Synaptic signaling: