C O N T E N T Page No. PREFACE .............................................................. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................. LIST OF SYMBOLS/ABBREVATIONS ............................ xii Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION ................................................ 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 x xi Basic Phenomena ............................................................... Ideal Elements .................................................................... Electric Circuit ................................................................... Units ........................................................................ Definition of Various Terms ................................................. Symbols used for Average, Rms and Maximum Values ........................................................................... Steady State Analysis and Transient Analysis ...................... Assumptions in Circuit Theory ............................................ 1 1 1 2 3 Chapter 2 : BASIC CONCEPTS OF DC CIRCUITS ....................................... 7 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 Basic Elements of Circuits .................................................. Nodes, Branches and Closed path ....................................... Series, Parallel, Star and Delta Connections ........................ Open Circuit and Short Circuit ........................................... Sign Conventions ................................................................ Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s Laws .................................................. Voltage and Current Source ................................................ 2.7.1 Ideal and Practical Current Source ........................... 2.7.2 Source Transformation ............................................. 2.7.3 Series- Parallel Connection of Voltage Sources ............................................................. 2.7.4 Series - Parallel Connection of Current Sources ............................................................... Dependent Sources ............................................................. Power and Energy ............................................................... Resistance Parameter.......................................................... Current and Voltage Division Rules ..................................... 2.11.1 Current Division in Parallel Connected Resistances.......................................................... 2.11.2 Voltage Division in Series connected Resistances......................................................... Star-Delta Transformations ................................................. 2.12.1 Delta to Star Transformation ................................... 2.12.2 Star to Delta Transformation ................................... 5 6 6 7 9 11 15 16 17 19 19 20 22 26 29 30 30 34 34 36 37 37 41 2.13 2.14 Network Topology ............................................................... Analysis of Series-Parallel Circuits ...................................... 2.14.1 Single Loop Circuit .................................................. 2.14.2 Single Node Pair Circuit........................................... Network Reduction ............................................................. Solved Problems ................................................................. Short Questions and Answers ............................................. Exercises ........................................................................... 46 52 54 55 56 58 73 78 Chapter 3:MESH & NODE ANALYSIS OF DC CIRCUITS .......................... 81 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Mesh Analysis .................................................................... Mesh Analysis of Resistive Circuits ..................................... Mesh Analysis of Circuits Excited by Both Voltage and Current Sources ......................................................... Mesh Analysis of Circuits Excited by Independent and Dependent Sources ...................................................... 3.4.1 Circuits with Dependent Voltage Source .................... 3.4.2 Circuits with Dependent Current Source ................... Node Analysis ..................................................................... Node Analysis of Resistive Circuits ...................................... Node Analysis of Circuits Excited by both Voltage and Current Sources........................................................... Node Analysis of Circuits Excited by Independent and Dependent Sources ...................................................... 3.8.1 Circuits with Dependent Current Source ................... 3.8.2 Circuits with Dependent Voltage Source .................... Exercises ........................................................................... Chapter 4:ANALYSIS OF DC CIRCUITS USING THEOREMS ................... 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 81 81 101 106 106 107 116 117 131 143 144 145 151 157 Superposition Theorem ....................................................... Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem ........................................ Maximum Power Transfer Theorem ..................................... Short Questions and Answers ............................................. Exercises ........................................................................... 157 176 202 214 219 Chapter 5 :BASIC CONCEPTS OF AC CIRCUITS ......................................... 223 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 Introduction ....................................................................... AC Voltage and Current Source ........................................... Sinusoidal Voltage Sinusoidal Current ............................................................. Inductance Parameter ........................................................ Capacitance Parameter ....................................................... Voltage-Current Relations of Fundamental 223 223 226 231 232 238 Parameters in Various Domains .......................................... Impedance Parameter ......................................................... KVL, KCL and Ohm’s Law applied to AC Circuits ................. Current and Voltage Division Rules ..................................... 5.10.1 Current Division in Paralllel Connected Impedances ......................................................... 5.10.2 Voltage Division in Series Connected Impedances ......................................................... Star-Delta Transformations ................................................. 5.11.1 Delta to Star Transformation .................................. 5.11.2 Star to Delta Transformation .................................. Solved Problems ................................................................. Short Questions and Answers ............................................. Exercises ......................................................................... 243 247 248 249 Chapter 6 :TRANSIENTS .................................................................................... 267 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 6.1 6.2 249 249 250 250 251 252 261 265 Introduction ....................................................................... Transient Response ............................................................ 6.2.1 First and Second Order Circuits ............................... Transient Analysis using Laplace Transform............ ............ 6.3.1 Some Standard Voltage Signals ................................ 6.3.2 s-Domain Representation of R,L,C Parameters .......................................................... 6.3.3 Solving Initial and Final Conditions Using Laplace Transform...................................... Transient in RL Circuit ...................................................... 6.4.1 Source Free Reponse of RL Circuit ............................ 6.4.2 Step Response of RL Circuit .................................. 6.4.3 RL Transient with Initial Current I o ........................... Transient in RC Circuit ...................................................... 6.5.1 Source Free Reponse of RC Circuit ........................... 6.5.2 Step Response of RC Circuit ................................... 6.5.3 RC Transient with Initial Voltage Vo .......................... Transient in RLC Circuit .................................................... 6.6.1 Source Free Response of RLC Circuit ........................ 6.6.2 Step Response of RLC Circuit ................................... Solved Problems in RL Transient ......................................... Solved Problems in RC Transient ......................................... Solved Problems in RLC Transient Short Questions and Answers ............................................. Exercises ........................................................................... 267 267 268 269 270 Chapter 7 :SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE RESPONSE ............................... 371 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 7.1 7.2 Introduction ....................................................................... Phase and Phase Difference ................................................ 271 275 276 276 278 284 288 288 290 296 300 300 301 312 327 348 362 365 371 372 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal Quantities................... Power, Energy and Power Factor ......................................... Resistance Connected to Sinusoidal Source ......................... Inductance Connected to Sinusoidal Source ........................ Capacitance Connected to Sinusoidal Source ...................... Impedance Parameter ......................................................... Conductance, Susceptance and Admittance ........................ 7.9.1 Conductance ............................................................ 7.9.2 Admittance .............................................................. 7.9.3 Susceptances in Series and Parallel .......................... RL Circuit Excited by Sinusoidal Source .............................. RC Circuit Excited by Sinusoidal Source ............................. RLC Circuit Excited by Sinusoidal Source ........................... Short Questions And Answers ............................................. Exercises ........................................................................... 374 377 380 383 386 389 396 396 399 404 405 415 422 445 448 Chapter 8 :MESH & NODE ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUITS .......................... 451 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 8.1 8.2 8.3 Mesh Analysis of Reactive Circuits ..................................... Node Analysis of Reactive Circuits ....................................... Exercises ........................................................................... 451 462 469 Chapter 9 : ANALYSIS OF AC CIRCUITS USING THEOREMS ................. 471 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Superposition Theorem ....................................................... Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems ...................................... Maximum Power Transfer Theorem ..................................... Exercises ........................................................................... 471 478 488 505 Chapter 10 : COUPLED CIRCUITS ................................................................... 507 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Introduction ....................................................................... Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance .............................. 10.2.1 Self Inductance ...................................................... 10.2.2 Mutual Inductance ................................................. 10.2.3 Coefficient of Coupling ........................................... Analysis of Coupled Coils .................................................... 10.3.1 Dot convention for Coupled Coils ............................ 10.3.2 Expression for Self and Mutual Induced emf in Various Domains 516 10.3.3 Writing Mesh Equations for Coupled Coils .............. 10.3.4 Electrical Equivalent of Magnetic Coupling .............................................................. Series and Parallel Connections of Coupled Coils ................. 507 508 508 508 510 512 513 518 519 522 10.5 Tuned Coupled Circuits ...................................................... 10.5.1 Single Tuned Coupled Circuits ............................... 10.5.2 Double Tuned Coupled Circuits .............................. Solved Problems ................................................................. Short Questions and Answers ............................................. Exercises ........................................................................... 530 530 535 540 562 566 Chapter 11 : RESONANCE .................................................................................. 571 10.6 10.7 10.8 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Series Resonance ................................................................ Parallel Resonance .............................................................. Short Questions and Answers ............................................. Exercises ........................................................................... 571 589 620 625 Chapter 12 : ONE PORT & TWO PORT NETWORKS ................................... 629 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9 12.10 12.11 12.12 12.13 12.14 12.15 Introduction ....................................................................... Parameters Of One Port Network ......................................... Parameters Of Two Port Network ......................................... Impedance Parameters (or Z-Parameters) ............................ Admittance Parameters (or Y-Parameters) ............................ Hybrid Parameters (or h-Parameters)................................... Inverse Hybrid Parameters (or g-Parameters) ....................... Transmission Parameters(or ABCD-Parameters) .................. Inverse Transmission Parameters (or ABCD-Parameters) ..................................................... Relationship Between Parameter Sets .................................. Properties Of Two Port Networks ......................................... Inter Connection of Two Port Networks ................................ Solved Problems ................................................................. Short Questions and Answers ............................................. Exercises ........................................................................... 629 630 630 633 634 636 637 639 640 641 647 647 650 668 673 Chapter13:ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM .. 677 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Introduction ....................................................................... Complex Frequency ........................................................... Complex Frequency Plane ................................................... Laplace Transform .............................................................. 13.4.1 Laplace Transform of Some Important Functions .. 13.4.2 Inverse Laplace Transform ................................... 13.4.3 Properties and Theorems of Laplace Transform ..... 13.4.4 Convolution Network Functions.............................................................. 13.5.1 Network Functions of One Port Network ............... 13.5.2 Network Functions of Two port network................ 677 677 679 680 682 686 692 696 704 705 705 13.5.3 Transfer Functions .............................................. 13.5.4 Zeros And Poles Of Network Functions ................. 13.5.5 Time Domain Function From Poles-zero Plot ......... 13.5.6 Natural Response and s-plane .............................. Mesh Analysis Of s-domain Circuits .................................... 13.6.1 Mesh Analysis Of s-domain Circuits ..................... 13.6.2 Node Analysis Of s-domain Circuits ...................... Short Questions And Answers ............................................. Exercises ........................................................................... 707 708 710 712 715 715 717 731 734 Chapter 14 :FOURIER SERIES AND FOURIER TRANSFORM ................... 739 13.6 13.7 13.8 14.1 Trignometric Form Of Fourier Series .................................. 14.1.1 Definition Of Trignometric form Of Fourier Series . 14.1.2 Conditions For Existence Of Fourier Series ........... 14.1.3 Derivation Of The Equations for a0, an And bn ....... 739 739 740 740 14.2 Exponential Form Of Fourier Series..................................... 14.2.1 Definition Of Exponential Form Of Fourier Series . 14.2.2 Derivation Of Equation For Cn ....................................................... 744 744 744 14.2.3 Relation Between Fourier Coefficient Of Trignometric And Exponential Form ..................... 14.2.4 Line spectrum(or Frequency Spectrum) ............... Fourier Coefficients Of Waveform With Symmetry ................ 14.3.1 Even Symmetry.................................................... 14.3.2 Odd Symmetry ..................................................... 14.3.3 Half Wave Symmetry (or Alternation Symmetry) .... 14.3.4 Quarter Wave Symmetry ...................................... Solved Problems In Fourier Series ....................................... Fourier Transform .............................................................. Properties of Fourier Transform ........................................... Fourier Transform of some Important Signals ...................... Fourier Transform of a Periodic Function ............................ System Function ................................................................. Response in Frequency Domain .......................................... Relation Between Fourier and Laplace Transform ................ Solved Problems in Fourier Transform ................................. Short Questions and Answers ............................................. Exercises ........................................................................... 794 APPENDIX I : Calculation using calculator in complex mode ................. INDEX .................. 845 847 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 745 746 748 748 750 753 754 755 795 803 816 816 818 819 821 835 840