Major Periods In American History
Mr. O’Brien (many materials borrowed from Mr. Montouri)
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Major Periods In American History
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Section I :
Part A: Multiple Choice (55 questions; 55 Minutes; 40% of total exam score)
Part B: Short-answer questions (4 questions; 50 minutes; 20% of total exam score)
Section II :
Part A: Document-based question (1 question; 55 minutes; 25% of total exam score)
Part B: Long essay question (1 question (chosen from a pair); 35 minutes; 15% of total exam score)
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Major Periods In American History
This section is a “warm-up”. Try and think of a sentence or two to summarize each period as you go through names/phrases.
Colonial Period 1607-1763
Jamestown, 1607 (first African-Americans, 1619)
New England 1620 Plymouth then Mass Bay Colony
French and Indian war 1754-1763
Revolutionary Period, 1763-1789
End to salutary neglect with end to French & Indian War, 1763
Lexington and Concord, 1775
Declaration of Independence, 1776
Articles of Confederation ratified, 1781
Battle of Yorktown, 1781
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Critical Period, 1781- 1788 (Failure of Articles of Confederation)
Early Republic, 1789-1824
Constitution Ratified, 1789
Revolution of 1800
War of 1812
“Era of Good Feelings,” 1816-1824
Market Revolution, 1816-1845
Clay’s American System, 1816
Erie Canal completed, 1825
Age of Jackson, 1824-1840
Greater participation in democracy (for white males)
“Corrupt Bargain” of 1824
Andrew Jackson elected, 1828 (“the people’s president”)
Reform movements abound
Antebellum Period, 1840-1860
Manifest Destiny, 1840s
Mexican War, 1846-48
Sectional Crisis, 1850s
Election of Lincoln, 1860
Civil War, 1861-65
Confederate States of America founded, 1861
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863
Vicksburg and Gettysburg Battles, July 1863
Gettysburg Address 1863
Confederate Surrender, 1865
Lincoln assassinated, 1865
Reconstruction, 1865-77
Slavery abolished, Civil War amendments
Weak presidents: Andrew Johnson, U.S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes
Nation reunifies, but South remains embittered, devastated
Compromise of 1877 – end of Reconstruction
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Major Periods In American History
The Settlement of the West, 1877-1900
Destruction of Native Americans’ Way of Life (Buffalo)
Farming, Ranching, and Mining
Industrialism (The Gilded Age), 1865-1900 (a northern phenomenon)
U.S. Imperialism, 1890-1914
Annexation of Hawaii
Panama Canal built
Spanish-American War, 1898
Progressive Era 1900-1914
Government & civic reform of industrial society
T. Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
Progressive amendments
WWI, 1914-18
U.S. involved 1917-1918
Wilson’s 14 Points
Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations
The (Roaring) Twenties
Harding, Coolidge, Hoover – G.O.P., laissez faire economic policies
Prohibition
General prosperity
Stock speculation
The Great Depression, 1929-41
1929 Stock market crash
FDR elected, 1933 New Deal follows
WWII erupts, 1939
FDR efforts to aid allies
World War II, 1939-45 (U.S. involvement, 1941-45)
Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941
Germany surrenders, May 8, 1945
A-bombs dropped, August 6 & 9, 1945, Japan surrenders August 15
Cold War, 1947-1989
NATO, 1 st peacetime alliance/Warsaw Pact
Berlin Airlift
Soviets test A-bomb, 1949
China goes communist, 1949
Korean War, 1950-53
McCarthyism, 1950-54
Vietnam War, 1965-73
Détente, 1972-1979
Fall of Berlin Wall, 1989
Collapse of Soviet Union, 1991
Civil Rights Movement, 1954-68
Rosa Parks/Montgomery Bus Boycott
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Major Periods In American History
Emmett Till
Brown v. Board of Ed. decision, 1954
“Little Rock 9”
Malcolm X
Civil Rights Act 1964
Voting Rights Act 1965
Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated, 1968
Black Panthers
Globalization
President Nixon, 1969-1974, Watergate, resigns, avoiding impeachment, 1974; Arab Oil
Embargo and Energy Crisis, '73-74
President Gerald Ford, 1974-76; pardons Nixon; failed election attempt 1976.
President Jimmy Carter, 1977-80, Iran Hostage Crisis; Energy Policy; Humanitarian foreign policy, Misery Index, Camp David Accord
President Ronald Reagan, 1981-89, Supply-side economics, military build-up, cold war ends, budget deficits, Iran-Contra Affair
President George Bush, 1988-92, The Persian Gulf War, 1991
President Bill Clinton, 1992-2000, Impeachment, acquittal. Record-setting economic growth.
Debt reduction, Troops to Somalia (’93), Bosnia (’95)
President George W. Bush, 2001-2009, Contested Election; 9/11, “War on Terror,” Afghanistan
& Iraq Wars, No Child Left Behind, budget deficits, tax cuts
This part adds in more names, dates, places, etc.
Themes: 1. mercantilism: the universal economic theory
2. rivalry of three major nations – England, France and Spain
3. English colonies the least tightly controlled
4. geography and native population affects each colony profoundly
5. Dissent/Change – First Great Awakening, Jonathan Edwards-Sinners in Hands of Angry God, New lights vs old
Spain: 1. South America, Central America, American Southwest
2. King the source of all authority
3. emphasis on gold, huge haciendas
4. cruel to Indian workers
5. strongly Catholic
6. mercantilist
7. Catholic Church – large land owner, support hacienda system, want to convert
“heathens”
8. More mixing (marriage, children) here than others
9. The Columbian Exchange
France: 1. Canada for fur trade – St. Lawrence and Mississippi River systems
2. West Indies for sugar
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Major Periods In American History
3. Friendly with Indians
4. Mercantilism – Joint stock companies
5. Strongly Roman Catholic – no Huguenots allowed
6. Never many colonists
Dutch: 1. Established trading centers in Hudson River Valley at Albany (Fort Orange) and
New Amsterdam
2. Good relations with Native American trading partners.
3. Purely economic in nature – not interested in territory.
England: 1. established by joint stock companies and proprietors on Eastern seaboard
2. spread inland along the rivers
3. Capture New Amsterdam in 1664 (renamed New York) from Dutch
Southern Colonies:
1. Virginia –Jamestown 1607 – “Chesapeake Bay” - the first settlement -
“starving time” - John Smith - John Rolfe/Pocahantas – conflict with natives –
Anglo-Powhatan wars, more land needed for tobacco, indentured servants, headright system, need for slaves (economic improvement in England), Bacon’s
Rebellion
2. plantations – rice, tobacco (much later cotton)
3. Disease – swampy, mosquitoes - half didn’t survive to 20 in early colony
4. local self government – House of Burgesses in Va.
5.Small farmers, indentured servants further inland as more land/danger in west
6. Georgia – James Oglethorpe – the last colony founded – debtors/buffer
7. Slavery – Gullah, slave codes, middle passage, rebellions: Stono (1739), Gabriel
Prosser (1800), Nat Turner (1831). Most settlers do NOT own slaves. Power in hands of wealthy plantation owners
Middle Colonies:
1. Pennsylvania (William Penn) the dominant colony – Quakers, pacifists, welcome all groups, treat natives better, Pennsylvania “Dutch”
2. agriculture, iron and merchants
3. mixed population and religions
4. Maryland - Toleration Act 1649 – all Christians tolerated (Jews, atheists not welcome). Becomes haven for Catholics
New England:
1. Massachusetts dominant – from there, colonized Connecticut, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island
2. Mayflower Compact
3. Plymouth - Separatists from England by way of Holland –William Bradford
30 times Plymouth Governor.
Massachusetts Bay Colony - Non-separatist Puritans -John Winthrop 1 st Gov of
Mass Bay Colony – “city upon a hill”
4. town government – General Court
5. farming, whaling, merchants
6. Rhode Island – Roger Williams – first to separate church/state, all faiths welcome, banished from Mass Bay colony
7. Connecticut – Thomas Hooker
8. Dissent – Anne Hutchinson – question importance/role of clergy
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Major Periods In American History
9. Contrast to South – migrate in families, small, tight-knit communities, religion/God most important, soil not as good (shipbuilding, fishing), Protestant work ethic, Yankee ingenuity
10. Education – Towns w/50 families had to have schools, Harvard est. 1636
11. Religion – Cotton Mather (Salem witch trials), half-way covenant, devout people, intolerant
Themes: 1 France and England struggle to control colonies in America
2. England ousts France from America after French and Indian War
3. English effort to control colonies more tightly and have them pay the cost of the war leads to the American Revolution
4. Protest – western (poorer) settlers vs eastern (rich, powerful) elites.
Paxton Boys (1764 Phil), Regulator Movement (Carolina 1765-1771).
John Peter Zenger/freedom of press
French and Indian War
1. Fought in Ohio Valley and St. Lawrence (beaver furs/trade with natives)
2. Battle of Quebec (Wolfe and Montcalm) the turning point
3. 1763 Treaty of Paris – France gives up the continent
Spanish west of Mississippi
England gets Florida and East of Mississippi
4. France wants revenge, so helps the American colonies in the Revolution
Aftermath:
1. England tightens mercantilism, ends salutary neglect
2. Proclamation of 1763 closes Ohio Valley to colonists (resentment among colonists who felt they helped win war. British claim they’re trying to protect colonists from Indian attacks)
3. England broke, and wants Americans to share cost of war: taxes imposed
Why colonists feeling less “British”:
History of experience with local government, much social mobility, distance from England, long time policy of salutary neglect, religious freedom and Enlightenment ideas, reject British idea of “virtual representation”
1. Greenville Acts – Sugar Act > Stamp Act
Stamp Act Congress > Boycott (“nonimportation”), Sons/Daughters of Liberty,
Stamp Act Repeal/pass Declaratory Act
Enforce Navigation Act (can only trade w/England
- on books since 1650)
1765 – Quartering Act
2. 1767 - Townsend Acts (import duties) – glass, lead, paper, tea.
Brits send troops/administrators to keep order and collect taxes
1770 – Boston Massacre
Townsend Duties repealed
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Major Periods In American History
1772 – Committees of Correspondence – Samuel Adams
3. 1773 - Tea tax/Monopoly for British East India Co. ( cheaper tea for colonists) > Boston Tea Party >
4. 1774 - Intolerable Acts – close Port of Boston, extraterritoriality for
English soldiers, restrict colonists’ town meetings
1774 - Quebec Act – more freedoms to French in Canada/Ohio Valley – no trial by jury (like in France), Catholicism OK - hated by anti-Catholic colonists
1774 - First Continental Congress – The Association/complete boycott
1775 – Lexington and Concord > Olive Branch Petition > Second
Continental Congress >
1776 – Thomas Paine’s Common Sense – makes the case for a break from Britain – wildly popular
1776 - Declaration of Independence – Jefferson – lays out reasons for rebellion/independence – not a governing document - Enlightenment
Revolutionary War:
1.
Saratoga – key battle – 1777 – convinces French to aid colonists
2.
George Washington – brilliant strategist/commander
3.
Guerrilla warfare – defeat better armed, larger British forces
4.
French assistance – Rochambeau, de Grasse, Lafayette – U.S. victory much harder without it
5.
Yorktown, VA – final battle 1781 – trap Cornwallis on peninsula
6.
Treaty of Paris – US borders from Mississippi River to Great Lakes to Florida (given to Spain for help in war) to eastern seaboard,
Loyalists not to be persecuted (not followed)
Themes:
1.
Articles of Confederation establish an ineffective government
2.
critical period – will the country survive?
3.
constitution to ensure adequate central government and freedom from tyranny
Articles of Confederation – Problems:
1.
congress cannot tax – only ask for money
2.
No power to regulate trade – states made their own tariff and navigation laws
3.
no federal courts to settle disputes
4.
Congress was a place where “ambassadors from the states” meet
5.
no executive to carry out laws
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Major Periods In American History
Critical period
1.
Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – sell US land (grid system) to raise $ (some money for education) and encourage westward movement/establish system for entry of new territories/states. No slavery in NW Territory (Ohio River valley)
2.
monetary chaos – rivalry between states provides incentive for new constitution
3.
Shay’s Rebellion – Massachusetts – convinces GW of need for revised Articles
Constitution
1.
convention in Philadelphia – Madison (author of Constitution), Washington the leaders
2.
principles- a.
federalism b.
separation of powers c.
checks and balances
3.
compromised to accomplish aims
4.
Article 1 – legislature a.
Senate and House - Two Senators from each state, House of Representatives by population (“large state” VA plan, “small state” NJ plan, Great Compromise by
Roger Sherman) b.
Laws - passed by majority of both houses and signed by President c.
Congress can override a President’s veto by 2/3 vote of each house d.
House can impeach but Senate conducts trial to determine guilt (and whether to throw out of office). Senate approves presidential appointments by majority vote, approves treaties. e.
Enumerated areas in which Congress can pass laws plus elastic clause f.
Declare war
5.
Article 2 – Executive – President a.
carries out laws b.
conducts foreign policy c.
appoints federal judges d.
commander –in- chief
6.
Article 3 – Judiciary – Supreme Court a.
tries cases between states b.
tries cases against federal laws c.
lower courts established by Congress
7.
Amendments – passed by 2/3 of Congress, ¾ of state legislatures (President has no role)
8.
Federalist Papers - argued successfully for ratification – Jay, Hamilton, Madison - #10 concern over factions, advantage of republican form of government
9.
Bill of Rights – ( not in original Constitution ) - first ten amendments guaranteeing personal liberty – fulfills promise to anti-federalists concerned over lack of individual rights in original Constitution
10.
3/5 Compromise
11.
Slave Trade – cannot be touched for 20 years (banned in 1808)
12.
No mention of political parties, President’s cabinet (“ unwritten Constitution ”)
13.
Federalists – support ratification of Constitution, cities, strong central government vs
Anti-Federalists – oppose ratification, rural, more states’/individual power
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Major Periods In American History
Themes:
1.
State and Federal governments firmly established
2.
American caught in the English/French wars
3.
Parties develop
4.
Boundaries enlarged by Louisiana Purchase (Jefferson hypocrisy?)
Washington (1789-1797)
1. domestic achievements:
federal courts established (Judiciary Act 1789)
Bill of Rights added to Constitution (James Madison 1791)
Hamilton’s Financial Plan- manufacturing strengthened (tariffs imposed), pay war debt “at par”, assume states’ debts – deal with Jefferson for capital in DC, 1 st Bank of the United States, excise taxes –whiskey - Report on the Public Credit
1794 - Whiskey Rebellion – PA – object to excise tax – crushed by GW with federal troops – no repeat of Shays’ Rebellion
2.
foreign affairs:
Neutrality Proclamation (breaks promise to help French who helped us in Amer Rev – disappoints
Thomas Jefferson)
Jay Treaty – England leaves fur posts in Ohio Valley (not popular among French-loving
Democratic Republicans like Jefferson, Madison who don’t want stronger ties to England)
Pinckney’s Treaty – Spain fears US-Brit alliance. Signs deal giving US right to navigate
Mississippi River to New Orleans and disputed land north of FL
Genet affair – Resist attempts of France to get aid for French Revolution
No permanent alliances (Farewell Address)
Adams (1797-1801)
1.
Domestic: parties formed – Federalists ( Adams, Hamilton)
Republicans or “Democratic-Republicans” or “Jeffersonian Republicans” (Jefferson, Madison)
Alien and Sedition Acts – restrictions on freedom of speech and on foreigners
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions – (Madison and Jefferson) Ky. and Va. Assemblies protest the Alien and Sedition Acts, foreshadows Nullification Crisis (Andrew Jackson vs John Calhoun)
2.
Foreign
XYZ Affair – French upset at Jay’s Treaty, attacking US ships, won’t receive American ambassador without bribe
Adams refuses to go to war with France (does expand Navy, establish Marines)
Jefferson (1801-1809)
1.
Domestic:
Revolution of 1800 – peaceful transition, one party to another, ends Alien and Sedition Acts, excise tax tries to prevent Adams “midnight appointments” – can’t
Marbury v. Madison – John Marshall declares Supreme Court can decide whether a law is constitutional (judicial review)
Aaron Burr (1 st VP) – duel with Hamilton, tries to lead New England/New York secession, traitor
2.
Foreign:
Louisiana Purchase (loose/broad vs. tight/narrow interpretation of Constitution) sends Lewis and Clark into wilderness – water route to Pacific?
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Major Periods In American History
War with Barbary Pirates (Lybia – had demanded increased “tribute” from US)
Embargo Act of 1807 – tries to make France and England respect American neutral rights unsuccessful/dumb – harms US economy – does revive US manufacturing in New England.
Followed by Non-Intercourse Act and (Madison’s) Macon’s Bill #2
Madison (1808-1816)
1. War of 1812 against England –
2. Caused by trade disputes (above), nationalism (War Hawks), impressment, British aid to Indians, seizing ships
3. British invasion of America – burned Washington D.C.
4. Jackson’s victory at New Orleans (after war over – goes on to seize parts of FL cities without authority)
5. Treaty of Ghent – nothing changes
6. Hartford Convention – during war, New England threatens to secede; quickens demise of Federalists
7. “ American System ” – Henry Clay’s formula for economic success – internal improvements (roads and canals paid by federal gov’t), protective tariff, strong banking system (supports Bank of US)
Monroe (1816-1824)
1.
Monroe Doctrine – nationalism, supported by British
2.
“Era of Good Feelings” – little political opposition (Federalists losing clout), rise of nationalism, economic power
3.
Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onis Treay) – 1819 from Spain
4.
Missouri Compromise
John Quincy Adams (1824-1828)
1.
Corrupt Bargain
Themes:
1.
Jackson’s presidency signals more democratic trends
2.
coincides with beginning of industrialization and the market revolution
3.
followed by reform movements
4.
followed by manifest destiny and westward expansion
Jackson 1828-1836
1.
From the “west” (Carolinas then Tennessee) – not part of the old aristocracy
2.
democratic tendencies – increased suffrage (state property requirements dropped), party conventions replace Caucus system, “spoils system”
3.
Opposes and destroys second Bank of US/Nicholas Biddle – institution of the privileged – Clay’s role to use Bank as issue in 1832 election - backfires
4.
Strongly nationalistic – opposed Calhoun’s Nullification – “force bill”, resolved by Clay’s
Compromise in 1833
5.
Webster-Hayne debate (union vs liberty)
Indian Removal Act – Trail of Tears, defies Supreme Court/Chief Justice John Marshall
6.
Panic of 1837 – caused by Jackson’s specie circular (must buy western land with metal, not paper money), removal of money from Bank of US into “pet banks”
7.
Handpicks Martin Van Buren to succeed him (loyal during “pettitcoat affair” - Peggy O’Neill).
Memories of death of his wife Rachel.
Industrialization
1.
Industrialization centered in Northeast
2.
Cotton gin transforms south to cotton area
3.
Old Northwest Territory linked to northeast by canals (Erie Canal) and railroads
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Major Periods In American History
Reform movement – some inspired by Second Great Awakening
(women’s role important)
1.
Women’s rights – Susan B. Anthony/Elizabeth Cady Stanton
2.
Abolitionists - William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas
3.
Education – Horace Mann
4.
Prison/Mental Health – Dorothea Dix
5.
Temperance – Neal Dow
6.
Good writers centered in New England – Transcendentalists
Henry David Thoreau ( Walden, Resistance to Civil Government)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
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Opposed authority of government, espoused civil disobedience
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Loved nature
Abolitionists
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Pacifists
 True knowledge “transcended” the senses
Manifest Destiny
1.
Builds on Monroe Doctrine – America turns away from Europe
2.
Florida from Spain – 1819 Adams – Onis Treaty
3.
Annexation of Texas - 1845
4.
Oregon – dispute with British (54’40” or Fight), James Polk
5.
Mormons in Utah – Joseph Smith, Brigham Young
6.
California settlers gold (49ers)
7.
War with Mexico a.
Polk – take entire southwest plus California (TX already annexed) b.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: America gets southwest
8.
Gadsden purchase added 1853
9.
China and Japan trade develops
10.
Continuing problem of slavery in the new lands
Missouri Compromise 1820
Compromise of 1850
11.
Westward Movement – 1862 Homestead Act, 1862 Morrill Act, 1887 Hatch Act
12.
Turner Thesis – no frontier post-1890
Important Figures:
John Calhoun – Southern, states rights, pro slavery (a war hawk in 1812), Jackson’s VP then leader of
“nullies” in nullification crisis in SC
Daniel Webster – nationalist (a war hawk in 1812) – Webster-Hayne debate, Compromise of 1850
Henry Clay – the Great Compromiser – for the American system (a war hawk in 1812), part of “corrupt bargain”, plays key role in Missouri Comp, Nullification Crisis, Compromise of 1850
Themes:
1. Increasingly difficult to compromise the slavery issue (Missouri Comp, Comp of 1850, Kansas-
Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty, failed Crittenden Compromise)
2. Multiple causes – economics, philosophy of government, fanaticism
3. Devastating war for five years 1861-1865
4. North fought to preserve union – added war aim of emancipation
5. Emancipation Proclamation – changes purpose of war
6. Gettysburg Address – reinforces new meaning of war, “new birth of freedom”
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Major Periods In American History
Leading up to war
1. How to deal with slavery in the new lands from Mexico – compromise of 1850
2. Douglas reopens Kansas and Nebraska to popular sovereignty
3. “Bleeding Kansas”
4. Increased abolitionist activity – underground railroad, North won’t cooperate with Fugitive Slave law
5. Dred Scott decision
6. John Brown’s Raid
7. Preston Brooks (SC) – attacks Charles Sumner (MA) on Senate floor
8. Different economic interests – no tariff (South) v. protective tax
9. Lincoln’s election in 1860 as a Republican scares South – they secede
10. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
The War
1. Devastation – 600,000 died
2. Lincoln has poor generals, but a navy which can enforce a blockade.
3. 1863 – July 3 rd and 4th key victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
4. Finally won with U.S. Grant and Sherman (“March to the Sea”).
5. South has Lee and holds out for a long time – hopes for English aid but doesn’t come
6. Lincoln widens war aim with Emancipation Proclamation and 13 th Amendment
7. Ends at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia
8. Lincoln assassinated – 1865
Themes: How was the nation to be reunited?
How was slavery to be undone?
How was economic recovery in the South to be accomplished?
Would Congress become the dominant branch of government?
Issues of former slaves
1. Black Codes/Rise of Jim Crow
2. No land for freedmen
3. K.K.K.
4. Freedmen’s Bureau
Congressional supremacy
1. Congressional (“Radical”)Reconstruction
2. Impeachment attempt – Tenure of Office Act,
Command of the Military Act
Reunion
1. Lincoln Plan
2. Johnson Plan
3. Radical Plan – “ironclad oath”
4. 13 th , 14 th and 15 th amendments
5. Radical Republican Governments
Economy of South and North
1. Manufacturing Boom in North
2. Depressed cotton economy > tenant farmers, sharecroppers in south
Grant Administration (1868-1876)
1.
Corruption – not Grant personally but his cabinet (Credit Mobilier, Indian Ring, Whiskey Ring)
2.
City Corruption – Boss Tweed, machine politics, Tammany Hall
Compromise of 1877 – GOP Rutherford B. Hayes “defeats” Dem. Samuel Tilden in 1876 election
1.
Hayes loses popular vote and trails electoral vote – 3 disputed states
2.
Commission to decide the 3 states – rules Hayes the winner in all 3
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3.
To gain legitimacy, Hayes promises to pull federal troops out of south in return for their support.
End of Reconstruction as white southerners return to mistreating newly freed former slaves
Gilded Age – late 1800s
(“Forgotten” presidents)
Themes:
1.
Contrast between the rich (“gilded” life) and poor
2.
Industrialization – workers leaving farms for cities/factories, immigrants pouring in, cities overcrowded/unsanitary/dangerous
3.
Rise of “Robber Barons” – Rockefeller, Carnegie, Morgan, Vanderbilt – horizontal/vertical integration, Gospel of Wealth, social Darwinism
4.
Tariff – GOP wants it high, Dems lower – McKinley tariff 1890
5.
Money Issue – add silver to currency? William Jennings Bryan Cross of Gold speech (1896)
6.
Angry Farmers – Grange Movement, Alliances, Mary E. Lease, Munn v Illinois, Wabash case,
Coxey’s Army
7.
Populist movement – silver and a graduated income tax; government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, and telephone; the direct election of U.S. senators; a one-term limit on the presidency; the adoption of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens to shape legislation more directly; a shorter workday; and immigration restriction.
8.
Union movement – Knights of Labor vs. AFL (Samuel Gompers), Railroad Strike (1877),
Haymarket Affair (1886), Homestead Strike (1892), Pullman Strike (1894)
9.
Attempts at reining in corporate power – Interstate Commerce Commission (1877) Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
10.
Booker T. Washington vs W.E.B. DuBois – Atlanta Compromise, Talented Tenth
11.
Civil Service Reform – Pendleton Act
12.
Reform Writers – Edward Bellamy Looking Backwards, Henry George Progress and Poverty
13.
Realism – William Dean Howell, Theodore Dreiser (“Sister Carrie”, “An American Tragedy”)
Imperialism
Why?
No more frontier in US, (Turner thesis), more markets for products, racial attitudes, nationalism
Major Writings:
1. Josiah Strong's Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis
2. Alfred Thayer Mahan's The Influence of Sea Power upon History
Examples
1. Hawaii - Queen overthrown by business inetersts like Dole Fruit Co. ( not US gov’t
). Done after
McKinley Tariff of 1890 made imports more expensive. Eventually annexed
2. 1898 Spanish-American war - McKinley (1896-1901): Americans sympathetic to Cuban rebels vs
Spanish rulers, William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer - the new "yellow journalism", Dupuy de Lome letter, Teller Amendment ,USS Maine Explosion
Results: Freedom for Cuba (American protectorate), acquire Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines
Insular Cases, Platt Amendment 1901, TR a hero
3. US – Philippines War 1899-1902
4. Open Door in China
5. Panama Canal (Teddy Roosevelt 1901-1908): “Big Stick” Policy, Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (1903)
AHAP Review Packet 14 4/10/2020

6. Roosevelt Corollary – interventions in Latin America
Great White Fleet
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Progressives – Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson
Four Progressive Amendments:
16 th – Income Tax (1913)
17 th – direct election of US Senators (1913)
18 th – Prohibition (1919)
19 th – Women’s Suffrage (1920)
Progressivism is a Reaction to Industrialization
 crowded, unsanitary, unsafe cities

 workers mistreated, exploited believed government can be a positive force
 mostly middle class, educated - important role for women
Muckrakers:

Ida Tarbell

Lincoln Steffens

Jacob Riis

Upton Sinclair
Women – Jane Addams, Lillian Wald (settlement houses), Florence Kelley-Nat’l Consumers’ League
Wisconsin – Robert Lafollette
Reforms: recall, lobbying/campaign contribution limits, initiative, referendum, progressive income tax, direct primary
Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1908)
TR's Square Deal for Labor
 control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.
1902 coal miners strike
TR vs Corporations

Elkins Act – 1903 - fines to be placed on railroads that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them
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Hepburn Act of 1906 , restricting free passes and expanding the ICC
Northern Securities Case - 1902 – “trust buster” not against all trusts (but JP Morgan shocked
TR – a fellow Republican – would sue his company under Sherman Antitrust Act)
Pro-Consumer

Meat Inspection Act of 1906 .

Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Conservation

Forest Reserve Act of 1891 – by 1900, 125million acres

Carey Act of 1894 – private companies can irrigate western lands
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
Newlands Act of 1902
– irrigation of West

" multiple-use resource management "
(TR returns as 3 rd Party – Progressive/Bull Moose – candidate in 1912 – New Nationalism)
William Howard Taft (1908-1912)

Payne Aldrich Tariff – disappoints Progressives and TR (which Taft continues to do)

Pinchot Ballinger Affair

Anti-Trust vs US Steel

Dollar Diplomacy

More anti-trust suits than TR
Woodrow Wilson (1912-1920)

Triple Wall of Privilege – Tariff (Underwood), Banks (Federal Reserve), Trusts (Clayton Act-no interlocking directorates, unions are not monopolies)

New Freedom

Federal Trade Commission
 Workmen’s Compensation (fed’l workers), child labor restrictions (interstate commerce)

Moralistic foreign policy (yet intervenes in Latin America)

WWI – 14 points, League of Nations, fails with Treaty of Versailles (Borah, Lodge,
“Irreconcilables”)

Home front in WWI – Liberty bonds, Suppression of civil liberties ( Schenck and Abrams Sup Ct cases – similar theme in Koramatsu during WWII)
Roaring 20s
Themes:
1.
GOP Presidents ( Harding, Coolidge, Hoover )
2.
Laissez Faire economics – cut taxes (Andrew Mellon), keep government out of economy
3.
Higher Tariff – Fordney McCumber 1922 (tough for Allies to re-pay debts to U.S.), Dawes Plan
4.
More freedom for women – new inventions free up time (freezer, washing machine), smoke, drink, birth control (Margaret Sanger), sex – Freud’s writings, divorce, work, flappers (short hair/dresses, one-piece bathing suits)
5.
Prohibition (poorly enforced – leads to organized crime)
6.
KKK revived – “Birth of a Nation”
7.
Red Scare – Palmer Raids, Sacco and Venzetti
8.
African Americans - Great Migration, Marcus Garvey, Harlem Renaissance - music (jazz), literature (Langston Hughes)
9.
Cultural change – dance, advertising, sports (Babe Ruth), literature (Lost Generation –
Hemingway, Fitzgerald), cynicism – H.L. Mencken, “talkies” – “The Jazz Singer” 1927
10.
Isolationism (?) – Washington Naval Conference, Kellogg-Briand
11.
Immigration reform – Emergency Quota 1921, National Origins Act 1924
12.
Modernism vs Traditionalism – Scopes Trial
13.
Transportation – planes, automobile age
14.
Communication – radio, film
15.
Farmers – bad decade – McNary Haughen (vetoed by Coolidge), overproduction
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Great Depression/1930s
Themes:
1.
Stock market crash – Oct, 1929 – Black Tuesday (overspeculation, buying on margin)
2.
Smoot-Hawley 1929
3.
Overproduction is problem (not enough buyers)
4.
Hoover – rugged individualism - does allow Reconstruction Finance Corp and Hoover Dam but vetoes Muscle Shoals project – not enough
5.
Bonus Army
6.
Japanese aggression (Manchuria – 1931) – U.S. preoccupied, does nothing
7.
Good Neighbor Policy – continued by FDR
8.
FDR – Relief, Recovery, Reform
9.
100 Days – Emergency Banking Act, Glass Steagall (FDIC), gov’t buys gold = inflation
10.
FERA, WPA, CCC, TVA, AAA, CWA, SEC, FHA, Soc Security
11.
Critics – Coughlin, Long, Townsend
12.
Supreme Court – NRA, AAA – leads to “court packing”
13.
Dust Bowl – farmers head West
14.
Labor – much better decade than 1920s NLRA (Wagner Act) sets up NLRB, Fair Labor
Standards Act (minimum wage established), John Lewis CIO, 1936 GM sit-down strike
15.
“Keynesian” approach
WWII
Lead-up to War:
1.
1935, 1936, 1937 – Neutrality Acts – no loans, no sailing, no arms sales to belligerent nation
2.
1935-36 Hitler violates Versailles Treaty – occupies Rhineland
3.
1936-1939 Spanish Civil War – with aid from Hitler, fascists take power
4.
1938 (Sept) Munich Conference
5.
1939 – Hitler takes Czechoslovakia
6.
1939 (August) Hitler-Stalin Pact
7.
1939 (Sept 1) Hitler invades Poland
8.
Britain and France declare war on Germany
9.
1939 Neutrality Act – allies need help – “cash and carry” policy
10.
1940 (Sept) US gives 50 destroyers to Britain in exchange for bases on British soil – violation of
Neutrality Acts. Opposed by America First Committee (Lindberg)
11.
U.S. is “
Arsenal of Democracy
”
12.
1941 Lend-Lease
13.
1941 (August) Atlantic Charter – FDR and Churchill - goals for post-war world
14.
1941 (Dec 7) Pearl Harbor
During War:
1.
Two wars – Europe (1 st priority) and Asia
2.
Draft/War production ends Depression
3.
Women play key roles in labor force – Rosie the Riveter
4.
JapaneseAmericans – Koramatsu vs. US
5.
Labor – threat of strikes to vital industries – Smith Connally Act – gov’t can seize factories
6.
Latinos – Zoot Suit Riots, bracero program
7.
African Americans – 2 nd Great Migration, segregated units
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8.
Native Americans – code talkers
9.
Pacific – “island hopping”, “leapfrogging” – Midway, Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal
10.
Europe – a.
Northern Africa b.
Up through Italy c.
Western France – 2 nd front to help USSR (D-Day June 1944)
11.
Yalta Conference – Feb, 1945 - FDR gets promise of UN, free elections in Eastern Europe
12.
FDR dies April 12, 1945
13.
Potsdam Conference – Truman, Churchill, Stalin – June 1945 – threaten Japan with annihilation
14.
August 6, 9, 1945 - Hiroshima, Nagasaki
Post-War:
1.
US the only superpower (mainland untouched in war)
2.
Only nation with nuclear bombs
3.
20 million Soviets dead
4.
Western Europe, Japan destroyed
Post-WWII/Cold War
Why a Cold War?
1.
USSR unhappy US didn’t open western front sooner
2.
US distrustful of ally with former ties to Hitler
3.
No elections in Eastern Europe
4.
No diplomatic recognition of USSR until 1933
5.
USSR gloating during Depression
US Economy:
1.
Initially, strikes, inflation, unemployment as troops return (Truman unpopular)
2.
Long-term great economic growth through 1950s
3.
Taft-Hartley (1947) passed over Truman’s veto – closed shop outlawed/”right to work” allowed
4.
GI Bill
5.
Sun Belt vs Rust Belt/Frost Belt – political power shifts
6.
Suburbs – Levittown
7.
Baby Boom
8.
Interstate Highways (Eisenhower)
Foreign Affairs:
1.
UN – Security Council
2.
IMF/World Bank
3.
Germany –split
4.
“Iron Curtain” speech by Churchill
5.
Berlin Airlift
6.
NATO/Warsaw Pact
7.
Containment (George Kennan)
8.
Truman Doctrine (Greece, Turkey)
9.
Marshall Plan
10.
Japan – Douglas MacArthur
Anti-Communism/Red Scare
1.
HUAC – Nixon, Hiss, Chambers
2.
Hollywood 10
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3.
McCarran Internal Security Act
4.
Mao takes over China
5.
Korean War – 1950 – Truman fires MacArthur, Matthew Ridgeway replaces him
6.
Joseph McCarthy (1950) Army – McCarthy hearings. “Senator, have you no decency?”
1948 Election:
1.
Truman makes comeback, defeats Dewey/Strom Thurmond (“States’ Rights Party”)
Eisenhower (1952-1960) Foreign Policy
1.
John Foster Dulles - Brinksmanship
2.
Rollback
3.
1957 - Sputnik/Space Race/NASA/Math and science education
4.
U-2 Crisis (Kruschev)
5.
Support Shah of Iran takeover, CIA topples left-leaning leader of Guatemala
The Sixties
Kennedy Foreign Policy (1960-1963) New Frontier
1.
Bay of Pigs
2.
Alliance for Progress
3.
Cuban Missile Crisis
4.
Berlin Wall
5.
Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
6.
Vietnam
7.
Promises man on the moon by end of decade (achieved)
Cultural Change
1.
Rock (Elvis) to British Invasion to Woodstock
2.
Counterculture
3.
Beat Poets – Allan Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac
4.
Steinbeck, Hemingway, Faulkner
5.
Early Feminism – Betty Friedan’s “The Feminine Mystique”
6.
Environmentalism – Rachel Carson’s “Silent Spring”
7.
Civil Rights Movement/Unrest in Cities, Malcolm X, Black Panthers
8.
Sexual Revolution
9.
Protest – Vietnam , Woodstock, SDS , The Weathermen, Cesar Chavez/Dolores Huerta – migrant workers’ rights
10.
Gay Rights – Mattachine Society, Stonewall Riot
11.
Immigration Reform 1965 – no more quotas – more from Latin America, Asia, less from Europe
Lyndon Johnson (1963-1968)
1.
Great Society – HUD, NEA, VISTA, Head Start
2.
War on Poverty
3.
Civil Rights – 1964 Civil Rights Act, 1965 Voting Rights Act
4.
Medicare, Medicaid
5.
Vietnam – Gulf of Tonkin, protest, guns and butter= inflation, Tet Offensive, My Lai Massacre,
“Hey, Hey LBJ, How many kids did you kill today?”, Robert MacNamara
6.
1968 – MLK, Jr., Robert Kennedy, Democratic Convention, George Wallace, Richard Nixon
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7.
Impact of Warren Court – Baker v. Carr, Miranda v. Arizona, Gideon v. Wainwright
1970s
Themes:
1.
Disillusionment with political parties/politics (Watergate, Pentagon Papers, Nixon resignation/Ford pardon, Carter the outsider, rise of Independents)
2.
Campaign Finance Reform (1974)
3.
End of unpopular Vietnam War – returning veterans struggle
4.
War Powers Act
5.
1973 oil embargo – inflation, shortages in US – end of post WWII economic boom - caused by
U.S. support of Israel
6.
Perception of America as weak – “malaise”, stagflation, misery index, Iran hostage crisis/failed rescue, Russia invades Afghanistan, US boycotts 1980 Olympics in Moscow
7.
Return of American confidence in Ronald Reagan (1980-1988)
1980s
Themes:
1.
GOP presidents (Reagan/Bush)
2.
Tax-cutting
3.
Wants to cut social programs (Dems in Congress oppose)
4.
Defense build-up – S.D.I. (“Star Wars”)
5.
Anti-communism (then attempts at better relations) – INF Treaty
6.
Budget deficits
7.
Conservatives appointed to Supreme Court (O’Connor - first woman- Scalia, Kennedy)
8.
Supply-side economics, “trickle-down”, “Reaganomics”
9.
Aid to anti-communists (Nicaragua) – Iran Contra Scandal
10.
Missile strikes against Libya (1985)
1990s
Themes:
1.
End of one-term Bush (Sr.) presidency – First Gulf War victory, Americans with Disabilities Act,
Koramatsu case resolved, wants conservatives on Supreme Court (David Souter – no/Clarence
Thomas -yes)
2.
Doomed by recession in early 1990s
3.
Bill and Hilary Clinton
4.
Contract with America – GOP takeover of House/Gov’t shutdown
5.
Monica Lewinsky scandal – impreachment but no conviction
6.
Strong economy – internet boom
7.
Clinton as New Democrat - “Era of big Gov’t is over”/”triangulation”
8.
Deficit reduction
9.
Welfare Reform
10.
Attempt at universal health care
11.
Terrorism – Oklahoma City/Timothy McVeigh – US embassies bombed Kenya/Tanzania
12.
Trade agreements – NAFTA, China
13.
Impeachment Attempt
14.
Liberal Supreme Court justices (Ginsburg, Breyer)
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George W. Bush – 2001-2009
1.
Disputed election/Supreme Court role
2.
Runs as “compassionate conservative”
3.
No Child Left Behind
4.
Social conservative – abortion/gay marriage/two conservative on Supreme Court
5.
Response to Katrina
6.
Major tax cuts/increasing deficits
7.
Sept 11 – war with Afghanistan then Iraq (motive, evidence questioned)
8.
Department of Homeland Security
9.
Reelection over John Kerry 2004
10.
Expands Medicare with prescription drug benefit
11.
Bogged down in two wars – 2007 “surge” of additional troops
12.
Leaves with low approval ratings
Barack Obama – 2009-present
1.
Historic victory
2.
“Obamacare”
3.
Financial crisis (begins at end of Bush presidency)
4.
Financial reforms – Dodd-Frank, Credit Cards, Consumer Protection Bureau
5.
Large ($787 billion) stimulus program – 2009
6.
Guantanamo Bay
7.
Killing Osama Bin Laden
8.
Battles with GOP – immigration, spending, threats of government shutdowns
U.S. Government Structure
1. Separation of powers – 3 branches
Congress – 2 Houses –
17 delegated powers + elastic clause
Senate – ratifies treaties (2/3), tries impeachment (2/3), approves appointments to courts
and executive branch
House – impeaches, starts finance bills, chooses Pres if no electoral majority
Presiden t – executes the laws with cabinet and departments commander in chief chief of state sets foreign policy wins by majority of electoral college
Courts – federal and state court system
9 on Supreme Court can find laws unconstitutional – Marbury v. Madison
2. Federalism – Role for states – reserved powers
Roles for federal government – delegated powers, limited power
3. Checks and balances – impeachment
Judicial review
Appointments must be approved
2 Houses
Veto and Override
4. Unwritten constitution-
AHAP Review Packet 21 4/10/2020

2 term-limit for President (“written” as of 1951)
Cabinet
Political parties
5. Adaptability of Constitution-
Amendments
Elastic clause
Judicial interpretation
6. Ambiguities-
War power
Foreign policy
Interpretation of federalism
Executive privilege
7. Amendments –
Bill of Rights
Expansion of voting – 18, poll tax forbidden, blacks, women, Washington DC, direct election of Senate.
President – electoral college votes for Pres and VP separately, 2 terms, disability, shorten lame duck
Income tax
Blacks – 13, 14, 15
14 th – equal treatment for all by federal and state government.
8. Parties - primaries, conventions (not mentioned in Constitution)
President: head of his party
AHAP Review Packet 22 4/10/2020

Amendments to the Constitution
1-10: Bill of Rights, ratified 1791
1: freedom of speech, press, assembly, and religion (includes separation of church and state); freedom to petition the government.
2: Right of militia to bear arms.
3: No quartering of soldiers in citizens’ homes without consent.
4: Protection from search and seizure of property without a warrant
5: Grand jury indictment required; no double jeopardy; Right to not incriminate oneself; can’t be deprived of life, liberty, or private property without due process.
6: Right to speedy trial by jury of peers; specific charges required; accused must be present during witness testimony; Right to a lawyer and to compel witnesses to testify on one’s behalf.
7: Right to a jury trial.
8: No cruel or unusual punishment; reasonable bail while awaiting trial.
9: This listing of rights doesn’t mean one doesn’t have other rights, or that those unmentioned rights are any less important.
10: Powers not given to federal or kept by state government belong to state governments and the people.
11: Citizens of another state or country can’t sue a state in federal court without its permission (1798)
12: Separated out electoral college vote for vice president to avoid a repeat of the election of 1800 deadlock (Jefferson and Burr tied)
Civil War Amendments: 13-15
13: abolished slavery, 1865
14: establish equality under the law for African-Americans, 1868
15: established suffrage for former slaves, and all African-Americans
16: established government’s power to collect income taxes from individuals, 1916
17: Switched U.S. senate selection to direct election by people (instead of by the state legislatures), 1916
18th: Established government’s right to enforce prohibition, 1919
19th: Established woman suffrage, 1920
20th: “lame duck” amendment moved up presidential inauguration and Congress meetings to January
(from March)
21st: Repealed prohibition, 1933
AHAP Review Packet 23 4/10/2020

22nd: Made the two-term limit on presidency part of the Constitution (as opposed to the “unwritten constitution,” 1951
23rd: representation and right to vote in Washington, D.C., 1961
24th: Abolished the poll tax, a charge for the right to vote, 1964
25th: Established Congressional power to legislate a process for presidential succession, in the event of the president’s incapacity to govern, 1967
26th: Lowered suffrage to age 18 from age 21, 1971
27th: Congress can’t vote itself a raise to take effect during the same term, 1992
Laws by Topic
Agriculture:
Homestead Act, 1862: 160 acres free if resident for 5 years
Morrill Act 1862 – land grant colleges
Hatch Act 1887 – expands Morrill Act – more land for agricultural experiments
Agricultural Adjustment Acts, 1933, 1938. Farmers paid not to grow crops as price supports. These have only recently been curtailed in the 1990s.
Business/ Labor:
First Bank of U.S. - Hamilton
American System - Clay

Second B.U.S. (destroyed by Jackson)

Protective Tariff

Internal Improvements
Greenback Party, late 1870s
Interstate Commerce Commission, (ICC) 1886. Regulates railroads
Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890: Forbids all combinations in restraint of trade
Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914: Forbids interlocking directorates holding companies. Prohibits use of antitrust laws against unions
Federal Reserve System (“the Fed”), 1916: establishes a central bank (Federal Reserve Board in
Washington, DC and 12 regional “Fed” banks)to regulate/lend money to local banks, sets interest rates to encourage/discourage borrowing. Intended to prevent “boom/bust” cycle of US economy.
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 1934: 1934, regulates stock exchanges (e.g. buying on margin) and monitors trading for unfair manipulation of stock exchanges.
National Industrial Recovery Act 1933: Codes of business that set wages, hours and prices.
National Labor Relations Act, 1933 Guarantees the right to organize unions and bargain collectively, forbids blacklists of union organizers
Social Security Act, 1935: Old age pension and unemployment insurance.
Taft Hartley Act 1947 Forbids closed shop, permits states to bar union shop
Politics/Government:
Pendleton Act: Created the Civil Service exams –response to spoils system/assassination of Garfield
Federal Campaign Reform Act of 1974. Following Watergate, matching funds to Presidential candidates
AHAP Review Packet 24 4/10/2020

War Powers Act, 1974: The President can send troops into combat must inform congress within 48 hours.
Congress may then order the troops home if it wishes. Hostilities must terminate within 90 days unless Congress gives explicit permission for them to continue. Never utilized, possibly unconstitutional. Reaction to Vietnam War (which was never declared)
Immigration:
Two major “waves”
1840s-1850’s – northern and western Europe (English, Irish, Germans)
1890s-1910s – southern and eastern Europe (Italians, Russian Jews, Poles, Czechs, Hungarians)
Differences in why they came, why face discrimination
Reactions:
Nativism
Know Nothing Party (1850s)
American Protective Association (1887)
Hull House (Jane Addams), Henry Street Settlement (Lillian Wald), National Consumers’ League
(Florence Kelley), Social Gospel – roots of Progressivism
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act Suspended immigration of all Chinese.
1892 Ellis Island opens in New York City as a federal immigration inspection station
1901 Congress bars anarchists from entry, after President McKinley is assassinated by a man professing to be an anarchist.
1907 Gentlemen's Agreement President Theodore Roosevelt made a deal in which Japan agreed to deny passports to its laborers who wished to come to the United States (SF will stop segregating Japanese schoolchildren).
1921 Emergency Quota Act set quotas of 3% of those in US in 1910 census. Maximum annual total set at 358,000. It offered no entry to Africans or Asians.
1924 National Origins Act quota changed to 2% of 1890 census. Drastically reduced the number of southern and eastern Europeans allowed entry. Italy's quota, for example, was reduced from
42,000 to 4,000 persons.
1930s Refugees from the Nazis are barred entry to the U.S. Despite the fact that these people sought to escape persecution or even death, the quota system kept most of the refugees - principally
Jewish - from coming to the U.S.
1952 The McCarran-Walter (Internal Security)Act. Allowed the government to deport aliens considered subversive. (passed over Truman’s veto)
1965 The Immigration and Nationality Act eliminated the quota system. It kept a limit on the annual total, but allowed anyone to enter on a first come, first served basis. For the first time, anyone from southern Europe, Africa, or Asia received the same consideration as someone from France or Germany. Gives preference to professionals and skilled workers, and those related to U.S. citizens. (LBJ Administration)
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act imposes fines against employers who hire illegal aliens.
AHAP Review Packet 25 4/10/2020

2001-present Congress has debated immigration reform legislation to stem the increase in illegal immigration to the U.S., especially from Latin America.
African American History
1865 13th Amendment ratified, abolishing slavery
1868 14th Amendment ratified, granting equal citizenship and rights under the law, regardless of race or color
1870 15th Amendment ratified, grants the right to vote to all, regardless of race or color
1876 The contested presidential election of 1876 results in a deal in which Union troops are removed from the South, thus ending Reconstruction; enforcement of the "Civil War Amendments" comes to an end. By 1890 in the South, de jure segregation is legally-enforced in schools, hotels, buses, trains, train stations, restrooms, restaurants, water fountains. Virtually every public and private facility — is segregated. In the North, de facto segregation (segregation in fact) means that in practice, blacks are not hired, sold houses, or admitted entrance to many private institutions and clubs.
1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruled that "separate, but equal " facilities do not violate the 14th
Amendment; segregation is therefore considered constitutional.
1912 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is formed by W.E.B.
DuBois and a group of white and black citizens to fight for the political equality of all races.
Contrast to Booker T. Washington.
1917
“The Great Migration” begins, which continues through the 1960s, originally a response to demands for additional labor during wartime. The north begins to experience de facto racial segregation, race riots.
1920s Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association, and its Black Star shipping line. Garvey promotes pride in African heritage (“ Return to Africa ” movement), and black nationalism: a very different approach to black civil rights in America.
1933 FDR establishes a group of African-American advisors, known as the “black cabinet.” Blacks begin voting for Democrats after years of loyalty to GOP due to affection for Lincoln.
1941 A. Phillip Randolph threatens March on Washington, urging equal opportunity legislation in federally-contracted defense industries. Succeeds.
1948 President Truman orders the desegregation of the Armed Forces
1954 Brown v. Board of Education: "separate is inherently unequal."
Emmet Till tortured and killed in Mississippi, creating nationwide shock at white Southern hostility and violence upon blacks.
1955- Rosa Parks, NAACP; Montgomery Bus boycott, Martin Luther King, Jr.
1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott a success; city bus system desegregated; African-American bus drivers hired. The Supreme Court rules segregation in public transportation is unconstitutional.
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1956-57, Little Rock Nine at Little Rock Central High. President Eisenhower sends U.S. Army to desegregate Little Rock, Arkansas's Central High School
1960 Lunch Counter Sit-ins, Nashville TN. Led by college students in the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced “ snick”
). Achieved integration in the city.
1960-61 100 other cities held sit-ins. 50,000 Americans participated. 3,600 arrested.
1961 Freedom Rides, Congress Of Racial Equality(CORE) led an integrated civil disobedience bus tour through the South, led to violence, firebombs, beatings, all nationally televised. Led to federal intervention by JFK and RFK as attorney general.
1963 KKK bomb kills four black schoolgirls in a Birmingham, Alabama church. Birmingham Anti-
Segregation Campaign. Police Chief Bull Connor's violent retaliation against peaceful protestors results in riots. Riots spread to other U.S. cities north and south. MLK, Jr. arrested: "Letter From
Birmingham Jail."
June: Medgar Evers, NAACP officer, shot to death in Mississippi
August: March on Washington, more than 200,000 blacks and whites demonstrate, King gives "I have a dream" speech.
1964 Freedom Summer Massive voter registration drive in Mississippi, organized and staffed by white and black college students, many from the North. Three civil rights workers, (Schwerner, Chaney and Goodman) two white and from the north, are murdered by the KKK.
Civil Rights Act of 1964. These murders lead directly to successful push for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which Congress passes. The Act outlaws job discrimination, and all forms of segregation.
24th Amendment does away with poll taxes; “war on poverty” declared by President
Johnson’s "Great Society" Program launched. LBJ declares a "war on poverty."
Economic Opportunity Act, Medicare/Medicaid, school aid, HUD,
1965 Voting Rights Act eliminates literacy tests
Malcolm X assassinated (contrasting ideology to MLK,Jr.)
1967 Riots in many U.S. cities. 43 dead in Detroit's riot. National Guard troops called in to help.
Affirmative Action programs established, requiring businesses and colleges receiving federal funding to increase job opportunities for women and minorities.
1968 April 4, Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in Nashville, Tennessee.
Riots again erupt around the country.
1978 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ruled that the school's affirmative action "quota system" was unconstitutional. Race could be one factor in determining admission.
Major Figures in the Struggle for African-American Civil Rights
Frederick Douglass - Escaped slave who became an outspoken advocate of abolition. An advisor to
Lincoln during the Civil War, he urged black enlistments in the Union army, and emancipation as an extension of the Union cause.
AHAP Review Packet 27 4/10/2020

Booker T. Washington – born a slave in 1856, accommodate to present conditions, don't insist on social equality or political rights, economic self sufficiency, vocational education, dignity, self respect. Atlanta
Compromise. Founder of Tuskegee Institute.
W.E.B. DuBois - Early 1900s; historian and activist; founder of the NAACP, circa 1909. Protest all inequalities, bring law suits for rights, educate the "talented tenth" for the professions as a vanguard; integrate. Wrote first revisionist history of reconstruction. .
Ida B. Wells(-Barnett) – Progressive era activist from the south, journalist and anti-lynching Progressiveera activist. Her work for women’s suffrage was rebuffed by many white woman suffragettes.
Marcus Garvey - 1920s; colorful founder of the United Negro Improvement Association; black pride; promote black businesses; solidarity with blacks world wide; back to Africa; steamship company for repatriation goes bankrupt. Scandal led to conviction for mail fraud, exile.
A. Phillip Randolph - Organizer of Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Organized and canceled a
March on Washington in 1944 to protest discrimination in the defense industry. Gained Executive Order
8802 from FDR which fulfilled this demands. Led the 1963 March with King.
Thurgood Marshall NAACP's lead lawyer arguing the 1954 Brown v. Bd. of Ed. case. Later named as
Supreme Court Justice (1st black ever) by President Lyndon B. Johnson.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. - Southern Christian Leadership Conference founder, boycotts, sit-ins, protests, marches, law suits; non violent direct action, his very effective strategy, to raise consciousness, press for laws to dismantle Jim Crow laws and establish voting rights; his vision: a fully integrated society.
Malcolm X - 1950s, early 1960s leader of Nation of Islam, contempt for white society, black nationalist, separatist, unity with blacks worldwide, discipline and self respect, full civil rights for blacks. Rejected nonviolence and assimilation, but altered views upon return from Mecca. Assassinated in 1965 by Nation of Islam leadership.
Stokely Carmichael - arises from SNCC. Originates slogan of "black power," intimidation, black pride, full rights and control of black communities: Black Panthers, Angela Davis
Clarence Thomas – appointed to Supreme Court in 1991 (accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill), opposes affirmative action. Very conservative justice on Court
Women’s Rights History
First Wave
1848 First national women's suffrage convention meets in Seneca Falls, NY. Attendees include
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Frederick Douglass. Issued the "Declaration of
Rights and Sentiments" which called for political equality, specifically property and voting rights for women. (Single women could own property but owned by husband upon marriage)
Post Civil War – Change in attitudes toward women from Republican Motherhood to Cult of Domesticity
(not necessarily a positive)
1869- 1890 Four new Western states are the first to grant women suffrage (WY, ID, UT, CO)
Second Wave
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1890 National American Women Suffrage Association, Carrie Chapman Catt (begun by Stanton,
Anthony) Highly organized, centrally managed, grassroots group. “The Winning Plan” state campaigns to pressure congress for an amendment.
1910-
1912 Five additional states follow suit, giving women suffrage.
1916 National Woman's Party, Alice Paul, militant faction splits off from NAWSA, uses civil disobedience. Arrests embarrass Wilson
Jeannette Rankin - first woman elected to Congress (Wyo.). Loses reelection after voting against
WWI entry
1920 President Wilson finally endorses suffrage, in part for women’s crucial role during the war. The
19th Amendment gives women suffrage, but it has little impact on reform politics.
1921 Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act.
Stimulated by high maternity and infant mortality rates.
Provided states with funds for maternal education and public health nurses.
1928 First Congressional hearing on the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
"Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any state on account of sex." Not ratified.
Third Wave
1963 The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan, challenged the notion that women achieved fulfillment through purely domestic roles, and exposed the contradictory reality that women were already seeking and finding fulfillment in work outside the home, despite significant discrimination.
Advocated that women be admitted to the professions and high-level business positions. The opening salvo of the modern women's rights movement.
Equal Pay Act: forbid paying women less than men for equal work. On average, women received
59¢ for every $1 men earned for the same work.
1964 Civil Rights Act included Title VII forbidding gender discrimination in employment.
1966 National Organization for Women (NOW) is formed by Betty Friedan and other feminists to increase awareness of discrimination against and domination over women by men, as well as to pass antidiscrimination legislation and push for equal pay and day-care centers.
1972 Congress passes ERA and sends it out to the states for possible ratification. Three quarters or 38 states needed to ratify. (See 1928 above, and 1982 below.)
Higher Education Act forbids discrimination in admission to colleges and universities. One section , Title IX , states that "No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." Public schools and colleges greatly increased funding of women's sports programs as a result.
1973 Roe v. Wade ruled that laws prohibiting abortion in the first six months of pregnancy are unconstitutional because the first amendment implies a right to privacy. Narrowed in recent years by further Supreme Court challenges.
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1982 Deadline for state ratification; ERA falls 3 states short of 38 (3/4 of 50 state legislatures).
Native Americans
1828 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia: In 1828 the Cherokee, a "civilized" tribe who had lived in peace working as farmers, building houses and roads found gold on their land. As a result white settlers moved in and the State of Georgia claimed jurisdiction over the
Cherokee. The Cherokee sued claiming they were independent from Georgia. The
Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee. The victory was short lived, however, as President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s decision.
1830
1838
1851
Indian Removal Act pushes the Five Civilized Tribes west of the Mississippi River.
Trail of Tears: Forced removal of the Cherokee west of Mississippi
Fort Laramie Treaty grants Indians their territory forever; Indians, in turn, guarantee safe passage of Oregon Trail travelers.
1864 Sand Creek Massacre: 300 peaceful Indian men, women & children attacked and slaughtered by U.S. Army under Colonel Chivington.
1867
1871
1876
Reservation policy established for the Black Hills & Oklahoma.
End of treaty-making by U.S.; Indians subject to U.S. policy.
Battle of Little Big Horn (Custer's Last Stand): 264 soldiers killed by 2,500 Sioux &
Cheyenne at Little Bighorn River, Montana.
1877 Second Sioux War ends when Sioux surrender in 1877. In a separate conflict, the Nez
Percé were captured at the Canadian border after a 1,700 mile flight under Chief
Joseph (“I will fight no more forever” speech).
1881
1887
Helen Hunt Jackson publishes her best-seller, A Century of Dishonor, which created some sympathy for Native Americans, and leads to a significant reform movement.
Dawes Act incorporates reformers’ emphasis on assimilation as the solution to Native
American policy. It broke up remaining tribes and tribal lands; granted up to 160 acres of (usually poor) land to families. U.S. citizenship granted to homesteaders after
25 years of “civilized life.”
1890 Wounded Knee, South Dakota: massacre of over 200 Native Americans by U.S. Army.
The Ghost Dance was a religious movement partly led by Sioux medicine man Sitting
Bull; it stirred fear amongst U.S. government officials. Sitting Bull was killed during capture by U.S. troops. The Wounded Knee massacre was another result of the Ghost
Dance movement, and marked the end of U.S.-Indian warfare on the Great Plains.
1924
1934
Congress passes a law granting Indians who hadn’t already received it full citizenship.
Indian Reorganization Act (also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act and the “New Deal for Indians”): Ended land allotments, restored unsold surplus lands to tribal ownership, authorized tribes to form councils with significant powers over their people.
AHAP Review Packet 30 4/10/2020

1968
1973
American Indian Movement founded.
Indian Civil Rights Act: guarantees constitutional rights to all Indians and recognized tribal law on reservations as legitimate.
Oglala civil war, Wounded Knee, S.D. siege by F.B.I. agents. One Indian killed, one wounded.
1990s-present Native American tribes granted exceptions to state anti-gambling laws in New York, Connecticut, and other states, opening casinos on reservations.
AHAP Review Packet 31 4/10/2020

CIVIL RIGHTS CASES
Dred Scott – 1857
Plessy v. Ferguson – 1896
Bakke Case – 1979
Brown v. Board of Education – 1954
Supreme Court Cases
A negro slave was not a citizen and could not sue for his freedom. Slaves were property who could by taken anywhere in U.S. Helped bring on Civil
War
Segregation does not violate the 14 th amendment as long as facilities are equal. Made Jim Crow laws constitutional.
Segregated schools are illegal and violate the 14 th amendment. In 1955 further decided this decision should be implemented with all deliberate speed.
In medical school students cannot be admitted by quota but race can be considered for admission.
Important for reverse discrimination.
GOVERNMENT AND RIGHTS
Marbury v. Madison – 1803
Baker v. Carr – 1962
Engel v. Vitale – 1962
Gideon v. Wainwright – 1963
Miranda v. Arizona – 1966
Chief Justice Marshall established “Judicial
Review”. The Supreme Court may decide whether a law is unconstitutional.
Legislative districts must represent equal numbers of voters. Reduced the rural vote. 1 man
1 vote.
Public school prayer is unconstitutional even if it is nondenominational
Accused have a right to a lawyer in all felony cases.
Before questioning, police must inform suspect of his right to remain silent, and have a lawyer.
LABOR AND BUSINESS
Dartmouth College Case, 1819
Wabash v. Illinois, 1886
Schechter v. U.S., 1935
Youngstown Steel v. Sawyer, 1952
States cannot Impair contract, Supported property rights
State laws regulating RR were unconstitutional as
RR is interstate commerce. Reversal from Munn vs Illinois
NRA was unconstitutional. Regulated interstate commerce under cut New Deal
Truman could not order seizure of steel plant to avoid production stoppage due to strike during the Korean War. Limited Presidential power.
AHAP Review Packet 32 4/10/2020

Constitutional Issues
1.
1789 Judicial review (John Marshall, KY-VA Resolutions)
Narrow (strict) v. Broad (loose) construction (Bank, Louisiana Purchase)
Freedom of speech ( Alien and Sedition Acts)
Election of President (12 th amendment)
2.
1820-1868
States rights – tariffs, nullification
Freedom of speech - “gag rule” 1836-1844
Webster-Hayne debate (union or liberty?)
3.
1865 – Reconstruction
Balance between branches of government
Impeachment
Rights of blacks – amendments 13, 14, 15
4.
Industrialization
Narrow v. broad interpretation of interstate commerce
5.
Progressives democratization – senators, women’s vote, income tax, Prohibition
6.
New Deal court packing plan loose construction balance between branches repeal Prohibition
7.
Post World War II
Warren Court – coddles criminals?
Civil Rights – poll taxes, discrimination, segregation. Brown decision limit Presidents – interim, illness democratize – 18 year old vote, voting in Washington DC, Baker v. Carr
Economic History
Hamilton’s Financial Plans, 1790s

Federal payment of state and national debts incurred during revolution

Creation of a national bank (Bank of the United States)

Institute tariffs to protect American industries from foreign competition

Report on the Public Credit
Differing economies in North, South & West caused sectionalism and political conflict, 1800-60
North: Industry and trade were dominant due to poor soil, excellent seaports, great rivers for transport and for factory waterpower, Roads and canals were built with state money to expand this capability.
West: (Old Northwest: Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio) Agriculture dominated due to excellent farmlands here also, but primarily in grains due to colder climate, shorter growing season. Slavery is uneconomical, so it essentially didn’t exist here. The West eventually aligns with the North.
South: Agriculture dominated due to excellent farmlands, rivers best for transport only (not waterpower), Invention of cotton gin leads to cotton’s dominance of economy, growth of slave trade and use, and desire for westward expansion (especially to Texas). The slave issue
AHAP Review Packet 33 4/10/2020

becomes divisive and leads to sectionalism as abolition becomes a political movement. The tariff issue also leads to sectionalism. The 1828 Tariff of Abominations leads to John
Calhoun of SC to write his Nullification Doctrine, a theory that states may nullify laws which it determines to be unconstitutional. This, in turn, leads to the belief that states may secede
(leave) the Union, which eventually leads to Civil War.
Industrialism (1865-1920)
During and after the Civil War (1861-65), northern industries grew enormously. The corporation, a legal entity, and the issuing of stocks, led to nationwide businesses with enormous factories.
This also led to the concentration of wealth in a very few hands, which led, in turn, to political corruption by the “robber baron” business leaders.
Government maintained a laissez-faire polic y: government would not interfere with the economy, even in the event of a depression. Hypocritically, however, the federal government did send in the U.S. army to break workers’ strikes.
Progressive Era: Government moved away from laissez faire with Theodore Roosevelt’s Square
Deal policy of mediating disputes between workers and management, and trustbusting.
The Welfare State
New Deal: Franklin Roosevelt’s policy of pro-unionism, and intervention in economy toward relief, recovery, and reforms.
The Great Society: Lyndon Johnson’s program to wage the “War on Poverty” in the 1960s.
Established Medicare/Medicaid (health care coverage for the poor), federal education subsidies (Headstart e.g.), jobs programs (VISTA, e.g.). Never fully funded due to the massive cost of the Vietnam War.
Supply-side economics (Reaganomics): Cut corporate and individual taxes, cut social spending by government in order to encourage private investment leading to economic growth, and eliminate some federal business regulations.
This top-down approach to economic intervention, meant to create growth, was sometimes referred to as “trickle-down economics” because it was asserted that additional wealth in corporations and the upper class would trickle down to the lower classes.
Globalization
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement, 1994: tariffs removed amongst Canada, United
States and Mexico to stimulate greater trade and economic growth; critics believe it is resulting in fewer American exports and jobs in the United States. (Bush, Clinton)
GATT: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994: like NAFTA, this economic agreement seeks to encourage free trade by reducing tariffs and other trade restrictions. It is enforced by the World Trade Organization (WTO). (Clinton)
AHAP Review Packet 34 4/10/2020

Major Political Parties
Federalists: Pro England, manufacturing, strong national government, army, BUS, limited free speech. Hamilton, Adams
Jeffersonian
(Democratic)
Republicans: Pro French, farmers, strong state governments, low taxes, individual rights, small army, small national government anti national internal improvements, anti manufacturing. Jefferson, Madison, Monroe
Parties fall apart as Republicans become more like the Federalists when in office, and
Federalists are tainted by the Hartford Convention.
Whigs: name comes from British opposition party, Clay’s American plan (tariff, internal improvements, and BUS), city oriented, nationalist, established business, anti
Jackson. Clay, Webster, Tyler
Democrats: party of the “common man”, anti high tariff, expansionist, anti BUS, inheritors of
Jefferson’s concern for farmer, rising businessmen, Jackson, Van Buren, Calhoun,
Polk.
Parties fall apart during the 1850s when they can’t keep their southern and northern wings together.
Republicans: Pro northern business, high tariff, Homestead Act, help to R.R., hold union together, free the slaves, hard money, pro imperialism. Lincoln, Grant, McKinley, T.
Roosevelt. There are conservative and progressive-reform wings.
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1840 (II)1
1844
1848
1852
1856
1860
1864
1868
1872
1876 (III)
1880
1884
1888
1892
1896
Evolution of U.S. Political Parties
The founders did not foresee nor did they approve of the emergence of political parties. Political parties would formalize those factions and yield concentrated power, corruption, and tyranny.
Nevertheless, during the Federalist period, 1789-1800, political parties did coalesce around opposing leaders Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.
The chart below shows the development of the three different two-party systems. Note that while the “two-party system” existed for most of our history, the names and major positions of these parties changed over time. Roman numerals following election years indicate the emergence of each of the four two-party systems. Some of the more significant minor parties are also included here.
1790's Federalists Democratic-Republicans
(or "Jeffersonian Republicans")
1796 (I)
1800
1804
John Adams
Jefferson
Jefferson
1808
1812
1816
1820
Madison
Madison
Monroe
Monroe
1824
1828
1832
1836
National Republicans
John Quincy Adams
Liberty
Democrats
Andrew Jackson
Van Buren
Whigs Harrison/Tyler
Taylor/Fillmore
Republicans Lincoln
Lincoln
Grant
Grant
Hayes
Garfield/Arthur
Harrison
McKinley
Free Soil
Populist
Polk
Pierce
Buchanan
S. Democrats N. Democrats
Democrats
Cleveland
Cleveland
1 A true two-party system was now firmly established.
AHAP Review Packet 36 4/10/2020

Republican
1900 McKinley/T. Roosevelt
1904
1908
1912
T. Roosevelt
Taft
Progressive (Bull Moose)
Socialist
1916
1920 Harding/Coolidge
1924 Coolidge
1928 Hoover
1932
1936
1940
1944
Communist2 Socialist
1948
1952 Eisenhower
1956 Eisenhower
1960
1964
1968 Nixon
1972 Nixon/Ford
1976
1980 Reagan
1984 Reagan
1988 Bush
1992
States' Rights3 Progressive
1996
2000 G.W. Bush 5
Reform4
2004 G.W. Bush
Citizens Party
Green
Democrat
Wilson
Wilson
F.D. Roosevelt
F.D. Roosevelt
F.D. Roosevelt
F.D. Roosevelt/Truman
Truman
Kennedy/Johnson
Johnson
Carter
Clinton
Clinton
2
The Socialist Party lost a more radical wing, which itself split into two Communist Parties, shown here as one party for simplicity.
3
The States' Rights Party, also known as the Dixiecrats, was a revolt from the Democratic Party, due to
Truman's support for African American civil rights. Led by then SC governor Strom Thurmond.
4
H. Ross Perot, Texas billionaire, ran independently for the Presidency. Although he received no electoral votes, he did receive more than 19 million popular votes, the largest percentage for a "third party" candidate since Teddy Roosevelt ran as the Bull Moose candidate in 1912. The movement spawned by his candidacy has developed into a "Reform" Party, but has no clear vision other than to
"throw the rascals out."
5 This contested election was not decided until January 2001 by the Supreme Court
AHAP Review Packet 37 4/10/2020

U.S. Presidential Synopsis
Mr. Keith Wood
The Young Republic, 1788-1815
1.
George Washington, 1789-1797







Judiciary Act, 1789
Whiskey Rebellion, 1799
French Revolution - Citizen Genét, 1793
Jay Treaty with England, 1795
Pinckney Treaty with Spain, 1795
Farewell Address, 1796
First Bank of United States , 1791-1811
2. John Adams, 1797-1801


XYZ Affair, 1797
Alien Act, Sedition Act, 1798


"Midnight Judges," 1801
Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) Resolutions, 1798
3. Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809


Marbury v. Madison , 1803


Louisiana Purchase, 1803
Barbary Pirates

Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1805
Embargo Act, 1807
 Non-Intercourse Act, 1809



4. James Madison, 1809-1817
Macon Bill #2, 1810
"War Hawks," 1811-1812


War of 1812
Hartford Convention, 1814
Era of Good Feelings and the Era of the Common Man, 1815-1840
5. James Monroe, 1817-1825

Marshall's Decisions: McCulloch v. Maryland , 1819; Dartmouth College v. Woodward , 1819;
Gibbons v. Ogden , 1824

Acquisition of Florida from Spain (Adams-Onis Treaty), 1819

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Monroe Doctrine, 1823
6. John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829

"Corrupt Bargain"
 Erie Canal, 1825
7. Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837 :
AHAP Review Packet 38 4/10/2020









Jacksonian Democracy
Spoils system
Nullification Crisis, Force Bill
Tariffs of 1832 and 1833 (Clay’s Compromise)
The 2nd Bank of the United States (due to expire in 1836)
Veto of re-charter, “pet banks”, Nicholas Biddle
Petticoat Affair (Peggy O’Neill/Martin Van Buren)
Specie Circular
8. Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841
 Panic of 1837 (blame to Jackson)
Ante-Bellum Period, 1840-1860
9. William Henry Harrison, 1841
VP - John Tyler
10. John Tyler, 1841-1845

Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842
 Vetoes Clay's bill for 3rd Bank of the United States
11. James K. Polk, 1845-1849



Manifest Destiny
Texas becomes a state, 1845
Oregon boundary settled, 1846 (54’40’ or fight)

Mexican War, 1846-1848

Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo, 1848
 Wilmot Proviso
12. Zachary Taylor, 1849-1850
VP - Millard Fillmore
13. Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853


Compromise of 1850
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850 (Britain and U. S. agree not to exclude the other in if the canal is
 built)
Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852
14. Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857



Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854 popular sovereignty
Underground Railroad

Bleeding Kansas

Ostend Manifesto, 1854
15. James Buchanan, 1857-1861

Dred Scott decision, 1857


Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858
Civil War, 1861-1865
16. Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865
AHAP Review Packet 39 4/10/2020







Civil War, 1861-1865
Gettysburg Address
Emancipation Proclamation, 1863
Homestead Act, 1862
Morill Act, 1862 – “land grant” colleges
Assassinated April 14th, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth
Reconstruction, 1865-1877
17. Andrew Johnson, 1865, 1869
 13th Amendment, 1865






14th Amendment, 1868
“Radical” Reconstruction Act, 1867
Tenure of Office Act, 1867
Impeachment Trial, 1868
Formation of KKK
Adoption of Black Codes in the South
18. Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877

15th Amendment, 1870


First Transcontinental Railroad, 1869
Tweed Ring in NYC



Panic of 1873
Crédit Mobilier

Whiskey Ring
Indian Ring
Gilded Age, 1877-1900
19. Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881

Troops withdrawn from the South, Compromise of 1877
20. James A Garfield, March 4 to September 19, 1881

Assassinated by C. Julius Guiteau
21. Chester A. Arthur, 1881-1885

Pendleton Act, 1883 (set up civil service commission)
22. Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889

Knights of Labor, 1886 (contrast with AFL)

Haymarket Riot, 1886

Interstate Commerce Act, 1887

Wabash v. Illinois , 1886
23. Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893

Sherman Anti-trust Act, 1890

Populist Party Platform, 1892

Idaho and Wyoming become states, 1890
 McKinley Tariff, 1890
24. Grover Cleveland, 1893-1897
Second Administration (only President to serve two non-consecutive terms)
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



Hawaii - overthrow of Queen, 1893
Pullman Strike, 1894
American Federation of Labor
Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894 (lower)
25. William McKinley, 1897-1901

New Imperialism

Spanish-American War, April 1898 - February 1899

Open Door Policy, 1899

Boxer Rebellion, 1900

McKinley was assassinated by anarchist Leon Czolgosz, 1901
Progressive Age, 1900-1920
26. Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1908

Panama Canal, 1903-1914

"Square Deal"

Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904

Portsmouth Treaty, 1905

Gentleman's Agreement with Japan, 1907

Hepburn Act, 1906

Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, and "muckrakers", 1906

Trust-busting

Coal Strike 1902

Conservation
 Panic of 1907 – JP Morgan
27. William Howard Taft, 1909-1913

Paine-Aldrich Tariff, 1909
 Pinchot-Ballinger controversy, 1909
 "Dollar Diplomacy"
 Suit vs J.P. Morgan’s US Steel (more anti-trust than TR)
28. Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921



Underwood Tariff, 1913
16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments
Federal Reserve System, 1913

Federal trade Commission, 1914


Clayton Anti-trust Act, 1914

Troops to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands, Mexico
"Fourteen Points," January 1917

Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1920

"New Freedom"
Roaring Twenties, 1920-1929
29. Warren G. Harding, 1921-1923

Teapot Dome Scandal (and others – Atty General Daugherty goes to jail for bribe taking)

Washington Conference, 1921-1922

Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922

Sec of Treasury Andrew Mellon (for next two Presidents as well)
AHAP Review Packet 41 4/10/2020

30. Calvin Coolidge, 1923-1929


Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
“The business of America is business”




Vetoes McNary Haugen Bill
Laissez Faire
Cut taxes
Silent Cal
31. Herbert Hoover, 1929-1933
 Panic and Depression





Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Hoover Dam not enough
“Rugged Individualism”/opposes direct welfare
Stock market Crash, 1929
Hawley-Smoot tariff, 1930
Bonus Army
The New Deal and the Era of Reform, 1920-1945
32. Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1933-1945


“New Deal”
"Alphabet soup" bureaucracies



World War II
Labor reforms – pro-union Wagner Act, NLRB


Elected four times
African Americans switch allegiance to Democrats

Great Depression

Fireside chats
Court Packing Plan
33. Harry S. Truman, 1945-1953

World War II ends, Cold War begins

Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945

Containment

Taft-Harley Act, 1947 (over his veto)

Truman Doctrine, 1947

Marshall Plan, 1947

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 (Warsaw Pact in response)

Korean War, 1950-1953

"Fair Deal" – tries for Medicare, higher minimum wage, more aid to vets, public works, unemployment insurance
The Cold War, 1945-1968
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1953-1961

22nd Amendment

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Rollback of communism
 the "race for space"/Sputnik

Alaska and Hawaii become states, 1959
 U-2 Incident
 Warns of military industrial complex
AHAP Review Packet 42 4/10/2020

35. John F. Kennedy, 1961-1963

Alliance for Progress

Baker v. Carr , 1962

Peace Corps

Bay of Pigs, 1961

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
 "New Frontier"


Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty
Assassinated in Dallas, Texas, November 22, 1963, by Lee Harvey Oswald – Warren
Commission
36. Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1968
 Civil Rights Act, 1964




Voting Rights Act, 1965
Elementary and Secondary education reform /funding
Medicare and Medicaid

"Great Society"


War on Poverty
Gulf of Tonkin/Vietnam
HUD, Headstart, NEA
Détente, Rapprochement, & the “New World Order” 1968 - present
37. Richard M. Nixon, 1968-1974


"Imperial Presidency"


Landing on the moon, July 1969
Warren Burger, Chief Justice, 1969 (contrast to Earl Warren Court)

Woodstock, August 1969
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established, 1970

Visit to China, February 1972


Visit to Russia, May 1972

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 1972
Kissinger and "shuttle diplomacy," 1973-1975

Allende regime in Chile overthrown with the help of the CIA, September 1973

Nixon resigns just prior to impeachment vote, August 9, 1974

Pentagon Papers, August 30, 1971 (supreme court allows the NY Times to publish)
38. Gerald Ford, 1974-1976
Republican
1st appointed Vice-President (then President, upon Nixon's resignation)

Pardons Richard Nixon, 1974

OPEC crisis

Executive Order 11905 - No political assassination

Rise of Independents – disgust with political parties
39. Jimmy Carter, 1977-1981
Runs as “outsider”, non-DC politician




Panama Canal Treaty signed, September 1977
Established diplomatic relations with China and ended recognition of Taiwan
Three-Mile Island Incident, March 1979 (nuclear reactor leak in Pennsylvania)
Camp David Accord - Egypt and Israel peace treaty
AHAP Review Packet 43 4/10/2020







Iran Hostage Crisis, 1979 (rescue attempt, 8 killed, April 1980)
Seizure of Afghanistan by Soviets, 1979
"Stagflation"
“Malaise”
Misery Index (unemployment plus inflation rates)
Boycott of Olympics in Moscow to protest invasion of Afghanistan
40. Ronald Reagan, 1981-1989
 Hostages returned





Soviet Union the “Evil Empire”
Sandra Day O'Connor, first woman appointed to the Supreme Court
"Supply-side economics"
Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”) funding
Iran-Contra Hearings, Summer 1987 (Oliver North)
 Tax cuts lead to economic growth but also deficits
 Summits, arms reduction (INF Treaty) with Soviet Union
41. George H. W. Bush, 1989- 1993
 Berlin Wall came down leading to the reunification of Germany, 1989
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Invasion of Panama, 1990
Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm (the Gulf War), January to August 1991
Clarence Thomas to Supreme Court (Anita Hill)
No new taxes pledge broken
Americans with Disabilities Act
42. Bill Clinton, 1993-2001
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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 1993
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Proposed a national health care system, 1993
GOP takeover of House, 1994 – Contract with America
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Terrorism in OK City and US embassies Kenya/Tanzania
Participated in air strikes in Bosnia, 1994/U.S. negotiates Dayton Accord to end conflict
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Welfare Reform
New Democrat
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Sex scandal, 1998
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Impeachment and Trial, 1999. Acquitted.
Balanced budget, reduces national debt
43. George W. Bush, 2001-2009
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Disputed election, eventually decided by the Supreme Court
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"Compassionate Conservatism"
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September 11, 2001 Attacks
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War on Terrorism, post-September 11, 2001 o Attacks terrorist forces in Afghanistan o Create Dept. of Homeland Security o o
Patriot Act
“War on Terror” o o
Afghanistan War, 2001-present
Iraq War & Occupation, 2003-2011
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Proposed Social Security Reform
Conservative appointments to the Supreme Court
Growth in Medicare (prescription drug benefit)and deficits
Two major tax cuts (2001, 2003)
AHAP Review Packet 44 4/10/2020

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No Child Left Behind
44. Barack Obama, 2009-present
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Health Care Reform Act
 Ends Iraq War and moves to end Afghanistan conflict
U.S. Labor History Time Line
By Judy Ancel, UMKC (excerpts)
1842 The Massachusetts Supreme Court In Commonwealth vs. Hunt , declares that labor unions are not illegal conspiracies.
1869 First Knights of Labor local founded in Philadelphia open to all workers
1875 Conviction of "Molly Maguires" for anthracite coalfield murders
1877 Great railway strike leads to worker insurrections in many cities.
1886 Haymarket Affair in Chicago provokes massive repression of unions and radicals
American Federation of Labor (AFL) Samuel Gompers as President. Dominant U.S. union after this incident
1892 Homestead Strike . Andrew Carnegie, with the help of state militia drive steelworkers union out of his mill at Homestead Pennsylvania.
1894 Pullman Strike and Boycott by Eugene Debs’ American Railway Union becomes nationwide rail strike, defeated by use of injunction and federal troops. Debs imprisoned for ignoring injunction to end strike.
1902 Anthracite coal miners in Pennsylvania end 5-month strike and agree to arbitration by a presidential panel. TR gets credit for arbitrating strike.
1905 Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) founded in Chicago
Supreme Court in Lochner vs. New York rules bakery workers maximum hours law unconstitutional.
In Muller vs.Oregon
upholds state law limiting women workers’ hours.
1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in NYC - 146 workers die. Leads to first workplace safety laws.
1914 Clayton Act limits use of injunctions in labor disputes. Unions are not illegal monopolies
1919 Massive strike wave and government repression in the Red Scare and Palmer Raids. IWW smashed. Boston police strike defeated.
AHAP Review Packet 45 4/10/2020

1932 Norris-LaGuardia Act outlaws Yellow Dog Contracts.
1935 The Wagner National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) passes establishing first national labor policy protecting workers rights to organize and bargain.
1936 Wave of sit-down strikes for organization of workers – G.M.
1938 Fair Labor Standards Act establishes 40 hour week and minimum wage, outlaws child labor.
CIO organizes as independent federation with John L. Lewis as President.
1942 A Philip Randolph's threat of a March on Washington wins
Executive Order banning discrimination in war industries
1943 Labor shortages prompt government to recruit women into wartime industry, bracero program for contract Mexican labor and repeal Chinese exclusion.
1946 The war’s end generates the biggest strike-wave
in US history
1947 Taft-Hartley Act passes aimed at containing labor expansion. It outlaws
Union shop and allows states to pass "right-to-work" laws.
1955 AFL and CIO agree to merge Unions represent 33% of workforce.
1981 President Reagan fires 11,000 air traffic controllers and decertifies their union, PATCO, during an illegal strike. This unleashes over a decade of union busting.
Union membership gradually declines from the 1950s to present day due to greater automation, lack of public/political support of unions, decrease in “blue collar” jobs.
AHAP Review Packet 46 4/10/2020

Revolution
Napoleonic Wars
Expansion
Imperialism
World War I
Isolationism
World War II
Foreign Policy
Alliance of 1778 with France
Treaty of Paris, 1783
Washington’s Farewell Address: No permanent alliances
British impressments of American sailors (freedom of seas)
French seizures of U.S. ships
Barbary Pirates (Jefferson)
Embargo Act, 1807 (Jefferson)
War of 1812 against England (Madison)
Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (Jefferson)
Monroe Doctrine, 1819 (Monroe)
Manifest Destiny, 1840s (Polk)
Texas annexed, 1845
Mexican-American War, 1846-1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexican Cession, 1848
Oregon, 1846
Gadsden Purchase, 1853
Ostend Manifesto (failed attempt for Cuba)
Alaska purchased from Russia, 1867 (Seward)
Spanish-American War, 1898 (McKinley)
Teller Amendment, 1898
Acquire Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
Hawaii acquired as a territory
Platt Amendment, 1901 (T. Roosevelt)
Panama Canal (U.S. intervention in Colombia)
Roosevelt Corollary, 1903-04
Freedom of the seas, objections to German sub warfare, (Wilson)
(British blockades, U.S. ships stopped, seized), Zimmerman Note,
Reject Treaty of Versailles, 1919 (League of Nations, World Court)
Washington Conference, 1921 (Harding)
Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1924 (Coolidge)
Neutrality Acts, 1935, 1936, 1937 (F.D.R. opposes)
U.S. Recognition of Soviet Union (F.D.R.)
Good Neighbor Policy
Lend-Lease Act
Selective Service, 1940
Atlantic Charter, 1941, U.S.-Great Britain (United Nations)
Pearl Harbor
AHAP Review Packet 47 4/10/2020

Cold War
Post-cold war
Atomic bomb tested, July 1945; used August 1945(Truman)
Iron Curtain
Truman Doctrine
George Kennan’s containment policy
Marshall Plan, 1948
Berlin Airlift, 1948
NATO, 1949
Korean War, 1950-53 (Truman/Ike)
CIA-orchestrated coups in Iran, Guatemala, 1953-54
Warsaw Pact formed, 1955
Covert aid to South Vietnam (Ike), 1956
Fidel Castro deposes Batista, leads a communist Cuba
U-2 incident, 1960
Bay of Pigs, 1961 (J.F.K.)
Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962
J.F.K. increases military advisors to 16,000 in Vietnam
Johnson Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964), sends troops to Vietnam, 1965
Escalates to >500,000 troops by 1968, Tet Offensive
Nixon spreads conflict to Laos and Cambodia
Nixon ends U.S. role in the war by 1973 (Vietnamization)
Détente: China recognized; Soviet grain deal, SALT I & II
CIA-orchestrated coup in Chile, 1973
U.S. objects to 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (Carter)
Iranian hostages
Support for Contras, Iran-Contra scandal (Reagan)
S.D.I (“Star Wars”) proposed
Gorbachev: INF Treaty with Reagan
Berlin Wall torn down, 1989, East/West Germany reunited (Bush Sr.)
Soviet Union dissolved, 1991
U.S. invades Panama, 1990 “War on Drugs” (Bush Sr.)
Persian Gulf War, 1991
U.S. troops to Somalia, 1993 (Clinton)
U.S. troops to Bosnia, 1995
War on Terrorism (George W. Bush): 9/11, Afghanistan Invasion, Homeland
Security Dept., Patriot Act
The (George W.) Bush Doctrine: Pre-emptive War; Iraq War, 2003-2011,
Afghanistan War, 2001-present
AHAP Review Packet 48 4/10/2020