American Psychological Association
Style Guide
6th ed.
2010
9/7/2014
Why to Cite Sources?
• Provide a way to give proper credit to the
sources used in writing the paper
• Enables the reader to find the information for
themselves
• Adds credibility and provides strength for
arguments
9/7/2014
How to cite sources?
• In-text references
– Located in the text of the paper
• References
– Tells the reader what information borrowed and
where from
9/7/2014
Types and Variations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
•77 various types of
Periodicals
Books, reference books, and book chapters variation in sources
Technical and research reports
•Legal has 19 types of
variation in sources
Meeting and symposia
Doctoral dissertations and master’s theses
Reviews and peer commentary
Audiovisual media
Data sets, software, measurement instruments, and apparatus
Unpublished and informally published works
Archival documents and collections
Internet message boards, electronic mailing lists, and other online
communities
9/7/2014
How to cite sources?
• Quoting from a source (coping from the
source word to word)
• Summarizing or rephrasing information from a
source into one’s own mind
• Demonstrating awareness about previous
research
9/7/2014
Citing References in Text– Direct
Quote
• Quotation of less than 40 words
– Use the author’s surname followed immediately by the copyright year
in brackets and the page from which the information was copied in
brackets at the end of the sentence
Or
– Provided the author’s surname, copy right year, and page in brackets
after the end of the quotation and punctuation outside the
parenthesis
•
Quotation of 40 and more words
– Display it in a freestanding block of text and omit the direct quotation
marks. Start such a block quotation on a new line and indent the block
about a half inch from the left margin
9/7/2014
Citing References in Text – Direct Quote
• Direct quotes
– Reproducing text word from another source
•Khandwalla (2002) observes that “few
companies have courage as a core competency”
(p.23).
•“Few companies have courage as a core
competency” (Khandwalla, 2002, p.23).
• 5 Crore [50 millions] writer to improve quality
• If the page number is not given in online materials , in that case use e.g.
para. 4, or Discussion Section, para. 1
9/7/2014
Citing References in Text – Direct
Quote more than 40 words
Co-presence does not ensure intimate interaction among all group members.
Consider large-scale social gatherings in which hundreds or thousands of people
gather in a location to perform a ritual or celebrate an event.
In these instances, participants are able to see the visible manifestation of the
group, the physical gathering, yet their ability to make direct, intimate connections
with those around them is limited by the sheer magnitude of the assembly.
(Purcell, 1997, pp. 111-112).
or
Alternatively, if the quoted source is cited in the sentence introducing the block
quote (e.g. “In 1997, Purcell contradicted this view…”), only the page or paragraph
number is needed at the end of the quotation.
9/7/2014
Citing References in Text Paraphrasing
• Rephrased/Paraphrasing
– Use author’s surname followed by immediately
copyright year in brackets within the sentence
Or
– Provide the author’s surname and copyright year
in brackets at the end of the sentence before the
period
9/7/2014
Citing References in Text - Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing text
- Khandwalla (2002) singles out courage – courage to take
risks, courage to deal with the emotions of co-workers and courage
to stand up for one’s values and beliefs as the most important
requirement for a manager interested in initiating and managing
change in his organisation.
Note: APA Style encourages the author to write page or para
number so reader can see exact details in a particular source.
9/7/2014
Citing References in Text - Previous Work
• Demonstrating awareness of other works
- Several authors (e.g. Khandwalla 2002; Peter 2002) have emphasized
the need for courage, especially courage to take risk in managers who pursue
innovation and change.
- Courage, especially courage to take risk in managers who peruses
innovation and change in your organisation (see Khandwalla 2002; Peter 2002).
- As Khandwalla (2002) and Parel (2002) argue that managers who
pursue innovation and change ought of have the courage to take risks, the
model proposed here incorporates courage as a potentially relevant factor
influencing the organisational change process.
- As Khandwalla (2002) suggests that courage to take risks is important
for managers pursuing change, we feel that it was appropriate to include it as
one of the characteristics of managers in our proposed model
9/7/2014
Permission to Quote, Reprint or
Adapt
• Permission required if author includes
– Lengthy quotation (reprinting or adaptation)
– Reprinted or adaptable tables or figures
• Permission for copyrighted materials is vary form one to one
• APA allows
– Three figures or tables from a journal article or book chapter
– Single text extracts if fewer than 400 words
– Series of text extracts that total fewer than 800 words
9/7/2014
One Work by Multiple Authors intext and References
• In-text citation
– Cite two authors every time the reference occurs in text
– Three to five authors have to cites first and in subsequent citations,
include surname followed by et al.
– Work of six or more authors have to be cited with first author followed
by et al.
• References
– When a reference has up to seven authors, spell out all authors’
names in the reference list
– Use three dots when a reference has more than seven authors e.g.
Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Rabinovich, N. E., Sugai, C., Plath, L. C.,
Asgaard, G., . . . Botros, N. (2004).
9/7/2014
Style Manual
• Modern Language Association (MLA)
• American Psychological Association (APA)
• Chicago Style Manual
• American Marketing Association (AMA)
• American Anthropological Association (AAA)
9/7/2014
Reference
APA
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Location: Publisher.
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (1991). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal
publication. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
MLA
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication.
Medium of Publication.
Gleick, James. Chaos: Making a New Science. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print.
Chicago
Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
Faulkner, William. Absalom, Absalom!. New York: Vintage Books, 1990.
Source: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/2/
9/7/2014
Book - One Author
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Kotler (2010) found or (Kotler, 2010).
Kotler, P. (2010). The development of
sustainable tourism. England: Continuum.
TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOK
Author: Kotler, Philip
Title: The development of sustainable tourism
Year: 2010
City: England
Publisher: Continuum
9/7/2014
Book - Two Authors
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Kotler and Koshi (2010) compared or
(Kotler, & Koshi, 2010).
Kotler, P., & Koshi, D. (2010). The
principles of marketing. New Delhi:
Pearson
TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOK
Author: Kotler, Philip,
Koshi, Dennis
Title: The principles of marketing
Year: 2010
City: New Delhi
Publisher: Pearson
Edition: 13th Edition
9/7/2014
Book – Three to Five Authors
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Hayes , Stroshal, and Wilson (1990) found
or (Kotler, Stroshal, & Wilson
1990).
Subsequent Citations
Hayes , et. al., (1999) discovered …. or
(Hayes, et al., 1999)
Hayes, S. C., Stroshal, K. D., & Wilson, K.
G. (1999). Consumer behaviour. New York:
McMillan.
TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOK
Author: Hayes, S. C.
Stroshal, K. D.
Wilson, K. G.
Title: Consumer behaviour
Year: 1999
City: New York
Publisher: McMillan.
9/7/2014
Editor, No Author and Edition
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Since the information was edited, do not
use the editor’s name as he or she wrote
it
… (Carlock, 1995).
Carlock, C. J. (Ed.). (1999). Branding in
India (3rd ed.). Mumbai: Allied Publisher.
TYPE OF SOURCE - BOOK
Editor: Carlock, S. C.
Title: Branding in India
Edition: Third
Year: 1999
City: Mumbai
Publisher: Allied Publisher
9/7/2014
Chapter or Section of a Book – with an
author
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Regulus (1995) determined ….. Or
… (Regulus, 1995).
Regulus, T. A. (1995). Indian Youth. In R. L.
Edwards (Ed.), Encyclopedia of social work
(19th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1045-1055).
Washington DC: National Association of
Social Workers.
TYPE OF SOURCE - BOOK SECTION
Author: Regulus, T. A
Editor: Hayes, S. C.
Title Indian Youth
Edition: 19th
Year: 1999
City: Mumbai
Publisher: Allied Publisher
9/7/2014
Chapter or Section of a Book – no
author
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Do not use the editor’s name as if he or
she wrote it….. Or
Rural marketing (1994). In K. N. Anderson,
L. E. Anderson, & W. D. Glanze, (Eds.),
Preto’s law used in marketing (4th ed., PP.
44-48). Bangalore: Tata McGraw-Hill.
… (Anderson, Anderson, & Glanze, 1994)
TYPE OF SOURCE - BOOK SECTION
Editor: Anderson, K. N.
Anderson, L. E.,
Glanze, W. D.
Title: Rural Marketing
Edition: 4th
Year: 1994
City: Bangalore
Publisher: Tata McGraw-Hill
9/7/2014
Book– Electronic Version of Print
Book
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Kotler (2010) found or (Kotler, 2010).
Kotler, P. (2010). The development of
sustainable tourism. England: Continuum.
Retrieved from
http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/html.i
ndex.asp
TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOK
Author: Kotler, Philip
Title: The development of sustainable tourism
Year: 2010
City: England
Publisher: Continuum
9/7/2014
Book–Electronic Version of Print
Book with doi
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Kotler (2010) found or (Kotler, 2010).
Kotler, P. (2010). The development of
sustainable tourism. England: Continuum.
[Adobe Digital Editions Version].
Doi:10.1036/0071393722
TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOK
Author: Kotler, Philip
Title: The development of sustainable tourism
Year: 2010
City: England
Publisher: Continuum
9/7/2014
Electronic – Only Book
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Kotler (2010) found or (Kotler, 2010).
Kotler, P. (2010). The development of
sustainable tourism. Retrieved from
http://www.onlineoriginals.con/showitem
.asp?itemID=135
TYPE OF SOURCE -BOOK
Author: Kotler, Philip
Title: The development of sustainable tourism
Year: 2010
City: England
Publisher: Continuum
9/7/2014
Journal Article (Print)
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Koopman (2001) researched…..
or
…(Koopman 2001)
Koopman, W. J. (2001). Prospects for
FMCG products in India. Journal of
Marketing Research, 25(1), 36-42.
(If each issue of a volume start with page
1 or you are unsure, then include the
issue no in parenthesis after the volume
number)
TYPE OF SOURCE - Journal Article
Author: Koopman, W. J
Title: Prospects for FMCG products in India
Journal name: Journal of Marketing Research
Year: 2001
Month: January
Pages: 36-42
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
9/7/2014
Full Text Article with Digital Object
Identifier (DOI)-Print & Online
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
-Work of six or more authors have to
Yu, H., Patel, P. R., Shah, M. N., Desai, B.
P., Mehta, M. N., Tong, G. Z. (2009).
Further evidence for infection of pigs with
human-like influenza virus in China. Virus
Research, 140, 85-90. doi:
10.1016/j.viruses.2008.11.008
be cited with first author followed by
et al.
Yu et. al. (2009) discovered that …..
Or
It was discovered that …(Yu at al., 2009)
TYPE OF SOURCE - Journal Article with DOI
Author: Yu, H., Patel, P. R., Shah, M. N., Desai, B. P., Mehta, M. N., Tong, G. Z.
Title: Further evidence for infection of pigs with human-like influenza virus in China
Journal name: Virus Research
Year: 2009
Pages: 85-90
Volume: 140
DOI: 10.1016/j.viruses.2008.11.008
9/7/2014
Journal Article from Publisher Web Site
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Koopman (2001) researched…..
or
…(Koopman 2001)
Koopman, W. J. (2001). Prospects for
FMCG products in India. Journal of
Marketing Research, 25(1), 36-42.
Retrieved from http://www.atyponlink.com/AMA/loi/jmkr
(Include print information followed by the
URL of the journals homepage.)
TYPE OF SOURCE - Journal Article
Author: Koopman, W. J
Title: Prospects for FMCG products in India
Journal name: Journal of Marketing Research
Year: 2001
Month: January
Pages: 36-42
Volume: 25
Issue: 1
URL: http://www.atypon-link.com/AMA/loi/jmkr
9/7/2014
Full Text Article from a Commercial Database (no DOI)
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
According to Castell (2008)…..
Castell, F. (2008). Professionalism in client
servicing. Journal of Advertising, 12(2),
13-17. Retrieved from WARC with Full
Text Database. (Accession No.
2009886289)
(Following the print form of the citation,
include the name of the database and
accession/document/order number
assigned by the database in parenthesis)
Or
… (Castell, 2008).
TYPE OF SOURCE - Full text article from a commercial database (no DOI)
Author: Castell, F
Title: Professionalism in client servicing
Journal name: Journal of Advertising
Year: 2008
Pages: 13-17
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Database: WRAC with Full Text
Accession No: 2009886289
9/7/2014
Magazine Article
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Kluger and Dorfman (2002) evaluated …..
Or
(Kluger & Dorfman, 2002)
Kluger, J., & Dorfman, A. (2002, August
26). The challenges we face. Time, 160(9),
32-38.
TYPE OF SOURCE - Article in a periodical
Author: Kluger, J. Dorfman, A
Title: The challenges we face
Magazine name: Time
Year: 2002
Month: August
Day: 26
Pages: 32-38
Volume: 9
Issue: 160
9/7/2014
Online Magazine Article
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Kluger and Dorfman (2002) evaluated …..
Or
(Kluger & Dorfman, 2002)
Kluger, J., & Dorfman, A. (2002, August
26). The challenges we face. Time, 160(9),
32-38. Retrieved from
http://www.time.com/monitor
TYPE OF SOURCE - Article in a periodical
Author: Kluger, J. Dorfman, A
Title: The challenges we face
Magazine name: Time
Year: 2002
Month: August
Day: 26
Pages: 32-38
Volume: 9
Issue: 160
9/7/2014
Newspaper Article no Author
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
The article title will be placed between
quotation marks in the text of the essay
Rotor blades fails inspection. (2002, July
27). Business Line, P. A1.
In the article “Rotor Blades Fails
Inspection” (2002)…. Or
…(“Rotor Blades Fails Inspection,” 2002).
(If no author is present use the title of the
article in place of the author’s name)
TYPE OF SOURCE - Newspaper Article no Author
Title: Rotor blades fails inspection.
Newspaper name: Time
Year: 2002
Month: August
Day: 27
Pages: P. A1
9/7/2014
Single Episode from a Television
Series
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Dlinsky and Alexander’s (1968) work….. Or Dlinsky, M. (writer) & Alexander, D.
…(Dlinsky and Alexander’s, 1968).
(Director). (1968). Plato’s stepchildren
[Television series episode]. In F. Freiberger
(Producer). Star trek. Los Angeles, CA:
Paramount Pictures.
TYPE OF SOURCE - Episode from a Television Series
Title: Plato’s stepchildren
Serial name: Star trek
Producer Name: F. Freiberger
Director: Dlinsky, M. & Alexander, D.
Year: 1968
Place: Los Angeles, CA
Production Company: Paramount Pictures
9/7/2014
Video/DVD
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
In the video Faces of reality produced by
Gillespie and directed by Ashworth
(2000)….
Or
…(Gillespie & Ashworth, 2000)
Gillespie. M. (Producer), & Ashworth, S.
(Director). (2000). Faces of reality.
[Videotap]. Edmonton, Canada: Alberta
Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.
-Provide the primary contributors such as
producer and/or director
-If the video is in DVD or blu-ray format,
you use those terms in place of videotape
TYPE OF SOURCE - Video/DVD
Title: Faces of reality
Producer Name: Gillespie. M.
Director: Ashworth, S
Year: 2000
Place: Edmonton, Canada
Production Company: Alberta Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commission.
9/7/2014
Secondary Source
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
In the text cite the original source and in
brackets cite the secondary source with
the phrase
Eve, R. A., Horsfall, S., & Lee, M. E. (1997).
Chaos, complexity, and sociology. London,
England: Sage.
Kiel and Elliott’s study (as cited in Eve,
Horsfall, & Lee, 1997) found…..
TYPE OF SOURCE - Secondary Source
Title: Chaos, complexity, and sociology
Author: Eve, R. A., Horsfall, S., & Lee, M. E.
Year: 1997
City: London
Publisher: Sage
9/7/2014
A Review
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
In Osborne’s (1998) review of book…..
Or
…(Osborne, 1998).
Osborne, R. E. (1998). Learning by text or
context [Review of the book The fabric of
self: A theory of ethics and emotions. by
D. Rothbard Margolis]. Choice, 36, 223.
In square brackets, use the phrase
“Review of the” and the type of material
reviewed (book, video, etc). If the
article/review has formal title, it will
precede the bracketed text.
TYPE OF SOURCE - A Review
Title: The fabric of self: A theory of ethics and emotions
Author: Osborne, R. E.
Year: 1998
Reviewer: D. Rothbard Margolis
Magazine: Choice
Volume: 36
Page: 223
9/7/2014
Corporate Report, Government Author
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
The Health Canada (2006) report noted
that…. Or
…(Health Canada, 2006)
Health Canada. (2006). Residential indoor
air quality guidelines: Formaldehyde (HC
Publication No. 4120). Retrieved from
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewhsemt/alt_formats/hecssesc/pdf/pubs/air/formaldehyde-eng.pdf
APA style of reference will include
corporations, associations, govt. agencies
or study group act as author and
publisher.
Spell out the full name of the group
publisher and author, do not use
abbreviation or acronyms.
If possible, include publication or
catalogue number in parenthesis after the
title
TYPE OF SOURCE - Corporate Report, Government Author
Govt. Author: Health Canada
Title: : Residential indoor air quality guidelines: Formaldehyde
Year: 2006
Pub. No.: 4120
URL: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/air/formaldehyde-eng.pdf
9/7/2014
No author or editor
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
-Use the title in place of author
Merriam Webster’s collegiate Dictionaries
(1993). Springfiled, MA: Merriam-Webster
According to the Merriam Webster’s
collegiate Dictionaries (1993)…. Or
…Merriam Webster’s collegiate
Dictionaries 1993)
TYPE OF SOURCE - No author or editor
Title: : Merriam Webster’s collegiate Dictionaries
Year: 1993
Location: Springfiled, MA
Publisher: Merriam-Webster
9/7/2014
Webpage
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
A document from the United Nurse of
Alberta (2009). Suggests that ….
Or
United Nurse of Alberta. (2009, June).
Fishing for facts on the nursing shortage?
Retrieved from
http://www.unaab.ca/news/archive/pdfs/
Wrong%20Way/rederring.pdf
(United Nurse of Alberta, 2009).
TYPE OF SOURCE - Webpage
Title: Fishing for facts on the nursing shortage?
Year: 2009
URL: http://www.unaab.ca/news/archive/pdfs/Wrong%20Way/rederring .pdf
9/7/2014
Wiki Entry
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
The “APA Style” (2009) article suggest
that….
Or
It is suggested that …(“APA Style,”2009)
APA Style. (2009, October 15). In
Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia.
Retrieved October 20, 2009, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA-Style
TYPE OF SOURCE - Wiki
Title: Wikipedia
Year: 2009
Month: October
Date: 15
Retrieved: October 20, 2009
URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA-Style
9/7/2014
Video Blog(e.g. You Tube, etc)
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Simon Cowell, a notoriously difficult
judge, said that Paul Potts’s performance
on Britain Govt. Talent, “was a complete
breath of fresh air” (myredroom, 2007).
Cowell went on to say that, “I thought you
were absolutely fantastic.”
mydredroom. (2007, June 10). Paul signs
Nessum Dorma high quality video/sound
widescreen 16.9[video file]. Retrieved
from
http://www.youtube.comwatch?v=1k08yx
u57NA
TYPE OF SOURCE - Video Blog
Title: mydredroom
Year: 2007
Month: June
Date: 10
Producer: Paul signs Nessum Dorma high quality video/sound widescreen 16.9
Retrieved: URL: http://www.youtube.comwatch?v=1k08yxu57NA
9/7/2014
Web Log (Blog Post)
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
Schroeder (2009) reported that….
Schroeder, R. (2009, October 5). Apple to
Woolworths: Your new logo is too AppleY[Web log post]. Retrieved from
http://mashable.com/2009/10/05/applewoolworths-logo/
Or
…(Schroeder, 2009).
TYPE OF SOURCE - Web Log (Blog Post)
Blog Holder: Schroeder, R
Title: Apple to Woolworths: Your new logo is too Apple-Y
Year: 2009
Month: October
Date: 5
Producer: http://mashable.com/2009/10/05/apple-woolworths-logo/
9/7/2014
No date
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
In the text by Roshanlal (n.d.)…. Or
(Roshanlal, n.d.)
Roshanlal, R. (n.d.). Social research
procedure. New Delhi: Sage
TYPE OF SOURCE - No date
Author: Roshanlal, R.
Title: Social research procedure
Location: New Delhi
Publisher: sage
9/7/2014
Personal Communication
In-Text Reference
Reference Page
S.L. Rainsforth (personal communication,
August20, 2002) suggested…..
Or
… (S.L. Rainsforth, personal
communication, August 20, 2002)
No citation is required
Source: APA Style, 6th ed.
Medicine Hat College
9/7/2014
References
• The list of sources is titled “References” and is located at the end of
the paper on a new page
– Alphabetical entries by the first word of the entry
– Entries are double spaced and the second line of an entry is a hanging
indent of a ½ inch (standard tab space)
– Use only initial for the first and middle names even if the full name is
given
– In the titles of books and articles, capitalize only the first word of the
title, the first word following a colon or dash, and all proper nouns
– In titles of periodicals, capitalize all significant words
– Italicize the titles of books and periodicals
– One space after all punctuation
– List only works that were referenced in the text of the paper (except
personal communication)
9/7/2014
Thank You
Dr. Shailesh R. Yagnik
9/7/2014