C
O N T E N T
Page No.
PREFACE ..............................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..............................................
LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVATIONS ............................
xii
Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION ................................................
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
x
xi
Basic Phenomena ...............................................................
Ideal Elements ....................................................................
Electric Circuit ...................................................................
Units
........................................................................
Definition of Various Terms .................................................
Symbols used for Average, Rms and Maximum
Values
...........................................................................
Steady State Analysis and Transient Analysis ......................
Assumptions in Circuit Theory ............................................
1
1
1
2
3
Chapter 2 : BASIC CONCEPTS OF DC CIRCUITS .......................................
7
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
Basic Elements of Circuits ..................................................
Nodes, Branches and Closed path .......................................
Series, Parallel, Star and Delta Connections ........................
Open Circuit and Short Circuit ...........................................
Sign Conventions ................................................................
Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s Laws ..................................................
Voltage and Current Source ................................................
2.7.1 Ideal and Practical Current Source ...........................
2.7.2 Source Transformation .............................................
2.7.3 Series- Parallel Connection of Voltage
Sources .............................................................
2.7.4 Series - Parallel Connection of Current
Sources ...............................................................
Dependent Sources .............................................................
Power and Energy ...............................................................
Resistance Parameter..........................................................
Current and Voltage Division Rules .....................................
2.11.1 Current Division in Parallel Connected
Resistances..........................................................
2.11.2 Voltage Division in Series connected
Resistances.........................................................
Star-Delta Transformations .................................................
2.12.1 Delta to Star Transformation ...................................
2.12.2 Star to Delta Transformation ...................................
5
6
6
7
9
11
15
16
17
19
19
20
22
26
29
30
30
34
34
36
37
37
41
2.13
2.14
Network Topology ...............................................................
Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits ......................................
2.14.1 Single Loop Circuit ..................................................
2.14.2 Single Node Pair Circuit...........................................
Network Reduction .............................................................
Solved Problems .................................................................
Short Questions and Answers .............................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
46
52
54
55
56
58
73
78
Chapter 3:MESH & NODE ANALYSIS OF DC CIRCUITS ..........................
81
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
Mesh Analysis ....................................................................
Mesh Analysis of Resistive Circuits .....................................
Mesh Analysis of Circuits Excited by Both Voltage
and Current Sources .........................................................
Mesh Analysis of Circuits Excited by Independent
and Dependent Sources ......................................................
3.4.1 Circuits with Dependent Voltage Source ....................
3.4.2 Circuits with Dependent Current Source ...................
Node Analysis .....................................................................
Node Analysis of Resistive Circuits ......................................
Node Analysis of Circuits Excited by both Voltage
and Current Sources...........................................................
Node Analysis of Circuits Excited by Independent
and Dependent Sources ......................................................
3.8.1 Circuits with Dependent Current Source ...................
3.8.2 Circuits with Dependent Voltage Source ....................
Exercises ...........................................................................
Chapter 4:ANALYSIS OF DC CIRCUITS USING THEOREMS ...................
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
81
81
101
106
106
107
116
117
131
143
144
145
151
157
Superposition Theorem .......................................................
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem ........................................
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem .....................................
Short Questions and Answers .............................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
157
176
202
214
219
Chapter 5 :BASIC CONCEPTS OF AC CIRCUITS .........................................
223
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
Introduction .......................................................................
AC Voltage and Current Source ...........................................
Sinusoidal Voltage
Sinusoidal Current .............................................................
Inductance Parameter ........................................................
Capacitance Parameter .......................................................
Voltage-Current Relations of Fundamental
223
223
226
231
232
238
Parameters in Various Domains ..........................................
Impedance Parameter .........................................................
KVL, KCL and Ohm’s Law applied to AC Circuits .................
Current and Voltage Division Rules .....................................
5.10.1 Current Division in Paralllel Connected
Impedances .........................................................
5.10.2 Voltage Division in Series Connected
Impedances .........................................................
Star-Delta Transformations .................................................
5.11.1 Delta to Star Transformation ..................................
5.11.2 Star to Delta Transformation ..................................
Solved Problems .................................................................
Short Questions and Answers .............................................
Exercises .........................................................................
243
247
248
249
Chapter 6 :TRANSIENTS ....................................................................................
267
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
6.1
6.2
249
249
250
250
251
252
261
265
Introduction .......................................................................
Transient Response ............................................................
6.2.1 First and Second Order Circuits ...............................
Transient Analysis using Laplace Transform............ ............
6.3.1 Some Standard Voltage Signals ................................
6.3.2 s-Domain Representation of R,L,C
Parameters ..........................................................
6.3.3 Solving Initial and Final Conditions
Using Laplace Transform......................................
Transient in RL Circuit ......................................................
6.4.1 Source Free Reponse of RL Circuit ............................
6.4.2 Step Response of RL Circuit ..................................
6.4.3 RL Transient with Initial Current I o ...........................
Transient in RC Circuit ......................................................
6.5.1 Source Free Reponse of RC Circuit ...........................
6.5.2 Step Response of RC Circuit ...................................
6.5.3 RC Transient with Initial Voltage Vo ..........................
Transient in RLC Circuit ....................................................
6.6.1 Source Free Response of RLC Circuit ........................
6.6.2 Step Response of RLC Circuit ...................................
Solved Problems in RL Transient .........................................
Solved Problems in RC Transient .........................................
Solved Problems in RLC Transient
Short Questions and Answers .............................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
267
267
268
269
270
Chapter 7 :SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE RESPONSE ...............................
371
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
7.1
7.2
Introduction .......................................................................
Phase and Phase Difference ................................................
271
275
276
276
278
284
288
288
290
296
300
300
301
312
327
348
362
365
371
372
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal Quantities...................
Power, Energy and Power Factor .........................................
Resistance Connected to Sinusoidal Source .........................
Inductance Connected to Sinusoidal Source ........................
Capacitance Connected to Sinusoidal Source ......................
Impedance Parameter .........................................................
Conductance, Susceptance and Admittance ........................
7.9.1 Conductance ............................................................
7.9.2 Admittance ..............................................................
7.9.3 Susceptances in Series and Parallel ..........................
RL Circuit Excited by Sinusoidal Source ..............................
RC Circuit Excited by Sinusoidal Source .............................
RLC Circuit Excited by Sinusoidal Source ...........................
Short Questions And Answers .............................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
374
377
380
383
386
389
396
396
399
404
405
415
422
445
448
Chapter 8 :MESH & NODE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUITS ..........................
451
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
8.1
8.2
8.3
Mesh Analysis of Reactive Circuits .....................................
Node Analysis of Reactive Circuits .......................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
451
462
469
Chapter 9 : ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUITS USING THEOREMS .................
471
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
Superposition Theorem .......................................................
Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems ......................................
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem .....................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
471
478
488
505
Chapter 10 : COUPLED CIRCUITS ...................................................................
507
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
Introduction .......................................................................
Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance ..............................
10.2.1 Self Inductance ......................................................
10.2.2 Mutual Inductance .................................................
10.2.3 Coefficient of Coupling ...........................................
Analysis of Coupled Coils ....................................................
10.3.1 Dot convention for Coupled Coils ............................
10.3.2 Expression for Self and Mutual Induced
emf in Various Domains
516
10.3.3 Writing Mesh Equations for Coupled Coils ..............
10.3.4 Electrical Equivalent of Magnetic
Coupling ..............................................................
Series and Parallel Connections of Coupled Coils .................
507
508
508
508
510
512
513
518
519
522
10.5
Tuned Coupled Circuits ......................................................
10.5.1 Single Tuned Coupled Circuits ...............................
10.5.2 Double Tuned Coupled Circuits ..............................
Solved Problems .................................................................
Short Questions and Answers .............................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
530
530
535
540
562
566
Chapter 11 : RESONANCE ..................................................................................
571
10.6
10.7
10.8
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
Series Resonance ................................................................
Parallel Resonance ..............................................................
Short Questions and Answers .............................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
571
589
620
625
Chapter 12 : ONE PORT & TWO PORT NETWORKS ...................................
629
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
12.10
12.11
12.12
12.13
12.14
12.15
Introduction .......................................................................
Parameters Of One Port Network .........................................
Parameters Of Two Port Network .........................................
Impedance Parameters (or Z-Parameters) ............................
Admittance Parameters (or Y-Parameters) ............................
Hybrid Parameters (or h-Parameters)...................................
Inverse Hybrid Parameters (or g-Parameters) .......................
Transmission Parameters(or ABCD-Parameters) ..................
Inverse Transmission Parameters
(or ABCD-Parameters) .....................................................
Relationship Between Parameter Sets ..................................
Properties Of Two Port Networks .........................................
Inter Connection of Two Port Networks ................................
Solved Problems .................................................................
Short Questions and Answers .............................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
629
630
630
633
634
636
637
639
640
641
647
647
650
668
673
Chapter13:ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM .. 677
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
Introduction .......................................................................
Complex Frequency ...........................................................
Complex Frequency Plane ...................................................
Laplace Transform ..............................................................
13.4.1
Laplace Transform of Some Important Functions ..
13.4.2
Inverse Laplace Transform ...................................
13.4.3
Properties and Theorems of Laplace Transform .....
13.4.4 Convolution
Network Functions..............................................................
13.5.1
Network Functions of One Port Network ...............
13.5.2
Network Functions of Two port network................
677
677
679
680
682
686
692
696
704
705
705
13.5.3
Transfer Functions ..............................................
13.5.4
Zeros And Poles Of Network Functions .................
13.5.5
Time Domain Function From Poles-zero Plot .........
13.5.6
Natural Response and s-plane ..............................
Mesh Analysis Of s-domain Circuits ....................................
13.6.1
Mesh Analysis Of s-domain Circuits .....................
13.6.2
Node Analysis Of s-domain Circuits ......................
Short Questions And Answers .............................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
707
708
710
712
715
715
717
731
734
Chapter 14 :FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORM ...................
739
13.6
13.7
13.8
14.1
Trignometric Form Of Fourier Series ..................................
14.1.1
Definition Of Trignometric form Of Fourier Series .
14.1.2
Conditions For Existence Of Fourier Series ...........
14.1.3
Derivation Of The Equations for a0, an And bn .......
739
739
740
740
14.2
Exponential Form Of Fourier Series.....................................
14.2.1
Definition Of Exponential Form Of Fourier Series .
14.2.2
Derivation Of Equation For Cn .......................................................
744
744
744
14.2.3
Relation Between Fourier Coefficient Of
Trignometric And Exponential Form .....................
14.2.4
Line spectrum(or Frequency Spectrum) ...............
Fourier Coefficients Of Waveform With Symmetry ................
14.3.1
Even Symmetry....................................................
14.3.2
Odd Symmetry .....................................................
14.3.3
Half Wave Symmetry (or Alternation Symmetry) ....
14.3.4
Quarter Wave Symmetry ......................................
Solved Problems In Fourier Series .......................................
Fourier Transform ..............................................................
Properties of Fourier Transform ...........................................
Fourier Transform of some Important Signals ......................
Fourier Transform of a Periodic Function ............................
System Function .................................................................
Response in Frequency Domain ..........................................
Relation Between Fourier and Laplace Transform ................
Solved Problems in Fourier Transform .................................
Short Questions and Answers .............................................
Exercises ...........................................................................
794
APPENDIX I : Calculation using calculator in complex mode .................
INDEX
..................
845
847
14.3
14.4
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.8
14.9
14.10
14.11
14.12
14.13
14.14
745
746
748
748
750
753
754
755
795
803
816
816
818
819
821
835
840