BIOLOGY II: Human Anatomy & Physiology
Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed.
NAME______________________
Chapter 11: Nervous System Chapter 11: Nervous
System II
I. Introduction
A. Introduction
1. The central nervous system consists of ____________________________________________________________________________________
2. The _________________________________________________________________ is the largest and most complex part of the nervous system
3. The brain includes ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The brainstem connects__________________________________and allows ______________________________________________________
5. The spinal cord provides _______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The brain lies within_________________________________and the spinal cord occupies ___________________________________________
7. Meninges are located_________________________________and protect ________________________________________________________
II. Meninges
A. The meninges have_________________________________layers.
B. The outermost layer is_________________________________and is composed of_________________________________
C. Dural sinuses are _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
D. Denticulate ligaments are __________________________________________________________________________________________________
E. The epidural space is_________________________________and contains ____________________________________________________________
F. The arachnoid mater is _______________________ that lacks________________________and is located ___________________________________
G. The subarachnoid space is__________________________and contains a fluid called ____________________________________________________
H. The pia mater is ___________________ and contains ____________________________________________________________________________
I. The pia matter is attached to _________________________________________________________________________________________________
III. Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
A. Introduction
1. Ventricles are _____________________ and are located __________________________________________________________________________
2. The ventricles are continuous with_____________________and are filled with _________________________________________________________
3. The largest ventricles are_____________________which are located_________________________________________________________________
4. The third ventricle is located ________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The fourth ventricle is located _______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The cerebral aqueduct is____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. The choroids plexus is_________________________________and functions to ________________________________________________________
8. Most of the cerebrospinal fluid arises in_________________________________and circulates into _________________________________________
9. Cerebrospinal fluid is continuously absorbed into ________________________________________________________________________________
10. Arachnoid granulations are ________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Cerebrospinal fluid is different from blood in that _______________________________________________________________________________
12. The functions of cerebrospinal fluid are _______________________________________________________________________________________
13. Because cerebrospinal fluid completely surrounds_________________________ it protects them by _______________________________________
IV. Spinal Cord
A. Introduction
1. The spinal cord is continuous with_________________________________and extends through ___________________________________________
2. The spinal cord begins at the level of the_________________________________and terminates near _______________________________________
B. Structure of the Spinal Cord
1. The spinal cord consists of_________________________________segments, each of which gives rise to ____________________________________
2. The two enlargements of the spinal cord are ____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The cervical enlargement supplies ____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The lumbar enlargement supplies_____________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. The conus medullaris is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The filum terminale is _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. The cauda equina is _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Two grooves that extend the length of the spinal cord are __________________________________________________________________________
9. In a cross section of the spinal cord, _________________________________surrounds __________________________________________________
10. Each side of the gray matter is divided into the following three horns: _______________________________________________________________
11. Motor neurons are located in the ____________________________________________________________________________________________
12. The gray commissure is ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. The central canal is ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. Three regions of the white matter are _________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Nerve tracts are _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
C. Functions of the Spinal Cord
1. Reflex Arcs
a. Reflex arcs carry out __________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. A reflex arc begins with_________________________________at the end of _____________________________________________________
c. Nerve impulses on these sensory neurons enter the _____________________and constitute a ____or_________limb of the reflex.
d. The CNS is a_________________________________________.
e. Afferent neurons or interneurons ultimately connect with __________________, whose fibers pass outward from the CNS to _____________.
2. Reflex Behavior
a. Reflexes are _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Reflexes function to __________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. The knee-jerk reflex is an example of_________________________________ because it only uses _____________________________________
d. The knee-jerk reflex is initiated by _______________________________________________________________________________________
e. When the tendon is struck, the ____________________________________________________________________________________ is pulled.
f. When the muscle is pulled, _________________________________________________________________________________ are stimulated.
g. The receptors generate a nervous impulse that enters the spinal cord on an axon; the axon synapses with _________________________________
h. The axon of the motor neuron synapses with_________________________________and the muscle responds by _________________________
i. The knee-jerk reflex helps maintain _______________________________________________________________________________________
j. The withdrawal reflex occurs when _______________________________________________________________________________________
k. In the withdrawal reflex, muscles on the affected side contract and the flexor muscles on the unaffected side ______________________________
l. The extensor muscles on the unaffected side_________________________________helping to support _________________________________
m. A crossed extensor reflex is due to _______________________________________________________________________________________
n. A withdrawal reflex protects because _____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Ascending and Descending Tracts
a. Ascending tracts conduct _______________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Descending tracts conduct ______________________________________________________________________________________________
c. The names that identify nerve tracts often reflect ____________________________________________________________________________
d. Four major ascending tracts of the spinal cord are ___________________________________________________________________________
e. The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus are located _____________________________________________________________________
f. The fibers of fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus conduct ________________________________________________________________
g. The spinothalamic tracts are located in ____________________________________________________________________________________
h. The lateral spinothalamic tracts conduct impulses from _______________________________________________________________________
i. The anterior spinothalamic tracts impulses are interpreted as ___________________________________________________________________
j. Spinocerebellar tracts are located _________________________________________________________________________________________
k. Impulses on the spinocerebellar tracts originate in_________________________________and travel to _________________________________
l. Three major descending tracts of the spinal cord are __________________________________________________________________________
m. Corticospinal tracts are located _________________________________________________________________________________________
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n. The corticospinal tracts conduct_________________________________to________________________________
o. The pyramidal tracts are_________________________________and the extrapyramidal tracts are _____________________________________
p. Reticulospinal tracts are located _________________________________________________________________________________________
q. Motor impulses of the reticulospinal tracts control ___________________________________________________________________________
r. Rubrospinal tracts are located ___________________________________________________________________________________________
s. Rubrospinal tracts carry motor impulses that coordinate _______________________________________________________________________
V. Brain
A. Introduction
1. The brain contains nerve centers associated with_________________________________and is responsible for ________________________________
2. The other functions of the brain include ________________________________________________________________________________________
B. Brain Development
1. The brain begins as a ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The portion of the neural tube that becomes the brain has the following three major cavities: ______________________________________________
3. The forebrain divides into __________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The hindbrain partially divides into ___________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The wall of the anterior potion of the forebrain gives rise to ________________________________________________________________________
6. The posterior portion of the forebrain gives rise to _______________________________________________________________________________
7. The midbrain is called_________________________________in the adult and the hindbrain gives rise to ____________________________________
C. Structure of the Cerebrum
1. The ________________________________________________________________________________________ is the largest part of the adult brain.
2. The cerebrum consists of two________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The corpus callosum is _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Convolutions are _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Sulci are ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A fissure is ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. The longitudinal fissure separates ____________________________________________________________________________________________
8. The transverse fissure separates ______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. The 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres are _____________________________________________________________________________________
10. The most anterior lobe is the _______________________________________________________________________________________________
11. The frontal lobe is bordered posteriorly by_________________________________and inferiorly by _______________________________________
12. The ____________________________________________________________________ lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by the central sulcus.
13. The__________________lobe lies inferior to the frontal and parietal lobes and is separated from them by_________
14. The most posterior lobe is _________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. The tentorium cerebelli is__________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. The insula is located ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. The cerebral cortex is_________________________________and contains nearly ______________ of all the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system
18. Just beneath the cerebral cortex is ___________________________________________________________________________________________
D. Functions of the Cerebrum
1. Functional Regions of the Cortex
a. The cerebral cortex is divided into the following three major sections: _________________________________
2. Sensory Areas
a. Sensory areas interpret ________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Sensations on the skin are interpreted in ___________________________________________________________________________________
c. Visual sensations are interpreted in _______________________________________________________________________________________
d. Auditory sensations are interpreted in _____________________________________________________________________________________
e. Taste sensations are interpreted in ________________________________________________________________________________________
f. Like motor fibers, sensory fibers cross over in ______________________________________________________________________________
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3. Association Areas
a. Association areas are __________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Association areas analyze and interpret_________________________________and help provide ______________________________________
c. The association areas of the frontal lobe provide _____________________________________________________________________________
d. The prefrontal areas control ____________________________________________________________________________________________
e. The parietal lobes have association areas that _______________________________________________________________________________
f. The association areas of the temporal lobes interpret __________________________________________________________________________
g. The association areas of the occipital lobes are important for ___________________________________________________________________
h. The general interpretative area is located_____________________and functions to _________________________________________________
4. Hemisphere Dominance
a. In most people the_____________________ is dominant.
b. The dominant hemisphere controls _______________________________________________________________________________________
c. The nondominant hemisphere controls ____________________________________________________________________________________
d. Nerve fibers of the_____________________ enable the dominant hemisphere to ___________________________________________________
5. Memory
a. Memory is_____________________
b. Two types of memory are ______________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Short-term memories are ________________________________________________________________________________________ in nature.
d. When the electrical impulse of a short-term memory ceases, the memory__________________________________________
e. Long-term memory changes_____________________in ways that ______________________________________________________________
f. Memory consolidation is _______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Motor Areas
a. The primary motor areas are located ______________________________________________________________________________________
b. Impulses transmitted from the primary motor are responsible for ________________________________________________________________
c. Broca’s area is located_____________________ and is responsible for ___________________________________________________________
d. Broca’s area is usually found in the ______________________________________________________________________________ hemisphere.
e. The frontal eye field is located_____________________ and is responsible for_____________________________________________________
E. Basal Nuclei
1. The basal nuclei are_____________________and are called________________________________________________________________________
2. The basal nuclei relay_____________________ into _____________________________________________________________________________
3. The basal nuclei produce most of the_____________________in the nervous system.
4. Impulses from the basal nuclei function to ______________________________________________________________________________________
F. Diencephalon
1. The diencephalon is located _________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The various parts of the diencephalon are ______________________________________________________________________________________
3. The thalamus is a selective gateway for ________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The thalamus receives most sensory impulses and channels them to __________________________________________________________________
5. The hypothalamus regulates _________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The limbic system consists of____________________________and controls __________________________________________________________
G. Brain Stem
1. Introduction
a. The brain stem connects _______________________________________________________________________________________________
b. The brain stem consists of ______________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Nuclei of the brain stem are _____________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. Midbrain
a. The midbrain is between _______________________________________________________________________________________________
b. The cerebral aqueduct is _______________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Corpora quadrigemina are ______________________________________________________________________________________________
d. The superior colliculi contain centers for __________________________________________________________________________________
e. The inferior colliculi contain centers for ___________________________________________________________________________________
f. The red nucleus is____________________________and isimportant for __________________________________________________________
3. Pons
a. The pons is located ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. The dorsal portion of the pons largely consists of fibers that relay impulses to and from ______________________________________________
c. The ventral portion consists of fibers that relay impulses from____________________________to _____________________________________
d. Several nuclei of the pons relay sensory information to _______________________________________________________________________
e. The pons also regulates ______________________________________________________________________________________ of breathing.
4. Medulla Oblongata
a. The medulla oblongata is located ________________________________________________________________________________________
b. The olive of the medulla oblongata is _____________________________________________________________________________________
c. The visceral activities controlled by the medulla oblongata are__________________________________________________________________
d. Nonvital reflexes regulated by the medulla oblongata are ______________________________________________________________________
5. Reticular Formation
a. The reticular formation is ______________________________________________________________________________________________
b. The reticular formation activates____________________________into a state of ___________________________________________________
c. of the reticular formation results in sleep.
d. The reticular formation also filters _______________________________________________________________________________________
e. The reticular formation also regulates motor activities so that___________________________________________________________________
6. Types of Sleep
a. The two types of sleep are ______________________________________________________________________________________________
b. Slow-wave sleep occurs whenand it reflects ________________________________________________________________________________
c. Slow-wave sleep is accompanied by reduced _______________________________________________________________________________
d. REM sleep is ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
H. Cerebellum
1. The cerebellum is located___________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The falx cerebelli is _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The vermis is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The cerebellar cortex is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The arbor vitae is _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The largest and most important nucleus of the cerebellum is ________________________________________________________________________
7. Cerebellar peduncles are ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Inferior peduncles bring____________________________to _______________________________________________________________________
9. The middle peduncles transmit impulses from____________________________to ______________________________________________________
10. The superior peduncles sends____________________________impulses to __________________________________________________________
11. Overall, the cerebellum functions to _________________________________________________________________________________________
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VII. Peripheral Nervous System
A. Introduction
1. The peripheral nervous system consists of ______________________________________________________________________________________
2. The somatic nervous system consists of ________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The autonomic nervous system consists of _____________________________________________________________________________________
B. Structure of Peripheral Nerves
1. A peripheral nerve consists of _______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Epineurium is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Perineurium is ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Endoneurium is __________________________________________________________________________________________________________
C. Nerve Fiber Classification
1. Sensory nerves are ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Motor nerves are _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Mixed nerves are _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Cranial nerves are ________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Spinal nerves are _________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. General somatic efferent fibers carry __________________________________________________________________________________________
7. General visceral efferent fibers carry __________________________________________________________________________________________
8. General somatic afferent fibers carry __________________________________________________________________________________________
9. General visceral afferent fibers carry __________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Special somatic efferent fibers carry _________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Special visceral afferent fibers carry _________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Special somatic afferent fibers carry _________________________________________________________________________________________
D. Cranial Nerves
1. Cranial nerves arise from ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Cranial nerves are designated by _____________________________________________________________________________________________
3. The olfactory nerve functions to _____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The optic nerve functions to _________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The oculomotor nerve functions to____________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The trochlear nerve functions to ______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve are __________________________________________________________________________________
8. The ophthalmic division functions to __________________________________________________________________________________________
9. The maxillary division functions to ___________________________________________________________________________________________
10. The mandibular division functions to _________________________________________________________________________________________
11. The abducens nerve functions to ____________________________________________________________________________________________
12. The facial nerve functions to _______________________________________________________________________________________________
13. The two branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve are _____________________________________________________________________________
14. The vestibular branch functions to ___________________________________________________________________________________________
15. The cochlear branch functions to ____________________________________________________________________________________________
16. The glossopharyngeal nerve functions to ______________________________________________________________________________________
17. The vagus nerve functions to _______________________________________________________________________________________________
18. The branches of the accessory nerve are ______________________________________________________________________________________
19. The cranial branch functions to _____________________________________________________________________________________________
20. The spinal branch functions to ______________________________________________________________________________________________
21. The hypoglossal nerve functions to __________________________________________________________________________________________
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E. Spinal Nerves
1. Introduction
a. There are __________________________________________________________________________________________ pairs of spinal nerves.
b. All spinal nerves are ___________ nerves and they provide ____________________________________________________________________
c. There are_____pairs of cervical nerves.
f. There are____pairs of sacral nerves.
d. There are____pairs of thoracic nerves.
e. There are____pairs of lumbar nerves.
g. There is____pair of coccygeal nerves.
h. The adult spinal cord ends at the level of __________________________________________________________________________________
i. The cauda equina is ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
j. Each spinal nerve emerges from the cord by ________________________________________________________________________________
k. The dorsal root ganglion contains____________________________ extend through the dorsal root.
m. A dermatome is ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
n. The ventral root consists of _____________________________________________________________________________________________
o. A ventral root and dorsal root unite to form ________________________________________________________________________________
p. A meningeal branch of a spinal nerve supplies ______________________________________________________________________________
q. A posterior branch of a spinal nerve supplies _______________________________________________________________________________
r. An anterior branch of a spinal nerve supplies _______________________________________________________________________________
s. A plexus is ________________________fibers of various____________________________are sorted and ______________________________
2. Cervical Plexuses
a. The cervical plexus is located ___________________________________________________________________________________________
b. The cervical plexus is formed by_________________________________________________________________________________________
c. Fibers from the cervical plexus supply ____________________________________________________________________________________
d. The phrenic nerve conducts impulses to ___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Brachial Plexuses
a. The brachial plexus is located ___________________________________________________________________________________________
b. The brachial plexus is formed by ________________________________________________________________________________________
c. The major branches emerging from the brachial plexus are ____________________________________________________________________
d. The musculocutaneous nerves supply _____________________________________________________________________________________
e. The ulnar nerves supply________________________________________________________________________________________________
f. The radial nerves supply _______________________________________________________________________________________________
g. The median nerves supply ______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Lumbosacral Plexuses
a. The lumbosacral plexus is located ________________________________________________________________________________________
b. The lumbosacral plexus is formed by _____________________________________________________________________________________
c. The major branches of the lumbosacral plexus are ___________________________________________________________________________
d. The obturator nerves supply ____________________________________________________________________________________________
e. The femoral nerves supply _____________________________________________________________________________________________
f. The sciatic nerves supply _______________________________________________________________________________________________
VIII. Autonomic Nervous System
A. Introduction
1. The autonomic nervous system controls _______________________________________________________________________________________
2. The autonomic nervous system functions without ___________________________________________________________________________ effort.
B. General Characteristics
1. The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system are ___________________________________________________________________________
2. The sympathetic division prepares the body for __________________________________________________________________________________
3. The parasympathetic division is most active during _______________________________________________________________________________
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C. Autonomic Nerve Fibers
1. All nerve neurons of the autonomic nervous system are ___________________________________________________________________________
2. In the autonomic system, motor pathways include ________________________________________________________________________________
3. A preganglionic fiber is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. A postganglionic fiber is ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. A preganglionic fiber synapses with __________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A postganglionic fiber synapses with __________________________________________________________________________________________
D. Sympathetic Division
1. In the sympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers originate ______________________________________________________________________
2. In the sympathetic division, the preganglionic fibers leave the spinal nerves through __________ and enter ___________________________________
3. Paravertebral ganglia are located _____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. The sympathetic trunks are _________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. The collateral ganglia are located _____________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Typically a preganglionic axon of the sympathetic nervous system synapses with _______________________________________________________
E. Parasympathetic Division
1. The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division arise from __________________________________________________________________
2. The preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division lead to____________________________that are located _____________________________
F. Autonomic Neurotransmitters
1. The different postganglionic neurotransmitters are responsible for ________________________________________________________________
2. The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions secrete ________________________ and are called ______________
3. The parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are _____________________________________________________________________________ .
4. Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons secrete____________________________and are called ______________________________________
5. Sympathetic tone is ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
G. Actions of Autonomic Neurotransmitters
1. The actions of autonomic neurotransmitters result from ___________________________________________________________________________
2. Two types of cholinergic receptors are_________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Muscarinic receptors are located _____________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Nicotinic receptors are located _______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Responses from muscarinic receptors are ______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Responses from nicotinic receptors are ________________________________________________________________________________________
7. The two major types of adrenergic receptors are _________________________________________________________________________________
8. Acetylcholinesterase decomposes ____________________________________________________________________________________________
H. Control of Autonomic Activity
1. The autonomic nervous system is largely controlled by ____________________________________________________________________________
2. The limbic system and cerebral cortex control the autonomic nervous system during ____________________________________________________
IX. Life-Span Changes
A. Apoptosis is____________________________and first occurs during _______________________________________________________________
B. By age ______________________________________________________________________________________ , the die-off of neurons accelerates.
C. Over an average lifetime, the brain shrinks by about ______________________________________________________________________________
D. With aging, the numbers of dendritic branches and amounts of neurotransmitters _______________________________________________________
E. Noticeable signs of a normally aging nervous system include _______________________________________________________________________
F. Decline in function of the sympathetic nervous system may cause ___________________________________________________________________
G. Changes in sleep patterns reflect _____________________________________________________________________________________________
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