Urban Patterns Chp. 13 STUDY GUIDE with Answers
1) The zone in transition in U.S. cities typically contains which of the following?
A) warehouses
B) gentrified buildings
C) public housing
D) A and B
E) All of the above are found in the zone in transition. Answer E
2) According to the concentric zone model, a city develops in a series of
A) corridors.
B) nodes.
C) rings.
D) sectors.
E) all of the above
Answer: C
3) Chicago is a good location in which to develop urban models because it is located
A) at the end of the nation's transportation system.
B) in the center of the country.
C) on a flat prairie.
D) on the shore of Lake Michigan.
E) near other primate cities.
Answer: C
4) According to the sector model, the best housing is located in
A) a corridor from downtown to the edge of the city.
B) an outer ring surrounding the city.
C) nodes near universities and parks.
D) renovated inner-city neighborhoods.
E) gated communities.
Answer: A
5) According to the multiple nuclei model, an airport is likely to attract nearby
A) industries.
B) residences.
C) shops.
D) universities.
E) hospitals.
Answer: A
6) Social area analysis attempts to explain
A) the changing location of retail and office activities in North American cities.
B) the development of squatter settlements in developing countries.
C) the distribution of different types of people in an urban area.
D) which of the three models of urban structure is the most accurate in the United States.
E) regions ideal for social services.
Answer: C
7) The multiple nuclei theory best explains why different neighborhoods of a city attract people of different
A) ages.
B) ethnic origin.
C) income.
D) marital status.
E) educational experience.
Answer: B
8) All three models of urban structure
A) help explain where different types of people live in an urban area.
B) help explain why people live where they do in cities.
C) depend on the use of data, like that of the US Census.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above
Answer: D
9) Higher income people tend to live near the center of the city in all but which of the following regions?
A) Latin America
B) North America
C) South Asia
D) Western Europe
E) Africa
Answer: B
10) A key piece of information that marketing geographers use to create segments is
A) multiple nuclei maps, obtained through the use of social area analysis.
B) addresses from purchase records from various service providers.
C) socio-economic data from the census.
D) A and C
E) B and C
Answer: D
11) Ramshackle houses on the periphery of cities in less developed countries are known as
A) squatter settlements.
B) council estates.
C) public housing.
D) the zone in transition.
E) suburbs.
Answer: A
12) Compared to the United States, poor families in European cities are more likely to be
A) clustered in inner-city neighborhoods.
B) dispersed throughout the city.
C) clustered in suburbs.
D) distributed uniformly in the city.
E) living along major boulevards.
Answer: C
13) The wide boulevards built in cities in less developed countries were most likely built during what era?
A) pre-colonial
B) colonial
C) independence
D) postmodern
E) all of the above equally
Answer: B
14) European CBDs are similar to those in North America because they both contain
A) retail and office activities.
B) extensive residential areas.
C) skyscrapers.
D) structures inherited from medieval times.
E) high density residential space.
Answer: A
15) An example of the "vertical geography" of a CBD is
A) a barber shop on the bottom floor of a building, an accounting firm occupying the middle floor, and a group of
condos on the top floor.
B) the hilly streets found in downtown San Francisco.
C) building height constrained by natural or cultural factors, like earthquakes in Tokyo or zoning codes in DC.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above Answer: A
16) Land values are high in the CBD primarily because of
A) competition for limited space.
B) high threshold and range.
C) less intensive land use.
D) construction of skyscrapers.
E) lack of residential space. Answer: A
17) Retail activities which tend to concentrate in the CBD include those which have
A) a low threshold.
B) a low range.
C) service for office workers.
D) a need for rapid transportation.
E) all of the above Answer: C
18) The Central Business District is
A) attractive to consumer and business services for its accessibility.
B) characterized by retail stores with low thresholds and low ranges.
C) less important for retail because of changing shopping habits.
D) A and B
E) A and C Answer: E
19) ) A land use typically excluded from a North American CBD is
A) government.
B) industrial.
C) office.
D) retail.
E) B and C Answer: B
20) What activity tends to locate on the street-level floor of a skyscraper in a typical North American CBD?
A) government
B) industrial
C) office
D) retail
E) education
Answer: D
21) 3 types of retail services that cluster in the CBD are?
a. retailers with a high threshold
b. those with a long range
c. those that serve people who worke in the CBD
22) Why do retail services cluster in the CBD? because they require accessibility to everyone in the region
23) North American Downtowns are distinctive areas because of what reasons?
A) Best-known B) Virtually distinctive C) one of the oldest districts in a city
24) Why are shops that appeal to downtown workers increasing in CBDs? the # of downtown office workers has
increased; downtown offices require more services; large department stores have difficulty attracting their
old customers, but smaller shops that cater to the special needs of the downtown labor force are expanding.
25) What does the CBD's accessibility produce? extreme competition for the limited sites available.
26) What model states that the wealthy sector of town extends from the CBD to the outer edges of the city? Hoyt
Sector Model
27) What model states that the zone of transition includes housing for the poor and industry? Burgess's Concentric
Model
28) Which man or men created the multi-nuclei model? Harris and Ullman
29) In which ring is the zone of transition found? two
30) High rents and land shortage discourage two principal activities in the CBD: 1.industrial 2. residential
31) Because of intensive land use in the CBD, what are the two options for more space? vertical/skyscrapers and
underneath/subways or shopping malls below ground level
32) Name 2 reasons why large industry is not located in CBDs? Modern factories require large parcels of land
to spread operations among one story buildings PLUS below
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Suitable land is generally available in suburbs
In the past, inner-city factories and retail establishments: relied on waterfront CBDS
that were once lined with piers for cargo ships to load and unloads and warehouses to
store the goods.
Today’s large oceangoing vessels are unable to maneuver in the tight, shallow waters of
the old CBD harbors
Now port activities have moved to: more modern facilities downstream.
Port cities have transformed: their waterfronts from industry to commercial and
recreational activities
Derelict warehouse and rotting piers have been replaced: with new offices, shops, parks,
and museums.
33) Name two reasons or pull factors as to why people are returning to live in CBDs.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Population of many US CBDS has increased
New apartment building, townhouses
Abandoned warehouse and outdated office buildings have been converted into residential lofts
Downtown living is especially attractive to people without school-age children
Attracted by entertainment, restaurants, museums, and nightlife
Not worried about the quality of neighborhood schools
34) Define urban sprawl: progressive spread of development over the landscape
35) List 3 reasons why urban sprawl is hurting city/suburb living?
plows under valuable farmland; city dwellers have to drive miles to find recreation; less fruits and vegetables are
grown; pollution; noise; more interstates to connect to the urban sprawl; houses farther out are more expensive to
build; more energy is needed to operate a home
36) What two factors are suggestions to curb the spread of urban sprawl? greenbelts and smart growth
37) Why are malls continually being built in outlying suburbs? place of recreation; meetings; exercise;
entertainment with a movie theatre; walking areas when whether is poor; interstate highways have an exit
and easy access; people desire the latest goods
38) What is detrimental about shopping malls of the suburbs or urban sprawl? valuable farmland plowed under;
takes about 100 acres to build a mall
39) What is a metropolitan statistical areas or MSA? method of measuring the functional area of city by the
U.S. Bureau of Census - takes in account the fact that most huge USA cities are so large that they spill over a
few different counties.
40) Define the word city: an urban settlement that has been legally incorporated into an independent, selfgoverning unit.
41) Define urbanized area: the central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs - population density of 1,000
persons per square mile.
42) Define annexation: process of legally adding land area to a city - 2014 reality - not much land left for USA
cities to annex land. Today prefer to live in suburbs and have their own city government rather than be part
of the central city.
43) Define the density gradient: the number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center
city increases.
44) Why are urban areas characterized by extensive commuting? because few people live within walking
distance of their place of employment; heaviest hours of commuting is in the a.m. and out of the city in the
evening - rush hour.
45) Which man or men put together the peripheral model? Harris
46) What are the main ideas of the peripheral model? peripheral areas outside of the CBD have less inner-city
problems; nodes of consumer and business services are called edge cities/suburbs. Edge cities contain
manufacturing center spread out over a single story; edge cities have hotels, and warehouses around an
airport ; peripheral mode consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business
areas tied together by a beltway.
47) What is an edge city? see definition above
48) What are the 3 problems that face USA Inner Cities? 1. physical (filtering, redlining, urban renewal, public
house, gentrification) 2. social(underclass, culture of poverty, homelessness) 3. economics (eroding tax
bases, reducing services in inner city-, cannot raise tax revenues among poor, recession hit the poor too)
49) and 50) Explain the differences between European CBDs and American CBDs.
1.
CBDS outside the USA are:
a. Less dominated by commercial considerations.
b. Most prominent structures may be churches and former royal palaces
c. Parks in the center of European cities often were first laid out as private gardens for
aristocratic families and later open to public.
2. European cities display :
a. legacy of low-rise structures
b. narrow streets built long ago as medieval times
c. European cities try to preserve their historic CBDS by limiting high rise buildings and
#s of cars
d. European cities do not want the skyline to be destroyed/disfigured by skyscrapers
3. Most people live downtown in cities outside of North America
a. More likely to contain supermarkets, bakeries, butchers, and food stores
b. 24-hour supermarkets are rare in CBS outside of NA
c. Ban motor vehicles from busy shopping streets
d. Shopping streets for pedestrian-only walkers esp. in Northern Europe
e.
4. Although constructing large new buildings is difficult:
a. many shops and offices still wish to be in the center of European cities
b. alternative to new construction is renovation of older buildings
c. renovation is more expensive and does not always produce enough space to meet the
demand
d. rents are higher in the center of European cities than in US cities of comparable size.