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Human Anatomy, 7e (Martini/Timmons/Tallitsch)
Chapter 1 Foundations: An Introduction to Anatomy
1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Which is the most accurate statement?
A) Historically, the relationship between superficial anatomy and internal function has always
been understood.
B) Many cellular functions were known decades before the electron microscope revealed the
anatomical basis for those functions.
C) Anatomy has always been known to reveal the relationship between body parts.
D) Ancient anatomists only described surface anatomy.
E) Ancient anatomists never understood the function of anatomical features.
Answer: B
Section Title: Introduction
Learning Outcome: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
2) It is important to study the discipline of anatomy because
A) it is important to understand the link between human structure and function.
B) it provides information about both external and internal structures.
C) it will assist individuals to make informed decisions about their personal health.
D) it provides a basis for understanding more advanced courses in anatomy, physiology, and
related disciplines.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Section Title: Introduction
Learning Outcome: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3) Which of the following statements about anatomical information is correct?
A) Anatomic information is all historical.
B) It describes body parts and considers probable function.
C) It addresses large body structures visible to the naked eye only.
D) Physiology and anatomy are unrelated.
E) The study of cells is useless to anatomy.
Answer: B
Section Title: Introduction
Learning Outcome: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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4) The branch of science that studies groups of cells and how they work together is called
A) physiology.
B) histology.
C) anatomy.
D) serology.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: B
Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5) Analysis of groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together is called
A) cytology.
B) physiology.
C) histology.
D) embryology.
E) osteology.
Answer: C
Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
6) The anatomical specialty that refers to the study of general form and superficial anatomical
markings is called
A) surface anatomy.
B) comparative anatomy.
C) medical anatomy.
D) surgical anatomy.
E) systemic anatomy.
Answer: A
Section Title: Gross Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
7) Which type of anatomy refers to the study of all of the structures in a specific area of the body?
A) surface anatomy
B) regional anatomy
C) systemic anatomy
D) gross anatomy
E) organismal anatomy
Answer: B
Section Title: Gross Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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8) The study of the heart, blood, and blood vessels is which of the following approaches?
A) systemic anatomy
B) regional anatomy
C) developmental anatomy
D) comparative anatomy
E) gross anatomy
Answer: A
Section Title: Gross Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
9) The study of structures through specialized imaging techniques such as ultrasounds or x-rays is
called
A) cytology.
B) embryology.
C) physiology.
D) histology.
E) radiography.
Answer: E
Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
10) Gross anatomical specialties include
A) radiographic and surgical anatomy.
B) cytology and embryology.
C) histology.
D) radiographic anatomy, surgical anatomy, cytology and embryology.
E) cytology, histology and embryology.
Answer: A
Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
11) The largest level of organization listed is
A) molecules.
B) organelles.
C) cells.
D) tissues.
E) organs.
Answer: E
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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12) The inability of the heart to contract due to compression of surrounding fluid on the outside of
the heart most directly involves which level of organization of body structures?
A) chemical
B) tissue
C) organ
D) cellular
E) organism
Answer: C
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
13) Choose the arrangement of items 1-5 from most to least complex.
(1) organism
(2) tissue
(3) chemical or molecular
(4) cellular
(5) organ system
A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 5, 4, 3, 2, 1
C) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3
D) 5, 3, 2, 4, 1
E) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3
Answer: C
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
14) The basic functions performed by all living organisms include(s)
A) reproduction.
B) metabolism.
C) growth.
D) movement.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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15) The vital property of living things that causes them to take certain actions in response to
change is called
A) movement.
B) growth.
C) responsiveness.
D) metabolism.
E) excretion.
Answer: C
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
16) Which of the following are basic functions performed by all living organisms?
A) responsiveness and growth
B) movement, reproduction, and absorption
C) metabolism and excretion
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: D
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
17) Excretion involves
A) changes to adjust to an organism's environment.
B) creation of a new generation of individuals.
C) transport of substances within an organism.
D) elimination of waste materials from the body.
E) locomotion of the body.
Answer: D
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
18) Growth and differentiation often include
A) specialization of individual cells.
B) increase in cell size.
C) increase in cell numbers.
D) changes in form and function.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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19) Support, protection, mineral storage, and blood cell formation are functions of the
A) skeletal system.
B) cardiovascular system.
C) immune system.
D) reproductive system.
E) excretory system.
Answer: A
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
20) Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ
systems is the function of the
A) integumentary system.
B) endocrine system.
C) urinary system.
D) nervous system.
E) reproductive system.
Answer: D
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
21) The major function of the ________ system is protection of the body from the external
environment.
A) digestive
B) cardiovascular
C) urinary
D) respiratory
E) integumentary
Answer: E
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
22) The primary site of blood cell production is within the
A) cardiovascular system.
B) skeletal system.
C) integumentary system.
D) lymphoid system.
E) endocrine system.
Answer: B
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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23) Organs of the urinary system include
A) ureters and kidneys.
B) liver and pancreas.
C) thymus and spleen.
D) bronchi and alveoli.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
24) Organs systems are
A) anatomical units with related functions.
B) formed by two or more organs.
C) often large enough to be studied without magnification.
D) interdependent on each other.
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
25) In the prone position,
A) the body faces posteriorly.
B) the body is lying in anatomical position face up.
C) the body is lying in anatomical position face down.
D) the head is turned to the left, and the eyes are closed.
E) the body is situated facing posteriorly and the eyes are open.
Answer: C
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
26) In anatomical position, a person stands with the legs together and the feet flat on the floor.
Additionally, the
A) hands are raised above the head.
B) hands are facing posteriorly.
C) the hands a hanging naturally at the persons sides.
D) hands are at the sides, and the palms face anteriorly.
E) hands are facing laterally.
Answer: D
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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27) A frontal section is in a plane that
A) is at right angles to the longitudinal axis.
B) divides the body into left and right sections.
C) divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.
D) divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
E) divides the body into frontal sections.
Answer: C
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
28) Which of the following pairs consists of anatomical equivalents?
A) distal, coronal
B) proximal, lateral
C) cranial, caudal
D) cephalic, posterior
E) anterior, ventral
Answer: E
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
29) Why does the term caudal differ in meaning in humans versus four-legged animals
(quadrupeds)?
A) All human anatomical terms are different from those used for quadrupeds.
B) Humans' upright stance makes caudal the same as inferior.
C) Caudal is a relative term, meaning posterior in humans.
D) It doesn't; the meaning is the same in both.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: B
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
30) Which of the following includes only structures enclosed within the mediastinum?
A) lungs, esophagus, heart
B) heart, trachea, lungs
C) esophagus, trachea, thymus
D) pharynx, thymus, major vessels
E) brain, spinal cord
Answer: C
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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31) The serous membrane that lines the inside surface of the thoracic cavity is the
A) visceral peritoneum.
B) parietal pericardium.
C) parietal pleura.
D) visceral pericardium.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: C
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
32) The ________ lines the body wall within the abdominopelvic cavity.
A) visceral pleura
B) parietal pericardium
C) mesentery proper
D) superficial fascia
E) parietal peritoneum
Answer: E
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
33) Mesenteries
A) provide a passageway for blood vessels to the abdominal organs.
B) allow movement of abdominal structures.
C) support and stabilize organs such as the kidneys.
D) All of the answers are correct.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
34) The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by
A) the inferior border of the rib cage.
B) a sheet of connective tissue.
C) the diaphragm.
D) the liver.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: C
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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35) The linings of both the oral and nasal cavities are
A) mucous membranes.
B) serous membranes.
C) lymphoid tissues.
D) contractile tissues.
E) sheets of tendon.
Answer: A
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
36) What is the function of the parietal parts of the membranes lining the body cavities?
A) They secrete lubrication to allow organs to slide by one another without friction.
B) They supply nutrients to the viscera within the various subdivisions of the cavity.
C) They suspend organs from the mediastinum.
D) They maintain organ separation.
E) None of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
37) The space found between the lungs and superior to the heart is called the
A) mediastinum.
B) pleural cavity.
C) pericardial cavity.
D) pelvic cavity.
E) thoracic cavity.
Answer: A
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
38) The pericardial cavity contains which of the following?
A) heart
B) liver
C) intestines
D) brain
E) both the heart and the liver
Answer: A
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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39) The viscera (or guts) occupy a space known as the ________ body cavity.
A) cranial
B) orbital
C) dorsal
D) ventral
E) vertebral
Answer: D
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
40) Which of the following organs occupies the pericardial cavity?
A) trachea
B) heart
C) lungs
D) esophagus
E) thyroid gland
Answer: B
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
41) Which of the following is considered a radiological procedure?
A) CT (computerized tomography)
B) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
C) ultrasound
D) angiography
E) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: E
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
42) The two layers of a serous membrane are
A) pericardial and parietal.
B) double sheets of peritoneum.
C) visceral and parietal.
D) pleural and parietal.
E) internal and external.
Answer: C
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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43) A transverse section at the level of the nipple would pass through which body cavity(ies)?
A) pleural cavities
B) pericardial cavity
C) abdominal cavity
D) pelvic cavity
E) both the pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity
Answer: E
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
1.2 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
1) The study of external and internal structures and the physical relationships between body parts
is ________.
Answer: anatomy
Section Title: Introduction
Learning Outcome: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
2) The study of anatomy leads to an important concept that structure determines ________.
Answer: function
Section Title: Introduction
Learning Outcome: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3) The study of the smallest living units is called ________.
Answer: cytology
Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
4) The branch of anatomy that studies structures too small to be seen with the naked eye is called
________ anatomy.
Answer: microscopic
Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5) The discipline that might examine structural interactions within a sheet of muscle tissue is
called ________.
Answer: histology
Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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6) More than one ________ combines to increase complexity and promote the level of
organization to the organ level.
Answer: tissue
Section Title: Microscopic Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
7) Study of general form and superficial anatomical markings is called ________ anatomy.
Answer: surface
Section Title: Gross Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
8) The consideration of anatomical structures large enough to be viewed by the naked eye is called
________ anatomy.
Answer: gross
Section Title: Gross Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
9) Study of the changes in form that occur during the period from conception to physical maturity
is called ________ anatomy.
Answer: developmental
Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
10) A failure to maintain homeostatic conditions in the body is known as ________.
Answer: disease
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
11) Damage to body structures at any level would most impair function at the highest, or
________, level of organization.
Answer: organism
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
12) The process of producing a new organism is referred to as ________.
Answer: reproduction
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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13) A basic function of a living organism that governs how the individual reacts to stimuli is called
________.
Answer: responsiveness
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
14) The process of cellular specialization to perform certain functions is called ________.
Answer: differentiation
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
15) The property of living organisms whereby they discharge useless or harmful wastes produced
during normal function is called ________.
Answer: excretion
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
16) The property of living things to change position is called ________.
Answer: movement
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
17) The ________ system contains glandular structures that direct long-term changes in the
activities of other organ systems.
Answer: endocrine
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
18) The ________ system breaks chemicals down and absorbs them into the body.
Answer: digestive
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
19) The ________ system allows for gas exchange with the environment.
Answer: respiratory
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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20) The respiratory system makes it possible for the body to conduct gas exchange; this process is
also facilitated by the ________ system, which transports the gasses through the body.
Answer: cardiovascular
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
21) A ________ plane is a horizontal or cross-sectional plane intersecting the human body at right
angles to the long axis.
Answer: transverse
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
22) A midsagittal section divides the human body into equal ________ and ________ portions.
Answer: left; right
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
23) The hip is ________ to the knee.
Answer: proximal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
24) The nipple is ________ and ________ to the umbilicus.
Answer: superior; lateral
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
25) The anatomical name for the front of the elbow is ________.
Answer: antecubitus
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
26) The hips are ________, or inferior, to the shoulders.
Answer: caudal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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27) A ________ section is produced if the body is separated into top and bottom portions.
Answer: transverse
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
28) The calf is more appropriately called the ________ .
Answer: sura
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
29) The abdominopelvic regions located where the body attaches to the lower limbs are called the
right and left ________ regions.
Answer: inguinal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
30) Pain originating from the spleen would most likely be felt in the ________ abdominopelvic
quadrant.
Answer: left upper
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
31) The ________ abdominopelvic region is sandwiched between the right and left hypochondriac
regions.
Answer: epigastric
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
32) Most of the digestive organs are contained within the ________ cavity, which is named for the
membrane that surrounds it.
Answer: peritoneal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
33) The outer surfaces of each lung are covered by the ________ pleura.
Answer: visceral
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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34) The bladder is located in the ________ cavity.
Answer: pelvic
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
35) The ________ separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity.
Answer: diaphragm
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
36) Heart is to pericardial cavity as ________ is to pleural cavity.
Answer: lung
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
37) Organs such as the liver, stomach, and pancreas are located within the ________ cavity,
superior to the level of the pelvis.
Answer: abdominal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
38) The ________ layer of the serous membrane is attached to the surfaces of organs in the body
cavities.
Answer: visceral
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
39) The pericardium lies within the ________, a portion of the thoracic cavity that lies between the
left and right pleural cavities.
Answer: mediastinum
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
1.3 True/False Questions
1) Gross anatomy uses magnification in order to better visualize structures.
Answer: FALSE
Section Title: Gross Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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2) Developmental anatomy refers to the study of body changes over time.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3) The approach used to study of all structure in an area is called regional anatomy.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: Gross Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
4) The study of structures that are able to be seen without magnification is called cytology.
Answer: FALSE
Section Title: Gross Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5) Radiographic anatomy uses radioisotopes, ultrasounds, and X-rays.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
6) Cellular structures and functions focus attention at the cellular level.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
7) Atoms interacting to form components with distinctive properties in the body show organization
at the tissue level.
Answer: FALSE
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
8) Multiple tissues that interact to perform a united group of functions show organization at the
organismal level.
Answer: FALSE
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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9) Specialized cell types united to perform a distinctive group of shared functions show
organization at the chemical level.
Answer: FALSE
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
10) Interactions among organ systems demonstrate function at the organ level.
Answer: FALSE
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
11) Cranial refers to toward the head.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
12) Proximal refers to a structure found away from an attached base.
Answer: FALSE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
13) The term to describe "away from the midline" is lateral.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
14) Superior means the same as cranial in humans.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
15) Posterior and ventral mean the same thing.
Answer: FALSE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
16) Buttock refers to the portion of the body you sit on.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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17) The anatomical term for ankle is tarsus.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
18) Popliteal means foot.
Answer: FALSE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
19) Mental refers to the chin.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
20) Manus means hand.
Answer: TRUE
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
1.4 Essay Questions
1) How does the regional approach differ from the systemic approach in the study of anatomy?
Answer: Systemic anatomy considers all of the components of each organ system simultaneously,
regardless of body location. Regional anatomy considers all of the superficial and internal
structures in a specific area of the body, regardless of the organ system.
Section Title: Gross Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
2) How does comparative anatomy contribute to the study of human gross anatomy?
Answer: Observed similarities of anatomical structure among different species of animals
demonstrate evolutionary relationships and the similarity of developmental processes.
Comparison of the same systems among different animals also shows how these systems are
adapted to serve different anatomical and physiological functions.
Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
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3) What is the basic anatomical pattern that humans and other vertebrate animals share?
Answer: All of these organisms have a braincase of cartilage or bone that surrounds the brain. All
vertebrates have a hollow dorsal nerve cord, ventral body cavities, and a musculartail, although in
humans this structure is reduced to the four elements of the coccyx. All vertebrates also share the
"tube within a tube" pattern of hollow body cavities that contain tubular structures, such as the
digestive tract. At some stage of development (often only embryonic), vertebrates also have a
notochord and pharyngeal (gill) arches.
Section Title: Other Perspectives on Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
4) How does improper functioning at the chemical level effect cellular, tissue, organ, and organism
function?
Answer: Each complex level is totally dependent upon all the levels that are less complex,
therefore damage at the level of the smallest structure affects larger and more complex structures
throughout the system. For example, the inability of a protein to function in a cell causes improper
functioning of the cell. The faulty cell then leads to a tissue that is not fully capable of its functions.
The organ is effected by containing a defective tissue. Finally, the entire organism is effected
because the organ is not functioning properly.
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
5) In general, why must larger organisms have specialized structures to permit some life functions
to occur?
Answer: In large organisms, specialized structures are required for movement of materials
through exposed surfaces and transport of materials between body regions because (1) many cells
are too far from an exposed surface and (2) there is not enough total surface area to allow all of the
body's cells to exchange nutrients, oxygen, and wastes directly with the environment. Other life
functions, such as reproduction, are also complicated by organisms' larger size.
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Synthesis
6) What is the function of an organ system in the body?
Answer: Organ systems are groups of organs that function together to produce coordinated
effects.
Section Title: An Introduction to Organ Systems
Learning Outcome: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
7) What is the role of serous membranes in the body?
Answer: Serous membranes provide a slippery cover for the inside of the body cavities and the
outside of most organs located in these cavities. This slippery lining prevents friction between
moving organs and the body wall.
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Comprehension
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8) Why is radiographic anatomy an increasingly important science?
Answer: Procedures can provide detailed information about internal systems and structures. Such
information can be gathered in a non-invasive manner and diagnostics can begin almost
immediately after many procedures.
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Application
9) How does the definition of posterior, as it is used in human terminology, differ from the usage
with four-legged animals (quadrupeds)?
Answer: Posterior means "behind," which is equivalent to dorsal ("the back") in humans. Because
of the difference in standing position, the two terms are not equivalent in quadrupeds, dorsal still
meaning the back of the animal, but posterior meaning the tail (or caudal) end.
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Analysis
10) Why is it important for all health care professionals to understand anatomical/medical
terminology?
Answer: Effective communication begins with speaking, writing, and reading the same language.
Just as an individual who does not speak Spanish is lost in Spain, and individual who does not
understand the language of anatomy is lost in the hospital.
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluation
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1.5 Labeling Exercises
Figure 1.1
Identify the levels of organization in the figure above.
1) Label A: ______________________________
Answer: Organism level
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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2) Label B: ______________________________
Answer: Organ system level
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
3) Label C: ______________________________
Answer: Organ level
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
4) Label D: ______________________________
Answer: Tissue level
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
5) Label E: ______________________________
Answer: Cellular level
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
6) Label F: ______________________________
Answer: Chemical or molecular level
Section Title: Levels of Organization
Learning Outcome: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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Figure 1.2
Using the figure above, identify the labeled part.
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7) Label A: ______________________________
Answer: Cephalon or head (cephalic)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
8) Label B: ______________________________
Answer: Cranium or skull (cranial)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
9) Label C: ______________________________
Answer: Facies or face (facial)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
10) Label D: ______________________________
Answer: Oris or mouth (oral)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
11) Label E: ______________________________
Answer: Mentis or chin (mental)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
12) Label F: ______________________________
Answer: Axilla or armpit (axillary)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
13) Label G: ______________________________
Answer: Brachium or arm (brachial)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
14) Label H: ______________________________
Answer: Antecubitus or front of elbow (antecubital)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
15) Label I: ______________________________
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Answer: Antebrachium or forearm (antebrachial)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
16) Label J: ______________________________
Answer: Carpus or wrist (carpal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
17) Label K: ______________________________
Answer: Palma or palm (palmar)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
18) Label L: ______________________________
Answer: Pollex or thumb
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
19) Label M: ______________________________
Answer: Digits (phalanges) or fingers (digital or phalangeal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
20) Label N: ______________________________
Answer: Patella or kneecap (patellar)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
21) Label O: ______________________________
Answer: Crus or leg (crural)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
22) Label P: ______________________________
Answer: Tarsus or ankle (tarsal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
23) Label Q: ______________________________
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Answer: Digits (phalanges) or toes (digital or phalangeal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
24) Label R: ______________________________
Answer: Hallux or great toe
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
25) Label S: ______________________________
Answer: Pes or foot (pedal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
26) Label T: ______________________________
Answer: Femur or thigh (femoral)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
27) Label U: ______________________________
Answer: Pubis (pubic)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
28) Label V: ______________________________
Answer: Inguen or groin (inguinal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
29) Label W: ______________________________
Answer: Manus or hand (manual)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
30) Label X: ______________________________
Answer: Trunk
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
31) Label Y: ______________________________
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Answer: Pelvis (pelvic)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
32) Label Z: ______________________________
Answer: Umbilicus or navel (umbilical)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
33) Label AA: ______________________________
Answer: Abdomen (abdominal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
34) Label BB: ______________________________
Answer: Mamma or breast (mammary)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
35) Label CC: ______________________________
Answer: Thoracis or thorax, chest (thoracic)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
36) Label DD: ______________________________
Answer: Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
37) Label EE: ______________________________
Answer: Bucca or cheek (buccal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
38) Label FF: ______________________________
Answer: Auris or ear (otic)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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39) Label GG: ______________________________
Answer: Oculus or eye (orbital or ocular)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
40) Label HH: ______________________________
Answer: Nasus or nose (nasal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
41) Label II: ______________________________
Answer: Frons or forehead (frontal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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Figure 1.3
Using the figure above, identify the labeled part.
42) Label A: ______________________________
Answer: Shoulder (acromial)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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43) Label B: ______________________________
Answer: Dorsum or back (dorsal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
44) Label C: ______________________________
Answer: Olecranon or back of elbow (olecranal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
45) Label D: ______________________________
Answer: Lumbus or loin (lumbar)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
46) Label E: ______________________________
Answer: Gluteus or buttock (gluteal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
47) Label F: ______________________________
Answer: Popliteus or back of knee (popliteal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
48) Label G: ______________________________
Answer: Sura or calf (sural)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
49) Label H: ______________________________
Answer: Calcaneus or heel of foot (calcaneal)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
50) Label I: ______________________________
Answer: Planta or sole of foot (plantar)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
51) Label J: ______________________________
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Answer: Lower limb
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
52) Label K: ______________________________
Answer: Upper limb
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
53) Label L: ______________________________
Answer: Cervicis or neck (cervical)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
54) Label M: ______________________________
Answer: Cephalon or head (cephalic)
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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Figure 1.4
Using the figure above, identify the labeled part.
55) Label A: ______________________________
Answer: Cranial
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
56) Label B: ______________________________
Answer: Posterior or dorsal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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57) Label C: ______________________________
Answer: Anterior or ventral
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
58) Label D: ______________________________
Answer: Caudal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
59) Label E: ______________________________
Answer: Proximal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
60) Label F: ______________________________
Answer: Medial
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
61) Label G: ______________________________
Answer: Distal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
62) Label H: ______________________________
Answer: Distal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
63) Label I: ______________________________
Answer: Proximal
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
64) Label J: ______________________________
Answer: Lateral
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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Figure 1.5
Using the figure above, identify the labeled part.
65) Label A: ______________________________
Answer: Pleural cavity
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
66) Label B: ______________________________
Answer: Pericardial cavity
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
67) Label C: ______________________________
Answer: Thoracic cavity
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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68) Label D: ______________________________
Answer: Diaphragm
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
69) Label E: ______________________________
Answer: Peritoneal cavity
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
70) Label F: ______________________________
Answer: Abdominal cavity
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
71) Label G: ______________________________
Answer: Pelvic cavity
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
72) Label H: ______________________________
Answer: Abdominopelvic cavity
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
73) Label I: ______________________________
Answer: Heart
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
74) Label J: ______________________________
Answer: Visceral pericardium
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
75) Label K: ______________________________
Answer: Pericardial cavity
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
76) Label L: ______________________________
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Answer: Parietal pericardium
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
77) Label M: ______________________________
Answer: Air space
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
78) Label N: ______________________________
Answer: Balloon
Section Title: The Language of Anatomy
Learning Outcome: 1.9
Bloom's Taxonomy: Knowledge
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