Violence in Age of the Spectacle
Brad Evans
Unit description
This module will provide students with an introduction into the political problem of violence. Examining the
links between violence, identities, communities, and relations of power as they relate to distinct
justifications, rationalities, competing claims over resources, changing historical conditions & political
fortunes, along with technological developments, students will be provided with a thorough grounding in
the key theoretical approaches, along with a platform for considered empirical engagement to highlight
the subjective and political stakes.
Core reading
Each week’s seminar will proceed on the assumption that you have, at a minimum (!), completed all of
that week’s required reading. The required reading has been designed to ensure that it is all read. In
order to be able to fulfil this requirement, you will need to plan ahead. I do encourage you, however, to
read at least one more piece from the additional reading as it will broaden your contribution to
seminar discussions. Items from the supplementary list will also provide material for your essays. It is
also necessary each week for students to watch documentaries/filmed lectures from the recommended
viewing list. These will each be provided via working links on blackboard.
Objectives
The module will:
i) Introduce students to the key theoretical approaches to violence in order to provide an analytical
framework with which to critique the many forms it takes
ii) Develop skills in critically questioning prevailing understandings of violence which have a direct
impact upon our understanding of social regression, conflict resolution, and peaceful co-habitation
iii) Interrogate the differences between different theories on violence as they relate to historical and
contemporary experiences
iv) Debate and critique the problem of violence in all its forms, with a particular emphasis on relating
the theory to the experience of the subject.
Learning outcomes
On successful completion of the unit, students will be able to:
1) Understand the main theoretical approaches to the problem of violence
2) Critically evaluate the contested theories which underwrite the these different and sometimes interconnected approaches
3) Relate theories of violence to historical and contemporary experiences
4) Have a sophisticated understanding of the contested political nature of the reasoning/use of violence
Transferable skills
During this unit you will develop your transferable skills in critical thinking, essay writing, planning and
delivery.
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Lecture schedule
Session 1: What is Political Violence?
Session 2: Violence & Political Theology
Session 3: Violence & the (Post)-Colonial Encounter
Session 4: State Violence: Collective Punishment & Political Oppression
Session 5: Dehumanisation & the Violence of the Camp
Session 6: Violence & The Body
Session 7: Violence in the Age of the Spectacle
Session 8: Technologies of Destruction
Session 9: Necessary Killing: Violence & The Humanitarian Principle
Session 10: Resistance, Revolution and Political Change
Electronic Journals
Amongst the most relevant journals for this unit are Antipode; Theory, Culture & Society; Body & Society;
Borderlands; Theory & Event; Thesis Eleven; Political Theory; International Political Sociology; Security
Dialogue; Review of International Studies; Survival; Millennium; New Political Science; Globalizations;
Political Studies; Third World Quarterly; World Politics; Social Justice; Alternatives; International Journal
of Human Rights; Globalizations; Journal of Global Ethics; Journal of Conflict Resolution: Ethics and
International Affairs; International Peacekeeping; Terrorism and Political Violence: Latin American
Perspectives; Studies in Conflict and Terrorism; Dissent: Politikon; New Republic; Global Governance;
and New Left Review.
Students should consult the Histories of Violence project founded and directed by the module leader for
filmed lectures and readings:
www.historiesofviolence.com
Websites of interest
Amnesty International: www.amnesty.org
Big Think: http://bigthink.com
Counter-Punch: http://www.counterpunch.com/
European Graduate School: http://www.egs.edu
Human Rights Watch: www.hrw.org
International Crises Group: http://www.crisisgroup.org
International Committee of Red Cross: http://www.icrc.org
International Centre for Political Violence/Terrorism: http://www.pvtr.org/ICPVTR/
London Review of Books: http://www.lrb.co.uk/
The Nation: http://www.thenation.com/
RAND Corporation: http://www.rand.org
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Radical Philosophy: http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/
The Stone: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/category/the-stone/
Ted Talks: http://www.ted.com
TruthOut: http://www.truth-out.org
UN Human Rights Council: www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/
UN Refugee Agency: www.unhcr.org
UN Security Council: www.un.org/Docs/sc/
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Session 1: What is Political Violence
Questions for discussion:
When is violence political? How is violence linked to the creation of political subjects and their
communities?
Required Reading:
1. Amartya Sen, “Violence, Identity and Poverty” (Journal of Peace Research No. 45: 2008) pp. 5-15
Required Viewing:
*There is no required documentary/short film viewing for the week 1 session as the initial part of the
seminar will consist of introductions and provide time to discuss the module guide in more detail. Please
note: From week 2 the required viewings are compulsory, as they will inform an integral part of the seminar
discussion.
Session 2: Violence & Political Theology
Discussion questions:
To what extent does all violence bring us into moral relations? What does this mean in terms of political
theology?
Required reading:
1. Zygmunt Bauman, “Reconnaissance Wars of the Planetary Frontierland” (Theory, Culture and
Society Vol.19 no. 4: 2002)
2. Richard
Bernstein,
“Violence”.
Political
http://www.politicalconcepts.org/bernstein-violence/
Concepts.
Online
at:
Required Viewing:
Zygmunt Bauman lecture “A Natural History of Evil”
Supplementary reading
Mainstream contributions and debates (notably framed through questions of Religious Violence &
Terrorism)
1. Tariq Ali, The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity (London, Verso: 2005)
2. John Arquilla & David Ronfeldt [eds.] Networks and Netwars: The Future of terror, crime and
militancy. (Santa Monica C.A., RAND: 2001)
3. John Arquilla & David Ronfeldt [eds.], In Athena’s Camp: Preparing for Conflict in the Information
Age (Santa Monica CA., RAND Corporation: 1997)
4. Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs. MacWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism are Reshaping the World (New
York, Ballantine Books: 2001)
5. Phillip Bobbit, Terror and Consent: The Wars for the 21st Century (New York, Penguin: 2008)
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6. Ken Booth & Tim Dunne [eds.] Worlds in Collision: Terror & the Future of Global Order (New York,
Palgrave Macmillan: 2002)
7. Walter Laqueur, “Postmodern terrorism: New rules for an old game” (Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75:5:
September-October 1996) pp. 24-37.
8. Beverley Milton-Edwards, Islamic fundamentalism since 1945 (Abingdon, Routledge: 2005) Chapter
5.
9. Beverley Milton-Edwards, (New York, Palgrave Macmillan: 2006) Chapter 1
10. S. Rushdie, ‘Yes, this is about Islam’ (The New York Times, 2 November 2001)
11. Mark Juergensmeyer, [ed.] Violence and the Sacred in the Modern World: Terrorism and Political
Violence (London, Routledge: 1992)
12. Mark Juergensmeyer, Terror in the Mind of God (Berkley, University of California Press: 2000)
13. Dilip Hiro, War without end: the rise of Islamist terrorism and global response (London, Routledge:
2002)
14. Bruce Hoffman, Inside terrorism (New York, Columbia University Press: 1998) Chapter 1
15. Daniel Pipes, ‘Aim the war on terrorism at militant Islam’ (Los Angeles Times, 6 January 2002)
Online at: http://www.mipt.org/Patterns-of-Global-Terrorism.asp
16. John K. Cooley, Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism (Sterling, VA.,
Pluto Press: 1999)
Contemporary Critiques (notably highlighting the problem of religious violence and language of terror in
relation to discourse and regimes of power)
1. Jean Baudrillard, The Spirit of Terrorism and Other Essays (London, Verso: 2003)
2. Ulrich Beck, “The Silence of Words: On Terror and War” (Security Dialogue Vol. 34 no. 3: 2003)
3. David Campbell, “Time Is Broken: The Return of the Past in Response to September 11” (Theory
and Event Vol. 5 no. 4: 2001)
4. Noam Chomsky, Power And Terror: Conflict, Hegemony & The Use of Force (Boulder CO.,
Paradigm Publishers: 2011)
5. William Connolly, “Faith, Territory & Evil” In Alan Schrift, Modernity & the Problem of Evil
(Bloomington, Indiana University Press: 2005)
6. Brad Evans, Liberal Terror (Cambridge, Polity Press: 2013)
7. John Gray, Al Qaeda & What it Means to be Modern (New York, The New Press: 2005)
8. Mahmood Mamdani, Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War and the Roots of Terror
(New York, Pantheon: 2004)
9. Paul Virilio, Ground Zero (London, Verso: 2002)
10. Slavoj Zizek, Welcome to the Desert of the Real (London, Verso: 2002)
Further Theoretical Readings (The following offer more radical and challenging engagements with the
question of political theology)
1. Giorgio Agamben, The Kingdom and the Glory: For a Theological Genealogy of Economy &
Government (Stanford, Stanford University Press: 2011)
2. Walter Benjamin, ‘Critique of Violence’ in Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical
Writings, ed. Peter Demetz (New York, Shocken Books: 1986) pp. 277-300
3. Simon Critchley, The Faith of the Faithless (New York, Verso: 2012)
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4. Judith Butler, “Critique, Coercion, and Sacred Life in Benjamin’s ‘Critique of Violence’” in Hent de
Vries [ed.] Political Theologies: Public Religions in a Post-Structural World, (New York, Fordham
University Press: 2006)
5. Jacques Derrida “Force of Law: The Mystical Foundation of Authority” in Drucilla Cornell, Michael
Rosenfeld and David Carson [eds.] Deconstruction & the Possibility of Justice (New York,
Routledge: 1992)
6. Rene Girard, Violence and the Sacred (London, Continuum: 2005)
7. John Gray, Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion & the Death of Utopia (London, Penguin: 2011)
8. John R. Hall, Apocalypse: From Antiquity to the Empire of Modernity (Cambridge, Polity Press:
2009)
9. Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton,
Princeton University Press: 1997)
10. James Martel, Divine Violence: Walter Benjamin & the Eschatology of Sovereignty (London,
Routledge: 2011)
11. Susan Neiman, Evil in Modern Thought: An Alternative History of Philosophy (Princeton, Princeton
University Press: 2002)
12. Carl Schmitt, Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (Chicago, The
University of Chicago Press: 2006)
13. Carl Schmitt, The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes: Meaning and Failure of a
Political Symbol (Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 2008)
14. Jacob Taubes, Occidental Eschatology (Stanford, Stanford University Press: 2009)
Session 3: Violence & the (Post)-Colonial Encounter
Discussion questions:
Was colonialism inherently violent? To what extent are we now living in a (post)colonial or (post)-racial
moment?
Required Reading
1. Fanon, “Concerning Violence” from Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth
2. Brad Evans, “The Zapatista Insurgency: Bringing the Political Back into Conflict Analysis” (New
Political Science, Vol. 30 No. 4: 2008) pp. 497-520 (Blackboard)
Required Viewing: Lewis Gordon, “Fanon & Violence” & “Zapatista: A Big Noise Production” (Links on
blackboard)
Supplementary Reading
Classical readings (Influential works on history of colonialism, its racial violence, and subsequent postcolonial critiques)
1. Etienne Balibar, “Is there a ‘Neo-Racism?” In Etienne Balibar & Immanuel Wallerstein [eds.] Race,
Nation, Class (London, Verso: 1991)
2. Aime Cesaire, Discourse on Colonialism (New York, Monthly Review Press: 2001)
3. Conrad, “From Heart of Darkness” in Scheper-Hughes & Bourgois, Chapter 1
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4. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (London, Penguin: 1961)
5. Frantz Fanon, Black Skins, White Masks (New York, Grove Press: 1998)
6. Eduardo Galeano, The Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent
(New York, Monthly Review Press: 1973)
7. Paul Gilroy, There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack (Chicago, UCP: 1987)
8. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York, Vintage: 1979)
9. James C. Scott, Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, Yale
University Press: 1992)
10. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, “Can the Subaltern Speak?” in Patrick Williams & Laura Christman
(eds.) Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory: A Reader (New York, Columbia University
Press: 1994)
11. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a History of the Vanishing
Present (Cambridge, Harvard UP: 1999)
12. Howard Zinn, A Peoples History of the United States: 1492-Present (New York, Harper Perennial:
2005)
Critical Readings on The Colonial Present
1. Jean Franco, Cruel Modernity (Durham, Duke University Press: 2013)
2. David Harvey, “The New Imperialism: Accumulation By Dispossession” (Socialist Register, 2004)
pp. 63-87
3. Ian Steinberg [ed.] Racializing Justice, Disenfranchising Lives (New York, Palgrave: 2007)
4. Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the
Colonial Order of Things (Durham, Duke University Press: 1995)
5. Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule
(California, University of California Press: 2010)
6. Susan Searls Giroux, Between Race and Reason: Violence, Intellectual Responsibility, and the
University to Come (Stanford, Stanford University Press: 2010)
7. David Theo Goldberg, The Racial State (Oxford, Wiley Blackwell: 2001)
8. David Theo Goldberg, The Threat of Race: Reflections on Racial Neoliberalism (Oxford, Wiley
Blackwell: 2008)
9. David Theo Goldberg & Susan Searls Giroux, Sites of Race (Cambridge, Polity Press: 2014)
10. Lewis Gordon, Fanon & the Crises of European Man (New York, Routledge: 1995)
11. Derek Gregory, The Colonial Present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq (Oxford, Wiley Blackwell: 2004)
More detailed works on the Zapatistas
1. Tom Hayden, The Zapatista Reader (New York, Nation Books: 2002)
2. Neil Harvey, The Chiapas Rebellion: The Struggle for Land and Democracy (Durham, Duke
University Press: 1999)
3. Nicholas Higgins, Understanding the Chiapas Rebellion: Modernist Visions & the Invisible Indian
(Austin, University of Texas Press: 2004)
4. Juana Ponce de León, Our Word Is Our Weapon: Selected Writings of Subcomandante Insurgente
Marcos (New York, Seven Stories: 2002)
5. John Womack, Rebellion in Chiapas: A Historical Reader (New York, New Press: 1999)
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Session 4: State Violence: Collective Punishment & Political Oppression
Discussion questions:
Does the state have a rightful monopoly on violence? When does state violence become illegitimate?
Required Reading
1. Foucault, “Right to Death & Power Over Life” in Scheper-Hughes & Bourgois, Chapter 7
Required Viewing:
John Pilger “Year Zero”: http://johnpilger.com/videos/year-zero-the-silent-death-of-cambodia
Supplementary Readings:
Mainstream contributions and debates (Commentaries on Liberal vs. Authoritarian systems in context of
war and violence)
1. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
(London, Verso: 1983)
2. Philip Bobbit, The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History (London, Penguin:
2003)
3. Michael Doyle, Liberal Peace: Selected Articles (New York, Routledge: 2011)
4. Francis Fukuyama, Political Order & Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the
Globalization of Democracy (New York, Farrar, Strauss & Giroux: 2014)
5. Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last man (New York, The Free Press: 2006)
6. Friedrich von Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (Chicago, University of
Chicago Press: 1980)
7. Friedrich von Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (London, Routledge: 1944)
8. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, Yale University Press: 2006)
9. Patrick McDonald, The Invisible Hand of Peace: Capitalism, the War Machine, and International
Relations Theory (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 2009)
10. Rupert Smith, The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World (London, Penguin Books:
2006)
Contemporary Critiques (Exposing the violence and oppression within democratic/liberal states, notably the
United States of America)
1. Giorgio Agamben, “Security and Terror” (Theory & Event, Vol. 5 No.4:
http://www.egs.edu/faculty/giorgio-agamben/articles/on-security-and-terror/
2001) Online here:
2. Wendy Brown, Walled States, Waning Sovereignty (Cambridge, MA, Zone Books: 2010)
3. Angela Davis, Aboliton Democracy: Beyond Empire, Prisons, and Torture (New York, Seven Stories
Press: 2005)
4. Jacques Derrida, Rogues: Two Essays on Reason (Stanford, Stanford University Press: 2005)
5. Michelle Alexander, The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration In the Age of Colour Blindness (New
York, The Free Press: 2012)
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6. Henry A. Giroux, Stormy Weather: Katrina and the Politics of Disposability (Boulder, Paradigm:
2006)
7. Henry A. Giroux, The Violence of Organized Forgetting (San Francisco, City Lights Publishing:
2014)
8. Michael Hardt & Antonio Negri, Empire (Boston, Harvard University Press: 2001)
9. Michael Hardt & Antonio Negri, Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire (London,
Hamish Hamilton: 2004)
10. Eyal Weizman, Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation (London, Verso: 2007)
*There is also an excellent collection of writings on State Violence (Notably US complicity during dirty wars
period in Latin America) in Cecilia Menjívar and Néstor Rodríguez (eds.) When States Kill: Latin America,
the U.S., and Technologies of Terror (Austin, University of Texas Press: 2002). Amongst the more
compelling include:
1. Patrice-McSherry “Operation Condor” in Menjivar & Rodriguez, When States Kill (Chapter 2)
2. Grossman “The Blood of the People in Menjivar & Rodriguez, When States Kill (Chapter 3)
3. Kruckewitt “US militarization of Hondouras” in Menjivar & Rodriguez, When States Kill (Chapter 7)
Further Theoretical Readings (Widely influential in exposing the inherent violence of modern state
formations)
1. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Fort Washington, Harvest Books: 1976)
2. Judith Butler, “On Cruelty” (London Review
http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n14/judith-butler/on-cruelty
of
Books,
July
17th
2014)
Online
at:
3. Gilles Deleuze & Felix Guattari, Nomadology: The War Machine (Semiotexte: 1996)
4. Jacques Derida, The Death Penalty, Vol. 1 (Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 2013)
5. Jacques Derrida “Force of Law: The Mystical Foundation of Authority” in Drucilla Cornell, Michael
Rosenfeld and David Carson [eds.] Deconstruction & the Possibility of Justice (New York,
Routledge: 1992)
6. Michel Foucault, Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London, Vintage Books: 1995)
7. Michel Foucault, Security, Territory & Population: Lectures at the College de France 1977-1978
(New York, Macmillan: 2007)
8. Michel Foucault, Society Must be Defended: Lectures at the College de France 1975-1976 (New
York, Picador: 2003)
9. Anthony Giddens, The Nation State and Violence: Volume 2 of A Contemporary Critique of
Historical Materialism (California, University of California Press: 1987)
10. George Orwell “Notes On Nationalism” (Published in Polemics: 1945). Now available Online at:
http://orwell.ru/library/essays/nationalism/english/e_nat
11. Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States: AD 990 – 1992 (Oxford, Wiley Blackwell:
1992)
Session 5: Dehumanisation & the Violence of the Camp
Discussion questions:
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How do we account for the process of dehumanisation? Why is it claimed that the camp is the defining
paradigm of the modern?
Required Reading:
1. Giorgio Agamben, “The Muselman”, from Agamben, Remnants of Auschwitz Chapter 2
2. Zygmunt Bauman, “Introduction” from Bauman, Modernity & the Holocaust
3. Bülent Diken and Carsten Bagge Laustsen, “The Camp” (Human Geography, Vol. 88, No. 4: 2006)
pp. 443-45
4. Jenny Edkins, “Power, Zones of Indistinction, and the Camp” (Alternatives: Global, Local, Political,
Vol. 25, No. 1: 2000), pp. 3-25
Required Viewing:
“Auschwitz: The Final Solution” (Link on blackboard)
Supplementary Readings:
The Violence of the Camp (Historical Context)
1. Arendt, “From Eichmann In Jerusalem” in Scheper-Hughes & Bourgois, Chapter 9
2. Tarduesz Borowski, This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (London, Penguin Classics:
1992)
3. Benjamin A. Valentino, Final Solutions. Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century (Ithaca,
Cornell University Press: 2004)
4. Helen Fein, ‘Genocide: A Sociological Perspective’ in Alexander Laban Hinton (ed.), Genocide: An
Anthropological Reader (Oxford, Blackwell: 2002) pp. 74-90
5. Berell Lang, Act and Idea in the Nazi Genocide (Syracuse, Syracuse University Press: 2003)
6. Primo Levi, If This is A Man (Brown Book Group: 1991)
7. Primo Levi, Survival in Auschwitz (Touchstone: 1995)
8. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago: 1918-56 (The Harvill Press, 2003)
9. Martin Shaw, What is Genocide?: A New Social Theory (Cambridge, Polity Press: 2009)
10. Ben Kiernan, Blood and Soil. A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur,
(New Haven Yale University Press: 2007)
Contemporary Critiques (Address both questions of agency/participation onto the problem of camps in the
contemporary period)
1. Zygmunt Bauman, Wasted Lives: Modernity & its Outcasts (Cambridge, Polity: 2004)
2. Judith Butler, Precarious Life: The powers of mourning and violence (New York, Verso: 2006)
3. Timothy Campbell, Improper Life: Technology & Bio-politics from Heidegger to Agamben
(Minnesota, University of Minnesota Press: 2011)
4. Matthew Calarco & Steven DeCaroli [eds.] Giorgio Agamben: Sovereignty & Life (Stanford, Stanford
University Press: 2007)
5. Bulent Diken & Carsten Laustsen, The Culture of Exception: Sociology Facing the Camp (Abingdon,
Routledge: 2005)
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6. Brad Evans, “Fascism & the Bio-Political” in Brad Evans & Julian Reid [eds.] Deleuze & Fascism:
Security, War, Aesthetics (Abingdon, Routledge: 2013)
7. Chantal Mouffe [ed.], The Challenge of Carl Schmitt (London, Verso: 1999)
8. Andrew Norris [ed.] Politics, Metaphysics & Death: Essays on Giorgio Agamben’s Homo Sacer
(Durham, Duke University Press: 2005)
9. Griselda Pollock & Max Silverman [eds.], Concentrationary Cinema: Aesthetics As Political
Resistance in Alain Resnais's Night and Fog (Berghahn Books: 2012)
10. Griselda Pollock & Max Silverman [eds.], Concentrationary Memories: Totalitarian Resistance and
Cultural Memories (IB Taurus: 2014)
Further Theoretical Readings (Informing the theoretical debate on the logic of the camp and the
rationalisation of violence)
1. Theodor Adorno, Authoritarian Personality (New York, Harper & Row: 1950)
2. Theodor Adorno, Minima Moralia: Reflections from a Damaged Life (New York, Verso: 2006)
3. Giorgio Agamben, Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life (Stanford, Stanford University
Press: 1995)
4. Giorgio Agamben, Remnants of Auschwitz: The Witness & the Archive (Zone Books: 2002)
5. Giorgio Agamben, State of Exception (Chicago, University of Chicago Press: 2005)
6. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Fort Washington, Harvest Books: 1976)
7. Jacques Derrida, The Beast & the Sovereign: Volume 1 (Chicago, Chicago University Press: 2009)
8. Michel Foucault, Discipline & Punish: The Birth of the Prison (London, Vintage Books: 1995)
9. Philip Zimbardo, The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil (New York, Random
House: 2008)
10. Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (New York, Harper Perennial:
2009)
11. Wilhelm Reich, The Mass Psychology of Fascism (New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux: 1980)
Session 6: Violence & the Body
Discussion questions:
In what ways is bodily violence integral to formation and normalisation of dominant/subjugated identities?
How does its occurrence both mark the flesh with political signifiers, especially project notions of inferiority,
complicity and guilt?
Required Reading
1. Judith Butler, “Violence, Mourning, Politics” (Studies in Gender and Sexuality Vol. 4 No. 1: 2003) pp.
9-37 [Course pack]
2. Henry Giroux, “What Might Education Mean After Abu Gharab” (Comparative Studies of South Asia,
Africa and the Middle East Vol. 24 No. 1: 2004) pp. 5-23
Required Viewing:
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Errol Morris, “Standard Operating Procedure” (Link on blackboard). It is also worth viewing Judith Butler
“War, Precarity & Grievable Life” Online here: http://www.egs.edu/faculty/judith-butler/videos/war-precaritygrievable-life/
Supplementary Reading
Critiques of Bodily Violence in terms of Gender/Sexuality
1. Dibyesh Anand, “Anxious sexualities: Masculinity, nationalism and violence” (British Journal of
Politics and International Relations Vol. 9 No. 2: 2007) pp. 257-269
2. Bourgois “The Everyday Violence of Gang Rape” in Scheper-Hughes & Bourgois, Chapter 43
3. Bourdieu, “Gender & Symbolic Violence” in Scheper-Hughes & Bourgois, Chapter 42
4. Hélène Cixous et al. “Roundtable: Gender and September 11” (Signs Vol. 28 No.1: 2002) pp.431479
5. Cynthia Cockburn, The Space between Us: Negotiating Gender and National Identities in Conflict
(New York, Zed Books: 1998)
6. Cynthia Enloe, The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War (Berkeley, California
University Press: 1993)
7. Cynthia Enloe, Manoeuvres: The International Politics of Militarising Women’s Lives (Berkeley,
University of California Press: 2000)
8. Cynthia Enloe, “Wielding Masculinity inside Abu Ghraib: Making Feminist Sense of an American
Military Scandal” (Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, No. 10: 2004) pp.89–102
9. Lene Hansen, “Gender, nation, rape: Bosnia and the construction of security” (International Feminist
Journal of Politics Vol. 3 No. 1: 2001) pp.55-75.
10. Laura J. Shepherd, Gender, Violence & Security: Discourse as Practice (London, Zed Books: 2008)
Critiques of Bodily Violence in terms of Race/Bio-Politics
1. Tarak Barkawi & Keith Stanski [eds.] Orientalism and War (New York, Columbia University Press:
2012)
2. Timothy Campbell & Adam Sitze, Biopolitics: A Reader (Durham, Duke University Press: 2013)
3. Francois Debrix & Alexander Barder, Beyond Biopolitics: Theory, Violence, and Horror in World
Politics (Abingdon, Routledge: 2012)
4. Roberto Esposito, Bios: Biopolitics & Philosophy (Minnesota, University of Minnesota Press: 2008)
5. Michael Dillon & Andrew Neal [eds.] Foucault On Politics, Security, War (New York, Palgrave
Macmillan: 2008)
6. Michel Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics: Lectures at the Collége de France 1978-1979 (New York,
Palgrave Macmillan: 2008).
7. Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977–78 (New
York, Palgrave Macmillan: 2007)
8. Susan Searls Giroux, Between Race and Reason: Violence, Intellectual Responsibility, and the
University to Come (Stanford, Stanford University Press: 2010)
9. Patrick Porter, Military Orientalism: Eastern War Through Western Eyes (New York, Columbia
University Press: 2009)
10. Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault’s History of Sexuality and the
Colonial Order of Things (Durham, Duke University Press: 1995)
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11. Ann Laura Stoler, Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Race and the Intimate in Colonial Rule
(California, University of California Press: 2010)
12. Cary Wolfe, Before the Law: Human and Other Animals in a Bio-political Frame (Chicago, University
of Chicago Press: 2013)
Session 7: Violence in the Age of the Spectacle
Discussion questions:
How have new media technologies changed the spectacular nature of violent events? What ethical issues
does for the spectator?
Required Reading:
1. Brad Evans & Julian Reid, The Promise of Violence in The Age of Catastophe (TruthOut, Jan 5th
2014)
Required Viewing:
John Pilger “The War You Don’t See” Online here: http://johnpilger.com/videos/the-war-you-dont-see
Supplementary Reading
Critical Engagements on the Spectacle of Violence
1. Noam Chomsky, Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media (New York,
Pantheon: 2002)
2. Susan Carruthers, The Media at War (New York, Palgrave Macmillan: 2011)
3. James Der Derian, Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-industrial-media-entertainment-network (New
York, Routledge: 2009)
4. Francois Debrix, Tabloid Terror: War, Culture and Geopolitics (New York, Routledge: 2007)
5. Brad Evans, London’s Spectacle of Violence: What’s to be Gained by Calling it Terror (TruthOut,
May 23rd 2013)
6. Brad Evans & Henry A. Giroux, Disposable Futures (TruthOut, June 1st 2014)
7. Chris Hedges, War is a Force That Gives Us Meaning (New York, Anchor Books: 2003)
8. Andrew Hoskins & Ben O’Loughlin, War & Media: The Emergence of Diffused War (Cambridge,
Polity: 2010)
9. Debbie Lisle, ‘Gazing At Ground Zero: Tourism, Voyeurism And Spectacle’ (Journal for Cultural
Research Vol. 8 No. 1: 2004), 3-21
10. Tom Pollard & Carl Boggs (eds.) The Hollywood War Machine: US Militarism and Popular Culture
(Boulder CO., Paradigm Publishers: 2006)
Critical Engagements on Witnessing Violence & the Ethics of Representation
1. Agamben, “The Witness” in Scheper-Hughes & Bourgois,
2. Judith Butler, ‘Photography, War, Outrage’ (PMLA Vol. 120 No. 3: 2005) pp. 822-827.
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3. Judith Butler, Frames Of War: When Is Life Grievable? (London, Verso: 2009)
4. David Campbell, ‘Representing Contemporary War’ (Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 17 No. 2:
2003) pp. 99-108
5. Adriana Cavarero, Horrorism (New York, Columbia University Press: 2008)
6. Jenny Edkins, Trauma and the Memory of Politics (Cambridge, Cambridge University: 2003)
7. Griselda Pollock, Visual Politics of Psychoanalysis: Art in Post-Traumatic Cultures (I. B. Tauris:
2013)
8. Jacques Ranciere, Dissensus: On Politics and Aesthetics (London, Bloomsbury: 2011)
9. Jacques Ranciere, The Emancipated Spectator (New York, Verso: 2011)
10. Michael Shapiro, ‘Perpetual War’ (Body & Society Vol. 9 No. 4: 2003) pp. 109-122
11. Michael Shapiro, Cinematic Geopolitics (Abingdon, Routledge: 2008)
Further Theoretical Readings (Relating to both the spectacle and changing modes of representation forms
in respect to violence)
1. Walter Benjamin, The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (Independent Publishing
Platform: 2010)
2. Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography (London, Vintage: 1980)
3. Jean Baudrillard, Simulacra and Simulation (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press: 1995)
4. Carol Becker, Surpassing the Spectacle (Colorado, Rowman and Littlefield: 2002)
5. Guy Debord, The Society of the Spectacle. (New York, Zone Books: 1994)
6. Douglas Kellner, The Persian Gulf TV War (Boulder, CO., Westview Press: 1992)
7. Douglas Kellner, Media Spectacle and the Crisis of Democracy (Boulder, CO., Paradigm Press:
2005)
8. Retort, Afflicted Powers: Capital and Spectacle in a New Age of War (London, Verso Press: 2005)
9. Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York, Farrar, Straus and Giroux: 2002)
10. Paul Virilio and Patrick Camiller, War & Cinema: The Logistics of Perception (London, Verso: 2009)
Session 8: Technologies of Destruction
Discussion questions:
How can we understand the politics of violence through the discourse of technological advance? Should
every technology be assessed in terms of its capacity for destruction?
Required Reading

James der Derian, “The (S)pace of International Relations: Simulation, Surveillance, and Speed”
(International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 3: 1990) pp. 295-310

Michael Dillon, ‘Intelligence Incarnate: Martial Corporeality in the Digital Age’ (Body & Society Vol. 9
No. 4: 2003) pp.123-147 (blackboard)
Required Viewing:
Errol
Morris
“The
Fog
of
War”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwXF6UdkeI4
(Link
14
on
blackboard)
Online
here:
Supplementary Reading
Technology & Warfare (historical narratives)
1. Max Boot, War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today (New
York, Gotham Books: 2006)
2. Marina Mackay, Modernism and World War II (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 2007)
3. Ian Patterson, Guernica and Total War (London, Profile Books: 2007)
4. Elinor Sloan, The Revolution in Military Affairs (Mcgill, Queens Univ Press: 2002)
5. John Hersey, Hiroshima (New York, Vintage: 1989)
6. Masuji Ibuse, Black Rain (New York, Kodansha: 1969)
7. Paul Fussell, Thank God for the Atom Bomb and Other Essays (New York, Summmit Books: 1988)
8. Michael J. Hogan, Hiroshima in history and memory (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press:
1996)
John Whittier Treat, Writing Ground Zero: Japanese Literature and the Atomic Bomb (Chicago,
University of Chicago Press: 1995)
9. Peter Singer, Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (London,
Penguin: 2009)
10. Martin Van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York, The Free Press: 1991)
Critical Approaches to Technology
1. Georges Bataille, “Concerning the Accounts Given by the Residents of Hiroshima” in Cathy Caruth
[ed.] Trauma: Explorations in Memory (Baltimore, John Hopkins Press: 1995) pp. 221-35
2. Jean Baudrillard, The Gulf War Did Not Take Place (Indiana, Indiana University Press: 1995)
3. Derek Gregory, “From a View to a Kill: Drones and Late Modern War” (Theory, Culture & Society,
Vol. 28 No. 7-8: 2011) pp. 188-215
4. Chris Hables Gray, "There Will Be War!": Future War Fantasies and Militaristic Science Fiction in
the 1980s” (Science Fiction Studies, Vol. 21, No. 3: 1994) pp. 315-336
5. Michael Bibby [ed.], The Vietnam War and Postmodernity (University of Massachusetts Press:
1999)
6. Peter Sloterdijk, Terror from the Air (Los Angeles, Semiotext(e): 2009)
7. Chris Hables Gray, Post-Modern War: The New Politics of Conflict (New York, The Guilford Press:
1998)
8. Paul Virilio, Speed and Politics (Los Angeles, Semiotext(e): 2006)
9. Paul Virilio, Pure War (Los Angeles, Semiotext(e): 2008)
10. Paul Virilio, Open Sky (London, Verso: 2008)
Session 9: Necessary Killing: Violence & The Humanitarian Principle
Discussion questions:
Under what circumstances is killing necessary?
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Required Reading
1. Brad Evans, “Foucault’s Legacy: Security, War & Violence in the 21st Century” (Security Dialogue
Vol. 41 No. 4: 2010) pp. 413-433
2. Brad Evans, “Liberal War: Introducing the Ten Key Principles of 21st Century Bio-Political Warfare”
(The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. 110 No. 3: 2011) pp. 747-756 (Blackboard)
Required Viewing:
Steven Pinker, “The Decline of Violence” (Link on blackboard)
Supplementary Reading
On the Violence of Failed/illiberal States
1. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, Uncommon Opportunities: An Agenda for Peace & Equitable Development
(London, Zed Books: 1994)
2. Philip G. Cerny, “Neomedievalism, Civil War and the New Security Dilemma: Globalisation as
Durable Disorder” (Civil Wars 1, no. 1: 1998) pp. 36-64
3. Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge, Polity Press:
1999)
4. Mary Kaldor, Human Security: Reflections on Globalization and Intervention (London, Polity Press:
2007)
5. Kees Koonings and Dirk Kruij, Armed Actors: Organized Violence & State Failure in Latin America
(London, Zed Books: 2013)
6. Stathis Kalyvas, The Logic of Violence in Civil War (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 2006)
7. Steven Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (London, Viking
Press: 2011)
8. Nicholas Wheeler, Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Interven- tion in International Society (Oxford,
Oxford University Press: 2000)
9. William Reno, Warlord Politics and African States (Boulder, CO., Lynne Rienner: 1998)
Humanitarian/Just War
1. Michael Ignatieff, Empire Lite: Nation-building in Bosnia, Kosovo and Afghanistan (London, Vintage:
2003)
2. Rupert Smith, The Utility of Force: The Art of War in the Modern World (London, Penguin: 2006)
3. David Kilcullen, The Accidental Guerilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One (Oxford,
Oxford University Press: 2009)
4. Michael Waltzer, Just & Unjust Wars (New York, Basic Books: 2006)
5. William Shawcross, Deliver Us From Evil: Warlords and Peacekeepers in a World of Endless
Conflict (New York, Bloomsbury: 2001)
Critique of Liberal Peace/Humanitarian War
16
1. Melinda Cooper, “Pre-empting Emergence – The Biological Turn of the War on Terror” (Theory,
Culture and Society Vol. 23 no. 4: 2006)
2. Michael Dillon, “Governing Terror. The State of Emergency of Biopolitical Emergence” (International
Political Sociology, Vol. 1. no.1: 2007)
3. Michael Dillon & Julian Reid, The Liberal Way of War: Killing to Make Life Live (London, Routledge:
2009)
4. Francois Debrix & Alexander Barder, “Nothing to Fear But Fear Itself: Governmentality and the Biopolitical Production of Terror” (International Political Sociology Vol. 3. no. 4: 2009)
5. Mitchell Dean, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modern Society (London, Sage Publications:
1999)
6. Miguel De Larringa & Marc Doucet, “Sovereign Power & the Bio-Politics of Human Security”
(Security Dialogue Vol. 39 No. 5: 2008)
7. Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security
(London, Zed Books: 2001)
8. Mark Duffield, Development, Security & Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples
(Cambridge, Polity Press: 2007)
9. Brad Evans [ed.] “Liberal War” (The South Atlantic Quarterly Vol. 110 no. 3: 2011) pp.746-792
10. Brad Evans and Colleen Bell, “Terrorism to Insurgency: Mapping the Post-Intervention Security
Terrain” (Journal of Intervention and State Building Vol. 4 No. 4: 2010) pp.9–28
11. John Gray, Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion & the Death of Utopia (London, Penguin: 2011)
12. Michael Howard, War and the Liberal Conscience (New York, Columbia University Press: 2008)
13. Carl Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth: in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum
(New York, Telos Press: 2003)
14. Gore Vidal, Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How we got to be so hated (New York, Nation
Books: 2002)
Session 10: Resistance, Revolution and Political Change
Discussion questions:
Do we live in a post-revolutionary world? Can non-violence be an effective political strategy in times of
oppression?
Required Reading
1. Simon Critchley, “September 11 and the Cycle of Revenge” (The Stone, September 8th 2001)
2. Simon Critchley, “Non-Violent Violence” in Critchley, The Faith of the Faithless
3. Brad Evans, “Life Resistance: Towards a Different Concept of the Political” (Deleuze Studies Vol. 4
No. 3: 2010) pp. 142-162
Required Viewing: Todd May “From Ten Years of Terror series”
Further recommended viewing is Astra Taylor & Laura Hanna’s Award Winning Documentary, “Examined
Life”. Online here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poy8Cas_cew
Supplementary Reading
1. Ariella
Arouzey,
“Revolution”
Political
http://www.politicalconcepts.org/revolution-ariella-azoulay/
17
Concepts.
Online
at:
2. Brad Evans, “Revolution Without Violence” (Peace Review, Vol. 21 No.1: 2009) pp.85-94
3. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York, Continuum: 2006)
4. Carlos Marighella, The Mini-Manual of the Urban Guerilla (Abraham Guillen Press: 2002)
5. Howard Zinn, “The Problem is Civil Obedience” In Howard Zinn, The Zinn Reader: Writings On
Disobedience and Democracy (New York, Seven Stories: 1997)
6. Gene Sharp, How Non-Violent Struggle Works (Boston, The Albert Einstein Institution: 2013)
7. Gene Sharp, Waging Nonviolent Struggle: 20th Century Practice and 21st Century Potential
(Boston, Porter Sargent Publishers: 2005)
8. Gene Sharp, The Politics of Nonviolent Action Vol.1-3 (Boston, Porter Sargent Publisher: 1973)
9. Juana Ponce de León, Our Word Is Our Weapon: Selected Writings of Subcomandante Insurgente
Marcos (New York, Seven Stories: 2002)
10. Howard Zinn, The Power of Nonviolence: Writings by Advocates of Peace (Boston, Beacon Press:
2002)
Cultural Resources:
Documentaries
Hearts & Minds (1974) Traces the growing involvement of the U.S. in the war in Vietnam. Includes
interviews with General William Westmoreland, former Secretary of Defence, Clark Clifford, Senator William
Fulbright, Walt Rostow, and Daniel Ellsberg
Shoah (1985) A nine-hour documentary on the victims, perpetrators and witnesses to the Nazi
extermination camps in Poland. Made over a period of ten years, the director Claude Lanzmann filmed
interviews with Jewish survivors, former German SS officers and Polish peasants.
Night & Fog (1955) The horrors of yesterday shown in black and white, through documents, films and
photographs found in German, Polish and French archives. The return to peace, shot in colour, shows what
remains of Auschwitz.
The Sorrow & The Pity (1969) Documentary (interviews and newsreels) retracing the historical events of
World War II during the German occupation of France.
The Battle of Chile (1975) A Marxist analysis of the overthrow of Salvador Allende's Chilean government
by the political Right
The Act of Killing (2012) When the Indonesian government was overthrown by the military in 1965, Anwar
Congo and his followers joined in the mass murder of alleged communists, ethnic Chinese, and
intellectuals. Anwar and his cohorts take pride in their past and re-enact their crimes using elaborate sets,
costumes and extras enlisted to play victims.
Triumph of the Will (1935) Film of the Reich's Party convention, held in 1934.
Waltz With Bashir (2008) Animated documentary following filmmaker and former Israeli soldier Ari Folman
as he attempts to reconstruct memories of refugee camp massacres during the 1982 conflict in Lebanon.
A Grin Without A Cat (1977) An evocation and meditation on the political events of the sixties: the
Vietnam War, the events of May 1968 in Paris, the Prague Spring and the return of the Right.
Images of the World and the Inscription of War (1988) In 1977 pictures of the concentration camp
Auschwitz, (taken unintentionally by flying aircraft during the war) were released. The detailed photographs
actually revealed victims being led to the death chamber. Yet no one in authority had analysed the
evidence.
Hearts of Darkness A Filmmaker's Apocalypse (1991) Documentary about the making of Apocalypse
Now.
Fahrenheit 9/11(2004) Expose of events leading to the September 11 terrorist attack on America and of
why the country went to war with Iraq.
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NOW (1965) Documentary on the Civil Rights fight against racial discrimination in U.S.
S21 The Khmer Rouge Killing Machine (2003) With the possibility that those responsible for the Khmer
Rouge genocide could be brought to trial, this film explores the memories of those who were victims of the
regime. Individuals who suffered at S21 the former prison and torture centre in Phnom Penh, are brought
face to face with their former torturers in an attempt to allow words to vanquish terror.
Movies
Deer Hunter (1978) Dir. Michael Cimino
Ajami (2009) Dir. Yaron Shani & Scandar Copti
Full Metal Jacket (1987) Dir. Stanley Kubrick
Apocalypse Now (1979) Dir. Francis Ford
Coppola
Hiroshima Mon Amour (1959) Dir. Alain Resnais
Born on the Fourth of July (1989) Dir. Oliver
Stone
Jacob’s Ladder (1990) Dir. Adrian Lyne
Hurt Locker (2008) Dir. Kathryn Bigelow
Killing Fields (1985) Dir. Roland Joffe
Boy in Stripped Pyjamas (2008) Dir. Mark
Herman
La Haine (1995) Dir. Mathieu Kassovitz
Cache (2005) Dir. Michael Haneke
Life is Beautiful (1997) Dir. Roberto Benigni
Casualties of War (1989) Dir. Brian De Palma
Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983) Dir.
Nagisa Oshima
Children of Men (2006) Dir. Alfonso Cuarón
Paradise Now (2005) Dir Hany Abbu-Assad
Come and See (1985) Dir. Elem Klimov
Paths of Glory (1957) Dir. Stanley Kubrick
Dead Man’s Shoes (2004) Dir. Shane Meadows
Pianist (2002) Dir. Roman Polanski
Europa, Europa (1990) Dir. Agnieszka Holland
Platoon (1986) Dir. Oliver Stone
Four Lions (2010) Dir. Chris Morris
Salo (1975) Dir. Pier Pablo Pasolini
Funny Games (2007) Dir. Michael Haneke
Tsotsi (2005) Dir. Gavin Wood
Generation Kill (2008) Dir. David Simon
Valley of Elah (2007) Dir. Paul Haggis
Dr. Stangelove (1964) Dir. Stanley Kubrick
White Ribbon (2009) Dir. Michael Haneke
Literature/Fictions
Homage to Catalonia, George Orwell
A Rainbow On The Paper Sky, Mandla Langa
Kingdom Come, J.G. Ballard
Animal Farm, George Orwell
In the Shadow of No Towers, Art Spiegelman
Atrocity Exhibition, J.G. Ballard
Illiad, Homer
Brave New World, Aldus Huxley
Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Dee Brown
Life & Fate, Vasily Grossman
C, Tom McCarthy
Lord of the Flies, William Golding
Catch 22, Joseph Heller
Maus, Art Spiegelman
Conversations with Durito, Marcos
Man in the High Castle, Philip Dick
Dead Air, Iain Banks
Night, Elie Wiesel
Dr. Zhivago, Boris Pasternak
Nostromo, Joseph Conrad
Empire of the Sun, J.G. Ballard
Othello, William Shakespeare
Falling Man, Don Delillo
Oedipus Trilogy, Sophocles
For Whom the Bell Tolls, Ernest Hemmingway
Story of Colours, Marcos
Hamlet, William Shakespeare
The Road, Cormac McCarthy
Hearts of Darkness, Joseph Conrad
Terra Nostra, Carlos Fuentes
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The Trial, Franz Kafka
Underworld, Don Delillo
The War of the End of the World, Mario Vargas
Llosa
We, Yevgeny Zamyatin
White Noise, Don Delillo
Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe
1984, George Orwell
Contemporary Artists (dealing explicitly with the problem of violence)
Gottfried Helnwein: http://www.helnwein.com
Robert Longo: http://www.robertlongo.com
Jake & Dinos Chapman: http://jakeanddinoschapman.com
Isaac Cordal: http://cementeclipses.com
Bracha Ettinger: http://brachaettingermatrixialborderspace.blogspot.co.uk
Coco Fusco: http://cocofusco.com
Alfredo Jarr: http://www.alfredojaar.net
Martha Rosler: http://www.martharosler.net/index.html
Néle Azevedo: http://neleazevedo.com.br
Silvia Kolbowski: http://www.silviakolbowski.com
George Gittoes: http://www.gittoes.com
Gerald Laing: http://www.geraldlaing.com
Mike Parr: http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/mike-parr/
Zhang Xiaogang: http://zhangxiaogang.org/enIndex.aspx
Stasys Eidrigevičius: http://www.eidrigevicius.com
Sokari Douglas Camp: http://www.sokari.co.uk
Trevor Paglen: http://www.paglen.com/
Sunaura Taylor: http://www.sunaurataylor.org
Ibrahim Salahi: http://ibrahimsalahi.com
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