Quick and Easy APA Guide
to In-Text Citations and Reference Page Entries
Shepherd University Academic Support Center, LIB 103
Books
In-text: Ball and Bindler (1999) found that leukemia, a malignancy most commonly
diagnosed in children, affects the blood-forming organs and proliferates the white blood
cells in the body.
References:
Ball, J., & Bindler. (1999). Pediatric nursing: Caring for children (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Journals
In-text: Daily, Lovett and Reder (2001) account for differences in memory by creating
a model.
References:
Daily, L. Z., Lovett, M. C. & Reder, L. M. (2001). Modeling individual differences in
working memory performance: A source activation account. Cognitive Science,
25, 315-253.
In-text: A current study (Woods, 2001) shows that if onset is not caught early,
hypertension can be permanently damaging to one’s organs.
References:
Woods, A. D. (2001). Improved odds against hypertension: Learning how this insidious
condition develops and what you can do to prevent it from taking a toll on your
patient. Nursing 2002, 31, 36-41.
Personal Communication
In-text: According to ICU RN A.P. Hall (personal communication, October 30, 2001)
of University of Maryland Hospital, caring for intensive care patients involves close
observation.
References: [Personal communication references require only in-text citations.]
Government Documents
In-text: Matloff (1990) presents compelling research about troop movement in WWII.
References:
Matloff, M. (1990). The 90-division gamble (CMH Pub 70-7-15). Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
In-text: Earlier research (e.g., Environmental Engineering Committee, 1995) shows the
problem with urban sprawl rests with outdated zoning laws.
References:
Environmental Engineering Committee. (1995). An SAB report: Future issues in
environmental engineering.
In-text: Based on recommendations from the United States Office of Personnel
Management (1995), employees need a clear policy regarding grounds for termination.
References:
United States Office of Personnel Management. (1995). New developments in employee
and labor relations (OLRWP-94-1). Washington, DC.
Government Document – Available Online
In-text: Recent studies (National Cancer Institute [NCI], 1996) promote the
consumption of more fiber through fruits and vegetables as a way to reduce colon
cancer. This report estimates that approximately 35% of cancer-related deaths may be
linked to diet (NCI, 1996, Q&A section, ¶ 1).
NOTE: To make the ¶ symbol in MS Word, hold down the Alt key and key in 0182
on the number pad. If this symbol is unavailable in your word processor, you can
use the abbreviation para.
References:
National Cancer Institute (US) National 5 a Day Program Office. (1996). 5 a Day: A
national program to increase fruit and vegetable intake. Retrieved March 3,
1998, from Government Printing Office, via GPO Access:
http://dccps.nci.nih.gov/5aday
Article from an Internet-only Journal
In-text: As Watson and Thompson (2000) point out, the same argument was made in
an earlier study.
References:
Watson, R., & Thompson, D.R. (2000). Recent developments in UK nurse education:
Horses for courses or courses for horses? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32, 10411042. Retrieved January 21, 2002, from http://www.blackwell-synergy.com
Articles from Online Databases (EBSCOhost, ERIC,
PsychInfo, etc.)
In-text: A recent article (Bower, 2001) states that dreams occur most during REM
sleep. Walden and Poch (1998) say that Freud’s theories are based on the idea of sexual
repression.
References:
Bower, B. (2001). Brains in dreamland. Science News, 160, 90-93. Retrieved November
23, 2001, from EBSCOhost.
Poch, H., & Walden, D. (1998). Psychoanalysis of dreams: Dream theory and its
relationship to literature and popular culture: Freud, Billy Joel, Appelfeld, and
Abe. Journal of Popular Culture, 32, 113-121. Retrieved November 23, 2001,
from EBSCOhost.