CBS, STATISTICAL ABSTRACT OF ISRAEL 2010
5
‫ שנתון סטטיסטי לישראל‬,‫למ''ס‬
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
LABOUR FORCE SURVEYS
HOUSEHOLDS AND
FAMILIES - DEMOGRAPHIC
CHARACTERISTICS
(Tables 5.1-5.13)
The estimates for households and families
are obtained from current labour force
surveys.
For a description of the survey, see the
Introduction to Chapter 12 - Labour and
Wages.
DEFINITIONS
Population of households: The tables
refer to all households, with the exception
of households in kibbutzim, institutions,
students’ dormitories and people living
outside localities (Bedouins in the South
and others) (see Table at the end of the
Introduction).
A household is defined as one person or
a group of persons living together in one
dwelling on a permanent basis most of the
week, who have a common expense
budget for food. A household may include
persons who are not a family.
Size of household is determined by the
number of persons in the household,
according to the above definition.
Type of household is determined by the
relationships between the persons
residing in the household, as well as by
other demographic variables.
Type of household includes family
households and non-family households.
The data according to this variable have
been published since 1997.
A family household is a household that
contains at least one “family”.
A “family household” can include: one
family, one family with other persons, or
two families or more.
A non-family household includes one
person only or a group of persons who
are not a family.
Children up to age 17 in a household
includes all children up to age 17
(inclusive) in a household. Does not
include persons aged 15-17 in the
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
2010
)42(
household who have partners and/or
children of their own.
Family: A nuclear family of two persons
or more who share the same household
and are related to one another as husband
and wife, as an unmarried couple, or as
parent and child. Thus, a family can be
only a couple, a couple with children (in
various age groups, defined by the age of
the youngest child), or a single parent with
children.
A single-parent family includes also
families in which the parent is married but
the spouse does not reside in the
household most of the week or does not
belong to the survey population.
A “family” also includes a family of
grandparents with grandchildren aged 15
and over without parents, or only siblings
aged 15 and over who live together without
spouses or children.
Family size is determined by the number
of persons in the family, as defined above.
Other persons in the household:
Persons without a family of their own, who
live in a household together with a “family”
that is not their nuclear family.
Religion and Population group: The
head of the household is the only
household member who is questioned
regarding his religion. The head of the
household’s religion is registered as the
religion of all the members of the
household. The classification according to
religion
includes:
Jews,
Moslems,
Christians, Druze and other religions
(other religions also include no religion or
religion unknown).
The category “Other Religions” includes
all those who replied that they are not
Jews. Until the beginning of the 1990s,
“Other Religions” mainly included Arabs.
Following the wave of immigration in the
1990s, the population group “Others” was
added to this category (see below). As of
2002, this group was divided into two
population groups:
- “Arabs”: a. live in non-Jewish localities,
or b. live in Jewish or mixed localities,
‫משקי בית ומשפחות‬
were born in Israel or arrived in Israel
before 1990.
- “Others”: live in Jewish or mixed
localities, and arrived in Israel in 1990 and
after.
District: See the definition of district and
sub-district in the paragraph “Labour
Force Surveys - Households - Economic
Characteristics and Housing” below.
Continent of origin: For those born
abroad, the continent of birth was
recorded; for those born in Israel - the
father’s continent of birth.
Highest diploma received: See definition
in the Introduction to Chapter 12 - Labour
and
Wages.
For
additional
weighting groups. The main change was
to break the weighting group of the
immigrants, which now includes only
immigrants residing up to 4 years in the
country, see Introduction to Chapter 12 Labour and Wages.
The sampling errors for the estimates in
tables 5.1-5.13 were calculated for each
of the estimates separately.
Until 2005, calculation of the sampling
errors for the estimates was based on the
assumption
that
the
demographic
characteristics of households do not
change during the course of a year, and
that those characteristics remain constant
during the different quarters of a given
year.
As of 2006, the method of calculation was
changed. The new method includes a
calculation of the correlations of the
demographic
characteristics
of
households between every two quarters of
a year, for households in which data were
collected for two quarters in the course of
a given year. To caution the reader
against data with low levels of reliability,
estimates with a relative sampling error
(sampling error divided by the estimate)
ranging from 25% to 40% are set in
parentheses. For estimates with a relative
sampling error exceeding 40% no
numerical values are presented and two
dots (“..”) are indicated in their place.
Regarding tables 5.14-5.25, calculations
of the sampling error are approximate.
Therefore, data based on a population
estimate below 3,000 are set in
parentheses, see explanation in Chapter
12 - Labour and Wages.
explanations, see definitions of Levels
of education in the Introduction to
Chapter 8 - Education.
Type of locality by which data are
classified is the permanent type of locality
(see
definitions
in
“Geographical
Distribution of the Population” in the
introduction to Chapter 2 - Population).
Since 2002, localities have been classified
according to the type of locality as
determined according to population
estimates at the end of 2001, as of 2007,
the classification is based on estimates of
population size at the end of 2005.
Development localities: See definition in
the Introduction to Chapter 12 - Labour
and Wages.
ESTIMATION
For each of the estimates presented here,
a “weighting coefficient” was determined
for each household participating in the
sample. This coefficient reflects the
number of units in the survey population
represented by each unit in the sample.
The “weighting coefficient” was identical
for each of the “households” “families”,
“couples”, and “persons” in the same
household. The “weighting coefficient”
system is determined through an iterative
process, so that after the “weighting” there
is a correlation between the distribution of
persons in the sample households by
primary variables and the corresponding
distribution of persons by current
demographic estimates.
For more details about methods of
collecting, processing and estimation, see
Introduction to Chapter 12 - Labour and
Wages.
In 2002, a number of changes were
introduced in the definitions of the
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
)43(
‫משקי בית ומשפחות‬
aged 18 or over (except households
where the only wage earner is aged 15-17
and households where there are only 1517 year old persons).
Working age: Men aged 15-64;
women aged 15-59.
As of 2009: Men aged 15-66;
women aged 15-61.
LABOUR FORCE SURVEYS
HOUSEHOLDS - ECONOMIC
CHARACTERISTICS AND
HOUSING
(Tables 5.14-5.25)
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Population of households - see above
definition.
The investigation unit is a household.
Household : See above definition.
Size of household: See above definition.
Characteristics of the labour force:
The labour force includes persons aged
15 and over who were employed (incl.
permanent army) or unemployed during
the determinant week.
In this chapter, employed persons are
divided according to the extent to which
they usually work:
- Usually employed full time: Employed
persons usually working 35 or more
hours a week, including those who
belong to the permanent army.
- Usually employed part time:
Employed persons usually working up
to 34 hours a week.
For further details, see the Labour Force
Surveys and the paragraph “Employed,
Employees/Jobs, Employee Jobs” in the
Introduction to Chapter 12 - Labour and
Wages.
Head of household is the economic head
of household. As of 1995, the definition of
head of household was changed and
determined by the degree of belonging to
the labour force, without regard of age or
sex.
- The head of household is the main
wage earner of the household, i.e., an
employed person who usually works
35 or more hours per week (including
soldiers in the permanent army), and
precedes an employed person who
works up to 34 hours a week, who
precedes an unemployed person.
- If more than one person in the
household fits the definition of head of
household, the head is determined by
the interviewee.
- If there is no wage earner in the
household, the head of household is
determined by the interviewee.
Household
with
working
age
persons: A household with at least
one person of working age.
Household with persons over
working age only (pensioners):
Persons entitled to old age pensions
from the National Insurance Institute.
Number of rooms in the dwelling: All
rooms used by the household as living
quarters. The following were not included
in the number of rooms: kitchens,
bathrooms, toilets, verandas, rooms used
for business purposes or for work only
and rooms let to tenants. Until 1979, half
a room was counted as a room. In
January 1980, a full registration of rooms
and half rooms was made, and
consequently, 1980 data were processed
twice.
Number of persons per room (housing
density) was calculated by dividing the
number of persons who live in the
household by the total number of rooms
occupied by members of the household.
Religion and Population group: see
above definition.
Type of locality: see above definition.
Development localities: see definition in
the Introduction to Chapter 12 - Labour
and Wages.
District and sub-district were defined
according to the official administrative
division of the state, which includes 6
districts and 15 sub-districts.
As of 1972, Judea, Samaria and the Gaza
Areas were added, in order to
characterize the Israeli localities in those
areas. The data for 2005 relate to the
residents of the Judea, Samaria and Gaza
Areas, and do not reflect changes in the
population following the evacuation of the
Israeli localities in the Gaza Area and in
northern
Samaria
under
the
Disengagement Plan Law, 2005.
As of 2006 - Judea and Samaria Area.
Note: The head of household is a person
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
)44(
‫משקי בית ומשפחות‬
See definition in the Introduction to
Chapter 2 - Population.
conducted annually.
The population: As of 1997, includes the
entire urban and rural population,
excluding kibbutzim, collective moshavim,
and Bedouins living outside localities (see
table at the end of the Introduction).
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Household: See definition above.
Components of the budget in the
Household Expenditure Survey: All the
goods and services are divided into ten
main items: food (excl. fruit, vegetables);
vegetables and fruit; housing; dwelling
and household maintenance; furniture and
household equipment; clothing and
footwear; health; education, culture and
entertainment;
transport
and
communications; miscellaneous goods
and services. Within each item there is a
division into sub-groups, and each subgroup contains the goods and services as
reported by the households, e.g., Health
is divided into four sub-groups: health
insurance, dental treatment, health
services and other health expenditures.
Each such sub-group contains single
products, e.g., Health insurance includes
supplementary insurance in all of the
various health funds, as well as other
health insurance policies.
Earner: A person who worked for pay at
least one day during the three months
before the interviewer’s visit to the
household. It should be mentioned that
this definition differs from the one used in
the Labour Force Surveys.
Deciles: See definition below in the
explanations on income surveys.
Standard person: see definition below in
the explanations on income surveys.
Net income per standard person: The
total current financial income of a
household, after deduction of compulsory
payments; and the household’s total
income from services provided as a result
of ownership of a dwelling or vehicle;
divided by the number of standard
persons in the household.
Compulsory payments: Direct taxes
imposed on current income, i.e., Income
Tax, National Insurance, and National
Health Insurance. These payments were
calculated according to the tax rules
operating in the economy, and were not
obtained directly from households.
SOURCES
Data on households by economic
characteristics and housing are annual
averages obtained from the current
investigations of the Labour Force
Surveys, and they relate to all of the
households in the country (excluding
kibbutzim,
institutions,
students’
dormitories, and people living outside
localities (Bedouins in the South and
others). Data on housing also exclude
absorption centers.
As of 1999, population estimates obtained
from the Labour Force Surveys have been
based on the results of the 1995 Census
of Population and Housing. In addition, a
new weighting method has been
implemented.
Data for 1998 were processed according
to the new system in order to enable
comparison with the 1999 data.
As of 2002, a number of changes have
been made in the weighting groups. The
data for 2001 were processed according
to the “new” method, in order to make it
possible to compare them with data from
2002. For additional details, see
Introduction to Chapter 12, Labour and
Wages.
HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE
SURVEY, 2008
(Tables 5.26-5.29 and 5.33-5.35)
The purposes and the uses of the
survey are to obtain the components of
household budget and additional data
used for characterizing the living
conditions of households in aspects such
as: consumption patterns, standard and
composition of nutrition, income level and
its composition, housing conditions,
models
for
forecasting
consumer
behaviour, and the incidence of the
indirect tax on various groups in the
population. One of the most important
purposes of the survey is to determine the
“weight” for the basket of the consumer
price index.
The survey was first conducted at the
beginning of the 1950s, and until 1997
was conducted approximately every five
years. Since 1997, the survey has been
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
)45(
‫משקי בית ומשפחות‬
Compulsory payments are included in
non-consumption expenditures.
Consumption
expenditure:
All
household payments for the purchase of
goods or services, as well as the
imputation of expenditure on the
consumption of housing services and
vehicles (the purchase of which is defined
as investment and not as consumption).
Expenditures on housing services were
calculated by imputation of alternative rent
payments for dwellings of the same size in
the same locality or region. The imputation
data for rent were obtained from three
sources:
(1) The current rent survey conducted in
the framework of the Consumer Price
Index;
(2) Rent data for households residing in
rented dwellings, from the household
expenditure survey itself;
(3) External sources.
For key money dwellings, the difference
between the actual rent paid and the full
rent value was imputed, on the basis of the
values obtained from the sources
mentioned above.
Expenditures for vehicle services were
estimated according to the value of the
services deriving from the asset. For
example, for every household that owns a
car, the value of services deriving from the
asset is estimated according to the value
of its depreciation and the alternative
interest that was imputed also as income
for that household.
Purchase of products: A product is
considered purchased according to the
day in which it was received and the full
sum of purchase is considered an
expenditure on product when the product
reaches the dwelling, even if it was only
partially paid for at the time. Therefore,
money paid in advance by the household
for a product or a service not yet received
or debts paid for a product that is already
in the dwelling are not considered as
consumption expenditures but as an
increase
in
savings.
Compulsory
payments are not included, because they
don’t represent direct purchase of a given
product or service.
Money
consumption
expenditure:
consumption expenditures as defined
above, without imputation of services on
housing and vehicles.
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
Ownership of durable goods: the
percentage of households in a given group
that own or have at their disposal durable
goods such as: the percentage of
households in Jerusalem that have a
washing machine, colour TV, personal
computer, car, mobile phone, etc.
SOURCES
The survey data on expenditures were
obtained from the investigation of a
sample of 5,971 households in 171
localities which were investigated for a
year, in the period between January 2008
and January 2009. Data on income are
based on the combined sample of the
income
survey
and
household
expenditures survey (an explanation of the
income survey sample is presented
below).
Sampling framework: Arnona [municipal
property tax] lists of the local authorities
were used as the framework for drawing
the sample. Completion was made from a
framework of new building.
Sampling unit: residential dwelling.
Investigation unit: a ‘household’ (see
definition above, in the paragraph “Labour
Force
Surveys
Households
Demographic Characteristics”.
METHOD OF INVESTIGATION AND
PROCESSING
Three questionnaires were filled in for
each household investigated:
1. A questionnaire on the composition of
the household which was filled in by
the interviewer. The questionnaire
contains demographic and basic
economic data for each household
member.
2. A biweekly ledger in which the
household
recorded
the
daily
expenditures
of
all
household
members for two weeks.
3. A summary questionnaire in which the
interviewer
recorded
details
of
household expenditures over the last
three months or 12 months preceding
the interview.
In this questionnaire, data on all
household incomes were also obtained.
All the budget components for each
household were expressed in terms of a
common denominator: a monthly estimate
at a uniform price level reflecting the
average for the 2008 survey period. That
)46(
‫משקי בית ומשפחות‬
average was 124.0 points, according to
the base 1998=100.
Estimation: The survey used weighting
coefficients in order to minimize, to the
extent possible, sampling errors, as well
as biases that may result from the fact
that the characteristics of households that
did not participate in the survey may differ
from those of the participating households.
For an explanation of the weighting
coefficients, see the above section on
demographic characteristics.
Details on the Household Expenditure
Survey can be found in Publication no.
1404, Household Expenditure Survey
2008, General Summary (see the list
below).
household is not working: households
where the head of the household did not
work for even one day over the three
months preceding the visit of the
interviewer.
Employee: Any survey participant who
had some salaried income over the three
months preceding the visit of the
interviewer.
Gross money income of households:
The total current money income of the
household before deduction of compulsory
payments (income tax, National Insurance,
and Health Insurance). Gross money
income includes income of all household
members from salaried or self employed,
property, interest, dividends, current
income from support and pensions, or any
other income. Gross money income does
not include non-recurrent payments (e.g.,
inheritance, severance pay from the place
of work, restitution from Germany, etc).
Nor does it include imputations for income
from use of own dwelling or other types of
income in kind.
Net money income: Gross money income
after deduction of compulsory payments.
Data on net income were not obtained
directly from the households surveyed, but
were calculated on the basis of gross
income and the tax rules as applied in
Israel.
Standard person: the size of a household
affects the level of living that can be
maintained on a given income. In order to
provide a basis for comparing the level of
living of households with varying numbers
of members, they are usually classified by
income per person. It is also assumed that
the number of household members does
not have a uniform impact on the potential
level of living that can be attained from a
given income. Accordingly, there are
advantages to a large household.
Therefore the number of household
members was weighted into a uniform
scale. The scale establishes the twoperson household as a base unit. The
larger the number of household members,
the smaller the marginal influence of each
additional person. Based on this scale, the
number of persons in a household is
expressed in terms of standard persons
per household. The full scale is presented
in the following table.
INCOME SURVEYS
(Tables 5.30 -5.32)
The data presented here were obtained
from income surveys. The surveys have
been conducted regularly since 1965 as
part of the Labour Force Survey. As of
1997, income data obtained from two
surveys - the Labour Force Survey and
the Household Expenditure Survey - have
been combined into one combined
Income Survey (see the “Sample”
paragraph in the “Sources” section at the
end of this chapter.) The findings relate to
the income of households, where the head
of the household was an employee, selfemployed, or not working.
More detailed results of the Income
Surveys and a comprehensive description
of the methods and definitions used can
be found in Publication no. 1403, Income
Survey 2008.
DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS
Household: See definition above, in the
paragraph “Labour Force Surveys Households
Demographic
Characteristics”.
Earner: See definition above, in the
paragraph
“Household
Expenditure
Survey”.
Head of household: See definition above,
in the paragraph “Labour Force Surveys Households - Economic Characteristics
and Housing”
Households of employees: households
where the head of the household is an
employee or member of a cooperative.
Households where the head of the
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
)47(
‫משקי בית ומשפחות‬
Actual
number
of persons in
household
Marginal
Weight per
Person
No. of
Standard
Persons
1 person
1.25
2 persons
0.75
3 persons
0.65
4 persons
0.55
5 persons
0.55
6 persons
0.50
7 persons
0.50
8 persons
0.45
9+ persons
0.40(1)
(1) For each additional person.
1.25
2.00
2.65
3.20
3.75
4.25
4.75
5.20
Force Surveys 2008). One-fourth of
the participants in the labour force
survey sample that are included in
the definition of the Income Survey
were asked about their income.
2. Household
Expenditure
Survey
(details of the sampling procedure
appear also in Publication no. 1404,
Household Expenditure Survey 2008,
General Summary, Jerusalem, 2010)
- conducted annually as of 1997. In
the survey, household members are
asked about their expenditures as
well as their income.
In both surveys, the survey sample is a
dwelling sample. In each dwelling
selected for the sample, all of the
households residing in the same dwelling
were surveyed (in most cases, there was
one household per dwelling).
In general, the samples of both surveys
were drawn in two stages: in the first
stage, a stratified sample of localities was
drawn. In the second stage, a systematic
random sample of households was drawn
in each of the localities selected for the
sample. The main source for drawing the
sample of dwellings was the municipal
property tax file of the local authority. The
main
dwelling
samples
were
supplemented by samples of dwelling
units in student dormitories, absorption
centers, and sheltered housing for the
elderly. In addition, the samples were
updated during the course of the survey
year, as new apartments were selected for
the sample were added from a special
framework of new construction.
In 2008, the data were based on a sample
of 14,167 households - 8,196 were taken
from the income survey, and 5,971 were
taken from the household expenditures
survey.
The survey period: The Income Survey
examines the income of each individual
aged 15 and over during the three months
preceding the interviewer’s visit. In this
way, every annual survey examines the
quarterly income of the survey population
over a period of 15 months.
The Household Expenditure Survey is
conducted for a period of 13 months,
during which data are collected on the
income of every household member aged
15 and over, and on the income of each
household. Here, too, the survey
Net income per standard person: The
net household income is divided by the
number of standard persons in the
household.
Decile: A decile is a group including 10
percent of the surveyed population,
arranged by income level (the classifying
income), from households with the lowest
income levels to households with the
highest income levels (the top decile).
The income used to classify households
can be either gross or net, per household,
per capita, or per standard person.
Gini coefficient: A measure of inequality
in income distribution, ranging from 0
(“complete equality”) to 1 (“maximum
inequality”).
SOURCES
The population: The combined survey
conducted as of 1997 represents all of the
residents of Israel in Jewish localities,
non-Jewish localities, and mixed localities
- excluding kibbutzim and Bedouins living
outside of localities. In 2000-2001, there
were
problems
investigating
the
population of East Jerusalem. Therefore,
the latest data do not include that
population (see table at the end of the
Introduction).
The sample: As of 1997, the Income
Survey is based on income data collected
both in the Income Survey and in the
Household Expenditure Survey:
1. The Income Survey was conducted
together with the regular Labour
Force Survey (for details on the
sampling procedures, see Chapter
12, “Labour and Wages”, and see
publication no. 1377 of the Central
Bureau of Statistics series Labour
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
)48(
‫משקי בית ומשפחות‬
examines income of each household
during the three months preceding the
month of the interviewer’s visit, and the
income data collected over the entire
survey for each household over a period
of 15 months.
Adjustment of prices: All of the income
data are presented according to the
average level of prices during the survey
year.
Estimation: See above, in the section on
demographic
characteristics
of
households.
Table of Populations Included in Estimates of Households
in Household Surveys(1)
Population
Labour
Force
Surveys
Population by Type of Locality:
Urban localities (2,000 or more residents)
Rural localities (up to 2,000 residents):
Kibbutzim
Other rural localities (including moshavim,
collective moshavim, community localities, etc.)
Special Populations:
Bedouins in the south living outside of localities
Places, living outside of localities (excluding
Bedouins in the south) and households in
institutional localities
Institutions
Absorption centers(2)
Student dormitories at the 7 major universities
Sheltered housing(3)
Other institutions(4):
Residents of institutions (protected residents,
patients)
Households in institutions
Household
Expenditure
Survey and
Income Survey
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
)excl.
collective
moshavim)
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
1. The discrepancy between household estimates in the Labour Force Survey, Household Expenditure Survey,
and Income Survey amounts to about 20,000 households. Of those, about 10,000 are households in institutions,
about 7,000 households are in student dormitories, and about 3,000 households are in places, or living outside of
localities, or in institutional localities.
2. Housing density estimates: absorption centers are included in the Household Expenditure Survey, and are not
included in the Labour Force Surveys.
3. Only some of the population living in sheltered housing is included in the Labour Force Surveys.
4. Includes student dormitories in colleges, hospitals, old age homes without sheltered housing, schools, etc.
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
)49(
‫משקי בית ומשפחות‬
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
TECHNICAL SERIES
73
Typology of Households and Families
in Israel, 1999
78
Labour Force Surveys - Changes in
the Methodology, in the Definitions,
and in the Questionnaire 1954-2003
(Internet only)
SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS
1222 Characteristics and Classification of
Local Authorities by the SocioEconomic Level of the Population 2001
1231 Household Expenditure Survey 20002002: Households of Immigrants from
the USSR (Former)
1308 Arab
Households:
Income
and
Expenditures 2006
1376 Households
Economic
Characteristics and Housing Density
Based on Labour Force Surveys 2008
(Internet only)
HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES
)50(
1377
1400
1403
1404
Labour Force Surveys 2008 (Internet
only)
Households
and
Families
Demographic Characteristics 20072008, Based on Labour Force Surveys
(Internet only)
Income Survey, 2008
Household Expenditure Survey, 2008,
General Summaries
CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING
1995
1
Population
and
Household
Provisional Results
8a
Socio-Economic Characteristics of
Population
and
Households
in
Localities with 2,000 Inhabitants and
More - Selected Findings (Hebrew
only)
‫משקי בית ומשפחות‬