LEARNING TAXONOMIES: DEFINITIONS AND KEY WORDS
Cognitive Taxonomy
Levels
Definition
Recall data or information.
Remember
Key Words
Define, describe, identify, label, list,
match, name, outline, recall, recognize,
reproduce, select, state
Interpret, exemplify, classify, summarize,
infer, comparing, explain
Execute, implement, demonstrate, show
Construct meaning from
instructional messages.
Carry out or use a procedure in a
Apply
given situation.
Break material into constituent
Differentiate, organize, attribute
Analyze
parts and determine how parts
relate to one another and to an
overall structure of purpose.
Make judgments based on criteria Check, critique, appraise
Evaluate
and standards.
Put elements together to form a
generate, plan, produce
Create
coherent or functional whole;
reorganizing elements into a new
pattern or structure.
Anderson, L. W., & Krathwohl, D. R. (Eds.). (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching and
assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives. New York : Longman.
Understand
Definitions and key words from
http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/coursedev/models/id/taxonomy/#table
Psychomotor Taxonomy
Levels
Definition
Copy action of another; observe
Imitation
and replicate.
Manipulation Reproduce activity from
instruction or memory.
Execute skill reliably,
Precision
independent of help.
Adapt and integrate expertise to
Articulation
satisfy a non-standard objective.
Key Words
Copy, follow, replicate, repeat, adhere
Recreate, build, perform, execute,
implement
Demonstrate, complete, show, perfect,
calibrate, control
Construct, solve, combine, coordinate,
integrate, adapt, develop, formulate,
modify, master
Design, specify, manage, invent, projectmanage
Naturalization Automated, unconscious mastery
of activity and related skills at
strategic level.
Dave, R. H. (1975). Developing and Writing Behavioural Objectives. (R J Armstrong, ed.)
Educational Innovators Press.
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Definitions and key words from
http://www.businessballs.com/bloomstaxonomyoflearningdomains.htm#bloom's%20affective%2
0domain
Affective Taxonomy
Levels
Definition
Key Words
Awareness, willingness to hear,
Asks, chooses, describes, follows, gives,
Receives
selected attention.
holds, identifies, locates, names, points to,
phenomena
selects, sits, erects, replies, uses
Active participation on the part of Answers, assists, aids, complies, conforms,
Responds to
the learners. Attends and reacts to discusses, greets, helps, labels, performs,
phenomena
a particular phenomenon.
practices, presents, reads, recites, reports,
Learning outcomes may
selects, tells, writes
emphasize compliance in
responding, willingness to
respond, or satisfaction in
responding.
The worth or value a person
Completes, demonstrates, differentiates,
Values
attaches to a particular object,
explains, follows, forms, initiates, joins,
phenomenon, or behavior. This
justifies, proposes, reads, reports, selects,
ranges from simple acceptance to shares, studies, works
the more complex state of
commitment. Valuing is based on
the internalization of a set of
specified values while clues to
these values are expressed in the
learner’s overt behavior and are
often identifiable.
Organizes values into priorities
Adheres, alters, arranges, combines,
Organizes
by contrasting different values,
compares, completes, defends, explains,
resolving conflicts between them, formulates, generalizes, identifies,
and creating an unique value
integrates, modifies, orders, organizes,
system. The emphasis is on
prepares, relates, synthesizes
comparing, relating, and
synthesizing values.
Has a value system that controls
Acts, discriminates, displays, influences,
Internalizes
their behavior. The behavior is
listens, modifies, performs, practices,
values
pervasive, consistent, predictable, proposes, qualifies, questions, revises,
and most importantly,
serves, solves, verifies
characteristic of the
learner. Instructional objectives
are concerned with the student's
general patterns of adjustment
(personal, social, emotional).
Krathwohl, D. R., Bloom, B. S., & Masia, B. B. (1973). Taxonomy of educational objectives, the
Classification of educational goals. Handbook II: Affective domain. New York: David McKay
Co., Inc.
Definitions and key words from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html
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